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Short Star-Products for Filtered Quantizations, I

We develop a theory of short star-products for filtered quantizations of graded Poisson algebras, introduced in 2016 by Beem, Peelaers, and Rastelli for algebras of regular functions on hyperKähler cones in the context of 3-dimensional N = 4 superconformal field theories [Beem C., Peelaers W., Raste...

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Published in:Symmetry, Integrability and Geometry: Methods and Applications
Date:2020
Main Authors: Etingof, Pavel, Stryker, Douglas
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Інститут математики НАН України 2020
Online Access:https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/210596
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Journal Title:Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
Cite this:Short Star-Products for Filtered Quantizations, I. Pavel Etingof and Douglas Stryker. SIGMA 16 (2020), 014, 28 pages

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Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
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author Etingof, Pavel
Stryker, Douglas
author_facet Etingof, Pavel
Stryker, Douglas
citation_txt Short Star-Products for Filtered Quantizations, I. Pavel Etingof and Douglas Stryker. SIGMA 16 (2020), 014, 28 pages
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container_title Symmetry, Integrability and Geometry: Methods and Applications
description We develop a theory of short star-products for filtered quantizations of graded Poisson algebras, introduced in 2016 by Beem, Peelaers, and Rastelli for algebras of regular functions on hyperKähler cones in the context of 3-dimensional N = 4 superconformal field theories [Beem C., Peelaers W., Rastelli L., Comm. Math. Phys. 354 (2017), 345-392]. This appears to be a new structure in representation theory, which is an algebraic incarnation of the non-holomorphic SU(2)-symmetry of such cones. Using the technique of twisted traces on quantizations (an idea due to Kontsevich), we prove the conjecture by Beem, Peelaers, and Rastelli that short star-products depend on finitely many parameters (under a natural nondegeneracy condition), and also construct these star products in a number of examples, confirming another conjecture by Beem, Peelaers, and Rastelli.
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fulltext Symmetry, Integrability and Geometry: Methods and Applications SIGMA 16 (2020), 014, 28 pages Short Star-Products for Filtered Quantizations, I Pavel ETINGOF and Douglas STRYKER Department of Mathematics, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA E-mail: etingof@math.mit.edu, stryker@mit.edu Received October 01, 2019, in final form March 01, 2020; Published online March 11, 2020 https://doi.org/10.3842/SIGMA.2020.014 Abstract. We develop a theory of short star-products for filtered quantizations of graded Poisson algebras, introduced in 2016 by Beem, Peelaers and Rastelli for algebras of regular functions on hyperKähler cones in the context of 3-dimensional N = 4 superconformal field theories [Beem C., Peelaers W., Rastelli L., Comm. Math. Phys. 354 (2017), 345–392]. This appears to be a new structure in representation theory, which is an algebraic incarnation of the non-holomorphic SU(2)-symmetry of such cones. Using the technique of twisted traces on quantizations (an idea due to Kontsevich), we prove the conjecture by Beem, Peelaers and Rastelli that short star-products depend on finitely many parameters (under a natural nondegeneracy condition), and also construct these star products in a number of examples, confirming another conjecture by Beem, Peelaers and Rastelli. Key words: star-product; quantization; hyperKähler cone; symplectic singularity 2020 Mathematics Subject Classification: 06B15; 53D55 To Dmitry Borisovich Fuchs on his 80th birthday with admiration 1 Introduction The goal of this paper is to develop a theory of short star-products for filtered quantizations of graded Poisson algebras, introduced in 2016 by Beem, Peelaers and Rastelli for algebras of regular functions on hyperKähler cones in the context of 3-dimensional N = 4 superconformal field theories [1]. Namely, let A be a commutative Z≥0-graded C-algebra with a Poisson bracket { , } of deg- ree −2, and let ∗ be a star-product on A quantizing { , }. This means that ∗ is an associative product on A defined by a ∗ b = ab+ C1(a, b) + C2(a, b) + · · · , a, b ∈ A, where Ck : A ⊗ A → A are bilinear maps of degree −2k such that C1(a, b) − C1(b, a) = {a, b}.1 For degree reasons, for any homogeneous a, b ∈ A, one has Ck(a, b) = 0 for k > deg(a)+deg(b) 2 , so the sum makes sense. Star-products arise naturally from filtered quantizations of A. Namely, let d : A → A be the degree operator, i.e., d(a) = ma for a ∈ Am, and let s = (−1)d : A → A be the operator such that s(a) = (−1)ma for a ∈ Am.2 Then s is a Poisson automorphism of A defining an action of Z/2 on A. Let A be a Z/2-equivariant filtered quantization of A, and let ϕ : A → A be a Z/2-equivariant quantization map, i.e., a Z/2-equivariant filtration-preserving linear map This paper is a contribution to the Special Issue on Algebra, Topology, and Dynamics in Interaction in honor of Dmitry Fuchs. The full collection is available at https://www.emis.de/journals/SIGMA/Fuchs.html 1Thus, we set the Planck constant ℏ to be 1, which can be done without loss of generality because of the grading on A. 2As customary in physical literature, we will abuse notation by writing d both for the degree of an element of A and the degree operator A → A whose eigenvalues are such degrees. mailto:etingof@math.mit.edu mailto:stryker@mit.edu https://doi.org/10.3842/SIGMA.2020.014 https://www.emis.de/journals/SIGMA/Fuchs.html 2 P. Etingof and D. Stryker such that grϕ = id (it attaches to a “classical observable” a ∈ A the corresponding “quantum observable” â := ϕ(a)). Then the formula a ∗ b := ϕ−1(ϕ(a)ϕ(b)) defines a star-product on A. Conversely, any star-product on A defines a filtered quantization of A realized as a new product on the same vector space, and this is a traditional method of quantizing Poisson algebras. For example, the well known Moyal–Weyl star-product (Example 2.8 below) gives a quantization of the standard 2n-dimensional classical phase space which goes back to the early years of quantum mechanics. This classical story has recently had an exciting new development. Namely, motivated by 3-dimensional N=4 superconformal field theories, in 2016 Beem, Peelaers and Rastelli [1] con- sidered a special class of star-products which we call short, i.e., such that for any homoge- neous a, b ∈ A one has Ck(a, b) = 0 for any k > min(deg(a), deg(b)). In other words, the degree of any term in a ∗ b is at least | deg(a) − deg(b)| (in [1] this is called the truncation condition). Beem, Peelaers and Rastelli showed how short star-products appear naturally in 3-dimensional N=4 superconformal field theories, defining filtered quantizations of the corre- sponding Higgs and Coulomb branches X, and conjectured that any even filtered quantization of A = O(X) (i.e., a Z/2-equivariant quantization A equipped with a filtered antiautomorphism σ : A → A such that gr(σ) = id and σ2 = s) admits an even short star-product (i.e., such that Ck(a, b) = (−1)kCk(b, a)). Moreover, they predicted that such star-products depend on finitely many parameters. Finally, they conjectured the existence of an even short star-product satisfying a positivity condition; namely, this condition should hold for the star-product arising from the physical theory. There are several examples (given in [1]) in which this conjecture is easy to prove, as the even short star-product is uniquely determined by the symmetry of the situation. For instance, if V is a finite dimensional symplectic vector space and A = O(V ) then the symmetric Moyal– Weyl star-product on A is short and even. Since this star-product is Sp(V )-invariant, for any finite subgroup G ⊂ Sp(V ) this gives an even short star-product on O(V/G) = O(V )G. Also, if X ⊂ g∗ is the closure of the minimal nilpotent orbit of a simple Lie algebra g, then any filtered (even) quantization of O(X) (with degrees multiplied by 2) may be defined by a g-invariant (even) star-product (see [22]), which is short for representation-theoretic reasons.3 In particular, this applies to the A1-singularity, which corresponds to the case of g = sl2. Namely, in this case X is the usual quadratic cone in C3, so O(X) = ⊕m∈2Z≥0 Vm, where Vm is the irreducible representation of SU(2) with highest weight m, and the shortness property comes from the fact that if Vk is contained in Vm⊗Vn then k ≥ |m−n| (the Clebsch–Gordan rule). In fact, as explained in [1], the same mechanism, but for the non-holomorphic SU(2)-symmetry of the hyperKähler cone acting by rotations on its 2-sphere of complex structures, is responsible for appearance of short star-products in 3-dimensional N = 4 superconformal field theories. However, the shortness condition for a star-product is a very strong restriction, and from the purely mathematical viewpoint the existence of short star-products for a given quantization is far from obvious. In general it is not even clear if there exists any short star-product at all. In fact, the existence of a short star-product is already non-obvious for quantizations of Kleinian singularities beyond the A1 case, although some low-degree calculations of [1] for A2 and A3 showed that the existence of positive even short star-products (for even quantizations) 3The quantization of the minimal orbit is the quotient of U(g) by the so-called Joseph ideal. This quantization (and ideal) is unique if g ̸= sln and depends on one parameter λ for g = sln. The even quantization is unique except g = sl2, where all quantizations are even. E.g., for g = sln with n ≥ 3, the quantization is even if and only if λ = 0. Short Star-Products for Filtered Quantizations, I 3 is highly plausible, and this was confirmed later in [7, 9] for An for all n. Also, examples of short star-products for Dn singularities are constructed in [8, Section 5.2.1]. The goal of this paper is to partially prove the conjectures from [1]. Namely, let us say that a short star-product ∗ is nondegenerate if the bilinear form (a, b) = CT(a ∗ b) on A (where CT stands for the constant term) is nondegenerate. This is a natural condition from the physics point of view; e.g., it follows from the positivity condition, saying that the Hermitian version of this form is positive definite. Our first main result is that nondegenerate short star-products for hyperKähler cones depend on finitely many parameters, confirming a conjecture from [1]. The proof is based on the idea of Kontsevich to express nondegenerate short star-products in terms of nondegenerate twisted traces, which can then be understood as elements of a certain zeroth Hochschild homology group, as well as a number of results on symplectic singularities [17, 19, 25], hyperKähler manifolds [16] and Poisson homology [11]. Our second main result is the existence and classification of nondegenerate short star-products in a number of examples of hyperKähler cones, such as quotient singularities (where the quan- tizations are spherical symplectic reflection algebras) and nilpotent cones of simple Lie algebras (where the quantizations are quotients of the enveloping algebra by a central character). We also explain how short star-products on O(X) arise from representation theory of its quantizations. To summarize, short star-products appear to be a new structure in representation theory, which is, in a sense, an algebraic incarnation of the non-holomorphic SU(2)-symmetry of a hy- perKähler cone. While much of representation theory is the study of quantizations of hy- perKähler cones, this symmetry has not been studied much by representation theorists, perhaps because it is not algebraic (as in the context of representation theory, hyperKähler cones are usu- ally treated just as algebraic symplectic varieties). However, the theory of short star-products suggests that the full hyperKähler structure and the associated non-holomorphic SU(2) sym- metry are also quite relevant and worth taking into account in representation theory, as pointed out in [1, footnote on p. 3]. The goal of this paper is to provide the tools to do so, by connecting short star-products with more traditional and well understood objects in representation theory (such as characters of representations and Hochschild homology). The organization of the paper is as follows. Section 2 contains preliminaries on short star- products, filtered quantizations, quantization maps, the evenness condition, and also some basics about symplectic singularities and hyperKähler cones. In Section 3 we introduce nondegener- ate twisted traces, connect them to nondegenerate short star-products, and show that they depend on a finite number of parameters, establishing our first main result. We also discuss Hermitian and quaternionic structures on short star-product quantizations, which are needed to study their positivity properties. Finally, in Section 4 we consider a number of examples of hyperKähler cones and construct and classify nondegenerate short star-products for them, establishing our second main result. In particular, we establish rationality of reduced characters of Verma modules (with arbitrary insertions) in category O defined in [3, 21]. In the second part of this work, joint with Eric Rains, we plan to extend the existence and classification of nondegenerate short star-products to a larger class of hyperKähler cones (including Nakajima quiver varieties) and discuss the relation with representation theory in more depth. We also plan to give some explicit computations of short star-products for type A singularities, connecting this work with the computational results of [1, 9], and study the orthogonal polynomials that arise from them. Finally, we plan to study the positivity properties of short star-products for type A singularities and in general, fulfilling the program of [1]. Dedication (from Pavel Etingof). It is my great pleasure to dedicate this paper to my teacher Dmitry Borisovich Fuchs on his 80th birthday. I have fond memories of his topology lessons from over 30 years ago. Dmitry Borisovich taught me to appreciate the beauty of interaction between different fields of mathematics, which I enjoyed to a full extent while working on this paper. 4 P. Etingof and D. Stryker 2 Preliminaries 2.1 Star-product quantization of a graded Poisson algebra Let A be a commutative C-algebra with a Z≥0 grading given by A = ⊕ d≥0 Ad. Let { , } be a Poisson bracket of degree −2 on A; namely, { , } : An ⊗Am → An+m−2. A basic example is the symmetric algebra A = SV of a finite dimensional symplectic vector space V with the Poisson bracket defined by the symplectic form. Note that this setting includes the case of graded Poisson algebras with Poisson bracket of degree −1 (such as the symmetric algebra of a Lie algebra, the algebra of regular functions on the nilpotent cone, etc.), by multiplying the degrees by 2.4 Definition 2.1. A star-product on A quantizing { , } is an associative multiplication operation ∗ : A⊗A → A such that for a ∈ An and b ∈ Am, a ∗ b = ⌊n+m 2 ⌋∑ k=0 Ck(a, b), where Ck : An ⊗Am → An+m−2k are bilinear maps such that C0(a, b) = ab and C1(a, b)− C1(b, a) = {a, b}. Definition 2.2. A star-product ∗ on A is short if for any m,n ∈ Z≥0 and any a ∈ An, b ∈ Am one has Ck(a, b) = 0 for all k > min(n,m). In other words, a ∗ b has no terms in Ad for d < |n−m|. From now on assume that A0 = C and dimAi < ∞ for all i. We define the following (in general, non-symmetric) inner product on A induced by the star-product. Let a ∈ An and b ∈ Am. Then ⟨a, b⟩ := CT(a ∗ b), where CT: A → A0 is the constant term map, taking the term of degree zero. Note that if ∗ is short, then ⟨a, b⟩ = 0 if n ̸= m, i.e., the decomposition A = ⊕d≥0Ad is orthogonal. Definition 2.3. A short star-product ∗ on A is said to be nondegenerate if the corresponding inner product ⟨ , ⟩ is nondegenerate in each degree i. 4In fact, this theory can be developed for Poisson brackets of any negative degree, but for most applications it is sufficient to consider degree −2, so we restrict our attention to this case. Short Star-Products for Filtered Quantizations, I 5 2.2 Construction of star-products from a quantum algebra Let A be a Z≥0-graded algebra. Fix a filtered associative algebra A = ⋃ d≥0 FdA such that its associated graded algebra is identified with the graded algebra A; namely, grA = ⊕ d≥0 FdA/Fd−1A and FdA/Fd−1A ∼= Ad for d ≥ 0 (compatibly with multiplication) with F−1A := 0. Assume that we have a filtration preserving Z/2-action s : A → A such that the corresponding associated graded map s : A → A is given by s = (−1)d, where d : A → A is the degree operator. In this case, it is easy to see that [FnA, FmA] ⊂ Fn+m−2A, so we have the leading coefficient map { , } : An ⊗ Am → An+m−2. It is easy to check that { , } is a Poisson bracket on A, and A is a Z/2-equivariant filtered quantization of { , }.5 Definition 2.4. A quantization map is a Z/2-equivariant isomorphism of vector spaces ϕ : A → A such that ϕ(Ad) ⊆ FdA for d ≥ 0 and grϕ : A → A is the identity map, where grϕ = ⊕ d≥0 grϕd, grϕd : Ad → FdA/Fd−1A = Ad. Note that ϕ need not (and usually cannot) be a homomorphism of algebras, since the alge- bra A is commutative but A is not in general. Given a quantization map ϕ : A → A, we can define the star-product on A by a ∗ b := ϕ−1(ϕ(a)ϕ(b)). Conversely, given a star-product on A, we can set A := (A, ∗) with the filtration induced by the grading, and ϕ := Id. Proposition 2.5. This defines a pair of mutually inverse bijections between star-products on A and Z/2-equivariant quantizations of A equipped with a quantization map. Proof. Straightforward. ■ 2.3 Even star-products Definition 2.6. A star-product ∗ on A is said to be even if Ck(a, b) = (−1)kCk(b, a) for all k ≥ 0. In particular, for even star-products C1 is skew-symmetric, so since C1(a, b)−C1(b, a) = {a, b}, we have C1(a, b) = 1 2{a, b}. Let ∗ be an even star-product on A and A = (A, ∗) be the corresponding quantum algebra. Then the map σ = id defines an antiautomorphism A → A such that σ2 = s = (−1)d. A Z/2- invariant quantization A of A equipped with a filtration-preserving antiautomorphism σ such that σ2 = s will be called even. Thus an even star-product gives rise to an even quantization. Conversely, an even quantization A of A gives rise to an even star-product on A. 5Since all quantizations we will consider will be Z/2-equivariant, we will not mention it explicitly from now on. 6 P. Etingof and D. Stryker Proposition 2.7. This defines a pair of mutually inverse bijections between even star-products on A and Z/2-equivariant quantizations A of A equipped with a filtered antiautomorphism σ : A → A such that grσ = id and σ2 = s with a σ-invariant (i.e., Z/4-invariant) quanti- zation map. Proof. Straightforward. ■ Example 2.8. Let A = C[x, y] with the Poisson bracket defined by {y, x} = 1. Let A be the Weyl algebra generated by X, Y with the defining relation Y X −XY = 1. This is a Z/2- equivariant filtered quantization of A with the filtration defined by deg(X) = deg(Y ) = 1. Define the map ϕ : A → A which sends xiyj to the average of all the orderings of the monomial XiY j ; in other words, it is determined by the formula ϕ((px + qy)n) = (pX + qY )n for any p, q ∈ C. For example, ϕ(1) = 1, ϕ(x) = X, ϕ(y) = Y , ϕ(xy) = XY+Y X 2 = XY + 1 2 . It is easy to show that this map gives rise to the symmetric Moyal–Weyl star-product a ∗ b = µ ( exp ( ∂y ⊗ ∂x − ∂x ⊗ ∂y 2 ) (a⊗ b) ) , where µ : A⊗A → A is the commutative multiplication. For example, x ∗ y = ϕ−1(XY ) = xy − 1 2 . It is easy to check that this star-product is even, short, and nondegenerate. The same statement holds in several variables, on a finite dimensional symplectic vector space V (i.e., for A = SV ), where the symmetric Moyal–Weyl star-product has the form a ∗ b = µ(exp(π/2)(a⊗ b)), where π ∈ ∧2V is the Poisson bivector. More generally, given an element η ∈ S2V , we may consider the short star-product a ∗ b = µ(exp((η + π)/2)(a⊗ b)), (the non-symmetric Moyal–Weyl star-product), which is not even if η ̸= 0. Let B : V → V be the linear operator such that η = (B ⊗ 1)π, i.e., a ∗ b = µ(exp(((B + 1)⊗ 1)π/2)(a⊗ b)); (2.1) then B ∈ sp(V ). It is easy to show that ∗ is nondegenerate if and only if the operator B + 1 (or, equivalently, B − 1) is invertible. 2.4 Conical symplectic singularities The main class of examples of algebras A we will be interested in is A = O(X), where X is a (normal) conical symplectic singularity in the sense of Beauville (see [17, 19] and references therein for their definition and basic properties). We will need the following lemma. Lemma 2.9 ([19, Proposition 2.5]). If X is a conical symplectic singularity then every Poisson derivation of A := O(X) is inner. Proof. Here is another proof. Any such homogeneous derivation is defined by an (a priori multivalued) holomorphic Hamiltonian H on the big symplectic leaf X◦ of X. Moreover, H is, in fact, single-valued, since by [26] the algebraic fundamental group of X◦ is finite (indeed, Short Star-Products for Filtered Quantizations, I 7 we have a homomorphism ϕ : π1(X ◦, x0) → C given by ϕ(γ) = γ(H) − H, where γ(H) is the analytic continuation of H along γ, and ϕ = 0 since π1(X ◦, x0)alg is finite). Then by normality of X the function H extends to the whole X, to a homogeneous holomorphic function on X. This function is a holomorphic section of a line bundle on PX, which is algebraic by the GAGA theorem, so H ∈ O(X), as claimed. ■ It is shown in [19] that for conical symplectic singularities there is a very nice parametrization of filtered quantizations of A, which is the same as Namikawa’s parametrization of filtered Poisson deformations X [25]. Namely, they are parametrized by the finite dimensional space P = H2 ( X̃reg,C ) , where X̃reg is the smooth part of the Q-terminalization X̃ of X, modulo the action of a finite real reflection group W called the Namikawa Weyl group. Denote the quantization corresponding to λ ∈ P by Aλ. It is easy to show that Aλ is Z/2-invariant. Since W is a reflection group, the space P/W bijectively parametrizing quantizations is an affine space, whose coordinates are independent homogeneous generating invariants p1, . . . , pr ∈ C[P]W of degrees d1, . . . , dr. It is not hard to see that Aλ is even if and only if λ and −λ are equivalent with respect to the Namikawa Weyl group, i.e., if and only if there is an element w ∈ W such that wλ = −λ (see [1]). This is equivalent to saying that pi = 0 whenever di is odd, which defines a subspace in P/W . Remark 2.10. Lemma 2.9 implies that in the case of conical symplectic singularities the anti- automorphism σ : A → A such that σ2 = s and grσ = id is unique if exists. Indeed, if σ1, σ2 are two such antiautomorphisms then g := σ1◦σ−1 2 is an automorphism commuting with s such that gr g = 1. Hence log(g) is a linear combination of derivations of A of degree ≤ −2. If g ̸= 1, then in the leading order log(g) yields a nonzero homogeneous derivation D : A → A of degree ≤ −2. By Lemma 2.9, it is inner, so given by a Hamiltonian of degree ≤ 0. But such a Hamiltonian is necessarily constant, so D = 0, a contradiction. The same argument proves that if g : A → A is a filtration-preserving automorphism com- muting with s then g is completely determined by gr g. 2.5 HyperKähler cones We will be especially interested in conical symplectic singularities which are hyperKähler cones. Such singularities play an important role in physics, since many of them arise as Higgs and Coulomb branches in 3-dimensional N = 4 superconformal field theories. Namely, by a hyperKähler cone we mean a normal conical Poisson variety X with Poisson bracket of negative degree (symplectic outside a set of codimension ≥ 2) and a hyperKähler structure on the smooth part that is compatible to the Poisson structure (i.e., the complex structure on X is given by the operator I and the Poisson structure by the symplectic form ω := ωJ + iωK). Like smooth hyperKähler manifolds, hyperKähler cones are studied using their twistor space, which is the universal family of complex structures on X fibered over CP1. The literature (especially mathematical) on hyperKähler cones is rather scarce, but more details can be found in [4, 12, 31].6 An important property of hyperKähler cones, which lies behind the phenomena described in this paper, is that the complex structures corresponding to all the points of CP1 are equiv- alent, and in fact permuted by a group SU(2) acting real analytically on X (and by rotations on CP1 = S2). Thus the twistor space of X has the form (SU(2) ×X)/U(1), where the action of U(1) on X comes from the grading on O(X). 6Note that the papers [4, 31] only deal with the smooth part of X. However, it is expected that the geometry of X is fully controlled by what happens on the smooth part. 8 P. Etingof and D. Stryker Important examples of hyperKähler cones include closures of nilpotent orbits of a semisimple Lie algebra, Slodowy slices, quotients of a symplectic vector space by a finite group of symplectic automorphisms, and more generally hyperKähler reductions of a symplectic vector space by a compact Lie group of symmetries (Higgs branches), which in particular include Nakajima quiver varieties. Coulomb branches (when they are conical) are also expected to be hyperKähler cones [24]. It is expected that under reasonable assumptions hyperKähler cones and in particular Higgs and Coulomb branches should be conical symplectic singularities, and this is known for Nakajima quiver varieties [2]. Also, sufficient conditions for a Higgs branch to be a symplectic singularity (which are satisfied in many examples) are given in [15]. So when we speak about hyperKähler cones, we will assume that they are conical symplectic singularities. However, it must be noted that certain nilpotent orbit closures of classical groups fail to be symplectic singularities since they are not normal, even though they are sometimes Higgs branches [18]. 2.6 Finiteness of the number of fixed sets Lemma 2.11. Let X be an affine scheme of finite type over C and G be a reductive group acting on X. Then up to the G-action there are finitely many subschemes of X of the form Xg, where g ∈ G is a semisimple element, . Proof. First consider the case when G is diagonalizable (in which case every g ∈ G is semisim- ple). In this case the lemma is standard (see, e.g., [30, Proposition on p. 44]). Namely, pick generators f1, . . . , fn of C[X] such that fi(gx) = χi(g)fi(x) for some characters χi of G. Then fi(gx) − fi(x) = (χi(g) − 1)fi(x), so Xg is cut out by the equations fi(x) = 0 for those i for which χi(g) ̸= 1, which implies that there are finitely many subschemes Xg. The general case reduces to the diagonalizable case by using the following fact (see [6] and [23, Section 1.14]): for each connected component Z of G there is a diagonalizable subgroup DZ ⊂ G such that every semisimple element g ∈ Z is G0-conjugate to an element of DZ . 7 ■ 3 Classification of short star-products In this section we present the classification of nondegenerate short star-products, the idea of which was explained to the first author by Maxim Kontsevich. 3.1 Twisted traces Consider the setting of Section 2.2. Let g : A → A be a filtration-preserving invertible linear map, and let T : A → C be a g-twisted trace, i.e., T (ab) = T (bg(a)) for all a,b ∈ A. Note that taking b = 1, we get T (g(a)) = T (a), i.e., T is g-invariant. Define the bilinear form ( , )T on A by the formula (a,b)T := T (ab). Lemma 3.1. Let K be the left kernel of the bilinear form ( , )T . Then K is also the right kernel of ( , )T , and a g-invariant two-sided ideal in A. In particular, if A is a simple algebra and T ̸= 0 then K = 0. Proof. Let K ′ be the right kernel of ( , )T . We have b ∈ K ′ if and only if T (ab) = 0 for all a ∈ A. This is equivalent to saying that T (bg(a)) = 0 for all a ∈ A, which happens if and only if b ∈ K. Thus, K ′ = K. Also a ∈ K if and only if T (bg(a)) = 0 for all b ∈ A, which happens if and only if g(a) ∈ K, hence K is g-invariant. Finally, if a ∈ K and b ∈ A then (ab, c)T = (a,bc)T = 0 and (c,ba)T = (cb,a)T = 0, so ab,ba ∈ K, i.e., K is a two-sided ideal, as desired. ■ 7We are grateful to G. Lusztig for this explanation. Short Star-Products for Filtered Quantizations, I 9 By Lemma 3.1, it makes sense to speak of the kernel of ( , )T (without specifying if it is left or right). Lemma 3.2. If the kernel of ( , )T vanishes then g is an algebra automorphism. Proof. We have T (cg(ab)) = T (abc) = T (bcg(a)) = T (cg(a)g(b)), hence g(ab) = g(a)g(b). ■ 3.2 Nondegenerate short star-products and nondegenerate twisted traces We will say that T is nondegenerate if the restriction of the bilinear form (a,b)T := T (ab) to FiA is nondegenerate for each i. Note that this is a strictly stronger condition than vanishing of the kernel of ( , )T (for example, it implies that T (1) ̸= 0). Suppose that T is nondegenerate and s-invariant (in this case g commutes with s). Then the bilinear form ( , )T defines a canonical orthogonal complement AT i to Fi−1A in FiA. Note that the right and left orthogonal complement coincide since g is filtration-preserving. We have a natural isomorphism θTi : AT i → Ai. Define the quantization map ϕT : A → A by ϕT |Ai := ( θTi )−1 . Clearly, ϕT is s-invariant. Thus, ϕT defines a star-product ∗ on A. Clearly, this star-product does not depend on the normalization of T , so we will always normalize T so that T (1) = 1 (which is possible since for a nondegenerate T , one has T (1) ̸= 0). Proposition 3.3 (M. Kontsevich). The star-product ∗ is short and nondegenerate. Moreover, any nondegenerate short star-product on A is obtained in this way from a unique nondegen- erate T such that T (1) = 1. In other words, this correspondence is a bijection between short nondegenerate star-products on A and filtered quantizations A of A equipped with a filtration- preserving automorphism g commuting with s and a nondegenerate s-invariant g-twisted trace T such that T (1) = 1. Proof. We have a nondegenerate (in general, nonsymmetric) inner product on A given by β(a, b) := (ϕ(a), ϕ(b))T , and the spaces Ai are orthogonal under this inner product. Moreover, it is clear that β(a ∗ b, c) = β(a, b ∗ c). Suppose a ∈ Am, b ∈ An. Let us show that every homogeneous component of a ∗ b has degree ≥ |m − n|. First assume that m > n. It suffices to show that for any homogeneous c ∈ A of degree d < m − n, one has β(a ∗ b, c) = 0. But we have β(a ∗ b, c) = β(a, b ∗ c), and b ∗ c does not have any terms of degree bigger than n+ d < m. Hence β(a ∗ b, c) = β(a, b ∗ c) = 0, as desired. A similar argument applies if m < n: we have β(c, a ∗ b) = β(c ∗ a, b) = 0. Thus, the star-product ∗ is short. Moreover, we have ⟨a, b⟩ = CT(a ∗ b) = β(a ∗ b, 1) = β(a, b), which implies that ⟨ , ⟩ (and hence ∗) is nondegenerate. Conversely, assume that ∗ is a nondegenerate short star-product on A. Then the quanti- zation A is identified with (A, ∗) using the quantization map ϕ. Set T (a) := CT ( ϕ−1(a) ) . Then the form (a,b)T := T (ab) is nondegenerate on each FiA. Thus there exists a unique linear automorphism gi of FiA such that T (ab) = T (bgi(a)). Moreover, it is clear that gi preserves Fi−1A, and gi|Fi−1A = gi−1. Thus, the maps gi define a filtration-preserving linear automorphism g : A → A. Finally, it is easy to check that these assignments are mutually inverse, as claimed. ■ Remark 3.4. If T is any s-invariant linear functional on A such that the form (a,b)T = T (ab) is nondegenerate on each FiA (which clearly happens for “random” T ) then for each i we can 10 P. Etingof and D. Stryker define a linear automorphism gi of Fi(A) such that T (ab) = T (bgi(a)). However, in general gi|Fi−1A ̸= gi−1 and gi does not preserve Fi−1A (so the automorphism g of A restricting to gi on each FiA is not defined). Thus, the left and right orthogonal complements of Fi−1A in FiA do not coincide, and one cannot define a quantization map giving a short star-product. The condition that g is well defined is a very strong restriction of T , and we will see that it usually leads to a finite dimensional space of possible T . Let Ag be the A-bimodule which is A as a left module and A with action twisted by g as a right module. Corollary 3.5. Let S = S(A) be the set of nondegenerate short star-products corresponding to a filtered quantization A of A. Then we have a map π : S → Aut(A) from S to the group of filtration-preserving s-invariant automorphisms of A whose fiber π−1(g) is a subset of the space (HH0(A,Ag)s)∗ dual to the s-invariants in the Hochschild homology HH0(A,Ag). Proof. This follows immediately from Proposition 3.3, since by definition, an s-invariant g- twisted trace on A is an element of (HH0(A,Ag)s)∗. ■ Corollary 3.6. Suppose A = O(X), where X is a conical symplectic singularity. Then any nondegenerate short star-product corresponding to g ∈ Aut(A) is invariant with respect to the connected component Z0 g of the centralizer Zg of g in Aut(A). In particular, any nondegenerate even short star-product is invariant under Aut(A)0. Proof. It suffices to show that the Lie algebra LieZg acts trivially on HH0(A,Ag). Let z ∈ LieZg. By Lemma 2.9, there exists a unique z ∈ F2A up to adding a constant such that z(a) = [z,a] for all a ∈ A. Then g(z) = z + C for some constant C, so C = g(z) − z. Thus if C ̸= 0 then for any g-twisted trace T we have T (1) = 0, so there are no nondegenerate short star-products at all. On the other hand, if C = 0 then we have [z,a] = za − ag(z), so z acts trivially on HH0(A,Ag), as claimed. The last statement follows from the fact that in the even case g = s, and s by definition is central in Aut(A). ■ 3.3 The even case Proposition 3.7. A short nondegenerate star-product ∗ on A is even if and only if the corre- sponding automorphism g of the associated even quantization A of A equals s and the corre- sponding nondegenerate trace T on A is σ-invariant. Proof. Suppose a, b ∈ A, deg(a) = deg(b) = d. Then if ∗ is even then CT(a ∗ b) = Cd(a, b) = (−1)dCd(b, a) = Cd ( b, (−1)da ) = CT ( b ∗ (−1)da ) , hence g = (−1)d = s. Also T is σ-invariant since so is ϕ. Conversely, suppose g = s and T is σ-invariant. Let a ∈ Am, b ∈ An, c ∈ Am+n−2k. Let ϕ(a) = a, ϕ(b) = b, ϕ(c) = c. We have T (ϕ(a ∗ b)c) = T (abc) = T (σ(abc)) = T (σ(c)σ(b)σ(a)) = T ( σ(b)σ(a)σ−1(c) ) = (−1)kT (bac) = T ( ϕ ( (−1)kb ∗ a ) c ) . Thus Ck(a, b) = (−1)kCk(b, a), i.e., ∗ is even. ■ Let A± be the ±1-eigenspaces of s on A. Short Star-Products for Filtered Quantizations, I 11 Corollary 3.8. A star-product ∗ is even if and only if T is σ-stable and defines an element of (HH0(A,As)s)∗, where HH0(A,As)s = (As/[A,As])s = A+/([A+,A+] + {A−,A−}), and {a,b} := ab+ ba. Proof. This follows immediately from Corollary 3.5 and Proposition 3.7. ■ 3.4 Examples Example 3.9. Let V be a finite dimensional symplectic vector space. Let us classify nonde- generate short star-products for the polynomial algebra A = SV with the standard grading and Poisson structure. The quantization A in this case is the Weyl algebra W(V ). Its group of filtered automorphisms commuting with s is G = Sp(V ). Let g ∈ G, and let us compute the space T := HH0(A,Ag)∗. First, we claim that if g has eigenvalue 1 then this space vanishes. Indeed, let u ∈ V be a nonzero vector such that gu = u. Then for T ∈ T we have T ([u,b]) = 0 for all b ∈ A. It is easy to see that any element a ∈ A can be written as [u,b]. Thus, T = 0, as desired. Now consider the case when g has no eigenvalue 1. In this case, T (ab − bg(a)) = 0. Let E ⊂ A be the span of elements ab − bg(a) for any a,b ∈ A. Taking a, b ∈ A homogeneous and a, b their lifts to A, we see that grE contains elements (a − g(a))b, where a, b ∈ A are homogeneous. Taking deg(a) = 1, we find that grE contains the augmentation ideal of SV , which shows that dim T ≤ 1. Let us show that in fact dim T = 1. For this purpose it suffices to produce a nonzero g- twisted trace. To this end, let B := (1 + g)(1− g)−1 be the (symplectic) Cayley transform of g; then B ∈ sp(V ) and g = (B + 1)−1(B − 1), so B + 1 and B − 1 are invertible. Hence we have the Moyal–Weyl product given by (2.1), which is short and nondegenerate. As we have shown, such a star-product defines a nondegenerate g-twisted trace T . Thus we have T = T s = CT , a 1-dimensional space, i.e., we have a unique star-product for each g. In summary, we see that short nondegenerate star-products on SV are exactly the Moyal– Weyl products parametrized by elements of g ∈ Sp(V ) without eigenvalue 1, or, equivalently, elements of B ∈ sp(V ) without eigenvalues 1 and −1. The two parametrizations are related by the Cayley transform. The even case corresponds to g = −1, i.e., B = 0, i.e., the symmetric Moyal–Weyl product is the unique even short nondegenerate star-product. Here is an explicit construction of the corresponding twisted trace. Assume first that g has no eigenvalues of absolute value 1. Let L ⊂ V be the direct sum of generalized eigenspaces of g with eigenvalues λ such that |λ| < 1. Then the Weyl algebra A is naturally identified with the algebra D(L∗) of differential operators on L∗, which acts naturally on M := SL = C[L∗]. Then the trace T can be defined by the formula T (a) = TrM (ag) TrM (g) = detL(1− g) TrM (ag). Note that the trace is convergent since the eigenvalues of g on L have absolute value < 1. Moreover, it is easy to check that the right hand side is a rational function of g which is regular on the locus where g has no eigenvalue 1. Thus the above formula understood as a rational function of g gives the desired twisted trace in the general case. Example 3.10. Let A = Dλ := U(sl2)/Iλ, where Iλ is the ideal generated by C− λ(λ+2) 2 , where C = ef + fe+ h2/2 is the Casimir. Then A is the algebra of regular functions on the quadratic cone X ⊂ C3, A = C[x, y, z]/ ( xy− z2 ) , with the variables having degree 2. Let us classify short nondegenerate star-products giving this quantization. 12 P. Etingof and D. Stryker Let us start with the even case. We have s = 1 and A = A+, so by Corollary 3.8, the star-product gives rise to a trace in HH0(A,A)∗, which is well known to be 1-dimensional. This trace is therefore σ-stable and also nondegenerate for Weil generic λ (i.e., outside of a countable set), since it is nondegenerate for λ = −1/2, when Dλ is isomorphic to the even part of the Weyl algebra, A Z/2 1 , so we can use the symmetric Moyal–Weyl product. This nondegenerate trace gives rise to the unique PGL(2)-invariant short star-product, which is thus even and nondegenerate. However, for special values of λ (namely, λ ∈ Z, λ ̸= −1) this trace is degenerate. Indeed, we may assume λ ∈ Z≥0, then the trace is given by the character of the finite dimensional irreducible representation Lλ of sl2 with highest weight λ, and the annihilator of this representation is the kernel of ( , )T . The short even star-product still exists at these points (by continuity), namely it comes from the unique PGL(2)-invariant quantization map, but it is degenerate. In fact, it is not hard to see that outside of these special points, the star-product is non- degenerate. Indeed, it is clear that the bilinear form C2m on A2m is the standard invariant pairing V2m ⊗ V2m → C times a polynomial Pm(λ) of degree 2m. Moreover, as explained above, this polynomial vanishes at 0, . . . ,m − 1 and −2, . . . ,−m − 1, so it is a nonzero multiple of m−1∏ j=0 (λ− j)(λ+ j + 2), i.e., it does not vanish at any other points, as claimed. Now let g ̸= 1. We have Aut(A) = PGL2(C), so g ∈ PGL2(C). First consider the case when g is semisimple (so we may assume that g is in the standard torus). Assume that |α(g)| > 1 for the positive root α. Let Mλ be the Verma module over sl2 with highest weight λ, which is also a Dλ-module. Consider the linear functional Tw λ on Dλ given by Tw λ (a) := Tr |Mλ (ag) Tr |Mλ (g) = (1− w) ∑ n≥0 (v∗n,avn)w n, where w = α(g)−1, vn = fnv is a homogeneous basis of Mλ (where v is a highest weight vector) and v∗n is the dual basis of the restricted dual space M∨ λ . It is easy to show that this series is convergent to a rational function of w regular for w ̸= 1, and thus defines a g-twisted trace onDλ. We also have the g-twisted trace Tw −λ−2, since by definition Dλ = D−λ−2. Moreover, we have O(Xg) = C[z]/ ( z2 ) , so by Proposition 3.11 below, the space of g-twisted traces HH0(A,Ag)∗ is at most 2-dimensional. On the other hand, for λ ̸= −1, the traces Tw λ and Tw −λ−2 are linearly independent, since Tw λ (1) = 1 and Tw λ (h) = λ − 2w 1−w , thus they form a basis in the space of g-twisted traces. Moreover, at λ = −1 we have the trace ( Tw −1 )′ := lim ε→0 Tw −1+ε−Tw −1−ε ε , and it is easy to see that Tw −1, ( Tw −1 )′ form a basis in the space of traces when λ = −1. Moreover, for λ ̸= −1 the trace Tλ corresponding g = 1 can be obtained by the formula Tλ(a) = 1 λ+ 1 lim w→1 Tw λ (a)− wλ+1Tw −λ−2(a) 1− w . Indeed, if λ is a nonnegative integer, this equals 1 λ+1 Tr |Lλ (a). The case λ = −1 is then obtained as a limit, using that this is in fact a polynomial in λ. For example, for a = h2 we get Tr |Lλ ( h2 ) = 2 ∑ 0≤j≤λ/2 (λ− 2j)2 = λ(λ+ 1)(λ+ 2) 3 . Thus Tλ ( h2 ) = λ(λ+ 2) 3 . Short Star-Products for Filtered Quantizations, I 13 It is easy to show that Weil generically8 these traces are nondegenerate. Thus we obtain a 3-parameter family of nondegenerate h-invariant short star-products on A inequivalent under PGL2(C), and any nondegenerate short star-product with semisimple g is equivalent to one of them. Namely, the parameters are λ, w, and α := T (h) (where T is normalized, i.e., T (1) = 1). Finally, it remains to consider the case when g is not semisimple (i.e., a Jordan block). In this case, by Proposition 3.14 below, the space of traces is at most 1-dimensional. If λ is a nonnegative integer, the corresponding trace can be given by the formula T̃λ(a) = 1 λ+ 1 Tr |Lλ (ag) (where, abusing notation, we denote by g the unipotent lift of g to SL2(C)). It is not hard to check that this is in fact a polynomial of λ, so it can be naturally extended to any value of λ. 3.5 Finite dimensionality of the space of nondegenerate short star-products 3.5.1 The case of a semisimple automorphism Proposition 3.11. Let A be a finitely generated Poisson algebra such that the Poisson scheme X = SpecA has finitely many symplectic leaves. Let A be a quantization of A, and g : A → A be a semisimple automorphism which commutes with s. Then nondegenerate short star-products on A, if they exist, are parametrized by points of the finite dimensional vector space (HH0(A,Ag)s)∗ which don’t belong to a countable collection of hypersurfaces, modulo scaling. Moreover, dimHH0(A,Ag)s ≤ dimHP0(X g)s < ∞, where Xg is the fixed point scheme of g on X, and HP0(X g) := O(Xg)/{O(Xg),O(Xg)} is the zeroth Poisson homology of Xg.9 Proof. Let E be the span of elements ab− bg(a) for a,b ∈ A. We claim that for any a, b ∈ A, gr(E) contains the element (a − g(a))b. Indeed, we may assume that a, b are homogeneous of degrees i, j, and let a, b be their lifts to A. Then the leading term (of degree i+ j) of ab− bg(a) is (a− g(a))b, as desired. Also, we claim that if a ∈ A and g(a) = a then for any b ∈ A, {a, b} belongs to gr(E). Indeed, we can again assume that a, b are homogeneous of degrees i, j. Since g = 1 on its generalized 1-eigenspace, we can choose a lift a of a to A which is invariant under g. Then choosing any lift b of b to A, we see that the leading term (of degree i+ j−2) of ab−bg(a) = [a,b] is {a, b}, as desired. Now let I ⊂ A be the span of elements (a − g(a))b. This is the ideal of the fixed point subscheme Xg. Note that I∩Ag is a Poisson ideal in Ag. Hence, A/I = Ag/(I∩Ag) is a Poisson algebra, so Xg is a Poisson scheme. Moreover, since g = 1 on its generalized 1-eigenspace, the g-invariants in the tangent space to the symplectic leaf L at any point P ∈ Xg ∩ L form a non- degenerate subspace, hence Xg ∩ L is symplectic. Thus, Xg also has finitely many symplectic leaves, which are connected components of intersections of Xg ∩ L for various L. Now, the space A/ gr(E) receives a surjective s-invariant map from the space HP0(X g) = O(Xg)/{O(Xg),O(Xg)}. This space is finite dimensional by [11, Theorem 1.4]. Hence the space A/ gr(E) is finite dimensional. Therefore the space A/E = HH0(A,Ag) is finite dimensional, and we have the inequalities dimHH0(A,Ag) ≤ dimHP0(X g), dimHH0(A,Ag)s ≤ dimHP0(X g)s. Now the proposition follows, since by Corollary 3.5, short nondegenerate star-products corre- sponding to g are parametrized by the subset of (HH0(A,Ag)s)∗ determined by the nondegenera- cy condition, which is the vanishing condition for countably many determinant polynomials. ■ 8Here “Weil generically” means “outside of a countable union of algebraic hypersurfaces in the parameter space”. 9Here, abusing notation, we denote the associated graded isomorphism gr g : A → A simply by g. 14 P. Etingof and D. Stryker Remark 3.12. 1. It is clear from the proof of Proposition 3.11 that it holds more generally, namely when g acts trivially on its generalized 1-eigenspace (this is the only consequence of semisimplicity of g used in the proof). 2. In particular, Proposition 3.11 applies to the setting of [19], namely A = O(X), where X is a conical symplectic singularity in the sense of Beauville. Indeed, in this case it is known that X has finitely many symplectic leaves [17, Theorem 2.3]. This property also holds for Higgs branches considered in [1] (by [20, Section 2.3]), and is expected for Coulomb branches which are cones, so Proposition 3.11 applies to all such cases. Corollary 3.13. Let A be a finitely generated algebra, and the Poisson scheme X = SpecA have finitely many symplectic leaves. Then nondegenerate even short star-products on A defining a given even quantization A, if they exist, are parametrized by points of the finite dimensional vector space (HH0(A,As)σ)∗ which don’t belong to a countable collection of hypersurfaces, modu- lo scaling. Moreover, dimHH0(A,As)σ ≤ dimHP0(X s)σ < ∞. Proof. This immediately follows from Proposition 3.11, specializing to the case g = s and restricting to σ-invariant traces using Corollary 3.8. ■ Corollary 3.13 shows that if SpecA has finitely many symplectic leaves then nondegenerate short even star-products depend on finitely many parameters, as conjectured in [1]. 3.5.2 The general case Now let us generalize Proposition 3.11 to the nonsemisimple case. For this purpose assume that every Poisson derivation of A of nonpositive degree is inner. Then the Lie algebra g of the group G := Aut0(A) of filtration-preserving Poisson automorphisms of A commuting with s has the form g = A2, where the operation is the Poisson bracket. Let us also assume that the group G is reductive. Then it is easy to see that the action of g on A uniquely lifts to any quantization A, so we have Der(A)s = g. Thus we have a Lie algebra inclusion g ⊂ F2A ⊂ A. Let g ∈ G. Write g = g0 exp(e) = exp(e)g0 where g0 ∈ G is semisimple and e ∈ g is nilpotent. Proposition 3.14. Under the above assumptions, the conclusion of Proposition 3.11 holds for g. Moreover, dimHH0(A,Ag)s ≤ dimHH0(A,Ag0) s ≤ dimHP0(X g0)s < ∞. Proof. Let Z be the centralizer of g0 in G, a reductive group containing exp(e). By the Jacobson–Morozov lemma, the Lie algebra z of Z contains an sl2-triple e, h, f . We have a decomposition A = ⊕j∈ZAj , where Aj is the j-eigenspace of h. Since g(e) = e, we have eb − bg(e) = [e,b], so for any T ∈ HH0(A,Ag)∗ and b ∈ A we have T ([e,b]) = 0. By representation theory of sl2, this implies that T (a) = 0 for any a ∈ Aj with j > 0. Now consider the 1-parameter subgroup th of G (t ∈ C×), and define Tt(a) := T ( t−hath ) . If a ∈ Aj then Tt(a) = t−jT (a). Thus, since T vanishes on Aj for j > 0, there exists a limit T0 = lim t→0 Tt, which coincides with T on A0 and vanishes on Aj for j ̸= 0. We have T (a) = Tt(at), where at := that−h. Recall that ab− bg(a) = ab− bg0(a)− b ∑ i≥1 g0e i i! (a) ∈ Ker(T ). Short Star-Products for Filtered Quantizations, I 15 Hence th(ab− bg(a))t−h = atbt − btg0(at)− bt ∑ i≥1 t2iei i! (at) ∈ Ker(Tt). Thus, for any a,b ∈ A the element ab− bg0(a)− b ∑ i≥1 t2ig0ei i! (a) belongs to Ker(Tt). Sending t to zero, we see that ab − bg0(a) ∈ Ker(T0). Thus, T0 ∈ (HH0(A,Ag0) s)∗, which is finite dimensional (with dimension dominated by dimHP0(X g0)s) by Proposition 3.11. It remains to show that the assignment T 7→ T0 is injective; this implies both statements of the theorem. To this end, assume that T0 = 0 but T ̸= 0, and let m > 0 be the order of vanishing of Tt at t = 0. Let T ′ 0 := lim t→0 Tt/t m. Then T ′ 0 is a nonzero element of HH0(A,Ag0) ∗ which vanishes on A0. But if a ∈ Aj , j ̸= 0, then a = 1 j [h,a], so T ′ 0(a) = 0. This is a contradiction, which completes the proof of the proposition. ■ Theorem 3.15. Let A = O(X), where X is a conical symplectic singularity with Poisson bracket of degree −2 such that the group G of dilation-invariant Poisson automorphisms of X is reductive. Then for any quantization A of A and any g ∈ G the space HH0(A,Ag)s is finite dimensional, with dimension dominated by dimHP0(X g0)s, which is finite. Therefore, nondegenerate short star-products on A depend on finitely many parameters. Proof. The theorem follows immediately from the above results and Lemmas 2.9, 2.11. ■ The group G is not always reductive, see the example in the beginning of [27]. However, this is true in most applications, in particular if X is a hyperKähler cone (the case considered in [1] and [9]), i.e., the holomorphic symplectic structure on the big symplectic leaf on X comes from a hyperKähler structure (as complex structure I). In this case, by [16, Theorem 3.3] (see also the discussion in [12, p. 22]), the hyperKähler metric is determined by the holomorphic symplectic structure and the complex conjugation map through the twistor construction (possibly up to finitely many choices). This means that the real part G0 R of the identity component G0 of the group G preserves the hyperKähler metric. This implies that G0 R preserves the unitary structure on the space Ad for each d given by ||f ||2 := ∫ X |f(z)|2e−D(z)dV, where dV is the volume element and D(z) the distance to the origin determined by the hy- perKähler metric. This implies that G0 R is compact, hence G0 and G are reductive, as desired. Thus we obtain the following generalization of the conjecture from [1] to the not necessarily even case, which is our first main result. Theorem 3.16. Theorem 3.15 holds for hyperKähler cones. 3.6 Conjugations As before, let A be a graded Poisson algebra with Poisson bracket of degree −2. Definition 3.17. (i) A conjugation on A is a C-antilinear degree-preserving Poisson automorphism ρ : A → A. (ii) If A is a quantization of A then a conjugation on A is an antilinear filtration-preserving automorphism ρ of A which commutes with s. 16 P. Etingof and D. Stryker It is clear that any conjugation onA gives rise to a conjugation on A (by taking the associated graded). Also note that if ρ is a conjugation then ρ2 is a C-linear automorphism. Let us say that the conjugations ρ and ρ′ are equivalent if ρ′ = hρh−1 for some automor- phism h. Clearly, it makes sense to distinguish conjugations only up to equivalence, since equivalent conjugations are “the same for all practical purposes”. Definition 3.18. If A is equipped with a conjugation ρ then we call a star-product ∗ on A conjugation-invariant if ρ(a ∗ b) = ρ(a) ∗ ρ(b). It is easy to see that conjugation-invariant star-products on A correspond to quantizations A of A with a conjugation (whose associated graded is the conjugation of A) equipped with a conjugation-invariant quantization map ϕ. Definition 3.19. We say a conjugation-invariant short star-product ∗ on A is Hermitian if CT (a ∗ b) = CT ( b ∗ ρ2(a) ) for a, b ∈ A. This terminology is motivated by the following lemma. Lemma 3.20. Let ∗ be a conjugation-invariant short star-product on A. Then ∗ is Hermitian if and only if the sesquilinear form a, b 7→ ⟨a, ρ(b)⟩ = CT (a ∗ ρ(b)) is Hermitian. Proof. We have CT ( ρ−1(b) ∗ ρ(a) ) = CT ( b ∗ ρ2(a) ) . The Hermitian condition is that this equals CT (a ∗ b), as desired. ■ Definition 3.21. We will say that a Hermitian short star-product ∗ on A is unitary if the Hermitian form ⟨a, ρ(b)⟩ is positive definite (i.e., it is positive definite on Ad for each d). Lemma 3.22. A conjugation-invariant short star-product ∗ is nondegenerate if and only if the form ⟨a, ρ(b)⟩ is nondegenerate; in particular, a unitary star-product is automatically nondegen- erate. Proof. Straightforward. ■ Also, recall that if ∗ is short and nondegenerate then it corresponds to a nondegenerate g- twisted trace T on some quantization A of A, and vice versa. Moreover, if A is equipped with a conjugation map ρ then we have an antilinear map ρ : A → A (as A is identified with A as a filtered vector space). Lemma 3.23. (i) The star-product ∗ is conjugation-invariant if and only if ρ is a conjugation on A (i.e., an antilinear algebra automorphism) which conjugates T (hence commutes with g); (ii) In this situation ∗ is Hermitian if and only if in addition ρ2 = g. Proof. Straightforward. ■ Let us now restrict to the case A = O(X) where X is a conical symplectic singularity. Lemma 3.24. A lift of a conjugation ρ from A to A is unique if exists. Proof. Any two lifts differ by an automorphism γ of A that commutes with s and acts trivially on A, and any such automorphism is the identity since any filtration-preserving derivation of A is inner (this follows from Lemma 2.9 by taking the associated graded). ■ Short Star-Products for Filtered Quantizations, I 17 Moreover, if A is equipped with a conjugation then the space P parametrizing quantizations of A carries a real structure λ 7→ λ induced by ρ. Lemma 3.25. A quantization Aλ admits a lift of ρ if and only if λ ∈ Wλ, i.e., λ = λ in P/W , where W is the Namikawa Weyl group. Proof. Straightforward. ■ 3.7 Quaternionic structures As before, let A be a graded Poisson algebra with Poisson bracket of degree −2. Definition 3.26. We say that a conjugation ρ : A → A is a quaternionic structure if ρ2 = s. If ρ is a quaternionic structure then the operators ρ and σ := id define an (R-linear) action of the quaternion group Q8 by algebra automorphisms of A, which justifies the terminology. Also it is clear that if ρ is a quaternionic structure and ρ′ is equivalent to ρ then ρ′ is also a quaternionic structure. Definition 3.27. Let A be an even quatization of A. We say that a conjugation ρ : A → A is a quaternionic structure on A if ρ2 = s and ρ ◦ σ = σ−1 ◦ ρ. It is clear that any quaternionic structure on A gives rise to a quaternionic structure on A (by taking the associated graded), and a quaternionic structure on A uniquely lifts to a quantization A = Aλ in the case of conical symplectic singularities when λ = λ = −λ ∈ P/W . Now suppose that A is a Poisson algebra with a quaternionic structure ρ and a short conjugation-invariant star-product ∗. Lemma 3.28. The star-product ∗ is Hermitian if and only if it is even. Proof. If a, b ∈ Ad then CT (ρ(a) ∗ b) = CT (ρ(ρ(a) ∗ b)) = CT (s(a) ∗ ρ(b)) = (−1)dCT (a ∗ ρ(b)). This implies the statement. ■ Thus, conjugation-invariant Hermitian star-products on a quaternionic Poisson algebra A correspond to quaternionic quantizations A of A together with a quantization map ϕ which commutes with σ and ρ. 3.8 The quarternionic structure on a HyperKähler cone If A = O(X) where X is a hyperKähler cone then A has a canonical quaternionic structure. Indeed, X has a natural real analytic SU(2)-action (see [1, Appendix A and references therein]), so we have degree-preserving operators I, J , K on the space O(XR) of real analytic polynomial functions on X such that IJ = JIs = K and I2 = J2 = s. The operator I actually preserves the subspace of holomorphic polynomials, A = O(X), and acts on Ad by id, i.e., I = σ. On the other hand, J and K map holomorphic polynomials to antiholomorphic ones. Thus we have an antilinear Poisson automorphism of A given by ρ(f) = Jf . Thus ρ defines a quaternionic structure on A, which lifts uniquely to every quantization Aλ of A with λ = λ = −λ ∈ P/W . Example 3.29. The simplest example of a hyperKähler cone is a finite dimensional right quater- nionic vector space V with a positive definite quaternionic Hermitian inner product. Then V carries a Euclidean metric ( , ) given by the real part of this inner product, and three real-linear operators I, J , K corresponding to three complex structures on V , which gives a hyperKähler 18 P. Etingof and D. Stryker structure on V . Let A be the algebra of polynomial functions on the complex vector space (V, I). We have three real symplectic forms on V , ωI(v, w) = (Iv, w), ωJ(v, w) = (Jv,w), ωK(v, w) = (Kv,w). The form ω = ωJ +iωK is holomorphic for the complex structure I, so defines a Poisson bracket on A of degree −2, whose symmetry group is Sp(V ). The symmetry group of (( , ), I, J,K) is a maximal compact subgroup U(V ) of Sp(V ), the quaternionic unitary group. As explained above, we have σ(f)(v) = f(iv), ρ(f)(v) = f(vJ). Now let V be a complex vector space with a symplectic form ω and G ⊂ Sp(V ) be a finite subgroup. There exists a positive definite quaternionic Hermitian structure on V such that G ⊂ U(V ), which is unique up to a positive scalar if V is indecomposable as a symplectic representation of G. A choice of such a structure gives us a form ( , ) and operators I, J , K preserved by G, so X = V/G is also a hyperKähler cone, and A := O(X) is a quaternionic Poisson algebra. Let us now classify quaternionic structures on a hyperKähler cone X. As explained above, there is a canonical one, call it ρ0. Note that Ad ρ0 is an involution on Aut(A) which corresponds to its compact real form, denote it by γ 7→ γ. Now, any quaternionic structure ρ is of the form ρ = ρ0γ for some automorphism γ ∈ Aut(A). The condition on γ is that s = ρ2 = ρ0γρ0γ = sγγ, i.e., γγ = 1. Moreover, replacing ρ by an equivalent conjugation hρh−1 corresponds to replac- ing γ with hγh−1. This implies that equivalence classes of quaternionic structures correspond to the real forms of Aut(A) given by the Galois cohomology classes in H1(Z/2,Aut(A)), where Z/2 acts by γ 7→ γ; i.e., to real forms which are in the inner class of the compact form.10 Example 3.30. If X is the nilpotent cone of a semisimple Lie algebra g (so s = 1) then A = Aλ is a maximal quotient of the enveloping algebra U(g) by the central character χ = χλ of λ, and for conjugations to exist, this central character should be real. Then Aut(A) is the subgroup Aut(g)χ of Aut(g) that preserves χ. So the real forms we get are those which differ from the compact form by an involution τ ∈ Aut(g)χ (i.e., this form is defined by the equation g = τ(g)). In particular, if the automorphism group of the Dynkin diagram of g preserves χ (e.g., if this group is trivial) then conjugations up to equivalence correspond to real forms of g. So for g = sl2 we have two conjugations up to equivalence – the compact one and the noncompact one. 3.9 Classification of Hermitian short star-products Let X be a conical symplectic singularity equipped with a conjugation ρ : A → A of A = O(X) (for example, a hyperKähler cone, cf. Section 3.8). In this case, given λ ∈ P with λ ∈ Wλ, we have the corresponding unique lift ρ : Aλ → Aλ. Let g = ρ2. Recall that by Corollary 3.5 nondegenerate short star-products for Aλ corresponding to g are classified by nondegenerate traces T ∈ (HH0(Aλ,Aλg) ∗)s such that T (1) = 1. Note that g acts trivially on (HH0(Aλ,Aλg) ∗)s, hence ρ defines an antilinear involution ρ∗ (i.e., a real structure) on this vector space. Therefore, by Lemma 3.23 we have the following proposition. Proposition 3.31. With the above assumptions, Hermitian nondegenerate short star-products for Aλ correspond to real nondegenerate traces T ∈ (HH0(Aλ,Aλg) ∗)s such that T (1) = 1, i.e., those invariant under ρ∗. In particular, nondegenerate short star-products corresponding to g exist if and only if there exist Hermitian ones (and in this case a Weil generic short star-product is nondegenerate). In other words, the Hermitian property “goes along for the ride”. 10Note that the group Aut(A) may be disconnected. Short Star-Products for Filtered Quantizations, I 19 Example 3.32. Consider again the case when X is the quadratic cone in C3, i.e., the sl2 case. Recall that a nondegenerate short star-product exists if and only if the central character χ = χλ := λ(λ + 2)/2 is not equal to n(n + 2)/2 where n ≥ 0 is an integer. Thus, for each such χ ∈ R and each conjugation ρ we have a unique Hermitian even nondegenerate short star-product (the one invariant under sl2). One can show (see, e.g., [1]) that for the compact conjugation, this product is never unitary. On the other case, a direct computation shows that for the non-compact conjugation, this product is unitary if and only if χ < 0 (see [1, Section 5.1]). This is related to Bargmann’s classification of unitary representations of SL2(R) (the principal and complementary series, which exist in this range). Thus, for the nilpotent cone of higher rank simple Lie algebras (as well as orbit closures and Slodowy slices) we also expect a relation of the question of unitarity of short star-products and the theory of unitary representations of real forms of the Lie group G corresponding to g. Hopefully this will be a first step in the general theory of unitary representations of quantizations of symplectic singularities, which would generalize the theory of unitary representations of real reductive groups. We plan to discuss this in more detail in the second part of this work. 4 Existence of nondegenerate short star-products 4.1 The case g = s Let us now discuss existence of nondegenerate short star-products. We first focus on the case g = s, which includes the case of even star-products. We have shown that such star-products giving a quantization A are parametrized by a subset of the space (HH0(A,As)s)∗ determined by a nondegeneracy condition. Conjecture 4.1. (i) For Weil generic λ a Weil generic element T ∈ (HH0(Aλ,Aλs) s)∗ is nondegenerate, so it defines a nondegenerate short star-product corresponding to g = s. (ii) For Weil generic λ such that −λ ∈ Wλ a Weil generic element T ∈ (HH0(Aλ,Aλs) σ)∗ is nondegenerate, so it defines an even nondegenerate short star-product. This conjecture generalizes a conjecture from [1]. Below we check Conjecture 4.1 in a number of important special cases. 4.1.1 Spherical symplectic reflection algebras Let V be a finite dimensional symplectic vector space with symplectic form ω, and G ⊂ Sp(V ) a finite subgroup such that ( ∧2V ∗)G = Cω. Let S be the set of symplectic reflections in G (i.e., elements g such that (1 − g)|V has rank 2) and c : S → C a G-invariant function. The symplectic reflection algebra Hc = Hc(G,V ) attached to this data is the quotient of CG ⋉ TV by the relations [v, w] = ω(v, w) + ∑ g∈S cgω((1− g)v, (1− g)w)g, see [10]. Let e = |G|−1 ∑ g∈G g. The spherical subalgebra of Hc is the algebra Ac := eHce. It is shown in [10] that Ac is a filtered deformation of A := (SV )G. Moreover, by the result of [19], this is the most general such deformation (as in this case P ∼= C[S]G); here λ is related to c by a nonhomogeneous invertible linear transformation. Theorem 4.2. Conjecture 4.1 holds for Ac. 20 P. Etingof and D. Stryker Proof. Recall that the automorphism s is defined by s|V = −1. Let us compute the space HH0(Ac,Acs) s for Weil generic c. By the results of [10], the algebra Ac is Morita equivalent to Hc, so this space is isomorphic to HH0(Hc,Hcs) s (as this Morita equivalence is s-invariant). Consider first the case when s ∈ G. In this case, HH0(Hc,Hcs) s = HH0(Hc,Hc). This group was computed in [10] and is isomorphic to C[Σ+] G, where Σ+ is the set of elements of G such that (1− g)|V is invertible. Note also that the same result holds for c = 0. Now consider the case s /∈ G. In this case a similar argument shows that HH0(Hc,Hcs) s is isomorphic to C[Σ−] G, where Σ− is the set of elements of G such that (1 + g)|V is invertible, and again this result holds for c = 0. Note that this holds regardless of whether s belongs to G, since when s ∈ G then multiplication by s defines a bijection Σ+ → Σ−. Note also that this space is always nonzero since 1 ∈ Σ−. Finally, A0 = Weyl(V )G, and this algebra admits a nondegenerate s-twisted trace corre- sponding to the Moyal–Weyl product. By a deformation argument, this implies that for Weil generic c ̸= 0, a Weil generic element of C[Σ−] G gives rise to a nondegenerate s-twisted trace, as desired. Finally, in the even case we have to show that we have a nondegenerate σ-invariant trace. It is easy to see that for c = 0 the map σ acts on C[Σ−] G by σ(g) = g−1. This shows that even nondegenerate star-products exist for Weil generic c and are parametrized by Weil generic G-invariant functions on Σ− stable under g 7→ g−1, modulo scaling. ■ Example 4.3. Suppose dimV = 2. This corresponds to the case of Kleinian singularities, and the possible groups G are in bijection with simply-laced finite Dynkin diagrams via the McKay’s correspondence. Namely, G = Z/m for Am−1, G is the double cover of the dihedral group Im−2 for Dm, of the tetrahedral group A4 for E6, the cube group S4 for E7 and the icosahedral group A5 for E8. The Namikawa Weyl group coincides with the usual Weyl group of the corresponding root system. Looking at the conjugacy classes of elements not equal to −1 modulo g 7→ g−1, we find the following facts about even nondegenerate short star-products. 1. The number me of parameters for even quantizations equals the number of orbits of the du- alization involution (for Lie algebra representations) on the finite Dynkin diagram. So me equals ⌊ m+1 2 ⌋ for Am, m− 1 for Dm with m odd, 4 for E6, and m in all other cases. 2. The number of parameters for even nondegenerate short star-products for each quantiza- tion is me − 1, except the case of Am with even m, when it equals me. 4.1.2 Maximal quotients of the enveloping algebra of a simple Lie algebra Let g be a finite dimensional simple Lie algebra with Cartan subalegbra h, U(g) its enveloping al- gebra, Z(g) the center of U(g), λ ∈ h∗ a complex weight for g, and χ : Z(g) → C the central char- acter of the Verma module with highest weight λ. Let Aλ := Uχ(g) = U(g)/(z−χ(z), z ∈ Z(g)) be the corresponding maximal primitive quotient. Then Aλ is naturally a filtered quantization of A = O(X), where X is the nilpotent cone of g (where elements of g have degree 2). In this case, since all the degrees are even, we have s = 1. Moreover, if χ is self-dual, the antipode of U(g) defines the antiautomorphism σ of Aλ, so that Aλ is an even quantization of A. Let us first classify nondegenerate untwisted traces. It is well known that HH0(Aλ,Aλ) = C. Namely, if χ is the central character of a finite dimensional representation V then the unique trace T normalized by the condition T (1) = 1 is given by the normalized character of V : T (a) = Tr(a|V ) dimV . This trace is defined by a rational function of χ, so for general χ it can be obtained by interpo- lation. Short Star-Products for Filtered Quantizations, I 21 Proposition 4.4. T is nondegenerate for Weil generic λ (or χ). Proof. It suffices to show that for each i, T is nondegenerate on FiAλ for Weil generic λ. To this end, it suffices to show that this is so for at least one λ. To do so, take λ dominant integral and consider the irreducible finite dimensional representation V = Vλ of g. We claim that for each i one can pick λ so that FiAλ has trivial intersection with the annihilator Ann(V ) of V in Aλ. Indeed, recall that as a g-module, Aλ = ⊕µVµ ⊗ V ∗ µ [0], where µ runs over dominant integral weights. On the other hand, End(V ) = ⊕µVµ ⊗Hom(Vµ ⊗ V, V ). So if Hom(Vµ ⊗ V, V ) ∼= V ∗ µ [0] for all Vµ occurring in FiAλ, then FiAλ∩Ann(V ) = 0. Clearly, this happens if all the coordinates of λ are large enough. Now note that V is a unitary representation, so End(V ) has an antilinear antiautomorphism B 7→ B†, such that TrV ( B†B ) > 0 for B ̸= 0. Let πV : Aλ → End(V ) be the representation map. We have πV (a) † = πV ( a† ) , where a 7→ a† is the compact ∗-structure on Aλ. For a ∈ Aλ, we have ( a,a† ) T = TrV ( πV (a)πV (a) †) dimV . If a ∈ FiAλ then πV (a) ̸= 0, so we get that ( a,a† ) T > 0. Thus ( , )T is nondegenerate on FiAλ, as desired. ■ Remark 4.5. More generally, let y ∈ h ⊂ g be a semisimple element, L = Zy its centralizer (a Levi subgroup of the corresponding group G) and P a parabolic in G whose Levi subgroup is L. Let U be the unipotent radical of P and u ∈ LieU ⊂ g a Richardson element (i.e., one whose P -orbit is dense in LieU), which exists by a classical theorem of Richardson. We view u as an element of g∗ and consider the coadjoint orbit Ou of u, called the Richardson orbit corresponding to y (e.g., for g = sln any nilpotent orbit arises in this way). Let X be the closure of Ou. Let J ⊂ I be the set of j such that αj(y) = 0 (e.g., if X is the nilpotent cone then y is regular and J = ∅ and if X = 0 then y = 0 and J = I). In this case O(X) admits a family of quantizations Aλ parametrized by weights λ such that λ(hi) = 0 for i ∈ J ; namely, Aλ is the image of U(g) in the C-endomorphism algebra of the parabolic Verma module MP (λ) with highest weight λ (generated by a vector v with defining relations eiv = 0, hiv = λ(hi)v for all i and fiv = 0 for i ∈ J). In this case, we still have s = 1 and HH0(Aλ,Aλ) = C, so we have a unique trace up to scaling. A similar positivity argument to the above, using finite dimensional quotients of MP (λ) (which occur when λ is dominant integral), shows that this trace is nondegenerate for Weil generic λ, hence gives rise to a nondegenerate even short star-product. 4.2 The general case Finally, let us describe the construction of nondegenerate twisted traces for generic g ∈ Aut(A)0, in the case of hyperKähler cones. We plan to give more details and also treat the case when g /∈ Aut(A)0 in a subsequent paper. 4.2.1 Characters of Verma modules We may assume that g is in a maximal torus T ⊂ Aut(A). Let us adapt the construction from Sections 3.9, 3.10 which uses representation theory (category O). Namely, let ν : C× → T be a 1-parameter subgroup. By Lemma 2.9, the derivation defined by ν is inner and given by some element h ∈ A, such that the operator [h, ?] on A is diagonalizable with integer spectrum. For m ∈ Z denote by A(m) the space of a ∈ A such that [h,a] = ma; we have A = ⊕m∈ZA(m). 22 P. Etingof and D. Stryker Following [21, Section 4] and [3] (see also [13]), in this situation one can define the category O = O(ν, λ) of representations of A = Aλ. Namely, we define A>0 := ⊕m>0A(m), A<0 := ⊕m<0A(m), A≥0 := ⊕m≥0A(m), A≤0 := ⊕m≤0A(m). Also we define the algebra Cν(A) = A(0)/ ∑ m>0 A(−m)A(m), called the Cartan subquotient of A. We define the category O(ν, λ) to be the category of finitely generated A-modules M on which A>0 acts locally nilpotently (i.e., for every vector v ∈ M the space A>0v is finite dimensional and has a filtration strictly preserved by A>0). Let us assume that the only fixed point of T on X is the origin. In this case we can (and will) choose ν to be so generic that Xν(C×) = XT as schemes. Then the algebra Cν(A) is finite dimensional and carries a trivial action of T. In this case, it is shown in [21, Lemma 4.1] that the category O is artinian with finitely many simple objects and enough projectives and each object has finite dimensional generalized eigenspaces of h. Also O has an important class of objects called Verma modules. Namely, given an (irreducible) Cν(A)-module τ , the Verma module ∆(τ) with lowest weight τ is, by definition, generated by a copy of τ (regarded as an A(0)-module) with defining relations av = 0 for a ∈ A<0, v ∈ τ . Let us equip τ with the trivial action of T. This defines an action of T on ∆(τ) compatible with the A-action. Define the reduced character of ∆(τ) by the formula Chτ (a, g, t) = Tr∆(τ)(agν(t)) := ∑ m≥0 Tr∆(τ)[m](ag)t m ∈ C[[t]], where a ∈ A(0) and g ∈ T. By looking at the constant terms of these series, it is clear that these characters for different irreducible representations τ are linearly independent over C((t)) (for each g ∈ T). It is clear that Chτ (?, g, t) is a gν(t)-twisted trace on the algebra At := A⊗C((t)). Thus we obtain Proposition 4.6. We have a C((t))-linear injection Ch: K0(Cν(A))((t)) ↪→ HH0 ( At,Atgν(t) )∗ . 4.2.2 Differential equations for reduced characters Let bi, i = 1, . . . , r be a collection of elements of A(0) such that any element a ∈ FkA(0) can be written as a = ∑ i λibi + ∑ j c−j c + j , λi ∈ C, where c±j ∈ A(±mj) for some mj > 0, so that deg(c+j ) + deg(c−j ) ≤ k. Such a collection exists since the only fixed point of ν(C×) on X is the origin. Moreover, we may assume that c±j have weights ±µj under T. Let T be a gν(t)-twisted trace on At. Then we get T (a) = ∑ i λiT (bi) + ∑ j T (c−j c + j ). Short Star-Products for Filtered Quantizations, I 23 On the other hand, T (c−j c + j ) = T ([c−j , c + j ]) + T (c+j c − j ) = T ([c−j , c + j ]) + µj(gν(t))T (c − j c + j ), which implies that T (c−j c + j ) = T ([c−j , c + j ]) 1− µj(gν(t)) . Thus we get T (a) = ∑ i λiT (bi) + ∑ j T ([c−j , c + j ]) 1− µj(gν(t)) . But the element [c−j , c + j ] has filtration degree ≤ k− 2. Thus, continuing this process, we obtain the following lemma. Let R ⊂ C(T) be the subalgebra generated by elements of the form 1 1−µ , where µ is a character of T occurring in A(m) for some m > 0. Lemma 4.7. For any a ∈ A there exist pi ∈ R, i = 1, . . . , r (independent of T ) such that T (a) = ∑ i pi(gν(t))T (bi). Corollary 4.8. Let hτ be the eigenvalue of h on τ ⊂ ∆(τ). There exist pij ∈ R independent of τ such that the power series Chτ (bi, g, t) satisfy the system of linear differential equations t d dt Chτ (bi, g, t) = r∑ j=1 ( pij(gν(t))− hτδij ) Chτ (bj , g, t). In particular, these power series converge in some neighborhood of 0 and extend to (a priori, possibly multivalued) analytic functions outside finitely many points t = e2πij/mµ(g)1/m where µ is a T-weight occurring in A(m), m > 0. Proof. We have t d dt Chτ (bi, g, t) = Chτ ((h− hτ )bi, g, t). By Lemma 4.7, there exist pij ∈ R such that Chτ (hbi, g, t) = ∑ j pij(gν(t))Chτ (bj , g, t). This implies the statement. ■ In particular, for Weil generic g the reduced character Chτ (bi, g, t) can be evaluated at t = 1, giving a g-twisted trace on A. Thus we obtain an injective map Ch|t=1 : K0(Cν(A)) ↪→ HH0(A,Ag)∗. for Weil generic g ∈ T. We will see that this map is often an isomorphism, in which case we get a construction of all g-twisted traces via representation theory. 24 P. Etingof and D. Stryker 4.2.3 Rationality of reduced characters Theorem 4.9. The series Chτ (a, g, t) converges to a rational function of gν(t) with numerator in C[T] and denominator a finite product of binomials of the form 1−µ, where µ is a character of T occurring in A(m) for some m > 0. Proof. Recall first the classical theorem of Carlson and Polya [5, 28]. Theorem 4.10. Let f(z) = ∞∑ n=0 cnz n ∈ Z[[z]]. If this series converges for |z| < 1 and analytically continues to any larger open set then f is rational. Theorem 4.10 immediately implies Corollary 4.11. Let f(z) = ∞∑ n=0 cnz n ∈ Z[[z]]m. Suppose that f satisfies a linear ODE of the form f ′(z) = A(z)f(z), where A(z) ∈ Matm(Q(z)) is regular for |z| < 1. Then f is rational. Let us now use Corollary 4.11 to prove the rationality of Chτ (a, g, t) for g of finite order r. Clearly, it is enough to check the rationality of the series fj,τ (a, g, t) := r−1∑ l=0 e2πijlChτ ( a, gl, t ) for all j ∈ [0, r − 1]. By standard abstract nonsense, it suffices to consider the case when the ground field is Q. Moreover, since A is finitely generated, we may assume that the ground field is some (Galois) number field K. Furthermore, restricting scalars, we may (and will) assume that K = Q. Indeed, let AQ be the algebra A regarded as a Q-algebra. Let Γ = Gal(K/Q). It is clear that AQ ⊗K = ⊕γ∈ΓA γ , (4.1) where Aγ is A twisted by γ. Let fQ j,τ be the series fj,τ computed for the algebra AQ, i.e., over Q. By (4.1), we have fQ j,τ (a, g, t) = ∑ γ∈Γ γ(fj,τ (a, g, t)) = TrK/Q(fj,τ (a, g, t)). Now let ci be a basis of K over Q and c∗i the dual basis with respect to the form TrK/Q(xy). Then fj,τ (a, g, t) = ∑ i c∗i TrK/Q ( cifj,τ (a, g, t) ) = ∑ i c∗i f Q j,τ (cia, g, t). Thus, it suffices to prove the statement for AQ, as claimed. Using Lemma 4.7, Corollary 4.8, and Corollary 4.11, we see that rationality of fj,τ (a, g, t) follows from the following proposition, which shows that an integer multiple of fj,τ (a, g, t) has integer coefficients. Proposition 4.12. There exists a basis B of ∆(τ) compatible with the grading such that for each a ∈ A(0) there exists an integer Na ≥ 1 for which aB ⊂ 1 Na ZB. Short Star-Products for Filtered Quantizations, I 25 Proof. We have ∆(τ) = A≤0τ . Recall that the algebra A≤0 is finitely generated. Let x1, . . . , xr be homogeneous generators ofA≤0, where xi have negative degree for i ≤ s and degree 0 for i > s. Then xs+1, . . . , xr generate A(0). So it suffices to show that Na exists for a = xi, i > s, i.e., that xs+1, . . . , xr can be renormalized so that there is a basis B such that xiB ⊂ ZB for i > s. Let di be the filtration degrees of xi. We have commutation relations [xi, xj ] = Pij(x1, . . . , xr), where Pij is a noncommutative polynomial of degree ≤ di + dj − 2. Multiplying xi by Ndi for a suitable integer N ≥ 1, we can make sure that the coefficients of Pij are in Z. Then any monomial in xi can be written as a Z-linear combination of ordered monomials in which the index is nondecreasing from left to right. Let v1, . . . , vn be a basis of τ . The elements xi, i > s act by some n by n matrices in this basis. By adjusting the integer N introduced above, we may make sure that these matrices have entries in Z. Now let τint = ⊕iZvi ⊂ τ , and ∆(τ)int = Z⟨x1, . . . , xs⟩τint. Since homogeneous subspaces of ∆(τ) are finite dimensional in each degree, this group is finitely generated in each degree, hence free, and ∆(τ)int ⊗Z Q = ∆(τ). We claim that ∆(τ)int is invariant under xi for any i > s. Indeed, it suffices to show that xix m1 1 · · ·xms s vj ∈ ∆(τ)int. As explained above, we can write xix m1 1 · · ·xms s as a Z-linear combination of ordered monomials, so it suffices to show that xn1 1 · · ·xnr r vj ∈ ∆(τ)int. But this follows from the definition, since x ns+1 s+1 · · ·xnr r vj is an integer linear combination of vk. Thus, any homogeneous basis B of ∆(τ)int has the required property xiB ⊂ ZB for i > s. ■ Thus, Theorem 4.9 for g of finite order is proved. Let us now prove Theorem 4.9 in ge- neral. Lemma 4.7 and Corollary 4.8 imply that the orders of the poles of the rational function Chτ (a, g, t) for g of finite order are uniformly bounded on a Zariski dense set Z ⊂ T of such g. Thus there exists a finite product Π of binomials of the form 1−µ such that Π(gν(t))Chτ (a, g, t) is a polynomial in t of a fixed degree for any g ∈ Z. But this product belongs to C[T][[t]]. This implies that Π(gν(t))Chτ (a, g, t) ∈ C[T][t]. Since this is a function of gν(t), it has the form P (gν(t)) for some P ∈ C[T ], as claimed. ■ Remark 4.13. For a = 1 Theorem 4.9 follows from the Hilbert syzygies theorem. Indeed, the commutative algebra gr(A≥0) is finitely generated by the argument in [14, proof of Lemma 3.1.2]. Theorem 4.9 implies that it makes sense to set the auxiliary variable t to 1 and define the reduced character Chτ (a, g) := Tr∆(τ)(ag) = P (g) r∏ j=1 (1− µj(g)) , where P ∈ C[T], which is a rational function on T. Moreover, let h1, . . . ,hk be a basis of LieT ⊂ A, such that a general element of T can be written as g = k∏ i=1 thi i . Let hi,τ be the eigenvalue of hi on τ ⊂ ∆(τ). Then Chτ (a, g) = Tr∆(τ) ( a k∏ i=1 t hi−hi,τ i ) . This shows that a more natural definition of character is C̃hτ (a, g) := k∏ i=1 t hi,τ i · Chτ (a, g) = Tr∆(τ) ( a k∏ i=1 thi i ) , 26 P. Etingof and D. Stryker even though this is now in general a multivalued, no longer rational, function on T. We call this function the non-reduced, or ordinary character of ∆(τ) (as it agrees with the usual notions of character for representations of semisimple Lie algebras and rational Cherednik algebras). Similarly to Corollary 4.8, one can show that the functions C̃hτ (bi, g) satisfy a holonomic system of linear differential equations: ∂lC̃hτ (bi, g) = r∑ j=1 pijl(g)C̃hτ (bj , g), l = 1, . . . , k, where ∂l is the derivative along hl and pijl ∈ R are independent of τ . Furthermore, such a character can be defined for any object M ∈ O: C̃h(M)(a, g) = TrM ( a k∏ i=1 thi i ) . If M = ∑ τ mτ∆(τ) in the Grothendieck group of O (a decomposition which always exists and is unique) then C̃h(M) = ∑ τ mτ C̃hτ . 4.2.4 Examples Example 4.14. Let G be a finite group, h an irreducible finite dimensional representation of G, V = h ⊕ h∗ and X = V/G (this is a special case of the setting of Section 4.1.1, when V = h ⊕ h∗). In this case the symplectic reflection algebra Ac quantizing O(X) is called the spherical rational Cherednik algebra. Let ν(t) act by t−1 on h and by t on h∗. Then the only fixed point of ν(t) is 0 ∈ X, so the above analysis applies. Consider a spherical parameter c, i.e., such that HceHc = Hc (such parameters form a nonempty Zariski open set). Then the algebra Cν(A) is Morita equivalent to CG, so its irreducible representations τ correspond to irreducible representations τ of CG, with ∆(τ) = eM(τ), whereM(τ) is the Verma module over Hc with highest weight τ . This gives a direct proof of Theorem 4.9 (rationality of reduced characters) for the algebra Ac (since a similar statement is easily proved for Hc using its triangular decomposition). Also, in this case an argument similar to the proof of [10, Theorem 1.8] shows that for generic g the dimension of HH0(A,Ag) equals the number of conjugacy classes in G, which implies that the map Ch|t=1 is an isomorphism. Thus, all g-twisted traces in this case are obtained from category O. Also, by deforming from c = 0 we see that these traces are Weil generically nondegenerate, i.e., give rise to nondegenerate short star-products. Thus such star-products for fixed c and g depend on r − 1 parameters, where r is the number of conjugacy classes in G. Example 4.15. Let X be the nilpotent cone of a simple Lie algebra g, and keep the notation of Section 4.1.2. Let χ be a regular central character. Let ν(t) be defined by the condition that α(ν(t)) = t for all positive simple roots α. In this case Cν(A) = Fun(W ), the algebra of complex-valued functions on the Weyl group W , and the category O is the usual BGG category Oχ for g. Moreover, in this case we can take bi to be polynomials on h, so Chτ (bi, g, t) are obtained by differentiating the Hilbert series Chτ (1, g, t) with respect to g, hence are rational functions of gν(t). Thus, by Lemma 4.7, Chτ (a, g, t) is a rational function for all a ∈ A (giving a direct proof of Theorem 4.9 in this case). Finally, for generic g ∈ T the dimension of HH0(A,Ag) equals |W |, as follows, for example, from [29]. Thus the map Ch|t=1 in this case is also an isomorphism, and we again obtain all twisted traces from category O. Finally, it follows from Section 4.1.2 that Weil generically these traces are nondegenerate, hence define nondegenerate short star-products. So we see that nondegenerate short star-products (for fixed λ and g) depend Short Star-Products for Filtered Quantizations, I 27 on |W | − 1 parameters. Thus, the total number of parameters for such star-products (up to conjugation by the group G) is 2 rank(g) + |W | − 1. A similar analysis applies to the case when X is a Richardson orbit in g∗, as in Remark 4.5. In this case, instead of Verma modules we should use parabolic Verma modules. Remark 4.16. Note that in Examples 4.14, 4.15 we have s ∈ T, hence s acts trivially on HH0(A,Ag) and the s-invariance condition for twisted traces is vacuous. Example 4.17. Let X admit a symplectic resolution X̃, and T act on X̃ with N < ∞ fixed points, hence XT = 0 (the situation of [3]). For simplicity assume that s ∈ T. This includes Example 4.15 (X̃ = T ∗G/B, the Springer resolution), and also Example 4.14 for G = Sn ⋉ Γn where Γ ⊂ SL2(C) is a finite subgroup. In this case, it follows from [3] that for generic λ the algebra Cν(A) is a commutative semisimple algebra of dimension N , and for generic g we have dimHH0(A,Ag) = N , so the map Ch|t=1 is an isomorphism. Thus, traces in representations from category O give rise to all the g-twisted traces. 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Ann. 289 (1991), 421–450. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00220-009-0938-6 https://arxiv.org/abs/0810.4541 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00029-003-0338-2 https://arxiv.org/abs/math.RT/0202079 https://doi.org/10.4171/JEMS/454 https://arxiv.org/abs/1109.2315 https://doi.org/10.1112/s0010437x19007784 https://arxiv.org/abs/1706.02089 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01214418 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01214418 https://doi.org/10.1515/CRELLE.2006.089 https://arxiv.org/abs/math.AG/0310186 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02565876 https://arxiv.org/abs/1605.00592 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aim.2016.12.033 https://arxiv.org/abs/1501.01260 https://doi.org/10.1112/S0010437X17007382 https://arxiv.org/abs/1502.00595 https://doi.org/10.21915/BIMAS.2018202 https://arxiv.org/abs/1505.08048 https://doi.org/10.1090/S1088-4165-03-00204-8 https://doi.org/10.1090/S1088-4165-04-00247-X https://arxiv.org/abs/math.RT/0305206 https://doi.org/10.4310/ATMP.2016.v20.n3.a4 https://arxiv.org/abs/1503.03676 https://doi.org/10.1215/0023608X-2010-012 https://arxiv.org/abs/0902.2832 https://doi.org/10.2969/aspm/07410321 https://arxiv.org/abs/1301.1008 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00208-017-1572-9 https://arxiv.org/abs/1707.02825 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01459120 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01459120 https://doi.org/10.24033/asens.1747 https://doi.org/10.1007/BFb0067854 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01446581 1 Introduction 2 Preliminaries 2.1 Star-product quantization of a graded Poisson algebra 2.2 Construction of star-products from a quantum algebra 2.3 Even star-products 2.4 Conical symplectic singularities 2.5 HyperKähler cones 2.6 Finiteness of the number of fixed sets 3 Classification of short star-products 3.1 Twisted traces 3.2 Nondegenerate short star-products and nondegenerate twisted traces 3.3 The even case 3.4 Examples 3.5 Finite dimensionality of the space of nondegenerate short star-products 3.5.1 The case of a semisimple automorphism 3.5.2 The general case 3.6 Conjugations 3.7 Quaternionic structures 3.8 The quarternionic structure on a HyperKähler cone 3.9 Classification of Hermitian short star-products 4 Existence of nondegenerate short star-products 4.1 The case g=s 4.1.1 Spherical symplectic reflection algebras 4.1.2 Maximal quotients of the enveloping algebra of a simple Lie algebra 4.2 The general case 4.2.1 Characters of Verma modules 4.2.2 Differential equations for reduced characters 4.2.3 Rationality of reduced characters 4.2.4 Examples References
id nasplib_isofts_kiev_ua-123456789-210596
institution Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
issn 1815-0659
language English
last_indexed 2025-12-17T12:03:35Z
publishDate 2020
publisher Інститут математики НАН України
record_format dspace
spelling Etingof, Pavel
Stryker, Douglas
2025-12-12T10:35:54Z
2020
Short Star-Products for Filtered Quantizations, I. Pavel Etingof and Douglas Stryker. SIGMA 16 (2020), 014, 28 pages
1815-0659
2020 Mathematics Subject Classification: 06B15; 53D55
arXiv:1909.13588
https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/210596
https://doi.org/10.3842/SIGMA.2020.014
We develop a theory of short star-products for filtered quantizations of graded Poisson algebras, introduced in 2016 by Beem, Peelaers, and Rastelli for algebras of regular functions on hyperKähler cones in the context of 3-dimensional N = 4 superconformal field theories [Beem C., Peelaers W., Rastelli L., Comm. Math. Phys. 354 (2017), 345-392]. This appears to be a new structure in representation theory, which is an algebraic incarnation of the non-holomorphic SU(2)-symmetry of such cones. Using the technique of twisted traces on quantizations (an idea due to Kontsevich), we prove the conjecture by Beem, Peelaers, and Rastelli that short star-products depend on finitely many parameters (under a natural nondegeneracy condition), and also construct these star products in a number of examples, confirming another conjecture by Beem, Peelaers, and Rastelli.
The first author is grateful to C. Beem and A. Kapustin for introducing him to the problem, M.Kontsevich for contributing a key idea, and C. Beem, M. Dedushenko, D. Gaiotto, D. Kaledin, D. Kazhdan, I. Losev, G. Lusztig, H. Nakajima, E. Rains, L. Rastelli, and T. Schedler for useful discussions. The work of the first author was partially supported by the NSF grant DMS1502244. The work of the second author was supported by the MIT UROP (Undergraduate Research Opportunities Program).
en
Інститут математики НАН України
Symmetry, Integrability and Geometry: Methods and Applications
Short Star-Products for Filtered Quantizations, I
Article
published earlier
spellingShingle Short Star-Products for Filtered Quantizations, I
Etingof, Pavel
Stryker, Douglas
title Short Star-Products for Filtered Quantizations, I
title_full Short Star-Products for Filtered Quantizations, I
title_fullStr Short Star-Products for Filtered Quantizations, I
title_full_unstemmed Short Star-Products for Filtered Quantizations, I
title_short Short Star-Products for Filtered Quantizations, I
title_sort short star-products for filtered quantizations, i
url https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/210596
work_keys_str_mv AT etingofpavel shortstarproductsforfilteredquantizationsi
AT strykerdouglas shortstarproductsforfilteredquantizationsi

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