The simulation of emergency action on construction materials by high current relativistic electron beams
Development of many innovative areas in energy, mechanical engineering, aircraft building and other industries is limited by the strength of materials under the action of temperature gradients. In this regard, the problem appears to find and justify technical means to model a complex of operating co...
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Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України
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| Zitieren: | The simulation of emergency action on construction materials by high current relativistic electron beams / S.E. Donets, V.V. Bryukhovetsky, V.V. Lytvynenko, Yu.A. Kasatkin, О.А. Startsev, Yu.F. Lonin, A.G. Ponomarev, V.T. Uvarov // Problems of Atomic Science and Technology. — 2023. — № 4. — С. 170-175. — Бібліогр.: 30 назв. — англ. |
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Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine| _version_ | 1859855279927066624 |
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| author | Donets, S.E. Bryukhovetsky, V.V. Lytvynenko, V.V. Kasatkin, Yu.A. Startsev, О.А. Lonin, Yu.F. Ponomarev, A.G. Uvarov, V.T. |
| author_facet | Donets, S.E. Bryukhovetsky, V.V. Lytvynenko, V.V. Kasatkin, Yu.A. Startsev, О.А. Lonin, Yu.F. Ponomarev, A.G. Uvarov, V.T. |
| citation_txt | The simulation of emergency action on construction materials by high current relativistic electron beams / S.E. Donets, V.V. Bryukhovetsky, V.V. Lytvynenko, Yu.A. Kasatkin, О.А. Startsev, Yu.F. Lonin, A.G. Ponomarev, V.T. Uvarov // Problems of Atomic Science and Technology. — 2023. — № 4. — С. 170-175. — Бібліогр.: 30 назв. — англ. |
| collection | DSpace DC |
| container_title | Problems of Atomic Science and Technology |
| description | Development of many innovative areas in energy, mechanical engineering, aircraft building and other industries is limited by the strength of materials under the action of temperature gradients. In this regard, the problem appears to find and justify technical means to model a complex of operating conditions. High-current relativistic electron beams reasonably belong to such instruments and means. As a result of their impact, pulsed electric and magnetic fields occur in the irradiated targets, temperature gradients are created, and shock waves are generated. The paper investigates the patterns of change in the internal structure of the blades of gas turbine engines and engineering ma-terials, subjected to the action of an electron beam.
Розвиток багатьох іноваційних напрямків в енергетиці, машинобудуванні, авіабудуванні та інших галузях обмежений міцністю матеріалів під дією температурних градієнтів. У зв’язку з цим постає проблема пошуку та обґрунтування технічних засобів, які б моделювали комплекс факторів впливу, характерних для умов експлуатації. До таких засобів обґрунтовано відносять сильнострумові релятивістські електронні пучки. В результаті їх впливу в опромінюваних мішенях виникають імпульсні електричні та магнітні поля, створюються температурні градієнти, генеруються ударні хвилі. У роботі досліджено закономірності зміни внутрішньої структури лопаток газотурбінних двигунів конструкційних матеріалів під дією сильнострумового електронного пучка.
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| first_indexed | 2025-12-07T15:43:27Z |
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170 ISSN 1562-6016. Problems of Atomic Science and Technology. 2023. № 4(146)
https://doi.org/10.46813/2023-146-170
THE SIMULATION OF EMERGENCY ACTION ON CONSTRUCTION
MATERIALS BY HIGH CURRENT RELATIVISTIC ELECTRON BEAMS
S.E. Donets
1
, V.V. Bryukhovetsky
1
, V.V. Lytvynenko
1
, Yu.A. Kasatkin
1
, О.А. Startsev
1
,
Yu.F. Lonin
2
, A.G. Ponomarev
2
, V.T. Uvarov
2
1
Institute of Electrophysics and Radiation Technologies NAS of Ukraine, Kharkiv, Ukraine;
2
National Science Center “Kharkov Institute of Physics and Technology”, Kharkiv, Ukraine
E-mail: vvlytvynenko@ukr.net
Development of many innovative areas in energy, mechanical engineering, aircraft building and other industries
is limited by the strength of materials under the action of temperature gradients. In this regard, the problem appears
to find and justify technical means to model a complex of operating conditions. High-current relativistic electron
beams reasonably belong to such instruments and means. As a result of their impact, pulsed electric and magnetic
fields occur in the irradiated targets, temperature gradients are created, and shock waves are generated. The paper
investigates the patterns of change in the internal structure of the blades of gas turbine engines and engineering ma-
terials, subjected to the action of an electron beam.
PACS: 52.40.HF, 29.27Ac, 621.715:539.376, 87.55N
INTRODUCTION
High-current electron beams (HCEB) have a number
of global applications, including the development of
new methods of accelerating charged particles by wake
fields generated in the plasma during the passage of
electron beams [1 - 3]. In this regard, strong current
beams are one of the tools for generating wake fields
together with powerful lasers [4, 5].
A separate direction of application of HCEB can be
the testing of materials used under conditions of strong
radiation and thermal loads, for example, target con-
verters of reactors on a subcritical assembly controlled
by an electron beam [6]. Related to this matter, the stud-
ies [7, 8] proposed to use HCEB to form some bimetal-
lic coatings resistant to radiation and heat loads. The
perspectives of this approach are in application of the
coating under action of a pulsed electron beam, so inter-
nal stresses will be on par with the possible critical
loads that might occur during operation. The beam
method to create coatings may also be enhanced with an
additional modifying effect on the coating, which was
previously applied by another method [9]. The article
[10] describes the methods using the effect of irradiation
with a constant electron beam with high spatial accuracy
leveraging a complex scanning system.
A separate group of practical applications includes
testing the resistance of materials from which cladding
is made, to the action of extreme factors in the event of
emergency situations. For example, to test the behavior
of the surface protective layers of zirconium-based ma-
terials [11, 12].
On a way to solve the problems of the energy transi-
tion, in particular, the implementation of thermonuclear
fusion, high-current electron beams are considered as
one of the means of obtaining plasma [13]. Also, HCEB
can be used as a tool for modeling residual stresses and
sputtering processes that occur in the materials of ther-
monuclear reactors [14 - 16].
At the same time, an important component of the
energy transition is the creation of maneuvering capaci-
ties that would compensate for the instability of electric-
ity generation from renewable sources. Gas turbine en-
gines (GTE) are the most agile power generating capaci-
ties. They are considered as a link in the disposal of
solid household waste by obtaining thermal and electri-
cal energy. Increasing the efficiency of the GTEs con-
sists in increasing the temperature of the gas-plasma
flow that interacts with the structural materials of the
engine. This, in its turn, poses the task of finding out the
limit values of thermal influence at which the operation-
al characteristics of the product are preserved. HCEBs
are one of the tools for creating peak radiation-thermal
loads. The specifics of their use for these purposes were
discussed in [17]. Future investigations are recommend-
ed to aim at a more detailed study of the mechanisms of
radiation-stimulated segregation of alloying elements
and the features of pore formation was required.
METHODOLOGY OF EXPERIMENT
Irradiation of the gas turbine blade samples was car-
ried out using the TEMP-A high-current relativistic
electron accelerator (NSC “Kharkov Institute of Physics
and Technology” of the National Academy of Sciences
of Ukraine). The accelerator is a magnetically insulated
diode with an inverted magnetic field.
The relativistic beam is formed in the diode as a re-
sult of explosive emission on the surface of the cathode.
The power source of the accelerator is a voltage pulse
generator according to the Arkadyev-Marx scheme.
Electron energy ~ 0.35 MeV, beam current ~ 2 kA, pulse
front duration ~ 5 μs. Irradiation of targets is carried out
discretely, with single pulses. Beam diameter equal
40 mm. Irradiation is carried out in the vacuum chamber
of the accelerator at a pressure of 10
-4
…10
-5
Torr.
The analysis of the chemical composition of the lo-
cal microvolumes of the initial alloy samples was car-
ried out using the JEOL JSM-840 scanning electron
microscope equipped with an attachment for energy
dispersive X-ray microanalysis.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
For simplicity, we reduce the problem of the interac-
tion of a high-current intense relativistic beam with a
metal plate to the problem of a semi-infinite space. This
mailto:forshad58@gmail.com
ISSN 1562-6016. Problems of Atomic Science and Technology. 2023. № 4(146) 171
is possible, because the target is firmly and tightly fixed
on a thick, massive collector, which makes it possible to
neglect the insignificant influence of the opposite sur-
face on the process itself. The model is a complex dy-
namic thermomechanical problem. The main factor that
determines the structural phase state and properties of
near-surface layers during irradiation is the distribution
of the absorbed dose and, accordingly, the temperature.
The mathematical formulation of the problem looks
like this:
, ,
T
c k T p r z t
t
, (1)
where c heat capacity; density; k thermal
conductivity of the material; , ,p r z t space-time
distribution of absorbed radiation energy, initial condi-
tion 0, ,0T r z T
boundary condition
0
0
, , ,
0,
0.
r R
z
T r H t T
T
k
r
T
k
z
Considering the axial symmetry of the field (1), it
can be rewritten in the following form
2 2
2 2
2
2
1
, , ,
1
, , .
T T T T
c k k k p r z t
t r r r z
T T T
c k r k p r z t
t r r r z
(2)
According to the rule for obtaining a functional from
a differential equation, it is possible to write:
2
2 , ,
z r
T
I T k r T r p r z t c T drdz
t
(3)
The spatial distribution of absorbed energy in a unit
of power volume can be determined by the expression
2 2
0
, , exp m
m
m
z zr
p r z t P
r z
, (4)
where 0r is a parameter characterizing the transverse
size of the beam; r distance from the center of the
beam in the plane of the surface; mz position of max-
imum energy distribution; mz its half width; mP –
maximum energy value.
Dividing the region of integration into finite ele-
ments N of order n , then, given the continuity of tem-
perature, the function of a separate element is also de-
termined by expression (4). The function ,T r z can be
approximated inside the element by a complete poly-
nomial of order n :
1
,
m
i i
i
T r z T
, (5)
where
1
1 2
2
m n n , ,i f r z – interpolat-
ing polynomial.
The results of the calculation of the spatial distribu-
tion of the temperature field, which occurs after the end
of the irradiation pulse, are shown in Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Spatial distribution of the thermal field
at the end of the irradiation pulse
The trace on the surface of the gas turbine blade
from beam irradiation is shown in Fig. 2. It is obvious
that the surface was partially melted. At the same time,
three zones are distinguished: 1 – zone of the epicenter,
2 – intermediate zone and 3 – peripheral zone.
Fig. 2. The irradiated surface of the gas turbine blade
Currently, the main materials to manufacture the
working blades are heat-resistant nickel casting alloys,
which are complex multi-component heterophase sys-
tems. Turbine blades of gas turbine engines are made of
heat-resistant corrosion-resistant nickel-based alloys by
casting by the method of directional crystallization. The
chemical composition of nickel alloys, which are used
for the manufacture of blades, is quite complex, since
each element performs its function [18]. The content of
refractory metals, such as Nb, Mo, Ta, W, Re, for most
of these alloys exceeds 10%, and the total content of Al
and Ti is in the range from 6 to 8%. The combination of
such an elemental composition of alloys due to
strengthening by solid-solution and dispersion mecha-
nisms ensures the achievement of a high value of creep
resistance, which is especially important for turbine
blades. The cobalt (Co) content in such alloys can also
be high and range from 8 to 20%. Cobalt contributes to
the strengthening of the alloy by the solid-solution
mechanism. It should be noted that currently the
IN738LC alloy (base Ni, 16.0%Cr, 8.5%Co, 1.75%Mo,
2.6%W, 3.4%Al, 3.4%Ti, 1.75%Ta, 0.9%Nb, 0.11%C,
0.01%B, 0.04%Zr), which well combines the values of
creep resistance, oxidation resistance and structural sta-
bility [19]. The main mechanical properties, such as
heat resistance, plasticity, fatigue resistance, directly
, (3)
172 ISSN 1562-6016. Problems of Atomic Science and Technology. 2023. № 4(146)
depend on the structure of the alloy and its phase com-
position.
The microstructure of the blades is a matrix with a
lattice of the fcc type, which contains a coherent inter-
metallic γ'-phase, γ + γ' eutectic, and M23C6 carbides of
equilibrium morphology. The volume fraction of γ'-
phase separations can be quite large and reach several
tens of percent. The strengthening γ'-phase is character-
ized by a cubic lattice with particle sizes up to 1 μm,
which is optimal for restraining high-temperature creep.
In the blades studied in this work, the thickness of the
protective coating on the working profile is about
100 μm. The structure of the coating consists of two
zones: external single-phase and internal (diffusion)
multiphase. The content of Al in the outer zone of the
coating is 18…22%, and 4…4.5% Cr. The diffusion
zone contains 12…14% Al and 6…7.5% Cr, as well as
an increased content compared to the main material of
V, Nb, W, which creates an additional “barrier” of the
elements preventing the depletion of the main material
of the blades in the process operation. The microhard-
ness of the coating has a value of about 560-
630 НV0.010.
Almost all metals reduce their volume during crys-
tallization. During solidification, a jump-like change in
volume occurs. The solidified metal has a greater densi-
ty than the liquid one. A decrease in volume during
crystallization is called shrinkage. A decrease in the
volume of the metal occurs when the metal is cooled
and during the transition from the liquid phase to the
solid phase. The amount of shrinkage depends on the
nature of the metal. The casting begins to crystallize
from the edge to the center. Since the volume of the
metal decreases during solidification, the cooling of the
casting must be accompanied by the appearance of emp-
ty space. This space is pores or shrinking shells. They
can be filled with gases dissolved in liquid metal and
released during crystallization. Pores can be located in
different parts of the casting, but more often in the up-
per part or in the center. Shoulder blades are no excep-
tion. One of the common defects in the initial blanks of
cast blades, which are characterized by a very complex
geometry, is the presence of internal shrinkage defects.
An example of such defects is the presence of pores in
the structure of the surface layer of the blade. To elimi-
nate the pores, hot isostatic pressing can be used, the
essence of which is the simultaneous effect on casting
of high temperatures and comprehensive compression in
the environment of special liquids or gases. However,
porosity may be present in the shoulder blades. Under
the influence of electron radiation, porosity develops
significantly depending on the received dose, causing
the formation of cracks. In Fig. 3 the depicted surface of
the blade is irradiated by the peripheral part of the
beam. At the same time, we observe minimal cracks that
formed due to the release of pores.
In fact, the ordered dendritic microstructure of the
material is preserved in the peripheral part of the elec-
tron beam, although the formation of microcracks is
observed. From Fig. 4 shows the results of microdis-
perse analysis of an intact part of the material (zone 3),
see Fig. 2. Its basis consists of intermetallics of refracto-
ry metals formed with nickel.
Fig. 3. Optical microscopy image (left) and SEM image
(right) of the blades surface in zone 3 the peripheral
area affected by the electron beam
Fig. 4. Energy dispersive analysis of the blade surface
in zone 3
An increase in the current density of the beam caus-
es disorientation of grains, melting of their boundaries,
and fusion. The SEM image (Fig. 5) shows that the
number of cracks increased and traces of surface dis-
placement are visible. Even in the case when the energy
of the beam is not sufficient for the complete melting of
the surface, an irreversible change in operational charac-
teristics should also be expected, due to the fact that
upon reaching the pre-melting temperature values, par-
tial melting may occur along the grain boundaries, since
low-melting eutectics are usually formed there [20].
Fig. 5. Optical microscopy image (left) and SEM image
(right) of the blades surface in zone 2 the intermediate
area affected by the electron beam
Analyzing the (Fig. 6) elemental composition on the
surface area in zone (2), it should be noted that the
mechanisms of changing the elemental composition,
especially of low-melting elements such as Al, may also
ISSN 1562-6016. Problems of Atomic Science and Technology. 2023. № 4(146) 173
be caused by the presence of residual oxygen in the pro-
cessing chamber. Its content at high temperatures is
sufficient for the oxidation of those alloying elements
that stand out on the surface, for example, Al, as we
have shown in [21].
Fig. 6. Energy dispersive analysis
of the blade surface in zone 2
For the zone of the most intensive exposure to radia-
tion (zone 1), the formation of a melt, which is accom-
panied by the emission of a molten substance, is typical.
The melt is kept in the subsurface layer for a certain
time during irradiation, followed by the formation of a
gas-plasma torch [22]. As a result of irradiation, a wave-
like relief was formed on the surface in the area of in-
tensive action of the beam Fig. 7, which is consistent
with the results of the calculation of the field of me-
chanical displacements [17] and the field of temperature
distribution (see Fig. 2) and shows that the molten sub-
stance shifted tangentially to the surface.
Fig. 7. Optical microscopy image (left) and SEM image
(right) of the blades surface in zone 1 the epicenter
area affected by the electron beam
In the zone of intense irradiation, melting and merg-
ing of grain boundaries was observed. Among the main
components of the elemental composition, there was
also a redistribution (Fig. 8), in particular, the specific
proportion of tungsten increased, which probably
formed more refractory compounds, while other ele-
ments evaporated or moved to the neighboring area as a
result of the ablation emission of the gas-plasma torch.
According to the data of [23], irradiation of the
HCEB surface can also cause a change in electrophysi-
cal characteristics, as evidenced by a change in the val-
ues of ellipsometric angles in the irradiated aluminum
alloy. The mechanism of such a change may consist in a
change in the geometry and composition of the grain
boundaries, where intermetallic phases are isolated.
Structural transformations are caused by the impact of
the beam. In particular, generation of high temperature
gradients, internal stresses and microdisplacements, is
an additional stimulating factor for the transformation of
the phase composition, which is accompanied by the
removal of low-melting alloying additives [24].
Fig. 8. Energy dispersive analysis
of the blade surface in zone 1
As we can see on the example of the blade sample,
as a result of beam melting, alloys with a highly ordered
grain structure become amorphous, while for structural
alloys with an imperfect grain structure, which needs to
be improved by technological processing, beam remelt-
ing contributes to the grinding of grains and their partial
ordering. This contributes to the improvement of their
plastic characteristics, allows to obtain products of
complex shape, avoiding the occurrence of internal
stresses [25].
One of the obstacles for live monitoring of processes
occurring during HCEB irradiation of targets is power-
ful electromagnetic pulses and bremsstrahlung streams
that cause destructive effects on electronics. To prevent
this, it is advisable to use protective composite metal-
polymer materials [26 - 29].
The complexity of the course of processes on the
target in the area of intense influence is due to the fact
that a gas-plasma torch is formed along the axis, which
contains an unstable ionic component with a significant-
ly non-uniform density distribution, caused by a current
jump and a disturbance of the focus of the magnetic
field around the collector. This, in turn, significantly
affects the processes of reverse condensation of evapo-
rated elements [30].
CONCLUSIONS
The conducted studies show that high-current rela-
tivistic electron beams are a promising tool to study the
stability of thermally loaded elements of power equip-
ment. Among the difficulties of their introduction into
production, it should be noted that accelerators of this
174 ISSN 1562-6016. Problems of Atomic Science and Technology. 2023. № 4(146)
type are single products that were manufactured for spe-
cial tasks. At the same time, the mode of test trials al-
lows the use of machines available in scientific institu-
tions. It should be noted that the use of such beams is
associated with the generation of bremsstrahlung and
electromagnetic radiation flows that affect diagnostic
tools. When working on them, compliance with radia-
tion protection standards is achieved by using composite
materials.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The research presented in this article was supported
by the Simons Foundation Program: Presidential Discre-
tionary-Ukraine Support Grants, Award № 1030287.
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Article received 19.05.2023
МОДЕЛЮВАННЯ АВАРІЙНОГО ВПЛИВУ НА КОНСТРУКЦІЙНІ МАТЕРІАЛИ
ІЗ ЗАСТОСУВАННЯМ СИЛЬНОСТРУМОВИХ РЕЛЯТИВІСТСЬКИХ ЕЛЕКТРОННИХ ПУЧКІВ
С.Є. Донець, В.В. Брюховецький, В.В. Литвиненко, Ю.О. Касаткін, О.А. Старцев, Ю.Ф. Лонін,
А.Г. Пономарьов, В.Т. Уваров
Розвиток багатьох інноваційних напрямків в енергетиці, машинобудуванні, авіабудуванні та інших галу-
зях обмежений міцністю матеріалів під дією температурних градієнтів. У зв'язку з цим постає проблема по-
шуку та обґрунтування технічних засобів, які б моделювали комплекс факторів впливу, характерних для
умов експлуатації. До таких засобів обґрунтовано відносять сильнострумові релятивістські електронні пуч-
ки. В результаті їх впливу в опромінюваних мішенях виникають імпульсні електричні та магнітні поля,
створюються температурні градієнти, генеруються ударні хвилі. У роботі досліджено закономірності зміни
внутрішньої структури лопаток газотурбінних двигунів конструкційних матеріалів під дією сильнострумо-
вого електронного пучка.
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|
| id | nasplib_isofts_kiev_ua-123456789-196199 |
| institution | Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| issn | 1562-6016 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-12-07T15:43:27Z |
| publishDate | 2023 |
| publisher | Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України |
| record_format | dspace |
| spelling | Donets, S.E. Bryukhovetsky, V.V. Lytvynenko, V.V. Kasatkin, Yu.A. Startsev, О.А. Lonin, Yu.F. Ponomarev, A.G. Uvarov, V.T. 2023-12-11T12:39:55Z 2023-12-11T12:39:55Z 2023 The simulation of emergency action on construction materials by high current relativistic electron beams / S.E. Donets, V.V. Bryukhovetsky, V.V. Lytvynenko, Yu.A. Kasatkin, О.А. Startsev, Yu.F. Lonin, A.G. Ponomarev, V.T. Uvarov // Problems of Atomic Science and Technology. — 2023. — № 4. — С. 170-175. — Бібліогр.: 30 назв. — англ. 1562-6016 PACS: 52.40.HF, 29.27Ac, 621.715:539.376, 87.55N DOI: https://doi.org/10.46813/2023-146-170 https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/196199 Development of many innovative areas in energy, mechanical engineering, aircraft building and other industries is limited by the strength of materials under the action of temperature gradients. In this regard, the problem appears to find and justify technical means to model a complex of operating conditions. High-current relativistic electron beams reasonably belong to such instruments and means. As a result of their impact, pulsed electric and magnetic fields occur in the irradiated targets, temperature gradients are created, and shock waves are generated. The paper investigates the patterns of change in the internal structure of the blades of gas turbine engines and engineering ma-terials, subjected to the action of an electron beam. Розвиток багатьох іноваційних напрямків в енергетиці, машинобудуванні, авіабудуванні та інших галузях обмежений міцністю матеріалів під дією температурних градієнтів. У зв’язку з цим постає проблема пошуку та обґрунтування технічних засобів, які б моделювали комплекс факторів впливу, характерних для умов експлуатації. До таких засобів обґрунтовано відносять сильнострумові релятивістські електронні пучки. В результаті їх впливу в опромінюваних мішенях виникають імпульсні електричні та магнітні поля, створюються температурні градієнти, генеруються ударні хвилі. У роботі досліджено закономірності зміни внутрішньої структури лопаток газотурбінних двигунів конструкційних матеріалів під дією сильнострумового електронного пучка. The research presented in this article was supported by the Simons Foundation Program: Presidential Discretionary-Ukraine Support Grants, Award № 1030287. en Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України Problems of Atomic Science and Technology Applications and technologies The simulation of emergency action on construction materials by high current relativistic electron beams Моделювання аварійного впливу на конструкційні матеріали із застосуванням сильнострумових релятивістських електронних пучків Article published earlier |
| spellingShingle | The simulation of emergency action on construction materials by high current relativistic electron beams Donets, S.E. Bryukhovetsky, V.V. Lytvynenko, V.V. Kasatkin, Yu.A. Startsev, О.А. Lonin, Yu.F. Ponomarev, A.G. Uvarov, V.T. Applications and technologies |
| title | The simulation of emergency action on construction materials by high current relativistic electron beams |
| title_alt | Моделювання аварійного впливу на конструкційні матеріали із застосуванням сильнострумових релятивістських електронних пучків |
| title_full | The simulation of emergency action on construction materials by high current relativistic electron beams |
| title_fullStr | The simulation of emergency action on construction materials by high current relativistic electron beams |
| title_full_unstemmed | The simulation of emergency action on construction materials by high current relativistic electron beams |
| title_short | The simulation of emergency action on construction materials by high current relativistic electron beams |
| title_sort | simulation of emergency action on construction materials by high current relativistic electron beams |
| topic | Applications and technologies |
| topic_facet | Applications and technologies |
| url | https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/196199 |
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