New concept of the main part of multicharged ions linear accelerator on the combined RF focusing basis
A new concept of the main part of multicharged ions linear accelerator (MILAC) NSC KIPT on the combined RF focusing (CRFF) basis is proposed. In CRFF acceleration and focusing of the charged particles occurs at the expense of the same accelerating field. Absence of an external focusing field sources...
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Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України
2023
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| Cite this: | New concept of the main part of multicharged ions linear accelerator on the combined RF focusing basis / S.S. Tishkin, O.F. Dyachenko // Problems of Atomic Science and Technology. — 2023. — № 4. — С. 91-95. — Бібліогр.: 22 назв. — англ. |
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| author | Tishkin, S.S. Dyachenko, O.F. |
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| citation_txt | New concept of the main part of multicharged ions linear accelerator on the combined RF focusing basis / S.S. Tishkin, O.F. Dyachenko // Problems of Atomic Science and Technology. — 2023. — № 4. — С. 91-95. — Бібліогр.: 22 назв. — англ. |
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| description | A new concept of the main part of multicharged ions linear accelerator (MILAC) NSC KIPT on the combined RF focusing (CRFF) basis is proposed. In CRFF acceleration and focusing of the charged particles occurs at the expense of the same accelerating field. Absence of an external focusing field sources a design and operation of the accelerator main part considerably simplifies. The construction principle of accelerating&focusing channels with CRFF is considered. The mathematical modeling findings of a beam dynamics for particles with mass-to-charge ratio of A/q=5 in the energies range of 1…9.2 МeV/u are resulted. Realization of this focusing method on a basis of an interdigital H type accelerating structure is proposed.
Запропоновано нову концепцію основної частини лінійного прискорювача багатозарядних іонів (MILAC) ННЦ ХФТІ на базі комбінованого високочастотного фокусування (КВЧФ). У КВЧФ прискорення й фокусування заряджених частинок відбувається за рахунок самого прискорювального поля. Відсутність джерел зовнішнього фокусувального поля значно спрощує конструкцію та експлуатацію основної частини прискорювача. Розглянуто принцип побудови прискорювально-фокусувальних каналів з КВЧФ. Наведено результати математичного моделювання динаміки пучка для частинок з відношенням масового числа до зарядового A/q=5 у діапазоні енергій 1…9,2 МеВ/нукл. Запропоновано реалізацію цього методу фокусування на основі зустрічноштиревої прискорювальної структури.
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ISSN 1562-6016. Problems of Atomic Science and Technology. 2023. № 4(146) 91
https://doi.org/10.46813/2023-146-091
NEW CONCEPT OF THE MAIN PART OF MULTICHARGED IONS
LINEAR ACCELERATOR ON THE COMBINED RF FOCUSING BASIS
S.S. Tishkin, O.F. Dyachenko
National Science Center “Kharkov Institute of Physics and Technology”, Kharkiv, Ukraine
E-mail: tishkin@kipt.kharkov.ua
A new concept of the main part of multicharged ions linear accelerator (MILAC) NSC KIPT on the combined
RF focusing (CRFF) basis is proposed. In CRFF acceleration and focusing of the charged particles occurs at the
expense of the same accelerating field. Absence of an external focusing field sources a design and operation of the
accelerator main part considerably simplifies. The construction principle of accelerating&focusing channels with
CRFF is considered. The mathematical modeling findings of a beam dynamics for particles with mass-to-charge
ratio of A/q=5 in the energies range of 1…9.2 МeV/u are resulted. Realization of this focusing method on a basis of
an interdigital H type accelerating structure is proposed.
PACS: 29.17w, 29.27 Bd
INTRODUCTION
Multicharged ions linear accelerator (MILAC) NSC
KIPT [1] has been put into operation more 60 years ago
and now it needs in a serious reconstruction.
First of all, it concerns of the accelerator initial part.
Structurally it consists of a high-voltage injector on
500 kV and prestripper section PSS-15 with grid focus-
ing for acceleration of heavy ions with mass-to-charge
ratio of A/q≤15 up to energy of 0.975 MeV/u [2]. Thus
use of the such high-voltage injector an accelerator op-
eration seriously complicates, and application of the
grid focusing a pulse current of accelerated particles
(~10 µА at 10 mА injection current) considerably re-
duces.
In work [3] for the purpose of work stability increase
of an injector system the new high-voltage injector on
120 kV is offered to establish. And instead of the struc-
ture with grid focusing for increase of an accelerated
particles current and expansion of an accelerated ions
range is offered to use section with RFQ focusing (with
energies range of 0.006…0.1 MeV/u) and two sections
with combined RF focusing (CRFF) (first section with
energies range of 0.1…0.4 MeV/u and second section –
0.4…1 MeV/u). Combined RF focusing is realized on
the basis of an interdigital H type accelerating structure
(IDHAS) [4 - 6] on 47.2 MHz working frequency. Such
modernization will allow to expand of accelerated ions
kind with A/q≤15 to A/q≤20 and increase of the output
pulse current to 10 mА.
After prestripper area the accelerated ions pass
through a thin carbon layer where their charge increases
to the mass-to-charge ratio A/q≤5 and are accelerated in
the main section (MS-5) up to energy of 8.5 MeV/u. For
the main section new constructive decisions have been
applied and adjusting devices are developed. It has been
decided to establish a drift tube of one parity on the
general plate bracket (comb) by means of short stems
while drift tubes of other parity are fixed on adjusting
stems with two additional stems. For increase of IDHAS
efficiency it is necessary to reduce capacitor loading of
a structure. Application quadrupole focusing imposes
certain restrictions on length and diameter of drift tubes.
Being guided by positive experience of use biperiodic
character of quadrupoles disposition on accelerator
UNILAC, the similar constructive decision has been
applied. The drift tubes located on a plate bracket, did
not contain quadrupole lenses and their diameter in-
creased from the input end of structure to the output
end.
Action of adjusting stems was supplemented with
other tuning elements (resonant type) which have been
developed for the first time and named by end resonant
tuning elements (ERTEs). Constructively they represent
the quarter wave resonant vibrators formed on the ends
of the plate bracket with the help undercuts it from the
side of a resonator wall and shorten at the expense of
capacity of drift tubes placed on them.
By means of the developed methods combination of
adjustment for the first time it was success to generate
uniform distribution of an accelerating field in the reso-
nator of the big length for the main section (MS)
MILAC. It provided the highest rate of acceleration:
almost twice above, than in former section on Alvarets
structure. The resonator length from 16.2 to 11.25 m
was thus reduced (at the same diameter 1.5 m), A/q
from 3.5 to 5 and working wave length in 3 times
(6.3 m) were raised. The last has allowed to increase the
longitudinal sizes of drift tubes, having reduced their
quantity in 2.2 times (from 88 to 40, of them only 20
with quadrupole lenses). The MILAC main section MS-
5: general view (a); interiors (b) is presented on Fig. 1
[6, 7]. For the first time on MS model possibility of
smooth regulation of ions energy at the expense of crea-
tion of various extent field areas is shown [8].
a b
Fig. 1. MILAC main section MS-5: general view (a);
interiors (b)
For the particles focusing in this section
20 electromagnetic quadrupole lenses are used. Lenses
92 ISSN 1562-6016. Problems of Atomic Science and Technology. 2023. № 4(146)
are the difficult technical devices demanding an inde-
pendent food and cooling. For an operating time these
systems have appreciably worn out and demand repair
or replacement.
The fundamental solution of this problem is use of
the most accelerating field for acceleration and focusing
of the charged particles beams. In this work a new con-
cept of the main part of multicharged ions linear accel-
erator (MILAC) on the combined RF focusing (CRFF)
basis is presented.
In this case necessity of use of the electromagnetic
lenses established in the drift tubes, and also systems of
their food and cooling completely disappears.
NEW CONCEPT OF THE MILAC
MAIN PART AND THE SCHEME
OF ITS REALIZATION
Generally the problem of an accelerating and focus-
ing path construction of the linear accelerator is three-
dimensional and can include all known support ways of
the particles radially-phase stability. Now such two
methods are mainly used: RF quadrupole focusing [9 -
11] and alternating-phase focusing APF [12 - 15].
Their sharing (combined RF focusing [16 - 19]) is
physically consistent and allows to build accelerating
and focusing paths of linear accelerators for various of
particle kinds and energy ranges.
Advantage of such combined method consists in the
following. In APF for creation of the movement stabil-
ity of charged particles bunch the unique mechanism –
axisymmetric RF field is used. Thus to provide the
movement radial stability of charged particles bunch
probably only at the expense of the longitudinal stability
weakening and on the contrary. Such rigid link between
stability of the longitudinal and transverse movement
strongly complicates working out of the accelerator
channel in APF case. It’s possible to weaken this link,
using structure of an accelerating and focusing period
APF with inclusion of the support additional mechanism
of the radial stability of charged particles beam move-
ment in the form of RF quadrupole field. In this case it’s
possible considerably to weaken a stability link of radial
and longitudinal movement of the charged particles and
that to simplify working out of the accelerator and con-
siderably to increase a value of accelerated particles
current.
Structurally accelerating path with CRFF represents
a combination of gaps with quadrupole field symmetry
between which the certain quantity axisymmetric gaps
is located. Quadrupole field component is created by
introduction in accelerating gap of additional electrodes
which fasten on the drift tube ends (Fig. 2). It’s possible
to present structure of the accelerating and focusing
period in the form of FOOODDOOOF (where F is the
accelerating period containing quadrupole area, focus-
ing in one of coordinates direction of the transverse
plane, D denotes the defocusing quadrupole area, O
represents the axisymmetric accelerating gap). Usually
axisymmetric gaps number is 3-5. The more such gaps,
the above acceleration rate and less value of the acceler-
ated particles current and on the contrary.
Important problem is possibility of an effective prac-
tical realization of the accelerating channel such type in
the accelerating structure. In the given energy range it’s
proposed to use IH structures (IDHAS) with mounting
of the drift tubes on the individual stems.
Quadrupole field component it’s carried out at the
expense of introduction in accelerating gap of an addi-
tional electrode that leads to reduction of an electric
durability of the quadrupole area. Therefore there is a
necessity of decrease in a potential difference on the
quadrupole areas relative to the axisymmetric gaps. And
with growth of particles speed this difference should
increase. It’s connected by that for effective acceleration
the potential difference on the axisymmetric gaps
should increase proportionally ion speeds. In quadru-
pole gap the potential difference is limited to gaps elec-
tric durability and practically remains to a constant
along accelerating structure. Therefore there is a neces-
sity of "smooth" increase of a potential difference be-
tween quadrupole gap and axisymmetric gap along the
accelerating and focusing channel. For IH structure to
carry out such adjustment it’s possible azimuthal turn of
a stem on which the central drift tube of the quadrupole
focusing area fastens.
NUMERICAL MODELING OF A BEAM
DYNAMICS IN THE MILAC MAIN PART
A beam input parameters which used at the numeri-
cal modeling of a beam dynamics are resulted in Ta-
ble 1. An acceleration rate, a value of the accelerated
particles current and a beam emittance growth in the
process of acceleration depend on a structure of the fo-
cusing period. Two variants of the focusing period: 10-
gap and 12-gap accelerating and focusing period with
CRFF are presented in Fig. 2. In the first case the focus-
ing period contains 6 axisymmetric gaps with –23°
phase of the synchronous particle and 4 gaps with quad-
rupole symmetry of the transverse field; the synchro-
nous particle phase is 0°. In the second case the focus-
ing period contains 8 axisymmetric gaps with –20° of
the synchronous particle and 4 gaps with quadrupole
symmetry of the transverse field; the synchronous parti-
cle phase is 0°.
Also envelopes and bunch phase extent for each of
these two periods, calculated under Trace-3D program
are resulted. The program is developed in Los-Alamos
national laboratory [20]. It allows to define evolution of
a beam envelopes on the focusing period taking into
account of space charge forces. It’s propose that the
accelerator channel consists of the focusing periods co-
ordinated among themselves. Since influence of a beam
space charge forces at most in an initial part of the ac-
celerating channel for definition of a beam movement
character it’s enough to consider the first focusing peri-
ods. The particle bunch is represented triaxial ellipsoid,
gaps action is considered in approach of a thin lens.
Following designations are used: RFQ is the quadrupole
area, G is the axisymmetric gap center, a continuous
curve denotes the beam envelope in the horizontal direc-
tion (red colour), a dotted curve denotes the beam enve-
lope in the vertical direction (dark blue colour), a line in
the top half of a drawing (green colour) is the bunch
ISSN 1562-6016. Problems of Atomic Science and Technology. 2023. № 4(146) 93
phase extent. A value of a current is 60 mА for 10-gap
period and 40 mА for 12-gap period. An average gradi-
ent of the transverse RF field in a gap with quadrupole
symmetry is 60 kV/cm
2
, the maximum intensity of a gap
electric field is 100 kV/cm.
Table 1
Beam input parameters
Parameter Value
Mass-to-charge ratio (A/q) 5
Operating frequency, МHz 94.4
Transversal emittance, mm∙mrad
, (90%)n x ;
, ( )n x rms 0.720; 0.167
, (90%)n y ;
, ( )n y rms 0.702; 0.165
Longitudinal emittance, degree keV/u
(90%)z ; ( )z rms 292.6; 67.8
Final calculation of accelerating and focusing chan-
nels taking into account of their real geometry and cal-
culation of a beam dynamics were spent in the devel-
opment environment of linear accelerators with RF fo-
cusing APFRFQ [21]. A value of the field maximum
intensity on electrodes surface in a gap with field quad-
rupole symmetry should be less 2Кр (where Kp is Kil-
patrick criterion [22]). For frequency of 94.4 MHz 2Kp
value is 222 kV/cm. For the account of a space charge
forces, a macroparticles РР (particle – particle) method
was used. The number of particles, used at numerical
modeling of particles dynamics, was 10000. Depend-
ence of the accelerated particles current on the injection
current for channels of the consisting from 10-gap and
12-gap focusing periods is presented in Fig. 3. In the
first case the maximum pulse current of the particles,
passing accelerating channel lossless, makes 55 mА, the
output current at the injection current of 90 makes
81 mА. In the second case their values accordingly is
equal 35 and 62 mА. The projections of a phase-space
volume of beam to planes xx’, yy’, xy, ΔφΔW (where
Δφ, ΔW are phases and energies difference of the parti-
cle and synchronous particle) on an input of the MILAC
main section which were used for modeling of a beam
dynamics with a current of 10 mА are presented in
Fig. 4.
The projections of a phase-space volume of beam to
output for two variants of the focusing periods are pre-
sented in Fig. 5. For simplification of parameters ad-
justment of an accelerating and focusing canal the
MILAC main area is broken into three resonators. Each
resonator contains whole number of the focusing peri-
ods. The calculated resonator parameters and the beam
characteristics on output of the MILAC main area with
10-gap and 12-gap focusing period are resulted in Ta-
ble 2.
a b
Fig. 2. Distribution of the synchronous phases in accelerating gaps, vertical and horizontal beam envelopes,
bunch phase length: 10-gap accelerating and focusing period with CRFF (a);
12-gap accelerating and focusing period with CRFF (b)
Fig. 3. Dependence of the accelerated particles current
on the injection current for 10-gap and 12-gap focusing
periods of the MILAC main area
Fig. 4. Calculated projections of a phase-space volume
of beam to input of the MILAC main section at a current
of 10 mА
94 ISSN 1562-6016. Problems of Atomic Science and Technology. 2023. № 4(146)
a b
Fig. 5. Calculated projections of a phase-space volume of beam to output of MILAC main area for the 10-gap (a)
and 12-gap (b) variants of the focusing periods (a current of 10 mА)
Table 2
Calculated resonator parameters and beam characteristics of MILAC main area with 10-gap
and 12-gap focusing periods
Parameter
10-gap focusing period 12-gap focusing period
resonator number resonator number
1 2 3 1 2 3
Output energy, MeV/u 3.08 4.80 8.40 3.11 6.41 9.20
Resonator length, cm 406.0 449.2 572.8 336.7 567.3 490.0
Gaps number 40 30 30 36 36 24
Drift tube aperture radius, сm 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2
Transverse emittance, mm∙mrad
, (90%)n x 0.754 0.780 0.792 0.754 0.825 0.868
, ( )n x rms 0.176 0.183 0.182 0.186 0.187 0.195
, (90%)n y 0.768 0.772 0.740 0.917 0.853 0.902
, ( )n y rms 0.177 0.181 0.173 0.206 0.194 0.204
Longitudinal emittance, degree keV/u
(90%)z 315.0 317.1 321.2 333.5 331.7 340.1
( )z rms 78.0 75.7 77.8 89.1 81.4 84.7
CONCLUSIONS
A new concept of the MILAC main area on the basis
of the CRFF which excludes necessity of use of the
electromagnetic lenses, is more reliable and much easier
in realization and service. At that such type of focusing
does not concede to classical methods which use a prin-
ciple of the autofocusing and external focusing devices,
neither on an acceleration rate nor on a value of the ac-
celerated particles current. We will notice that at a cal-
culated current of 10 mА for particles with A/q=5 the
maximum current of accelerated particles passing
through accelerating and focusing channel lossless
makes 35 mА (output energy of 9.2 MeV/u).
That testify to a considerable “safety factor” on the
maximum current of focusing this type. The CRFF fea-
ture is necessity of creation in the accelerating and fo-
cusing channel of the RF field amplitude of a special
form. For practical realization of the similar field con-
figuration it’s offered to use IH structure with fastening
of drift tubes on the individual stems. Demanded distri-
bution of the RF field amplitude along accelerating
channel is carried out by azimuthal turn of stems on
which the central drift tubes of areas with quadrupole
field symmetry fasten.
Value of a working frequency in the MILAC main
section makes 47.2 MHz. Such value is chosen to pro-
vide acceptable length of drift tubes for placing of the
magnetic quadrupole lenses. At use CRFF of such ne-
cessity is not present. It allows to pass to a multiple
working frequency of 94.4 MHz in comparison with
prestripper area. Thus increases gaps electric strength
and decreases resonator diameter approximately in
2 times.
Absence of the external focusing devices, reliability
and simplicity in use allows to draw a conclusion on
perceptivity of use of the presented concept by working
out of a powerful linear accelerators of heavy ions for
carrying out of a nuclear and physical and materials
technology researches.
ISSN 1562-6016. Problems of Atomic Science and Technology. 2023. № 4(146) 95
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Article received 16.05.2023
НОВА КОНЦЕПЦІЯ ОСНОВНОЇ ЧАСТИНИ ЛІНІЙНОГО ПРИСКОРЮВАЧА БАГАТОЗАРЯДНИХ
ІОНІВ НА БАЗІ КОМБІНОВАНОГО ВЧ-ФОКУСУВАННЯ
С.С. Тішкін, О.Ф. Дьяченко
Запропоновано нову концепцію основної частини лінійного прискорювача багатозарядних іонів (MILAC)
ННЦ ХФТІ на базі комбінованого високочастотного фокусування (КВЧФ). У КВЧФ прискорення й фокусу-
вання заряджених частинок відбувається за рахунок самого прискорювального поля. Відсутність джерел
зовнішнього фокусувального поля значно спрощує конструкцію та експлуатацію основної частини приско-
рювача. Розглянуто принцип побудови прискорювально-фокусувальних каналів з КВЧФ. Наведено резуль-
тати математичного моделювання динаміки пучка для частинок з відношенням масового числа до зарядово-
го A/q=5 у діапазоні енергій 1…9,2 МеВ/нукл. Запропоновано реалізацію цього методу фокусування на ос-
нові зустрічноштиревої прискорювальної структури.
|
| id | nasplib_isofts_kiev_ua-123456789-196182 |
| institution | Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| issn | 1562-6016 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-12-07T17:43:56Z |
| publishDate | 2023 |
| publisher | Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України |
| record_format | dspace |
| spelling | Tishkin, S.S. Dyachenko, O.F. 2023-12-11T11:57:00Z 2023-12-11T11:57:00Z 2023 New concept of the main part of multicharged ions linear accelerator on the combined RF focusing basis / S.S. Tishkin, O.F. Dyachenko // Problems of Atomic Science and Technology. — 2023. — № 4. — С. 91-95. — Бібліогр.: 22 назв. — англ. 1562-6016 PACS: 29.17w, 29.27 Bd DOI: https://doi.org/10.46813/2023-146-091 https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/196182 A new concept of the main part of multicharged ions linear accelerator (MILAC) NSC KIPT on the combined RF focusing (CRFF) basis is proposed. In CRFF acceleration and focusing of the charged particles occurs at the expense of the same accelerating field. Absence of an external focusing field sources a design and operation of the accelerator main part considerably simplifies. The construction principle of accelerating&focusing channels with CRFF is considered. The mathematical modeling findings of a beam dynamics for particles with mass-to-charge ratio of A/q=5 in the energies range of 1…9.2 МeV/u are resulted. Realization of this focusing method on a basis of an interdigital H type accelerating structure is proposed. Запропоновано нову концепцію основної частини лінійного прискорювача багатозарядних іонів (MILAC) ННЦ ХФТІ на базі комбінованого високочастотного фокусування (КВЧФ). У КВЧФ прискорення й фокусування заряджених частинок відбувається за рахунок самого прискорювального поля. Відсутність джерел зовнішнього фокусувального поля значно спрощує конструкцію та експлуатацію основної частини прискорювача. Розглянуто принцип побудови прискорювально-фокусувальних каналів з КВЧФ. Наведено результати математичного моделювання динаміки пучка для частинок з відношенням масового числа до зарядового A/q=5 у діапазоні енергій 1…9,2 МеВ/нукл. Запропоновано реалізацію цього методу фокусування на основі зустрічноштиревої прискорювальної структури. en Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України Problems of Atomic Science and Technology Ion beam dynamics New concept of the main part of multicharged ions linear accelerator on the combined RF focusing basis Нова концепція основної частини лінійного прискорювача багатозарядних іонів на базі комбінованого ВЧ-фокусування Article published earlier |
| spellingShingle | New concept of the main part of multicharged ions linear accelerator on the combined RF focusing basis Tishkin, S.S. Dyachenko, O.F. Ion beam dynamics |
| title | New concept of the main part of multicharged ions linear accelerator on the combined RF focusing basis |
| title_alt | Нова концепція основної частини лінійного прискорювача багатозарядних іонів на базі комбінованого ВЧ-фокусування |
| title_full | New concept of the main part of multicharged ions linear accelerator on the combined RF focusing basis |
| title_fullStr | New concept of the main part of multicharged ions linear accelerator on the combined RF focusing basis |
| title_full_unstemmed | New concept of the main part of multicharged ions linear accelerator on the combined RF focusing basis |
| title_short | New concept of the main part of multicharged ions linear accelerator on the combined RF focusing basis |
| title_sort | new concept of the main part of multicharged ions linear accelerator on the combined rf focusing basis |
| topic | Ion beam dynamics |
| topic_facet | Ion beam dynamics |
| url | https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/196182 |
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