Impact of heavy metals on germination and seedling growth of Triticale plants aft er seed priming with zeatin
The effect of heavy metal compounds (cadmium, cobalt, manganese) on germination and seedlings growth of Triticale (×Triticosecale Wittmack, cv. ADM9 Synthetic) after pre-sowing seed priming with cytokinin was studied. Contamination of agricultural land with pollutants of anthropogenic origin has be...
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| Цитувати: | Impact of heavy metals on germination and seedling growth of Triticale plants aft er seed priming with zeatin / N.P. Vedenicheva // Доповіді Національної академії наук України. — 2025. — № 3. — С. 83-92. — Бібліогр.: 37 назв. — англ. |
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Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine| _version_ | 1859666339408379904 |
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| author | Vedenicheva, N.P. |
| author_facet | Vedenicheva, N.P. |
| citation_txt | Impact of heavy metals on germination and seedling growth of Triticale plants aft er seed priming with zeatin / N.P. Vedenicheva // Доповіді Національної академії наук України. — 2025. — № 3. — С. 83-92. — Бібліогр.: 37 назв. — англ. |
| collection | DSpace DC |
| container_title | Доповіді НАН України |
| description | The effect of heavy metal compounds (cadmium, cobalt, manganese) on germination and seedlings growth of Triticale (×Triticosecale Wittmack, cv. ADM9 Synthetic) after pre-sowing seed priming with cytokinin was studied.
Contamination of agricultural land with pollutants of anthropogenic origin has become a particular threat in Ukraine, where the content of heavy metal compounds in soil has increased significantly as a result of military actions. Plants, especially cereals, absorb heavy metals and accumulate them in themselves, which prevents their growth and poses a health hazard to consumers. One way to mitigate the negative effects of heavy metals on plants is an application of exogenous phytohormones. In the present research, the effect of CdCl₂, Co(NO₃)₂ and MnSO₄ solutions at concentrations of 50 μM, 100 μM, 250 μM on germination and growth of Triticale seedlings after priming seeds with a zeatin solution (10⁻⁶ M) was studied.
The experiments showed that heavy metals negatively affect the germination of Triticale seeds and the further seedling growth. They had a particularly detrimental effect on the development of the root system. Cadmium, cobalt and manganese at different concentrations altered the final germination rate and the seedling linear parameters differently. Cadmium demonstrated the most toxic effect on seedling growth whereas manganese was not toxic at low concentrations. All the elements studied had a harmful impact at a concentration of 250 μM. The results of seed priming with cytokinins to mitigate the inhibitory effect of heavy metals on Triticale plant growth depended on the nature of the metal and its concentration. The obatined data can be taken into account in the future in developing experimental designs for continuing research aimed at developing biotechnologies to overcome the consequences of soil contamination with cadmium, cobalt and manganese compounds.
Досліджено вплив сполук важких металів (кадмію, кобальту, мангану) на проростання та ріст проростків тритикале (×Triticosecale Wittmack, сорт ADM9 Синтетик) за передпосівного праймування насіння цитокініном. Забруднення сільськогосподарських угідь полютантами антропогенного походження набуло загрозливих масштабів в Україні, де вміст сполук важких металів у ґрунті внаслідок воєнних дій значно зріс. Рослини, зокрема злаки, поглинають важкі метали й накопичують їх у своїх частинах, що сповільнює їхній ріст і становить небезпеку для здоров’я споживачів. Одним із шляхів подолання негативного впливу важких металів на рослини є застосування екзогенних фітогормонів. У статті наведено результати вивчення впливу розчинів CdCl₂, Co(NO₃)₂ і MnSO₄ у концентраціях 50, 100, 250 мкM на проростання та ріст проростків тритикале за праймування насіння розчином зеатину (10⁻⁶ М). Показано, що важкі метали негативно впливали на проростання насіння тритикале й подальший ріст проростків. Особливо згубно вони діяли на розвиток кореневої системи. Кадмій, кобальт та манган у різних концентраціях змінювали швидкість проростання та лінійні параметри проростків диференційовано. Кадмій виявляв найбільш токсичний вплив на ріст проростків, тоді як манган у низьких концентраціях не був токсичним. Усі досліджені елементи спричиняли шкідливу дію за концентрації 250 мкМ. Результати праймування насіння цитокінінами для подолання інгібувального впливу важких металів на ріст рослин тритикале залежали від природи металу і його концентрації. Отримані дані можуть бути враховані в майбутньому під час складання дизайну експериментів для продовження досліджень, спрямованих на розроблення біотехнологій подолання наслідків забруднення ґрунтів сполуками кадмію, кобальту та мангану.
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83
ОПОВІДІ
НАЦІОНАЛЬНОЇ
АКАДЕМІЇ НАУК
УКРАЇНИ
ISSN 1025-6415. Допов. Нац. акад. наук Укр. 2025. № 3: 83—92
C i t a t i o n: Vedenicheva N.P. Impact of heavy metals on germination and seedling growth of Triticale plants aft er seed
priming with zeatin. Dopov. Nac. akad. nauk Ukr. 2025. No. 3. P. 83—92. https://doi.org/10.15407/dopovidi2025.03.083
© Publisher PH «Akademperiodyka» of the NAS of Ukraine, 2025. Th is is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-
ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
БІОЛОГІЯ
BIOLOGY
https://doi.org/10.15407/dopovidi2025.03.083
UDC 57.04:581.5
N.P. Vedenicheva, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0579-0342
M.G. Kholodny Institute of Botany of the NAS of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
E-mail: vedenicheva@ukr.net
Impact of heavy metals on germination and seedling growth
of Triticale plants aft er seed priming with zeatin
Presented by a Corresponding Member of the NAS of Ukraine O.E. Khodosovtsev
Th e eff ect of heavy metal compounds (cadmium, cobalt, manganese) on germination and seedlings growth of Triticale
(×Triticosecale Wittmack, cv. ADM9 Synthetic) aft er pre-sowing seed priming with cytokinin was studied.
Contamination of agricultural land with pollutants of anthropogenic origin has become a particular threat in
Ukraine, where the content of heavy metal compounds in soil has increased signifi cantly as a result of military actions.
Plants, especially cereals, absorb heavy metals and accumulate them in themselves, which prevents their growth
and poses a health hazard to consumers. One way to mitigate the negative eff ects of heavy metals on plants is an
application of exogenous phytohormones. In the present research, the eff ect of CdCl2, Co(NO3)2 and MnSO4 solutions
at concentrations of 50 μM, 100 μM, 250 μM on germination and growth of Triticale seedlings aft er priming seeds with
a zeatin solution (10−6 M) was studied.
Th e experiments showed that heavy metals negatively aff ect the germination of Triticale seeds and the further
seedling growth. Th ey had a particularly detrimental eff ect on the development of the root system. Cadmium, cobalt
and manganese at diff erent concentrations altered the fi nal germination rate and the seedling linear parameters diff er-
ently. Cadmium demonstrated the most toxic eff ect on seedling growth whereas manganese was not toxic at low con-
centrations. All the elements studied had a harmful impact at a concentration of 250 μM. Th e results of seed priming
with cytokinins to mitigate the inhibitory eff ect of heavy metals on Triticale plant growth depended on the nature of
the metal and its concentration. Th e obatined data can be taken into account in the future in developing experimental
designs for continuing research aimed at developing biotechnologies to overcome the consequences of soil contamina-
tion with cadmium, cobalt and manganese compounds.
Keywords: heavy metal, Triticale, germination, growth, priming, zeatin.
Introduction. One of the most pressing problems of our time is environmental contamination by
pollutants of anthropogenic origin. Dangerous toxicants get into the soil, air or water as a result of
emissions from industrial enterprises, mining, traffi c, etc. Among them, the most hazardous are
heavy metal compounds. In Ukraine, the problem of such pollution has become extremely acute
as a result of military actions [1]. For instance, in the Kharkiv region, soil contamination with
84 ISSN 1025-6415. Dopov. Nac. akad. nauk Ukr. 2025. No 3
N.P. Vedenicheva
cadmium exceeded 200 % as a result of the russian invasion [2]. Th e presence of heavy metals in
agricultural soils threatens crop yields, food quality and the sustainability of agriculture in general.
Cereals, as a vital source of nutrition, are of special interest since they can absorb heavy metals
from the soil and accumulate them in edible parts, which is extremely harmful for the health of
consumers of agricultural products. Plants themselves are also aff ected by heavy metals and react
to their exposure with growth retardation, yellowing and other negative symptoms [3]. Hazardous
pollutants include elements such as cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), and manganese (Mn). Cd ions
are easily absorbed by plant roots, inducing membrane damage, generation of reactive oxygen
species, disorder in respiration and photosynthesis [4]. Cd is detrimental for plants and signifi -
cantly reduces their productivity, although its eff ect depends on concentration, soil type, and plant
genotype [5]. Co is essential microelement for many lower plants, as well as for leguminous plants,
in the latter it is involved in nitrogen fi xation. Th e role of Co in plant development depends on its
content in the soil. At high concentrations, this element is toxic, causing iron defi ciency and leaf
discoloration [6]. Mn is an essential element that acts as a cofactor for many enzyme systems and
is necessary for vital processes in plants, including photosynthesis. However, in excessive amounts,
Mn is toxic, especially in poor and acidic soils [7]. Given the ability of plants to accumulate heavy
metals, their impact certainly provokes severe stress, to overcome which plants have developed
defense strategies, in particular, detoxifi cation and adaptation mechanisms [8]. However, with
high levels of contaminants in the soil, additional measures should be taken to help plants miti-
gate the negative consequences from the heavy metal impact. One of the eff ective ways to mitigate
such harmful eff ect on the growth and productivity of crops is treatment with exogenous phyto-
hormones [9]. Phytohormones are known to be signaling biomolecules of a diff erent chemical
structure and physicochemical properties that regulate all physiological and metabolic processes
of plants. All of them to some extent aff ect plant stress tolerance aft er exogenous treatments. Seed
priming or foliar application of phytohormones to cereals contributed to the mitigation of both
abiotic and biotic stresses [10]. One of the most important classes of phytohormones are cytoki-
nins, which regulate a wide range of physiological activities in plants at all stages of ontogenesis,
from seed germination to plant senescence. Cytokinins provide physiological protection against
heat and cold stresses, water defi cit, drought, salinity in cereals [11]. Cytokinin treatment also
increases tolerance to heavy metals in diff erent plant species. For example, 6-benzylaminopurine
(BAP) ameliorated the growth of young bamboo plants exposed to Cd by increasing antioxidant
activity, improving photosynthesis properties, and reducing metal accumulation and transloca-
tion from root to shoot [12]. Exogenous trans-zeatin riboside increased plant growth, stomatal
conductance, net photosynthesis, total ascorbate content and decreased malondialdehyde and
ethylene levels in Zn- and Cd-treated wetland halophyte Kosteletzkya pentacarpos plants [13].
Addition of trans-zeatin to the culture of freshwater single-celled alga Euglena gracilis exposed
to nickel, lead, or cadmium alleviated metal toxicity due to regulation of endogenous cytokinins
[14]. Introduction of BAP into hydroponic nutrient solution decreased Co toxic eff ect on tomato
seedlings by regulating metal absorption and translocation [15]. Unfortunately, information about
involvement of cytokinins in mitigation heavy metal stress in cereals is obscure.
Th e aim of this work was to study the eff ect of heavy metal compounds with varying degrees
of toxicity (cadmium, cobalt and manganese) on seed germination and development of Triticale
seedlings, as well as to study the eff ect of seed priming in cytokinin solution on these processes
under the infl uence of heavy metals.
85ISSN 1025-6415. Допов. Нац. акад. наук Укр. 2025. № 3
Impact of heavy metals on germination and seedling growth of Triticale plants aft er seed priming with zeatin
Materials and method. Triticale plants (×Triticosecale Wittmack, cv. ADM 9 Synthetic), created
by crossing rye with durum wheat in V.M. Remeslo Myronivka Institute of Wheat of the NAAS of
Ukraine, were studied. Triticale is a wheat-rye amphidiploid and one of the fi rst artifi cially created
crops, which diff ers from other cereals by large grain size, unique combination of the best economic
and biological traits of wheat and rye [16]. Triticale plants are characterized by high yield potential
of grain and green mass, as well as increased adaptive properties to adverse conditions (winter and
drought resistance, undemanding to soils, resistance to fungal diseases) [17]. In our experiments, we
used Triticale plants as a model object, primarily investigating the typical and general response of this
grain crop to heavy metal exposure and zeatin treatment and not focusing on the biological properties
of a particular hybrid or variety. Grains were sterilized with 80 % ethanol, washed with purifi ed water,
and then soaked in zeatin solution (10−6 M) or water for 3 h. Seeds were washed again with purifi ed
water and placed on wet fi lter paper in Petri dishes in water (control) or CdCl2·6H2O, Co(NO3)2·4H2O,
MnSO4·5H2O solutions of various concentrations (50 μM, 100 μM, 250 μM, 500 μM). Total amount
of seeds per one dish was 100 units. In choosing the concentrations of metal compounds, we were
guided by the results of other researchers studying their eff ect on seed germination [18, 19].
For further germination, they were transferred to a climate chamber Vötsch (Germany) at
a temperature of +16 °C, a photoperiod of 16/8 h, day/night (light intensity 190 μmol/(m2·s))
and humidity of 60 %. Aft er 7 days, the linear parameters of the seedlings were measured by the
standard linear measurement method. Th e fi nal germination rate (FG) was calculated using the
formula: FG rate = Total germinating seed number/Total tested seed number × 100 % [4].
All experiments were carried out in fi ve biological replicates. Th e data were processed by
standard methods of variation statistics using Microsoft Excel 2007 program. In the Figures, the
average values and standard errors are presented. Values of P < 0.05 were considered signifi cant.
Results and discussion. Triticale seeds were characterized by a high germination capacity,
which reached almost 80 %. It is evident that values of FG rate and seedling linear parameters
varied depending on the metal nature and its concentration. All the metals tested at a concentra-
tion of 500 μM almost completely inhibited root emergence; the germination of the grains was no
more than 5 % with the subsequent formation of deformed dwarf seedlings. At cadmium chloride
concentrations of 50 and 100 μM, the germination rate of Triticale seeds decreased by 21 %, and
at a concentration of 250 μM — by 34 % (fi g. 1). Seed priming in zeatin solution had a negative
eff ect on seed germination both under control conditions and under cadmium chloride exposure.
When seeds were incubated in cobalt nitrate solution, a slight negative eff ect on germina-
tion was observed at a concentration of 250 μM (11 %) (fi g. 2). At low concentrations of 50 and
100 μM, cobalt nitrate eliminated the inhibition of seed germination aft er priming with zeatin.
At the same time, at a concentration of cobalt nitrate solution of 250 μM, the inhibitory eff ect of
zeatin on seed germination was manifested in the same way as in the control.
Among the metal compounds studied, manganese sulfate solution had the most negative
eff ect on seed germination (fi g. 3). As the solution concentration enhanced, a decrease in the ger-
mination rate to 54 % was observed. At the same time, manganese sulfate signifi cantly activated
the germination of seeds primed with zeatin solution. At a manganese sulfate concentration of
50 μM, the germination rate of primed seeds increased to almost 100 %, and at the concentration
of 250 μM — by 29 % compared to unprimed seeds.
Th e infl uence of heavy metals signifi cantly aff ected the habitus of Triticale seedlings. Th us,
exposure to cadmium chloride provoked a decrease in shoot elongation by 15—58 % at the
86 ISSN 1025-6415. Dopov. Nac. akad. nauk Ukr. 2025. No 3
N.P. Vedenicheva
concentration range from 50 to 250 μM (fi g. 4). Th e root system was more vulnerable, and its
length was reduced by 22—85 % under the same conditions. Priming the seeds with zeatin solution
led to a decrease in the linear parameters of both control and cadmium chloride-treated seedlings.
Th e greatest size inhibition was recorded for roots — from 30 % in the control to 89 % under the
infl uence of 250 μM CdCl2.
Fi
na
l g
er
m
in
at
io
n
ra
te
, %
90
80
70
60
50
40
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20
10
0
50
Cadmium chloride concentration, µM
100 2500
Water
Zeatin
Fi
na
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er
m
in
at
io
n
ra
te
, %
90
80
70
60
50
40
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10
0
50
Cobalt nitrate concentration, µM
100 2500
Water
Zeatin
Fi
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in
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te
, % 90
100
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Manganese sulfate concentration, µM
100 2500
Water
Zeatin
Fig. 1. Effect of CdCl2 and seed priming in zeatin
solution (10–6 M) on Triticale seed germination
Fig. 2. Effect of Co(NO3)2 and seed priming in zeatin
solution (10−6 M) on Triticale seed germination
Fig. 3. Effect of MnSO4 and seed priming in zeatin
solution (10–6 M) on Triticale seed germination
87ISSN 1025-6415. Допов. Нац. акад. наук Укр. 2025. № 3
Impact of heavy metals on germination and seedling growth of Triticale plants aft er seed priming with zeatin
Incubation in cobalt nitrate solution aff ected the linear parameters of the above-ground part
of Triticale seedlings (fi g. 5). Th e greatest decrease in shoot size was recorded at concentrations of
100 μM (by 43 %) and 250 μM (by 55 %). Th e eff ect of cobalt nitrate on root growth was even more
detrimental. At the mentioned concentrations, the inhibition of root linear dimensions was 74
and 89 %, respectively. Priming seeds with zeatin caused a positive eff ect on the growth of juvenile
Triticale plants at a Co(NO3)2 concentration of 100 μM: the above-ground part of seedlings grown
from primed seeds was 43 % taller and the roots were 42 % longer than those grown from seeds
soaked in water.
Li
ne
ar
p
ar
am
et
er
s,
m
m
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Water Zeatin Water Zeatin Water Zeatin Water Zeatin
Cadmium chloride concentration, µM
0 50 100 250
Shoots
Roots
Li
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p
ar
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et
er
s,
m
m
80
70
60
50
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Water Zeatin Water Zeatin Water Zeatin Water Zeatin
Cobalt nitrate concentration, µM
0 50 100 250
Shoots
Roots
Li
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ar
p
ar
am
et
er
s,
m
m 80
90
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Water Zeatin Water Zeatin Water Zeatin Water Zeatin
Manganese sulfate concentration, µM
0 50 100 250
Shoots
Roots
Fig. 4. Effect of CdCl2 and seed priming in zeatin
solution (10−6 M) on linear parameters of 7-day-old
Triticale seedlings
Fig. 5. Effect of Co(NO3)2 and seed priming in zeatin
solution (10−6 M) on linear parameters of 7-day-old
Triticale seedlings
Fig. 6. Effect of MnSO4 and seed priming in zeatin
solution (10−6 M) on linear parameters of 7-day-old
Triticale seedlings
88 ISSN 1025-6415. Dopov. Nac. akad. nauk Ukr. 2025. No 3
N.P. Vedenicheva
Incubation in 50 μM manganese sulfate solution stimulated the growth of the above-ground
part of seedlings grown from both unprimed seeds (by 19 %) and zeatin-treated seeds (by 15 %)
(fi g. 6). An increase in the concentration of MnSO4 caused a slowdown in shoot growth by up to
32 % under the infl uence of 250 μM salt. Inhibition of root growth was detected at all concentra-
tions of MnSO4, the greatest was in a solution of 250 μM (33 %). Priming the seeds with a zeatin
solution did not allow overcoming the negative eff ect of manganese sulfate on seedling growth.
Recently, plant tolerance to abiotic stresses has come to the forefront of research, especially
with regard to anthropogenic pollution factors. Triticale plants exceed other cereals due to their
increased resistance to adverse environment [20, 21]. Th erefore, the study of the heavy metal
negative impact on the growth and juvenile development of Triticale plants and the search for
agents to mitigate it is an urgent task. Unfortunately, information on this issue is presented only
in a few reports. Absorption and accumulation of heavy metals (zinc, cadmium, lead) by Triti-
cale plants from contaminated soil was revealed [22]. Th e diff erentiated eff ect of Cu2+, Zn2+ and
Cd+ ions on the growth of Triticale in the fi rst 9 days aft er germination was established and the
cadmium compound was found to have the most toxic eff ect [18]. In this research, the changes
in germination rate and morphological alterations of Triticale seedlings exposed to heavy metal
were demonstrated. Th e negative eff ect on seed germination increased in the following sequence:
Co2+ < Cd2+ < Mn2+. Simultaneously, the impact on the further plant development varied sig-
nifi cantly: from strictly suppressive for Cd to stimulating for Mn at low concentrations. High
amounts of all studied metals defi nitely inhibited Triticale seed sprouting. Numerous previous in-
vestigations have shown an adverse impact of diff erent heavy metal on seed germination and seed-
ling development for many plant species including cereals [23]. While the eff ects of Cd have been
studied thoroughly, Co and Mn have received less attention. Th e mechanisms of toxic eff ects of
heavy metals on plants are associated with changes in the antioxidant system, protein catabolism,
damage to photosynthesis, and decreased α-amylase activity [5, 23]. Th e toxicity of heavy metal
compounds depends largely on the concentration of a solution and possibly on the plant species.
For instance, in rice, full suppression of root emergence was recorded at a CdCl2 concentration
of 200 μM [24]. In wheat, inhibition of seed germination was found aft er exposure to a solution
10 μM of CdCl2, but even 1000 μM of CdCl2 did not stop seedling growth [4]. In our experiments,
the inhibitory eff ect on germination and growth of Triticale seeds was established at a minimum
concentration of CdCl2 50 μM. Although Co is an essential element in some living organisms as an
enzyme cofactor, its eff ect on cereal growth has not been well described. Recently, a decrease in the
length and weight of maize roots and shoots was reported at Co concentration 200—400 μM [25].
In present research, the growth-limiting concentration of Co(NO3)2 for Triticale seedlings was
250 μM. Mn is an essential element for plants, its defi cit causes a disorder in photosynthetic ma-
chinery and reduces biomass [7]. In wheat, seed priming with Mn at low concentration (0,1 mg/L)
signifi cantly increased the germination percentage, growth traits and grain yield per plant under
lead stress [26]. Mn toxicity induces negative symptoms with chlorotic leaves and necrotic spots,
but toxic Mn concentrations are highly dependent on plant species and genotypes [7]. In Triticale,
a 50 μM MnSO4 soolution inhibited seed germination, but noticeable slowdown of seedling devel-
opment was observed at concentration 250 μM.
Th e role of exogenous cytokinin treatment in the amelioration of abiotic stresses has been
well documented in the literature [27]. In particular, exogenous cytokinins mitigate salt-induced
senescence [28], improve nutrient uptake, leaf chlorophyll content and photosynthesis in drought-
89ISSN 1025-6415. Допов. Нац. акад. наук Укр. 2025. № 3
Impact of heavy metals on germination and seedling growth of Triticale plants aft er seed priming with zeatin
stressed wheat plants [29], simulate the eff ect of acclimation in response to overheating, enhancing
the thermotolerance of rice plants [30]. Cytokinin protection against diff erent stresses in cereals
was provided mainly by foliar application and spraying [11]. Simultaneously, seed priming with
phytohormones has recently been considered as a promising method for increasing tolerance and
yield of crop plants as well [31]. For instance, wheat grain soaked in BAP solution demonstrated
better growth and increased content of soluble sugars, chlorophyll, and amylase activity under sa-
linity [32]. Sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) seed priming with kinetin improved germination
and growth parameters, chlorophyll content, and the antioxidant system under salt stress [33]. In
present research, priming of Triticale seeds with zeatin slowed down the fi nal germination rate and
unsignifi cantly decreased seedlings height. Root length was aff ected to a greater extent (more than
20 %). Cytokinins are known to be negative regulators of root development, also cytokinin treat-
ment suppresses root elongation [34]. Reduction of the root system results reduces nutrients and
water availability and may be one of the reasons for the decrease in germination energy and further
growth. Nevertheless, cytokinins are considered as a potential modulator of heavy metal stress tol-
erance in plants [35]. Th ey play a vital role in the formation of adaptive response to heavy metal
stress by activating antioxidant system, maintaining ion balance and regulating the expression of
stress-related genes [36]. In our investigation, the diff erentiated infl uence of zeatin priming on seed-
ling growth was found. At all studied concentrations of the most toxic metal Cd, zeatin treatment
was not eff ective in improving Triticale young plant growth. In the case of Co treatment, zeatin
exerted a protective eff ect on shoot and root growth at metal concentrations of 50 μM and 100 μM,
but it was not eff ective in improving growth at metal concentration 250 μM. Synergistic action of
zeatin and Mn in stimulation of Triticale seedling growth was revealed at low metal concentrations,
whereas no amelioration in growth parameters was observed at 250 μM MnSO4. Th e data obtained
indicate that at early stage of Triticale plant development, the action of cytokinins as a protec-
tive agent is strongly dependent on the heavy metal nature and its toxicity. Perhaps, the effi ciency
of cytokinins in Triticale growth maintenance would be more signifi cant with foliar treatment of
older plants with a more developed and formed root system. In addition, it should be taken into
account that during exogenous treatment, excess cytokinins are stored in plant tissues in the form
of a mobile O-glucoside, which is easily converted into active forms of the hormone if necessary
[37]. Although the data on the eff ects of heavy metals on the balance of endogenous cytokinins are
contradictory [35], it is most likely that stress aff ect it negatively. It can be assumed that stored dur-
ing seed priming zeatin-O-glucoside could be used in Triticale plants for regulation of growth and
development at tillering stage to compensate cytokinin defi cit through the heavy metal infl uence.
Th us, the positive role of zeatin priming could be manifested at later stages of plant development.
Unfortunately, we are not aware of any literature data on the protective role of cytokinins in heavy
metal stress in cereals. Th erefore, any results regarding the selection of the plant development stage
and the method of treatment with phytohormones for the protection against heavy metals are of
great importance and will serve as a basis for further experiments.
Conclusion. Th us, the experiments performed showed that heavy metals negatively aff ect the
germination of Triticale seeds and further seedling growth. Th ey had a particularly detrimental
eff ect on the development of the root system. Cadmium, cobalt and manganese at diff erent con-
centrations altered the fi nal germination rate and the seedling linear parameters diff erently. Cad-
mium demonstrated the most toxic infl uence on seedling growth whereas manganese was not tox-
ic at low concentrations. All the elements studied had a harmful impact at concentration 250 μM.
90 ISSN 1025-6415. Dopov. Nac. akad. nauk Ukr. 2025. No 3
N.P. Vedenicheva
Th e results of seed priming with cytokinins to mitigate the inhibitory eff ect of heavy metals on
Triticale plant growth depended on the nature of the metal and its concentration. Th e data ob-
tained can be taken into account in the future development of experimental designs for the con-
tinuation of research aimed at the development biotechnologies to overcome the consequences of
soil contamination by cadmium, cobalt, and manganese compounds.
Th e study was carried out within the framework of the planned scientifi c research “Natural
growth regulators in the induction of resistance of cereal plants to heavy metals” funded by the Na-
tional Academy of Sciences of Ukraine No ІІІ-90-19.489 (2024—2028).
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Received 24.04.2025
Н.П. Веденичова, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0579-0342
Інститут ботаніки ім. М.Г. Холодного НАН України, Київ, Україна
E-mail: vedenicheva@ukr.net
ВПЛИВ ВАЖКИХ МЕТАЛІВ НА ПРОРОСТАННЯ
І РІСТ ПРОРОСТКІВ ТРИТИКАЛЕ ЗА ПРАЙМУВАННЯ НАСІННЯ ЗЕАТИНОМ
Досліджено вплив сполук важких металів (кадмію, кобальту, мангану) на проростання та ріст проростків три-
тикале (×Triticosecale Wittmack, сорт ADM9 Синтетик) за передпосівного праймування насіння цитокініном.
Забруднення сільськогосподарських угідь полютантами антропогенного походження набуло загроз-
ливих масштабів в Україні, де вміст сполук важких металів у ґрунті внаслідок воєнних дій значно зріс.
Рослини, зокрема злаки, поглинають важкі метали й накопичують їх у своїх частинах, що сповільнює їхній
ріст і становить небезпеку для здоров’я споживачів. Одним із шляхів подолання негативного впливу важ-
ких металів на рослини є застосування екзогенних фітогормонів. У статті наведено результати вивчення
впливу розчинів CdCl2, Co(NO3)2 і MnSO4 у концентраціях 50, 100, 250 мкM на проростання та ріст про-
ростків тритикале за праймування насіння розчином зеатину (10−6 М). Показано, що важкі метали нега-
тивно впливали на проростання насіння тритикале й подальший ріст проростків. Особливо згубно вони
діяли на розвиток кореневої системи. Кадмій, кобальт та манган у різних концентраціях змінювали швид-
кість проростання та лінійні параметри проростків диференційовано. Кадмій виявляв найбільш токсич-
ний вплив на ріст проростків, тоді як манган у низьких концентраціях не був токсичним. Усі досліджені
елементи спричиняли шкідливу дію за концентрації 250 мкМ. Результати праймування насіння цитокіні-
нами для подолання інгібувального впливу важких металів на ріст рослин тритикале залежали від при-
роди металу і його концентрації. Отримані дані можуть бути враховані в майбутньому під час складання
дизайну експериментів для продовження досліджень, спрямованих на розроблення біотехнологій подо-
лання наслідків забруднення ґрунтів сполуками кадмію, кобальту та мангану.
Ключові слова: важкі метали, Triticale, проростання, ріст, праймування, зеатин.
|
| id | nasplib_isofts_kiev_ua-123456789-206530 |
| institution | Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| issn | 1025-6415 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-11-30T11:52:46Z |
| publishDate | 2025 |
| publisher | Видавничий дім "Академперіодика" НАН України |
| record_format | dspace |
| spelling | Vedenicheva, N.P. 2025-09-14T17:17:51Z 2025 Impact of heavy metals on germination and seedling growth of Triticale plants aft er seed priming with zeatin / N.P. Vedenicheva // Доповіді Національної академії наук України. — 2025. — № 3. — С. 83-92. — Бібліогр.: 37 назв. — англ. 1025-6415 https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/206530 57.04:581.5 https://doi.org/10.15407/dopovidi2025.03.083 The effect of heavy metal compounds (cadmium, cobalt, manganese) on germination and seedlings growth of Triticale (×Triticosecale Wittmack, cv. ADM9 Synthetic) after pre-sowing seed priming with cytokinin was studied. Contamination of agricultural land with pollutants of anthropogenic origin has become a particular threat in Ukraine, where the content of heavy metal compounds in soil has increased significantly as a result of military actions. Plants, especially cereals, absorb heavy metals and accumulate them in themselves, which prevents their growth and poses a health hazard to consumers. One way to mitigate the negative effects of heavy metals on plants is an application of exogenous phytohormones. In the present research, the effect of CdCl₂, Co(NO₃)₂ and MnSO₄ solutions at concentrations of 50 μM, 100 μM, 250 μM on germination and growth of Triticale seedlings after priming seeds with a zeatin solution (10⁻⁶ M) was studied. The experiments showed that heavy metals negatively affect the germination of Triticale seeds and the further seedling growth. They had a particularly detrimental effect on the development of the root system. Cadmium, cobalt and manganese at different concentrations altered the final germination rate and the seedling linear parameters differently. Cadmium demonstrated the most toxic effect on seedling growth whereas manganese was not toxic at low concentrations. All the elements studied had a harmful impact at a concentration of 250 μM. The results of seed priming with cytokinins to mitigate the inhibitory effect of heavy metals on Triticale plant growth depended on the nature of the metal and its concentration. The obatined data can be taken into account in the future in developing experimental designs for continuing research aimed at developing biotechnologies to overcome the consequences of soil contamination with cadmium, cobalt and manganese compounds. Досліджено вплив сполук важких металів (кадмію, кобальту, мангану) на проростання та ріст проростків тритикале (×Triticosecale Wittmack, сорт ADM9 Синтетик) за передпосівного праймування насіння цитокініном. Забруднення сільськогосподарських угідь полютантами антропогенного походження набуло загрозливих масштабів в Україні, де вміст сполук важких металів у ґрунті внаслідок воєнних дій значно зріс. Рослини, зокрема злаки, поглинають важкі метали й накопичують їх у своїх частинах, що сповільнює їхній ріст і становить небезпеку для здоров’я споживачів. Одним із шляхів подолання негативного впливу важких металів на рослини є застосування екзогенних фітогормонів. У статті наведено результати вивчення впливу розчинів CdCl₂, Co(NO₃)₂ і MnSO₄ у концентраціях 50, 100, 250 мкM на проростання та ріст проростків тритикале за праймування насіння розчином зеатину (10⁻⁶ М). Показано, що важкі метали негативно впливали на проростання насіння тритикале й подальший ріст проростків. Особливо згубно вони діяли на розвиток кореневої системи. Кадмій, кобальт та манган у різних концентраціях змінювали швидкість проростання та лінійні параметри проростків диференційовано. Кадмій виявляв найбільш токсичний вплив на ріст проростків, тоді як манган у низьких концентраціях не був токсичним. Усі досліджені елементи спричиняли шкідливу дію за концентрації 250 мкМ. Результати праймування насіння цитокінінами для подолання інгібувального впливу важких металів на ріст рослин тритикале залежали від природи металу і його концентрації. Отримані дані можуть бути враховані в майбутньому під час складання дизайну експериментів для продовження досліджень, спрямованих на розроблення біотехнологій подолання наслідків забруднення ґрунтів сполуками кадмію, кобальту та мангану. en Видавничий дім "Академперіодика" НАН України Доповіді НАН України Біологія Impact of heavy metals on germination and seedling growth of Triticale plants aft er seed priming with zeatin Вплив важких металів на проростання і ріст проростків тритикале за праймування насіння зеатином Article published earlier |
| spellingShingle | Impact of heavy metals on germination and seedling growth of Triticale plants aft er seed priming with zeatin Vedenicheva, N.P. Біологія |
| title | Impact of heavy metals on germination and seedling growth of Triticale plants aft er seed priming with zeatin |
| title_alt | Вплив важких металів на проростання і ріст проростків тритикале за праймування насіння зеатином |
| title_full | Impact of heavy metals on germination and seedling growth of Triticale plants aft er seed priming with zeatin |
| title_fullStr | Impact of heavy metals on germination and seedling growth of Triticale plants aft er seed priming with zeatin |
| title_full_unstemmed | Impact of heavy metals on germination and seedling growth of Triticale plants aft er seed priming with zeatin |
| title_short | Impact of heavy metals on germination and seedling growth of Triticale plants aft er seed priming with zeatin |
| title_sort | impact of heavy metals on germination and seedling growth of triticale plants aft er seed priming with zeatin |
| topic | Біологія |
| topic_facet | Біологія |
| url | https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/206530 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT vedenichevanp impactofheavymetalsongerminationandseedlinggrowthoftriticaleplantsafterseedprimingwithzeatin AT vedenichevanp vplivvažkihmetalívnaprorostannâírístprorostkívtritikalezapraimuvannânasínnâzeatinom |