Ukrainian Ethnic Entrepreneurship in Bulgaria
The Bulgarian word for ‘entrepreneurship’ (predpriemachestvo) encompasses the process of executing an economic activity, the activity itself, and the results from it. Opening their own ethnic restaurant, shop, beauty salon, or other institutions, migrants become ethnic entrepreneurs or entrepreneuri...
Збережено в:
| Опубліковано в: : | Народна творчість та етнологія |
|---|---|
| Дата: | 2020 |
| Автори: | , |
| Формат: | Стаття |
| Мова: | English |
| Опубліковано: |
Інститут мистецтвознавства, фольклористики та етнології iм. М.Т. Рильського НАН України
2020
|
| Теми: | |
| Онлайн доступ: | https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/204248 |
| Теги: |
Додати тег
Немає тегів, Будьте першим, хто поставить тег для цього запису!
|
| Назва журналу: | Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| Цитувати: | Ukrainian Ethnic Entrepreneurship in Bulgaria/ V. Penchev, Т. Matanova // Народна творчість та етнологія. — 2020. — № 4. — С. 75-87. — Бібліогр.: 22 назв. — англ. |
Репозитарії
Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine| id |
nasplib_isofts_kiev_ua-123456789-204248 |
|---|---|
| record_format |
dspace |
| spelling |
Penchev, V. Matanova, Т. 2025-07-03T08:18:16Z 2020 Ukrainian Ethnic Entrepreneurship in Bulgaria/ V. Penchev, Т. Matanova // Народна творчість та етнологія. — 2020. — № 4. — С. 75-87. — Бібліогр.: 22 назв. — англ. 0130-6936 https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/204248 316.334.23(497.2=161.2) https://doi.org/10.15407/nte2020.04.075 The Bulgarian word for ‘entrepreneurship’ (predpriemachestvo) encompasses the process of executing an economic activity, the activity itself, and the results from it. Opening their own ethnic restaurant, shop, beauty salon, or other institutions, migrants become ethnic entrepreneurs or entrepreneurial migrants. Some of them develop their business on the basis of ethnic products and objects (food, souvenirs, art works, etc.) often identified as cultural heritage, while others serve the open market, addressing the general audience beyond their own ethnic community. In this text, attention is paid to the Ukrainian migrants in Bulgaria and their entrepreneurial structures, such as shops, restaurants, hotel management, real estate, beauty salons, and other examples from the trade, production, and service sectors. Moreover, the entrepreneurial spaces, on the one hand, open a possibility to preserve and popularize different elements of the traditional and contemporary Ukrainian culture. On the other hand, some of these structures function as consolidation centers in which social networks are built, strengthened, and expanded. The authors’ methodological set includes semi-structured interviews, online observations, and content analysis of different types of digital publication – websites, Facebook pages, and YouTube videos. Болгарське слово «підприємництво» (predpriemachestvo) охоплює процес здійснення господарської діяльності, саму діяльність та результати від неї. Відкриваючи власний етнічний ресторан, магазин, салони краси або інші установи, мігранти стають етнічними підприємцями або підприємницькими мігрантами. Деякі з них розвивають свій бізнес на основі етнічних товарів і предметів (продуктів харчування, сувенірів, творів мистецтва тощо), які часто визначаються як культурні надбання, а інші – на відкритому ринку, звертаючись до широкої аудиторії поза власною етнічною спільнотою. У цьому тексті увагу приділено українським мігрантам у Болгарії та їхнім підприємницьким структурам, таким, як магазини, ресторани, готелі, нерухомість, салони краси та інші приклади з торгівлі, виробництва та сфери послуг. Більше того, підприємницький простір, з одного боку, відкриває можливість для збереження та популяризації різних елементів традиційної та сучасної української культури. З іншого боку, деякі із цих структур функціонують як центри консолідації, у яких розбудовуються, зміцнюються та розширюються соціальні мережі. Методологічний набір дослідження включає напівструктуровані інтерв’ю, інтернет‑спостереження та аналіз контенту різних типів цифрових публікацій – веб-сайтів, сторінок Facebook, відео YouTube. en Інститут мистецтвознавства, фольклористики та етнології iм. М.Т. Рильського НАН України Народна творчість та етнологія Розвідки та матеріали Ukrainian Ethnic Entrepreneurship in Bulgaria «Етнічне підприємництво» української спільноти у Болгарії Article published earlier |
| institution |
Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| collection |
DSpace DC |
| title |
Ukrainian Ethnic Entrepreneurship in Bulgaria |
| spellingShingle |
Ukrainian Ethnic Entrepreneurship in Bulgaria Penchev, V. Matanova, Т. Розвідки та матеріали |
| title_short |
Ukrainian Ethnic Entrepreneurship in Bulgaria |
| title_full |
Ukrainian Ethnic Entrepreneurship in Bulgaria |
| title_fullStr |
Ukrainian Ethnic Entrepreneurship in Bulgaria |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Ukrainian Ethnic Entrepreneurship in Bulgaria |
| title_sort |
ukrainian ethnic entrepreneurship in bulgaria |
| author |
Penchev, V. Matanova, Т. |
| author_facet |
Penchev, V. Matanova, Т. |
| topic |
Розвідки та матеріали |
| topic_facet |
Розвідки та матеріали |
| publishDate |
2020 |
| language |
English |
| container_title |
Народна творчість та етнологія |
| publisher |
Інститут мистецтвознавства, фольклористики та етнології iм. М.Т. Рильського НАН України |
| format |
Article |
| title_alt |
«Етнічне підприємництво» української спільноти у Болгарії |
| description |
The Bulgarian word for ‘entrepreneurship’ (predpriemachestvo) encompasses the process of executing an economic activity, the activity itself, and the results from it. Opening their own ethnic restaurant, shop, beauty salon, or other institutions, migrants become ethnic entrepreneurs or entrepreneurial migrants. Some of them develop their business on the basis of ethnic products and objects (food, souvenirs, art works, etc.) often identified as cultural heritage, while others serve the open market, addressing the general audience beyond their own ethnic community. In this text, attention is paid to the Ukrainian migrants in Bulgaria and their entrepreneurial structures, such as shops, restaurants, hotel management, real estate, beauty salons, and other examples from the trade, production, and service sectors. Moreover, the entrepreneurial spaces, on the one hand, open a possibility to preserve and popularize different elements of the traditional and contemporary Ukrainian culture. On the other hand, some of these structures function as consolidation centers in which social networks are built, strengthened, and expanded. The authors’ methodological set includes semi-structured interviews, online observations, and content analysis of different types of digital publication – websites, Facebook pages, and YouTube videos.
Болгарське слово «підприємництво» (predpriemachestvo) охоплює процес здійснення господарської діяльності, саму діяльність та результати від неї. Відкриваючи власний етнічний ресторан, магазин, салони краси або інші установи, мігранти стають етнічними підприємцями або підприємницькими мігрантами. Деякі з них розвивають свій бізнес на основі етнічних товарів і предметів (продуктів харчування, сувенірів, творів мистецтва тощо), які часто визначаються як культурні надбання, а інші – на відкритому ринку, звертаючись до широкої аудиторії поза власною етнічною спільнотою. У цьому тексті увагу приділено українським мігрантам у Болгарії та їхнім підприємницьким структурам, таким, як магазини, ресторани, готелі, нерухомість, салони краси та інші приклади з торгівлі, виробництва та сфери послуг. Більше того, підприємницький простір, з одного боку, відкриває можливість для збереження та популяризації різних елементів традиційної та сучасної української культури. З іншого боку, деякі із цих структур функціонують як центри консолідації, у яких розбудовуються, зміцнюються та розширюються соціальні мережі. Методологічний набір дослідження включає напівструктуровані інтерв’ю, інтернет‑спостереження та аналіз контенту різних типів цифрових публікацій – веб-сайтів, сторінок Facebook, відео YouTube.
|
| issn |
0130-6936 |
| url |
https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/204248 |
| citation_txt |
Ukrainian Ethnic Entrepreneurship in Bulgaria/ V. Penchev, Т. Matanova // Народна творчість та етнологія. — 2020. — № 4. — С. 75-87. — Бібліогр.: 22 назв. — англ. |
| work_keys_str_mv |
AT penchevv ukrainianethnicentrepreneurshipinbulgaria AT matanovat ukrainianethnicentrepreneurshipinbulgaria AT penchevv etníčnepídpriêmnictvoukraínsʹkoíspílʹnotiubolgaríí AT matanovat etníčnepídpriêmnictvoukraínsʹkoíspílʹnotiubolgaríí |
| first_indexed |
2025-11-27T01:53:17Z |
| last_indexed |
2025-11-27T01:53:17Z |
| _version_ |
1850792115008700416 |
| fulltext |
75
ПеНчев владімір
Ph.D., професор, Інститут етнології та фольклористики з Етнографічним музеєм при Болгарській академії
наук, відділ порівняльної фольклористики
Penchev vladimir
PhD, professor, Institute of Ethnology and Folklore Studies with Ethnographic Museum at the BAS, Comparative
Folklore Studies Department
матаНова таНя
Ph.D., доцент, Інститут етнології та фольклористики з Етнографічним музеєм при Болгарській академії
наук, відділ порівняльної фольклористики
matanova tanya
PhD, assist. professor, Institute of Ethnology and Folklore Studies with Ethnographic Museum at the BAS,
Comparative Folklore Studies Department
DOI https://doi.org/10.15407/nte2020.04.075
Бібліографічний опис:
Пенчев В., Матанова Т. (2020) «Етнічне підприємництво» української спільноти у Болгарії. Народна
творчість та етнологія, 2020, 4 (386), 75–87.
Penchev, V., Matanova, T. (2020) Ukrainian Ethnic Entrepreneurship in Bulgaria. Folk Art and Ethnology, 2020,
4 (386), 75–87.
анотація / abstract
Болгарське слово «підприємництво» (predpriemachestvo) охоплює процес здійснення господарської діяльності,
саму діяльність та результати від неї. Відкриваючи власний етнічний ресторан, магазин, салони краси або інші уста‑
нови, мігранти стають етнічними підприємцями або підприємницькими мігрантами. Деякі з них розвивають свій
бізнес на основі етнічних товарів і предметів (продуктів харчування, сувенірів, творів мистецтва тощо), які часто
визначаються як культурні надбання, а інші – на відкритому ринку, звертаючись до широкої аудиторії поза власною
етнічною спільнотою.
У цьому тексті увагу приділено українським мігрантам у Болгарії та їхнім підприємницьким структурам, таким,
як магазини, ресторани, готелі, нерухомість, салони краси та інші приклади з торгівлі, виробництва та сфери послуг.
Більше того, підприємницький простір, з одного боку, відкриває можливість для збереження та популяризації різних
елементів традиційної та сучасної української культури. З іншого боку, деякі із цих структур функціонують як центри
консолідації, у яких розбудовуються, зміцнюються та розширюються соціальні мережі.
Методологічний набір дослідження включає напівструктуровані інтерв’ю, інтернет‑спостереження та аналіз кон‑
тенту різних типів цифрових публікацій – веб‑сайтів, сторінок Facebook, відео YouTube.
Ключові слова: етнічне підприємництво, український бізнес у Болгарії, українська громада за кордоном, етноку‑
льтурна спадщина, консолідація українців.
Ukrainian Ethnic EntrEprEnEUrship
in BUlgaria
УДК 316.334.23(497.2=161.2)
www.etnolog.org.ua
IM
FE
76
I S S N 2 6 6 4 - 42 82 * Н а р од Н а т в ор ч іс т ь та е т НоЛоГ і я * 4/2 0 2 0
76
I S S N 2 6 6 4 - 42 82 * Н а р од Н а т в ор ч іс т ь та е т НоЛоГ і я * 4/2 0 2 0
The Bulgarian word for ‘entrepreneurship’ (predpriemachestvo) encompasses the process of executing an economic ac‑
tivity, the activity itself and the results from it. Opening their own ethnic restaurant, shop, beauty salons or other institu‑
tions, migrants become ethnic entrepreneurs or entrepreneurial migrants. Some of them develop their business on the basis
of ethnic products and objects (food, souvenirs, art works, etc.) identified often as cultural heritage, whilst others serve the
open market, addressing the general audience beyond their own ethnic community.
In this text, attention is paid to the Ukrainian migrants in Bulgaria and their entrepreneurial structures such as shops,
restaurants, hotel management, real estate, beauty salons and other examples from the trade, production and service sectors.
Moreover, the entrepreneurial spaces, on the one hand, open a possibility to preserve and popularize different elements of
the traditional and contemporary Ukrainian culture. On the other hand, some of these structures function as consolidation
centers in which social networks are built, strengthened and expanded.
The authors’ methodological set includes semi‑structured interviews, online observations and content analysis of
different types of digital publication – websites, Facebook pages, and YouTube videos.
Keywords: ethnic entrepreneurship, Ukrainian business in Bulgaria, Ukrainian community abroad, ethno‑cultural
heritage, consolidation of Ukrainians.
The usage and the semantics of the term
ethno-business change its meanings depending
on the particular context. However, one of the
most frequent and well‑understood meanings is
the one referring to ethnic minorities. In general,
it is used to describe the economic activity of
members 1 of a given ethnic community in a
foreign ethnic environment, usually the first
or second generation’s migrants. The core of
these activities is the usual entrepreneurship
jointed most often with financial support for
various initiatives of the community, which
could be interesting for the host society, but it
is mainly oriented to people of the same ethnic
community. Interestingly, in many countries,
like Russia and the Czech Republic, exactly the
migrant entrepreneurs make a great part of the
middle and small business 2.
The Bulgarian word for ‘entrepreneurship’
(predpriemachestvo) encompasses the process of
executing an economic activity, the activity itself
and the results from it. Ethnic entrepreneurship
studies come into the focus of US‑American
researches in the 1970s and a decade later – into
their European research field 3. These new studies
open new possibilities, on the one hand, to follow
the introduction of ethnic entrepreneurship in
the respective economy, and in result – to trace
the migrants’ and their children’s integration
in the new society. They are also important for
the study of their contribution to the economic
development in given sectors of the host societies
[21, p. 11]. According to some scholars, ethnic
entrepreneurship is a form of socio-economic
adaptation, which occurs when new migrants
with insufficient local language proficiency
and unaccepted professional skills mobilize
their inner resources in a new foreign ethnic
environment and start to run their own business
[10, c. 73]. In other words, if the migrants cannot
find a job in firms of the host society – for
example, because of insufficient local language
proficiency and unaccepted professional skills
(thus being marginalized to a certain degree),
they start to run their own business based on
personal social, financial, professional and
other capital 4. This type of self‑employment
of migrants is often considered as an economic
deadlock because of the long working hours,
unsalaried family work, low income, etc., de
facto their number grows rather in periods of
an economic boom than of economic downturn
[21, p. 18]. Opening their own ethnic restaurant,
shop, beauty salons or other institutions, migrants
become ethnic entrepreneurs or entrepreneurial
migrants whose development is determined by
external and internal factors like individual
socio‑economic adaptation and integration and
the specific entrepreneurial activities [10, c. 75].
Some of them develop their business on the
basis of ethnic products and objects (souvenirs,
artworks, etc.) identified often as cultural
heritage, whilst others serve the open market,
addressing the general audience beyond their
own ethnic community. Sometimes the host
society blames them for taking job positions
www.etnolog.org.ua
IM
FE
7777
Вл адімір ПеНчеВ, ТаНя маТаНоВа
of the local community, though often they
actually work at less prestigious and low paid
fields of work, which are avoided by the locals.
From another point of view, however, ethnic
entrepreneurship is a positive and productive
method for migrants to adapt to the foreign
ethnic environment and in result to raise their
social status and property 5.
In this regard, it is important to notice that
an ethnic firm itself is maintained as a social
structure by social networks of the community’s
participants (owners and clients) because
economic transactions happen exactly in these
networks, and when all who take part are of
the same ethnic origin, interaction appears to
be very important for the construction and
consolidation of the migrant community in the
respective settlement (a town, a quarter, etc.)
[see also: 19, pp. 36–39].
In this spirit, the social capital composed of
family, kinship, compatriots, and ethnic ties is
also an important economic resource [4, c. 36].
It plays a prominent role in the management
of many ethnic‑family businesses because the
informal support from a family, friends, relatives
and the formal networks of ethnic institutions
define, to a certain degree, their existence.
Family members are willing to work long hours,
often without pay, and in some families wives
work not only without payment but are also
business collaborators [13, pp. 239–240]. In
other words, the family as a foundation of the
community [15] is often the core workforce of
small ethnic businesses and the element that
effectively connects these business structures
with the host‑society [13, p. 245].
Thus, if we accept that sometimes ‘elements
of the cultural heritage’ are the basis of social
networks, then they could also be seen as a
part of the social capital, solidifying the
connections between people. This conclusion
about the cultural heritage elements directs us
to a more detailed discernment into the essence
of ethnic entrepreneurship. At the beginning,
its sectors could be specified, according to their
characteristics – owners, personnel and clients
with foreign ethnic origin, managers’ strategies,
trade with ethnic products, visual presentation
of the cultural heritage (interior, exterior,
ethnic name, etc.) or a combination of all just
mentioned types.
The next possible division encompasses
relatively well‑structured types of
entrepreneurial activities and their
concrete results materialized in economic
subjects. Firstly, the caf?s, restaurants, bars,
confectioneries and others belong to the catering
establishments 6. In our case, important are
the differing ethnic elements (cuisine, interior,
service specificities, etc.) which, on the one
hand, through the food and the surrounding
atmosphere, “show common and significant signs
in the process of maintaining and presenting the
symbolic, ‘imagined’ ethnicity” [5, p. 174], the
cultural traditions and other elements of the
migrants’ cultural heritage in the public space
of the host society. On the other hand, these
establishments convert into attractive locations,
which make it possible to ‘find’ the migrant
communities, to reveal their mechanisms of
formation and function, and to investigate their
inner structure [2]. In this context, they could
also be characterized as ‘migrant orientated’
establishments, ‘for migrants <…>, who make
the personnel and the management’ [8, p. 188].
Plenty of these ethnic catering establishments
also support websites or Facebook pages with
pragmatic information (contacts, locality,
announcements, menus, etc.), short popular
texts about the relevant cuisine and traditions,
as well as photos and videos “narrating” about
the establishment and its events in the past.
Secondly, clients and their social networks
(owners’ social capital), as well as the quality
of the offered products, the exterior and the
interior of a shop (symbolic capital) and
the professional skills (personal capital),
predetermine the development and the good
functioning of each (family’s) ethnic shop. Thus,
both locals and migrants play an important role
for the existence and the successful development
of the shop. Exactly these characteristics are
more significant for ethnic shops and other
entrepreneurial structures, maintained by
www.etnolog.org.ua
IM
FE
78
I S S N 2 6 6 4 - 42 82 * Н а р од Н а т в ор ч іс т ь та е т НоЛоГ і я * 4/2 0 2 0
78
I S S N 2 6 6 4 - 42 82 * Н а р од Н а т в ор ч іс т ь та е т НоЛоГ і я * 4/2 0 2 0
migrants in the host society. On the one hand,
exotic food and products for the natives, which
they know from the media or trips abroad (in
our case it is Ukraine), can only be provided
by entrepreneurs themselves. On the other
hand, because of specific gustatory nostalgia,
ethnically marked food products are important
for members of migrant communities, often
forming the highest share of clients (also
including sometimes people from geographically
or ethnically close communities, consuming
similar products). Thus, it becomes clear that
both locals and migrants play an important role
for the existence and the successful development
of the shop.
Generally, ethnic shops, as well as ethnic
restaurants, are characteristic spaces in which
one can see many different ethno‑cultural
elements as texts, photos, goods, smells and
sounds too. In addition, they function also as a
socio‑economic network in which is exchanged
important and useful information, are organized
formal and informal meetings, and proceed
conversations about families, community,
neighborhood, homeland, etc. [16, pp. 155–180;
17; 20, pp. 75–98].
More different, thirdly, are functions of small
family production structures usually in the sector
of general and luxury food industry, which
purposefully emblematize the ethnic with
their products, characteristic for the respective
food culture and perceived as such in the host
country. Normally (but not obligatory) ethnic
production firms manage also a shop and / or
a catering establishment to which the above
mentioned observations could be applied.
Fourthly, ethnic hotels as such are buildings
for guests and tourists. The hotel’s conception
is based upon ethnic principles with clearly
expressed symbolism like ethnic name,
characteristic architecture and interior,
restaurant with a menu that corresponds to
ethnic traditions, etc. In other words, their
essence is to show (at least a part of) traditions,
history, and characteristics of the corresponding
ethnic group, and thus provide visitors with the
opportunity to ‘enter’ the other ethnic ‘world’
together with its visual, music, and gustatory
characteristics.
Fifthly, other entrepreneurial structures are
the activity diverse firms in the service sector –
sale of properties, building services and interior
design, medical service, transport, hairdressing,
cosmetics, massages, etc. The ethnic point of
these structures is more or less clear and visible,
in conformity with the respective business
activities.
Last but not least, travel agencies are also
characteristic structures, belonging to the
studied group of migrant entrepreneurial
institutions. On the one hand, cultural heritage
elements (monuments, sights, architecture, etc.)
of a given destination are usually a part of
the touristic cultural program and attractions
that travel agencies offer. On the other hand,
souvenirs, food and other ethnic products
typical of the country of origin and of the people
working there are sold or shown on stands and
shop‑windows in most such travel agencies.
Defining thus the theoretical framework of
the research in the following pages, we will focus
particularly on the Ukrainian entrepreneurship
in Bulgaria and its manifestations concerning
the consolidation of the Ukrainian community
in Bulgaria and the preservation of the
Ukrainian cultural heritage. On the basis of
the gathered empirical material, most of all
thanks to internet research but also to semi‑
structured interviews with representatives of
the Ukrainian community and to analyzing
YouTube‑videos 7, we present examples from
the production and trade sectors, as well as
touristic and service ones. Some of them are
connected with the identification of Bessarabian
Bulgarians but their inclusion is important, as
it is clear from a statement of a representative
of the Ukrainian elite in Bulgaria: ‘It is worth
paying attention to them, because people with
two lands‑mothers are bridges. In Ukraine, they
are Ukrainian citizens who love Bulgaria and are
of Bulgarian origin, and when they come to live
here permanently, and even become Bulgarian
citizens, they become Bulgarians but with
Ukrainian roots as they were grown in another
www.etnolog.org.ua
IM
FE
7979
Вл адімір ПеНчеВ, ТаНя маТаНоВа
culture and there will be always something that
they would like to present as different. Their
hearts are equally for Bulgaria and for Ukraine’ 8.
Statistical data of the 2011 Population and
Housing Census in Bulgaria show that about
3,000 people with Ukrainian citizenship live in
Bulgaria and further 1,789 persons see themselves
as belonging to the Ukrainian ethnic group.
Some of these Ukrainians are predominantly
those living in or around Sofia, Plovdiv, Burgas,
and Varna. According to Ukrainian migrants,
their number has doubled or tripled since then.
Ukrainian entrepreneurship sectors in
Bulgaria
Production and trade. We start the
production sector with hats or Irina Sardareva.
Even her products are not directly connected
with the Ukrainian ethnic culture; they are
often seen in different circles of the public
sphere, as they are present in fashion reviews,
in the media, on streets. More significant is
their consolidating effect of hat‑events. On
October 19, 2019 for the sixth time since 2017
has been held a ‘Hat parade’, organized by
I. Sardareva, in which took part adult people
and children, Bulgarians and Ukrainians.
Moreover, she consolidates – now also with
her son G. Sardarev – people interested in
hat sewing, or through the so‑called cocktail
or tea party with a hat and make‑up. It is also
worth mentioning that pupils from a Ukrainian
school in Sofia now and then visit Sardareva’s
Hat‑house in the Sofian urban area Vladaya.
Another Ukrainian contributing to
popularizing the Ukrainian applied art in
Bulgaria is Bogdan Stoyko who works as a master
of church plates and accessories, after acquiring
his knowledge in Ukraine. Today through
his copper and brass artefacts (candelabra,
crosses, wedding crowns, ceiling light, etc.) he
disseminates Ukrainian traditions in Bulgarian
churches (in Sofia and Veliko Tarnovo) 9.
Here should be mentioned also ‘Studio
Papir’ 10 of the talented designer Anna
Demyanchuk who lives in Plovdiv and offers in
Bulgaria her impressive products made through
the Ukrainian paper cutting art ‘vytynanka’ 11.
She makes gifts for Ukrainians or someone
willing to bring joy through a gift with
Ukrainian heart. Such a wedding present is for
example a picture of a peacock, a bird which is
a symbol of marriage in the Ukrainian ethnic
culture and is often embroidered on wedding
decorations 12. Her master classes turn her studio
into a consolidating center that disseminates
the Ukrainian cultural heritage in Bulgaria:
‘I opened “Studio Papir” in Bulgaria to share
this unique art with the people. I am extremely
happy when I see how in my master classes,
people enjoy the process and forget about time
and their everyday happenings’ 13.
As an interesting example, again from
the art sector, are the artistic activities of the
Ukrainian Yuliya Krasovska who works in
Burgas as a computer designer, but is a painter
as well. Her 2019exhibition, presented in the
Ukrainian embassy in Sofia, includes aquarelle
pictures of the 1950s–1960s Sofian buildings
by the Ukrainian sculptor, architect and
artist Mykhaylo Parashchuk (1878–1963) and
contemporary photos of the same buildings,
taken from the same angle as in the pictures 14.
In this context, a specific transition to the
food production sector are the sold, on the
Bulgarian market since 2015, cast‑iron pots for
the home and garden by leading Ukrainian
manufacturers, which the interethnic family of
Alla (Zahoruychenko) and Lachezar Slavovi
import and sell. Their wide choice of pans, pots,
woks, grills and grill‑pans, etc., with or without
colorful and black enamel is sought‑after not
only by Ukrainians but also by Bulgarians 15.
The starting of a firm in the food production
sector in a new foreign ethnic environment
results sometimes from the migrants’ food
nostalgia, in particular among those with
entrepreneurial experience. With them could be
also numbered home bakers and confectioners.
Such an example in Sofia since 2015 has been
‘Tsukernia Savenko’, led by Anna Savenko,
impressing clients with its beautiful delicacies.
Besides for persons who celebrate birthdays or
name days, the confectionery serves – although
not always from a Ukrainian recipe – delicious
www.etnolog.org.ua
IM
FE
80
I S S N 2 6 6 4 - 42 82 * Н а р од Н а т в ор ч іс т ь та е т НоЛоГ і я * 4/2 0 2 0
80
I S S N 2 6 6 4 - 42 82 * Н а р од Н а т в ор ч іс т ь та е т НоЛоГ і я * 4/2 0 2 0
juices and sweet temptations (cheese cakes,
croissants, etc.) to its visitors. However, as the
owner shares, these delicacies are ‘memories
brought to life by her hands’ about senses
from childhood felt at the presence of home‑
cooked Ukrainian food. According to one of
their clients, Anna Savenko sells ‘predominantly
cakes from Ukrainian recipes. She makes then
exclusively of natural and bio products. <…> For
example – she grew up in Lviv – she offers Lviv
curd fritters that she makes from cottage cheese
because in Bulgaria, there is no that unsalted
fresh Ukrainian cheese. However, things work
out for her. From honey, she makes medovyk.
We have ordered several times the Prague cake,
which is typical of our confectionaries, even you
will not find it in Prague; it is one of the most
desired cakes in Kyiv. You can order everything
there. She sometimes makes advertisements and
special weeks for given cakes’ 16.
A publication with pictures of the owner
reveals how important can be social networks for
the consolidation and togetherness of the social
team of a firm, also including critical situations
one of which is the state of emergency declared
in March 2020 because of the coronavirus
pandemic:
‘I am in the middle. On my one side is
a young and smiling colleen, who all you,
our regular customers, know. It is Nicoleta,
she cuts the cake served to you, makes
coffee and raspberry‑juice, greets everyone
and says “good bye”, even when the people
coming or going is not doing that!
On my other side is Chrissi, my
right hand, confectioner‑assistant and
everything else. She makes the cake, and
is also a mother of Nicoleta. With both
these girls, I spent time the whole day,
everyday; our holidays were f lexible. We
all are one family in which, as others, we
quarrel, grouch, cry and reconcile. That
is the most loyal team, a part of which I
have the pleasure to be! And I thank them
with all my heart! (Even so they should not
forget who is the boss here.)
On the last photo is another member of
our Tskuernia team. This is Anabella, who
now and then helps us during her free days.
But now we are separated! Because
Tsukernia is closed for our clients and
there is nobody whom Nicoleta can smile
or serve a cake!
For the time being, I just enter the
kitchen, because the work is not much, and
if needed, Chrissi and me will take turns.
We carry out just individual orders that you
entrust to us! And I would like to thank you
so much that you are with us at this very
hard moment!
If you have read this verbiage to the
end, I would like to thank you for your
patience and ask you not to leave us, so
that I could keep this team and we must
not part forever! That we could continue
to make tasty and beautiful cakes for your
holidays, and you, when all that is abated,
could enjoy them in our small and cozy
Tsukernia!’ 17.
In the Bulgarian sea capital is opened the
confectionary shop ‘Happy sweets (LOL&POP
Bulgaria), whose initiators and realizers are
the family Tatyana and Volodomir Dzhivaga,
who came to Varna in 2016 and a year later
created their ‘lollipop kingdom’ 18. Although
they have not practiced it in their homeland,
their handmade ‘tsukerky’ (sweets) of natural
ingredients with words inside, described
in comments as ‘differing from those sold in
“Berezka”‘ 19, are favored by people of different
ethnic and cultural origin. “These are natural
sweets with natural colors – yellow from a carrot,
red from a beetroot, green comes from a spinach,
black – from coconut shells, violet – from an
egg plant. White comes when the caramel is
‘stretched’ on a hook and, as a result, air bubbles
get inside’ 20. Even as a successful entrepreneur,
V. Dzhivaga shares: ‘We faced many difficulties.
It is a starting business; this is a beginning. And
in Bulgaria, everything goes slowly. In Ukraine
is different because when there is something
new and interesting, people keep coming and
www.etnolog.org.ua
IM
FE
8181
Вл адімір ПеНчеВ, ТаНя маТаНоВа
are interested. However, here it happens with a
slower tempo. They look once, they look twice.
And if a friend tells them that it is good then they
will try it too’ 21. For our text, it is significant that
this family organizes workshops for children
and adults, in which both tourists and Varna
citizens of various ethnic origins participate.
Catering establishments. From ‘Savenko’
and ‘LOL&POP’ we slide to the catering
establishments of Ukrainian entrepreneurs
who (also) offer the Ukrainian cuisine. Some
restaurants are in the ‘visible center’ and differ
from other trade objects due to visual elements
used in the interior or the exterior and, of course,
the Ukrainian cuisine with traditional dishes.
Such a restaurant in Sofia is (was) ‘Nasha hata’.
The restaurant opened its doors in 2013 and
until late 2018, it had offered to its clients
a great variety of dishes that are believed to
be Ukrainian, as, for example, borshch, salo
with gorilka, etc. On different days, they have,
apart from the Ukrainian menu, Bulgarian and
Russian ones. Further, representatives of the
Ukrainian community in the capital gather(ed)
there for their ‘Ukrainian evenings’.
Other restaurants, which are not in the
city center, do not differ externally from other
establishments and rely on a small number
of visitors. An example of the Ukrainian
entrepreneurship in Bulgaria is the previously
called restaurant ‘Rеndezvous’ in Nessebar,
which now has a new address and a new name:
‘Kanela Bar & Gtill’. It has been opened for two
years; the staff hired there is predominantly of
Ukrainian origin and cook Russian‑Ukrainian
dishes made of fresh and healthy products. An
interesting method to consolidate Ukrainian
and Russian speaking persons is the organization
of joint workshops for egg painting for Easter,
decoration master classes, wine tasting, doing
hairstyles, etc. 22
Ukrainian shops. Due to the wide‑spread
shops of the holding company ‘Berezka’
(47 shops in Bulgaria and 8 in Romania) 23,
in which are also sold Ukrainian foods and
drinks, the maintenance of a Ukrainian food
shop would be a successful initiative only for
good entrepreneurs with a serious experience
or/and willingness so that they could deal with
the completion of the Russian chain shop, as
for the Russian store Matreshka in Plovdiv. An
example for a successful market presence since
2014 is the small shop ‘Sweet temptations from
Ukraine’ in Sofia, which pleases the senses not
only of Ukrainians but also Bulgarians. In the
shop space small in size yet large in variety of
goods, and with an attractive interior, ‘smelling
of Ukraine’, are sold sweet and salty products,
a Ukrainian coffee from Lviv, ‘patriotic’ tea;
‘Roshen’ cakes are delivered, as well as even
Ukrainian newspapers as people ask for them.
A Ukrainian owner (although of Bessarabian‑
Bulgarian origin) has succeeded because she
has started ‘her business with Ukrainian sweets
when no one else sold them in Bulgaria. Now we
have “Roshen” in every shop. She started to offer
unique things of smaller but more qualitative
producers. She remained on the market due to
her products being of an exclusive quality’ 24.
Since 2015, various delicacies have been
also sold in Burgas in the shop for Ukrainian
goods ‘Kiev’. The name of the shop could have
been chosen not only because of the owners’
Ukrainian origin but also owing to the Ukrainian
capital being a twin town of Burgas.
An interesting example is the trade house
‘Ukraina’ opened in May 2017 in Plovdiv 25
whose owner Galina Nenkova, on the one
hand, sells various handmade souvenirs of
biscuits, marshmallows and chocolate products,
including ‘Roshen’, decorated as compositions
with f lowers: ‘I am a Ukrainian and actually my
ideas, I could say, come from the nature of my
origin’ 26. On the other hand, until late 2019, in
her online shop, she had imported ‘f lour, sweets,
salt, buckwheat, and sold them to chain stores in
Bulgaria’ 27. Thus, through her activities, as she
says ‘I accumulate the import from Ukraine’ 28.
Service sector. Firstly, it is about offered
passenger services. Recently, conditions of
minibus travels are being improved ‘above all for
the Eastern region of Bulgaria. For Ukrainians in
Burgas and Varna, it is easier to travel to Ukraine
than to Sofia if they need to renew their personal
www.etnolog.org.ua
IM
FE
82
I S S N 2 6 6 4 - 42 82 * Н а р од Н а т в ор ч іс т ь та е т НоЛоГ і я * 4/2 0 2 0
82
I S S N 2 6 6 4 - 42 82 * Н а р од Н а т в ор ч іс т ь та е т НоЛоГ і я * 4/2 0 2 0
documents. There are special groups in Facebook
in which are posted announcements <…>. There
are regular microbus carriers two‑three times
a week. Sometimes they come from Plovdiv
or Sofia and travel to Kyiv. There are vans
travelling only during a day so that it is not
dangerous to drive at night on the roads. <…>
Ukrainians offer passenger services most often
to other Ukrainians or people interested in these
destinations. Sometimes this type of travelling
is preferred, although it lasts longer, yet, for
example, f lights to Odesa are twice a week
and you have to wait a lot at airports and you
cannot take much luggage’29. Respectively, these
agencies also offer courier services ‘but every
order is individual and should be negotiated with
a driver’30. Publications in the group ‘Bulgaria‑
Ukraine to and from (Болгарія-Україна туди-
сюди. България-Украйна натам-насам)’ 31
show that most offered, among others, are the
routes Sofia–Odesa and Kyiv‑Varna. Every
person travelling by car to and from cities in
Bulgaria and Ukraine posts a news in the group.
This group turns out to be especially useful
for sharing information related to restrictions
enforced due to the Covid‑19 pandemic, such
as the organized, with the help of the Embassy
of Ukraine, transfer of Ukrainian citizens
from and to Bulgaria, as well as a delivery of
humanitarian consignment to Ukrainian truck
drivers quarantined in Turkey, and also the
ingenious suggestion for a travel to Ukraine:
‘I go to Kharkiv on foot. I can take two travelers
with me. Free of charge’ 32.
Secondly, to this sector belong realtors for
the purchase of housing properties in Bulgaria.
Online publications show that between 2009
and 2013, Ukrainians buying Bulgarian real
estate are on the second place after Russians
[6]. After the tragic events in South‑Eastern
Ukraine and the unstable political and economic
situation in the country, the number of
Ukrainians thinking over emigration has grown
significantly. For example, a 2011 Research &
Branding Group study shows that every second
Ukrainian dreams about living abroad 33. Further
researches of the company demonstrate that
in 2018, only 6 % of the respondents travelled
abroad to work 34, while a year later, 18 % of
the Ukrainian population able to work earned
their living by working abroad 35. Other online
information points that in 2013, Ukrainians
were the third largest migrant community in
Bulgaria and in 2018, at about 80 %, or 6,604
seasonally employed migrants in Bulgaria, had
Ukrainian citizenship (their ethnic origin is
not specified) 36. According to ‘Westinvestor’,
in the last three years, Ukrainians were the
ones being the most interested in housings in
Bulgaria, not only by the sea but also in cities,
among which Plovdiv was the most attractive
[1]. New Ukrainian owners use their immobile
acquisition as a permanent home, for rent or
other profit ensuring in this wise the security of
their income and respectively their social well‑
being.
Property development is far from being
the only one in the service sector, attracting
interest and attention of Ukrainian ethno‑
entrepreneurs. ‘Plameli finance EOOD’
is an accounting office in Sofia in which a
client can be consulted by Ukrainians both
in Bulgarian and Ukrainian languages. They
share on their website: ‘We are specialists
in the field of accounting and tax legislation
and we accompany and represent You in the
implementation of Your business ideas through
tax advices and accounting services’ 37.
Ukrainian business presence is found
in a ‘more prosaic’ field of services, that of
hairdressing and beauty salons in Sofia, Varna,
Plovdiv and other towns. Alexandra Gan is one
of those businesspersons, a graduate stylist, who
has worked in Sofia for more than a decade. Her
salon, or more exactly ‘Makeup school’ 38, can
also be considered as a consolidating center as
owing to the makeup courses she organizes,
the master‑class ‘Hairstyles’ with Ukrainian
top‑stylists (such as M. Chumak 39) as well, she
brings together women of Ukrainian, Bulgarian
or other ethnic origin ‘to make the world more
beautiful’. Another example are the services in
migloplasty, which Yevgeniya Tsekova offers.
In the beauty‑lab ‘Chic&Charm’ 40 of her
www.etnolog.org.ua
IM
FE
8383
Вл адімір ПеНчеВ, ТаНя маТаНоВа
compatriot and manicurist, Hanna Vriadnyk,
she lays, lengthens and laminates her clients’
eyelashes 41.
Tourist sector. Directly connected with the
real estate business are the hotel management
and rental housing. Hotels with Ukrainian
possessors cannot be categorized as pertaining
to ‘ethnic hotels’ as they do not present certain
symbolism, e.g. Ukrainian names, traditional
furniture and Ukrainian objects and elements
both in the interior and exterior. Perhaps the
only example of such a hotel in which Ukrainian
symbols are observed is ‘Elizabeth dy Boutique’
in Nessebar 42. A part of its interior are souvenir
plates hung on walls yet the hotel is explicitly
advertised as offering the Bulgarian cuisine,
with the menu of the hotel restaurant including
Ukrainian dishes as well.
The same difficult is to find hotels, owned
or administered by Ukrainians in Bulgaria, as
well as examples for apartments given for rent by
Ukrainians too; nevertheless, it is known that
there are some. In most cases, Ukrainians who
live in Bulgaria search for lessors in Sofia and
by the sea via friends or those acquainted with
friends, as well as those coming from Ukraine –
by means of online publications.
Conclusions. In conclusion, based on our
observations and gathered data, we would
generalize that the Ukrainian entrepreneurship
in Bulgaria is best developed in production
and trade sectors, i.e. the economic enterprise
manifests mostly and most often in producing
and trading goods, whereas in touristic and
service sectors, it is relatively less developed 43.
The Ukrainian business in Bulgaria will develop
in the future, because new people come. All
Ukrainians entrepreneurs say that they do
not encounter obstacles because it is very easy
to open a firm and the business climate is
good. The problems which are faced are how to
survive, how to represent oneself, and how to
retain the clientele. <…> You have to be unique
and tenacious’ 44.
The Ukrainian entrepreneurship in Bulgaria
is a form of socio‑economic adaptation in a
foreign ethnic environment. Most of the
analyzed ethnic firms are maintained as social
structures by the social network activities, i. e. by
contacts of owners of the firms and connections
between clients. Although there is no established
business network within the Ukrainian small
business in Bulgaria due to the ‘oral advertising’,
they learn about each other and exchange f lyers,
provide discounts for others’ clients. Analyzing
their Facebook pages reveals their successful
realization on the Bulgarian market, as well
as their felicitous integration in the Bulgarian
society. While some ethno‑entrepreneurs
decide not to hire Ukrainian personnel as they
orientate their products mainly towards the local
population, others rely on the staff comprised of
compatriots because the latter are ‘more hard‑
working and their attitude towards the work is
of higher value’ 45.
Therefore, in the end it could be summarized
that in all studied areas (with some exceptions,
which are in the sphere of trade), few people make
efforts to maintain the Ukrainian traditions
and cultural heritage through their activities,
then ‘it is an organized process and depends
on a person’ 46. On the other hand, most of
the examined ethno‑entrepreneurial structures
contribute to the consolidation of Ukrainians in
Bulgaria. They also make for the dynamic socio‑
cultural development of the Bulgarian society
thanks to their cumulative life experience and
visions.
notes
1 An entrepreneur is a man effectively controlling, as an
owner or a manager, an economic structure (i. e. a firm) for
more than one client for a given period, see also: [18, p. 12,
15–16].
2 See: [9].
3 See: [10; 13; 14].
4 For further analysis on the economic, cultural and
social capital, see: [3; 11].
www.etnolog.org.ua
IM
FE
8 4
I S S N 2 6 6 4 - 42 82 * Н а р од Н а т в ор ч іс т ь та е т НоЛоГ і я * 4/2 0 2 0
8 4
I S S N 2 6 6 4 - 42 82 * Н а р од Н а т в ор ч іс т ь та е т НоЛоГ і я * 4/2 0 2 0
5 See also: [22].
6 As catering industry (Brit. Eng.) and food service
(Amer. Eng.) are defined those firms cooking food outside
the home. This economic sector includes restaurants, caf?s,
catering activities and many other business forms.
7 These are mainly videos from the website ukraina.ru
presented as series with the name “Ukrainian Bulgaria”. See
also: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B2vISJPanv0
(accessed 29 April 2020).
8 An interview with A. T. recorded by T. Matanova,
2019, archive number: AIF I No 584, a. u. 2.
9 See: https://www.ukrpressbg.com/rek‑stojko.html;
http://www.ukrpressbg.com/dia‑070726bogdan.html;
https://www.pravoslavie.bg/България/Нов‑храм‑ще‑
бъде‑осветен‑в‑София/ (accessed 29 March 2020).
10 The Ukrainian word for paper (‘papir’) emphasizes
the Ukrainian roots of the artist.
11 Vytynanka is a Ukrainian national art that has developed
since the 16th century and has decorated the interior of
traditional Ukrainian houses in which ornamentally objects
of thin paper are cut out. It is an original paper lace in which
‘are present floral, zoomorphic, anthropomorphic and
thematic fairytale, old and ritual motifs. <…> Today, masters
who has kept the tradition alive are actively popularizing this
folk art. The contemporary paper products are meant not
only as a home d?cor but are also presented at exhibitions,
complement the interior of public buildings, turn into a
constituent of the polygraph production, postage stamps
and calendar elements, being also an original addition to the
d?cor of theatrical productions, etc.’ (http://kristinalikova.
com/2018/10/16/anna‑demyanchuk/ (accessed 29 March
2020)).
12 See: https://web.facebook.com/StudioPapir/?_
rdc=1&_rdr (accessed 29 March 2020).
13 See: http://kristinalikova.com/2018/10/16/anna‑
demyanchuk/ (accessed 29 March 2020).
14 See, for example: https://www.diplomaticspectrum.
com/bg/българия/култура/1553‑разходка‑в‑миналото‑
с‑художничката‑юлия‑красовска.html (accessed 29
March 2020).
15 See: https://web.facebook.com/Чугунени‑съдове‑
1424390941208375/ (accessed 29 March 2020).
16 The interview with A. T. recorded by T. Matanova,
2019, archive number: AIF I No 584, a. u. 2.
17 See: https://web.facebook.com/TsukerniaSavenko/
posts/2791802014260333 (accessed 29 March 2020).
18 See: https://dariknews.bg/regioni/varna/ukrainci‑
syzdadoha‑bonboneno‑carstvo‑vyv‑varna‑2072738
(accessed 29 March 2020).
19 See: https://grabo.bg/places/magazin‑ukrainski‑
sladki/reviews (accessed 29 March 2020). Berezka is a
Russian chain store in Bulgaria.
20 See: https://www.bnr.bg/varna/post/100914295
(accessed 29 March 2020).
21 See: https://www.bnr.bg/varna/post/100914295
(accessed 29 March 2020, audio).
22 See: https://web.facebook.com/KanelaNessebar/?_
rdc=1&_rdr.
23 See also: [16].
24 The interview with A. T. recorded by T. Matanova,
2019, archive number: AIF I No 584, a. u. 2.
25 See: https://www.facebook.com/pg/ukrajna.bg/
about/?ref=page_internal (accessed 20 May 2020).
26 A Facebook interview with the owner of shop Ukraina,
22 May 2020, archive number: AIF I No 584, a. u. 4.
27 An interview with M. I. recorded by T. Matanova,
2020, archive number: AIF I No 584, a. u. 3.
28 The Facebook interview with the owner of shop
Ukraina, 22 May 2020, archive number: AIF I No 584, a. u. 4.
29 The interview with A. T. recorded by T. Matanova,
2019, archive number: AIF I No 584, a. u. 2.
30 Ibid.
31 See: https://web.facebook.com/groups/14217816
14779341/?multi_permalinks=2394868194137340¬
if_id=1586022903988477¬if_t=group_activity (accessed
05 April 2020).
32 See: https://web.facebook.com/057.ua/photos/a.8
78941185454705/3435315813150550/?type=3&theater
&ifg=1 (accessed 29 March 2020).
33 See: http://rb.com.ua/blog/migracionnye‑nastroenija‑
ukraincev/ (accessed 04 April 2020).
34 See: http://rb.com.ua/blog/ukraincy‑i‑rabota‑za‑
granicej/ (accessed 04 April 2020).
35 See: https://delo.ua/econonomyandpoliticsinukraine/
pochti‑kazhdyj‑5‑j‑ukrainec‑trudosposobnogo‑vozr‑356127/
(accessed 05 April 2020).
36 See: http://iconomist.bg/13457‑Най‑ценният‑внос
(accessed 04 April 2020).
37 See: https://plameli.com/ (accessed 05 May 2020).
38 See: https://web.facebook.com/AlexGanSchool/
?ref=timeline_chaining (accessed 29 March 2020).
39 For more information about her, see: https://mve.
com.ua/teacher/marina‑chumak (accessed 29 March
2020).
40 See: https://web.facebook.com/annavryadnik/
(accessed 29 March 2020).
41 See: https://web.facebook.com/lash.brow.bg/ (accessed
9 March 2020).
42 See: https://elizabeth‑dy‑boutique‑hotel‑nesebar.
hotelmix.bg/ (accessed 29 March 2020).
43 In comparison to them, Ukrainians in Poland in 2019
started their businesses in service, production and building
sectors (https://delo.ua/business/ukraincy‑massovo‑
otkryvajut‑biznes‑v‑polshe‑362362/) (accessed 04 April
2020).
44 The interview with A. T. recorded by T. Matanova,
2019, archive number: AIF I No 584, a. u. 2.
45 See: ‘Ukrainian Bulgaria (Украинская Болгария)’,
episode 5. (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CPDxk
8Hz80c) (accessed 04 April 2020).
46 The interview with A. T. recorded by T. Matanova,
2019, archive number: AIF I No 584, a. u. 2.
www.etnolog.org.ua
IM
FE
8585
Вл адімір ПеНчеВ, ТаНя маТаНоВа
1. Белков О. Почему украинцы скупают квартиры
и дома в Болгарии? 2018. URL : https://whiteinvestor.
com/pochemu‑ukraintsy‑skupayut‑kvartiry‑i‑doma‑v‑
bolgarii.html (17.04.2017).
2. Варшавер Е., Рочева А. Сообщества мигрантов
в Москве: взгляд через «этнические кафе». Москва :
Центр исследований миграции и этничности РАН‑
ХиГС, Центр изучения проблем гражданства и иден‑
тичности, 2013 URL : http://docplayer.ru/28785120‑
Soobshchestva‑migrantov‑v‑moskve‑vzglyad‑cherez‑
etnicheskie‑kafe.html (17.04.2017).
3. Димитров Н. Трудова миграция / трудова мобил‑
ност – теоретични параметри. Антропология. 2015. 1.
P. 145–166. URL : http://anthropology‑journal.org/wp/
wp‑content/uploads/2015/07/7.pdf (14.04.2017).
4. Дятлов В. «Этнические рынки» в современной
России – ускользающий объект исследовательского вни‑
мания. Этнические рынки в России: пространство торга и
место встречи. Иркутск : Издательство ИГУ, 2015. С. 16–
41. URL : http://library.isu.ru/ru/resources/e‑library/
conf_works_ISU/er_soderzhanie/S_2.pdf (17.04.2017).
5. Дятлова Е. В. Китайский общепит в процессе
этнизации городского пространства (на примере Ир‑
кутска). Этнические рынки в России: пространство тор-
га и место встречи. Иркутск: Изд‑во ИГУ, 2015. С. 171–
185. URL : http://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/kitayskiy‑
obschepit‑v‑protsesse‑etnizatsii‑gorodskogo‑prostranstva‑
na‑primere‑irkutska (17.04.2017).
6. Курган С. Приобретая в Болгарии дом с участ‑
ком, граждане Украины не могут оформить землю на
свое имя. Факты. 2013. 4 октября. URL : https://fakty.
ua/170575‑priobretaya‑v‑bolgarii‑dom‑s‑uchastkom‑
grazhdane‑ukrainyne‑mogut‑oformit‑zemlyu‑na‑svoe‑
imya (04.04.2020).
7. Матанова Т., Пенчев В. Етнопредприемачество
и медии. (Представянето на руски реалии в руски об‑
щностни медии у нас). Български фолклор. 2019. 4 (под
печат).
8. Пешкова В. Cреднеазиатские «этнические» кафе
Москвы: мигрантская инфраструктура в городском про‑
странстве. Этнические рынки в России: пространство тор-
га и место встречи. Иркутск : Изд‑во ИГУ, 2015. С. 186–
201. URL : http://library.isu.ru/ru/resources/e‑library/
conf_works_ISU/er_soderzhanie/S_12.pdf (17.04.2017).
9. Рыжова Н. П. Феномен этнического предпри‑
нимательства: западная традиция и российское про‑
чтение. Новые российские гуманитарные исследования.
2008. № 3. URL : http://www.nrgumis.ru/articles/123/
(14.04.2017).
10. Рязанцев С. В. Этническое предприниматель‑
ство как форма адаптации мигрантов. Общественные
науки и современность. 2000, 5, С. 73–86. URL : http://
ecsocman.hse.ru/data/017/352/1216/008rQZANCEW.
pdf (14.04.2017).
11. Bourdieu P. Oekonomisches Kapital, kulturelles
Kapital, soziales Kapital. Kreckel R. (Hrsg.). Soziale
Ungleichheiten. Soziale Welt. Sonderband 2, Goettingen :
Schwartz, 1983. P. 183–198.
12. Dana L.‑P., Etemad H., Wright R. W. Toward a
paradigm of symbiotic entrepreneurship. International
Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business. 2008.
5. P. 109–112. DOI https://doi.org/10.1504/
IJESB.2008.016587.
13. Danes et al. Danes S. M., Lee J., Stafford K., R. K. Z.
Heck. The Effects of Ethnicity, Families and Culture on
Entrepreneurial Experience: an Extension of Sustainable
Family Business Theory. Journal of Developmental
Entrepreneurship. 2008. 13 (3). P. 229–268. URL : http://
www.montana.edu/extensionecon/nc1030/Concept‑
Papers/effectsofethnicity.pdf (17.04.2017). DOI https://
doi.org/10.1142/S1084946708001010.
14. Kloosterman R., Rath J. Immigrant entrepreneurs:
Venturing abroad in the age of globalization. Oxford ; New
York ; Berg : University of New York Press, 2003. DOI
https://doi.org/10.5040/9781350151468.
15. Landau J. Enhancing Resilience: Families and
Communities as Agents of Change. Family Process. 2007.
46 (3). P. 351–365. DOI https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1545‑
5300.2007.00216.x.
16. Lauser A. Beziehungsnetzwerke, Frauenraum und
ein wenig Heimat. Ein “Asian Food Store” als Treffpunkt von
Filipinas in einer deutschen Großstadt. Kea – Zeitschrift für
Kulturwissenschaften. 1997. 10. P. 155–180. URL : http://
www.book.dislib.info/b1‑other/188121‑1‑andrea‑lauser‑
beziehungsnetzwerke‑frauenraum‑und‑ein‑wenig‑heimat.
php (17.04.2017).
17. Lauser A. Translokale Ethnographie. Forum:
Qualitative Sozialforschung. 2005. 6 (3). Art. 7. URL :
http://www.qualitative‑research.net/index.php/fqs/
article/view/26/955 (17.04.2017).
18. Light I., Bhachu P., Karageorgis S. Migration
Networks and Immigrant Entrepreneurship. Light I. H.
and Bhachu P. Immigration and Entrepreneurship :
Culture, Capital, and Ethnic Networks. New Brunswick :
Transaction Publishers, 1993. P. 25–46. DOI https://doi.
org/10.4324/9780203789056‑2.
19. Light I., Gold S. Ethnic Economies. San Diego :
Academic Press, 2000. DOI https://doi.org/10.1016/
B978‑012287155‑9/50031‑3.
20. Mаnkekar P. «India Shopping»: Indian Grocery
Stores and Transnational Configurations of Belonging.
Ethnos. 2002. 67 (1). P. 75–98. DOI https://doi.
org/10.1080/00141840220122968.
21. Rath J., Swagerman A. Promoting ethnic
entrepreneurship in European cities. Luxembourg :
Publications Office of the European Union, 2011.
22. Waldinger R., Aldrich H., Ward R. Ethnic
Enterprise: Immigrant Business in Industrial Societies.
London : Sage Publication, 1990.
Bibliography
www.etnolog.org.ua
IM
FE
86
I S S N 2 6 6 4 - 42 82 * Н а р од Н а т в ор ч іс т ь та е т НоЛоГ і я * 4/2 0 2 0
86
I S S N 2 6 6 4 - 42 82 * Н а р од Н а т в ор ч іс т ь та е т НоЛоГ і я * 4/2 0 2 0
1. BELKOV, Oleg. Why do Ukrainians buy apartments
and houses in Bulgaria? 2018 [online]. Available from:
https://whiteinvestor.com/pochemu‑ukraintsy‑skupayut‑
kvartiry‑i‑doma‑v‑bolgarii.html (accessed 17 April 2017)
[in Russian].
2. VARSHAVER, Yevgeniy, Anna ROCHEVA.
Migrant Communities in Moscow: A View through «Ethnic
Cafes». Moscow: Centre for Migration and Ethnicity
Research of the Russian Presidential Academy of National
Economy and Public Administration, Centre for the Study
of Citizenship and Identity, 2013 [online]. Available
from: http://docplayer.ru/28785120‑Soobshchestva‑
migrantov‑v‑moskve‑vzglyad‑cherez‑etnicheskie‑kafe.html
(accessed 17 April 2017) [in Russian].
3. DIMITROV, Nacho. Theorizing Labour Migration /
Mobility: Possibility and Problems. In: Ana LULEVA,
ed.‑in‑chief, Anthropology: A Journal for Socio-Cultural
Anthropology. Blagoevgrad: South‑West Blagoevgrad
University Neophyte of Rila, 2015, 1, pp. 145–166 [online].
Available from: http://anthropology‑journal.org/wp/wp‑
content/uploads/2015/07/7.pdf (accessed 14 April 2017)
[in Bulgarian].
4. DYATLOV, Viktor. «Ethnic Markets» in Modern
Russia – An Elusive Object of Research. In: Viktor
DYATLOV, Konstantin GRIGORICHEV, eds., Ethnic
Markets in Russia: A Trading Space and a Meeting Place.
Irkutsk: Irkutsk State University, 2015, pp. 16–41 [online].
Available from: http://library.isu.ru/ru/resources/e‑
library/conf_works_ISU/er_soderzhanie/S_2.pdf
(accessed 17 April 2017) [in Russian].
5. DYATLOVA, Elena. Chinese Public Catering
in the Process of Urban Space Ethnisation (By the
Example of Irkutsk). In: Viktor DYATLOV, Konstantin
GRIGORICHEV, eds., Ethnic Markets in Russia:
A Trading Space and a Meeting Place. Irkutsk: Irkutsk State
University, 2015, pp. 171–185 [online]. Available from:
http://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/kitayskiy‑obschepit‑v‑
protsesse‑etnizatsii‑gorodskogo‑prostranstva‑na‑primere‑
irkutska (accessed 17 April 2017) [in Russian].
6. KURGAN, Sergey. While Buying a House and
Grounds in Bulgaria, A Citizen of Ukraine Cannot Register
the Land in His Own Name. In: Oleksandr SHVETS,
ed.‑in‑chief, Facts, 2013, October 4 [online]. Available
from: https://fakty.ua/170575‑priobretaya‑v‑bolgarii‑
dom‑s‑uchastkom‑grazhdane‑ukrainyne‑mogut‑oformit‑
zemlyu‑na‑svoe‑imya (accessed 4 April 2020) [in Russian].
7. MATANOVA, Tanya and Vladimir PENCHEV.
Ethno‑Entrepreneurship and Media. (The Representation
of Russian Realia in the Russian Community’s Media in Our
Country). In: Angelina ILIEVA (issue editor). Bulgarian
Folklore. Institute of Ethnology and Folklore Studies with
Ethnographic Museum at the BAS. Sofia, 2019, Yr. XLV,
no. 4 (in print) [in Bulgarian].
8. PESHKOVA, Vera. The Central Asian «Ethnic» Cafe
of Moscow: Migrant Infrastructure in the Urban Space:
In: Viktor DYATLOV, Konstantin GRIGORICHEV,
eds., Ethnic Markets in Russia: A Trading Space and a
Meeting Place. Irkutsk: Irkutsk State University, 2015,
pp. 186–201 [online]. Available from: http://library.
isu.r u/r u/resources/e‑l ibrar y/conf_work s_ISU/
er_soderzhanie/S_12.pdf (accessed 17 April 2017) [in
Russian].
9. RYZHOVA, Natalia. Phenomenon of Ethnic
Entrepreneurship: Its Western Tradition And Its Russian
Interpretation. In: Vladimir KLIAUS, ed.‑in‑chief, New
Russian Studies of the Humanitarian. A. Gorky Institute
of World Literature of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
Moscow, 2008, vol. 3 [online]. Available from: http://
www.nrgumis.ru/articles/123 (accessed 14 April 2017)
[in Russian].
10. RYAZANTSEV, Sergey. Ethnic Entrepreneurship
as a Form of Migrants’ Adaptation. In: Vladimir SOGRIN,
ed. –in‑chief, Social Sciences and the Contemporary World,
2000, 5, 73–86 [online]. Available from: http://ecsocman.
hse.ru/data/017/352/1216/008r QZ ANCEW.pdf
(accessed 14 April 2017) [in Russian].
11. BOURDIEU, Pierre. Oekonomisches Kapital,
kulturelles Kapital, soziales Kapital. In: Reinhard
KRECKEL (ed.). Soziale Ungleichheiten. Soziale Welt.
Special volume 2, Goettingen: Schwartz, 1983, pp. 183–
198 [in German].
12. DANA, Léo‑Paul, Hamid ETEMAD, Richard
W. WRIGHT. Toward a Paradigm of Symbiotic
Entrepreneurship. In: Prof. Léo Paul DANA, ed.‑in‑chief,
International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small
Business. Genèva: Inderscience Publishers, 2008, no. 5,
pp. 109–112 [in English]. DOI https://doi.org/10.1504/
IJESB.2008.016587.
13. DANES et al. (DANES Sharon M., Jinhee LEE,
Kathryn STAFFORD, Ramona Kay Zachary HECK). The
Effects of Ethnicity, Families and Culture on Entrepreneurial
Experience: An Extension of Sustainable Family Business
Theory. In: Peter KOVEOS, ed., Journal of Developmental
Entrepreneurship. Singapore: World Scientific Publishing
Co. Pte. Ltd, 2008, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 229–268 [online].
Available from: http://www.montana.edu/extensionecon/
nc1030/Concept‑Papers/effectsofethnicity.pdf (accessed
17 April 2017) [in English]. DOI https://doi.org/10.1142/
S1084946708001010.
14. KLOOSTERMAN, Robert, Jan RATH (eds.).
Immigrant Entrepreneurs: Venturing Abroad in the Age of
Globalization. Oxford; New York; Berg: University of New
York Press, 2003, 352 pp. [in English]. DOI https://doi.
org/10.5040/9781350151468.
15. LANDAU, Judith. Enhancing Resilience: Families
and Communities as Agents of Change. In: Evan
IMBER‑BLACK, ed.‑in‑chief, Family Process. Hoboken:
Wiley‑Blackwell, 2007, vol. 46, no. 3, pp. 351–365
[in English]. DOI https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1545‑
5300.2007.00216.x.
references
www.etnolog.org.ua
IM
FE
8787
Вл адімір ПеНчеВ, ТаНя маТаНоВа
16. LAUSER. Andrea. Beziehungsnetzwerke,
Frauenraum und ein wenig Heimat. Ein “Asian Food Store”
als Treffpunkt von Filipinas in einer deutschen Großstadt.
In: Peter J. BRÄUNLEIN, Andrea LAUSER (eds.). Kea –
Zeitschrift für Kulturwissenschaften. Bremen: Kea‑Edition,
1997, vol. 10, pp. 155–180 [online]. Available from: http://
www.book.dislib.info/b1‑other/188121‑1‑andrea‑lauser‑
beziehungsnetzwerke‑frauenraum‑und‑ein‑wenig‑heimat.
php (accessed 17 April 2017) [in German].
17. LAUSER. Andrea. Translokale Ethnographie.
In: Katja MRUCK, ed.‑in‑chief, Forum: Qualitative
Sozialforschung. Berlin: Institute for Qualitative Research
and Center for Digital Systems (Free University of Berlin),
2005, vol. 6, no. 3, Art. 7 – September 2005 [online].
Available from: http://www.qualitative‑research.net/
index.php/fqs/article/view/26/955 (accessed 17 April
2017) [in German].
18. LIGHT, Ivan Hubert, Parminder BHACHU, Stavros
KARAGEORGIS. Migration Networks and Immigrant
Entrepreneurship. In: Ivan Hubert Light and Parminder
BHACHU (eds.). Immigration and Entrepreneurship:
Culture, Capital, and Ethnic Networks. New Brunswick:
Transaction Publishers, 1993, pp. 25–46 [in English]. DOI
https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203789056‑2.
19. LIGHT, Ivan Hubert, Steven J. GOLD. Ethnic
Economies. San Diego: Academic Press, 2000 [in English].
DOI https://doi.org/10.1016/B978‑012287155‑9/50031‑3.
20. MANKEKAR, Purnima. «India Shopping»:
Indian Grocery Stores and Transnational Configurations
of Belonging. In: Ethnos: A Journal of Anthropology.
Abingdon‑on‑Thames: Routledge, 2002, vol. 67,
no. 1, pp. 75–98 [in English]. DOI https://doi.
org/10.1080/00141840220122968.
21. RATH, Jan, Anna SWAGERMAN. Promoting
Ethnic Entrepreneurship in European Cities. Luxembourg:
Publications Office of the European Union, 2011 [in
English].
22. WALDINGER, Roger, Howard ALDRICH, Robin
WARD. Ethnic Enterprise: Immigrant Business in Industrial
Societies. London: Sage Publication, 1990 [in English].
www.etnolog.org.ua
IM
FE
|