Application of the human organism adaptation model to extreme environmental conditions for scientific support of the health protection system of military servant
The NATO Medical Doctrine emphasizes the need for scientific support in creating a modern medical supply system for military personnel's healthcare. When considering various aspects of joint operations, special attention is given to extreme environmental conditions and the complex technical con...
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| Опубліковано в: : | Проблемы управления и информатики |
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| Дата: | 2022 |
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| Мова: | Англійська |
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Інститут кібернетики ім. В.М. Глушкова НАН України
2022
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| Цитувати: | Application of the human organism adaptation model to extreme environmental conditions for scientific support of the health protection system of military servant / N. Aralova // Проблеми керування та інформатики. — 2022. — № 6. — С. 90–101. — Бібліогр.: 25 назв. — англ. |
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Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine| _version_ | 1860259394365685760 |
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| author | Aralova, N. |
| author_facet | Aralova, N. |
| citation_txt | Application of the human organism adaptation model to extreme environmental conditions for scientific support of the health protection system of military servant / N. Aralova // Проблеми керування та інформатики. — 2022. — № 6. — С. 90–101. — Бібліогр.: 25 назв. — англ. |
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| description | The NATO Medical Doctrine emphasizes the need for scientific support in creating a modern medical supply system for military personnel's healthcare. When considering various aspects of joint operations, special attention is given to extreme environmental conditions and the complex technical conditions of military personnel's daily life. Professional selection is also a key issue. To address these tasks, it is suggested to use mathematical modeling, particularly mathematical models of respiratory gas transport and exchange, self-organization of the respiratory and circulatory systems, and urgent adaptation of the human body to extreme environmental conditions. A mathematical model of the functional respiratory system of operators in continuous interaction systems, such as pilots, drivers of ground, water, and underwater transport, is provided.
У Медичній доктрині НАТО наголошується на необхідності наукового супроводження для створення сучасної системи медичного забезпечення охорони здоров’я військовослужбовців. При розгляді різноманітних аспектів спільних операцій наголошується на врахуванні екстремальних умов довкілля, особливостей складних технічних умов життєдіяльності військового контингенту. Важливими також є питання професійного відбору. Для розв’язку цих задач пропонується застосовувати математичне моделювання, зокрема математичні моделі транспорту та масообміну респіраторних газів, самоорганізації системи дихання та кровообігу і термінової адаптації організму людини до екстремальних умов довкілля. Наводиться математична модель функціональної системи дихання операторів системи неперервної взаємодії, до яких можуть бути віднесені льотчики, водії наземного, водного та підводного транспорту.
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| fulltext |
© N. ARALOVA, 2022
Міжнародний науково-технічний журнал
Проблеми керування та інформатики, 2022, № 6 90
КЕРУВАННЯ В ЕКОНОМІЧНИХ
ТА БІОЛОГІЧНИХ СИСТЕМАХ
UDC 519.8.812.007
N. Aralova
APPLICATION OF THE HUMAN ORGANISM
ADAPTATION MODEL TO EXTREME
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS FOR SCIENTIFIC
SUPPORT OF THE HEALTH PROTECTION SYSTEM
OF MILITARY SERVANTS
Nataliya Aralova
V.M. Glushkov Institute of Cybernetics NAS of Ukraine, Kyiv,
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7246-2736,
aralova@ukr.net
The NATO Medical Doctrine emphasizes the need to use scientific support to
create a modern system of medical support for the health of military personnel.
When considering various aspects of joint operations, it is emphasized that
extreme environmental conditions are taken into account, as well the features of
the complex technical conditions of life of the military contingent. The issue of
professional selection is also important. To solve these problems, it is proposed
to use mathematical modeling, in particular mathematical models of transport
and mass exchange of respiratory gases, self-organization of the respiratory
system and blood circulation, and urgent adaptation of the human body to
extreme environmental conditions. A mathematical model of the functional
breathing system of continuous interaction system operators is provided, which
can include pilots and drivers of land, water and underwater transport. To study
the influence of environmental temperature factors, the given model is proposed
to be used in interaction with the thermoregulation model. In these models, the
breathing process is considered as a controlled dynamic system, in which the
executive organs of self-regulation direct their efforts to maintaining a state of
equilibrium with oxygen and carbon dioxide tensions at a given level of
disturbing influences on the body. Analysis of these models allows establishing
the main regularities of the course of the breathing process, the role of regulatory
mechanisms in providing and maintaining the main function of the respiratory
system under the most diverse conditions of human life, to establish the most
important properties of the studied process. Mathematical models of adaptation
make it possible to predict the stationary state of the organism at a given level of
disturbing influences and thus manage the process of training and preparation of
military personnel and contingent selection for carrying out certain operations.
Keywords: medical support for health care of military personnel, extreme
environmental conditions, functional respiratory system, continuous interaction
system operator, urgent adaptation.
Міжнародний науково-технічний журнал
Проблеми керування та інформатики, 2022, № 6 91
The creation of a modern system of medical care for military personnel can only be
possible if scientific knowledge and new technologies based on it are used, which can
contribute to the solution of critically important problems. Section 5 of the Military
Medical Doctrine of Ukraine is devoted to these issues, which deal with scientific
support of the health care system of military personnel [1].
For now, we note that the NATO medical doctrine separately emphasizes the
importance of compliance of the content of medical care with advanced medical
practice, rules and requirements. In the doctrine, special attention is paid to the planning
of medical support for operations [2].
Various aspects of joint operations are considered. Thus, when planning medical
support for joint land operations, such extreme conditions as permafrost, deserts,
mountainous terrain, and jungles should be taken into account.
Medical support of compatible air operations. During them, the crews are
exposed to extreme physical and psychological stress, which requires appropriate
training. Complex technical and other features of military aviation and medicine must
be taken into account when providing medical support for air operations.
The same applies to the medical support of joint maritime operations, including
submarines, when the crews also have to operate in extreme environmental conditions.
The medical support of special forces personnel should include aviation and diving
medicine, tropical and preventive medicine, medicine in the conditions of mountainous
terrain and wild nature.
Professional hygiene includes assessment of the medical fitness of military
personnel, identification and treatment of diseases, injuries associated with specific
environmental conditions (diving, high-altitude, tropical and aerospace medicine).
One of the directions for solving the problem of selection and distribution of
personnel when working in various extreme conditions is the development and
improvement of new methods and criteria for assessing the success of a personʼs
professional activity.
The formulation of the problem of professional selection is determined by issues of
reliability of the functioning of the body and ensuring the safety of life activities. Letʼs
consider this question using the example of operators of the continuous interaction
system, which can include pilots, drivers of ground machines and ships [3]. The work of
operators controlling the movement of the object has characteristic features due to the
significant speed of movement of objects, the sudden occurrence of critical situations,
the significant probability of changing environmental parameters, etc. In addition, they
depend on such factors as acceleration, changes in pressure, temperature, vibrations,
oscillations, noise, etc. In addition, operators in certain conditions must work in special
equipment and be in small rooms. In particular, this applies to pilots and drivers of
military transport.
Analysis of research and publications
Applying a systemic approach, engineering psychology uses a wide arsenal of
methods and specific techniques developed both in labor psychology and in related
fields of knowledge (physiology, cybernetics, mathematics, etc.) to study the reliability
of the work of operators of continuous interaction systems. At the same time, the
specificity of the operatorʼs work is taken into account, but insufficient attention is paid
to the ability of the operatorʼs body to adapt to various internal and external
disturbances. Man-operator is a complex system that functions in another complex
system — «man-machine-environment», which, in turn, consists of various subsystems
with their own relationships and connections. The natural properties of the nervous
system, abilities, character traits, the level of development of cognitive, emotional-
92 ISSN 2786-6491
communicative and regulatory spheres, readiness for activity — all these properties are
of a different order and must be taken into account when solving problems related to the
reliability of the work of military transport drivers and pilots at various disturbing
influences, because their mistakes may not only not solve the task, but also cost lives
not only to them. It is obvious that such types of work require concentration and
endurance, the ability to quick recover. Currently, the main attention is paid to the
psychophysiological aspects of operator work. In most studies EEG, ECG, and
breathing are recorded [4]. In a number of works it is shown that an increase in the
emotional tension of the operator leads to an increase in the amplitude of high-
frequency rhythms, heart rate, and breathing rate. In particular, in work [4], significant
shifts in such indicators as pulse, breathing rate, skin temperature, local sweating, etc.,
are noted, but regardless of temperature fluctuations in the environment. In work [5] it
was noted that the most informative indicators of pilotsʼ training are the heart rate, the
value of the pilotsʼ reserve attention, the volume of pulmonary ventilation, and the grip
of the control handles. In the work [6], in order to assess effectively the degree of the
operatorʼs working capacity, complex methods were proposed, including the assessment
of the quality of health, including the integral assessment [7]; special operator skills for
a certain time; performance in extreme environmental conditions; recovery after fatigue;
hidden functional reserves; the ability to adapt to new conditions and increased loads,
etc. [8].
Mathematical methods are used for statistical processing of results, searching for
regularities, building models of operator activity. Models are divided into physical,
mathematical and simulation models. During physical modeling, the activity of the
operator is studied in laboratory conditions with the help of special equipment —
simulators, stands, mock-ups, experimental objects. Mathematical modeling examines
the activity of the operator with the help of mathematical models that reflect the real
process. At the same time, there are certain limitations regarding the application of the
obtained results. Simulation modeling is carried out on mathematical models that reflect
human activity in the dynamics of its work under various external and internal
disturbances. It is quite obvious that the system of continuous interaction itself places
increased demands on the state of health and physical training of operators, the
reliability of their work under various internal and external disturbances, in particular
during sharp temperature fluctuations. At the same time, an essential point is the need to
predict the reliability of the functioning of a specific individual under various disturbing
influences. The objective difficulty of obtaining experimental data on the regulation
mechanisms of various functional systems can be compensated to some extent by
conducting numerical experiments with mathematical models describing the behavior of
these systems under various external and internal disturbances.
To develop a mathematical model of adaptation of the body of operators of the
continuous interaction system to extreme environmental conditions.
Construction of the model
Analyzing the tasks of the theory of the reliability of complex systems [9] and the
methods of their solution [10] in relation to the human body, it can be argued that they
all correctly describe the processes taking place in the population, in society, to assess
the reliability of collective actions, but the application of these methods to the
assessment of parameters (characteristics) of the reliability of specific subjects is
associated with certain limitations [11]. A living system is a complex dynamic system,
and therefore general patterns of behavior and reliability of the functioning of complex
Міжнародний науково-технічний журнал
Проблеми керування та інформатики, 2022, № 6 93
systems spread through it. In fact, in living systems, it is possible to clearly define three
stages of change in the function of the risk of failure:
• accidental (non-accidental) failures associated with body defects, congenital
pathologies;
• effective work. In this stage, all physiological systems of the body function
normally, without pathologies. The level of reliability of the work of a complete
organism depends on the characteristics of the psychophysiological system of the
organism and the set goal. Also, the average uptime depends on the conditions in which
a person lives. Therefore, the task of assessing the reliability of the functioning of a
living system under extreme disturbances of the internal and external environment is
important;
• the risk of failure to perform (refusal of) work due to aging of the body or the
development of pathologies in physiological systems.
Thus, it can be argued that models of the reliability theory can be used to assess the
reliability of the functioning of a complete organism during its life cycle. In [11], a
failure model for a living system is proposed and it is justified that the structural and
functional diagram of the respiratory system to determine its reliability should be
presented in the form of a sequential chain, where the subsystems of external
respiration, pulmonary circulation, cardiac activity, and the vascular system are
considered as separate elements. regulatory systems and blood systems.
As is well known, one of the main tasks of the theory of reliability of complex
systems [10] is the development of methods for setting modes and selecting
characteristics that ensure optimal reliability, developing optimal methods for finding
violations, establishing the causes of their occurrence, etc. To solve these problems, the
reliability theory uses the results of physical and chemical processes underlying the
phenomena associated with quality loss. The same tasks refer to the main ones in the
physiology of sports, work and recreation. Elucidation of the nature of the mechanisms
of the body, which ensure a fairly reliable level of work of all its functional systems and
the body as a whole, is facilitated by research on mathematical models, in particular of
the functional breathing system [12–15], for the creation of which modern physiology
has at its disposal a sufficient amount of knowledge about breathing processes and
blood circulation. The analysis of these models makes it possible to establish the main
regularities of the breathing process, the role of regulatory mechanisms in ensuring and
maintaining the main function of the respiratory system under the most diverse
conditions of human life, and to establish the most important properties of the studied
process. In particular, it has long been known about the resistance of the human body
and its functional respiratory system to internal and external disturbances.
Mathematical modeling of the main function of the respiratory system not only
confirmed these properties, but also revealed the mechanisms of its manifestation. The
property of stability of breathing and blood circulation is very important in ensuring the
reliability of the functional breathing system. Having this property, the process of
ensuring the transport of oxygen and the removal of spent carbon dioxide under short-
term or permanent internal or external disturbance enters the region of relative
equilibrium, in which the rate of oxygen delivery (carbon dioxide removal) is equal to
the rate of its consumption (production). That is, there is a short-term or medium-term
adaptation of the organism to the disturbance [11]. The mathematical model of
functional respiratory system (FRS) gives the researcher the opportunity to analyze the
oxygen and carbon dioxide regimes of the organism in dynamics at different levels of
functional load and under different environmental conditions; to form such regimes of
the external breathing system, which contribute to the increase of oxygen reserves in the
body and thus increase the resource of the heart muscle during the regulation of hypoxic
94 ISSN 2786-6491
states that occur under the combined influence of hypobaric hypoxia and
hypermetabolic hypoxia; to predict the state of the body under various external and
internal disturbances. The breathing process, during which transport and mass exchange
of respiratory gases occurs, is presented as a controlled dynamic system, which is
described by a system of differential equations and algebraic ratios [11]. Controlled
parameters are ventilation ,V systemic blood circulation Q and local blood circulation
,
jCQ 1, ,j m executive organs of regulation are cardiac and respiratory muscles,
vascular smooth muscles.
Model of short-term adaptation. Usually, disturbances affecting the respiratory
system are divided into internal and external. Quantitative metabolic processes in
organs and tissues are characterized by the rate of oxygen consumption 2 ,
jtq O 1,j m
and carbon dioxide release 2 ,
jtq CO 1, .j m The role of short-term adaptation
consists in bringing the disturbed dynamic system of transport and mass exchange of
respiratory gases into a steady state stable for the formed conditions of the bodyʼs vital
activity [16].
Let us set: the initial state of the system: 2 ,RPp O 2 ,RPp CO 2 ,Ap O 2 ,Ap CO
which characterize the partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the respiratory
tract and alveolar space 2 ,LCp O 2 ,LCp CO 2 ,ap O 2 ,ap CO 2 ,
jCp O 2 ,
jCp CO
2 ,
jtp O 2 ,
jtp CO 1, ,j m 2 ,vp O 2 ,vp CO which characterize the tension of oxygen
and carbon dioxide in the blood of the pulmonary capillaries, alveolar blood, blood of
tissue capillaries, near tissue fluid, mixed venous blood at the time of the start of the
perturbation 0 ; areas for changing control parameters:
max
min max
min max
min max
1
,, 1,
j j
j
C C C
m
C
j
V V V
Q Q Q
Q Q Q j m
Q Q
(1)
the terminal set of states determined by the relations:
2 2 2
2 2 2
, 1,
,
, 1,
j j j
j j j
t t t
t t t
G O q O O j m
G CO q CO CO j m
(2)
where 2 ,
j
t O 2 ,
j
t CO 1, ,j m rather small positive values.
The solution to the problem of short-term adaptation, formulated in this way, will
be any set of values of control parameters ,V ,Q ,
jCQ 1, ,j m from equation (1), i.e.
it is these parameters that after some time will bring the disturbed system characterized
by conditions (2) to some equilibrium state. At the same time, the degree of lack of
oxygen or accumulation of carbon dioxide will be reliable. We present the problem of
short-term adaptation as a problem of optimal self-regulation. Let us assume that
Міжнародний науково-технічний журнал
Проблеми керування та інформатики, 2022, № 6 95
the set of control parameters ,V ,Q ,
jCQ 1, ,j m from equation (1) that ensure
the minimum of the functional on the motion trajectories of the disturbed dynamic
system is optimal
0
0
2 2
1 2 2 2 2 2
1 1
( ) ( ) ,
j j j j j j
T m m
t t t t t t
i it
I G O q O G CO q CO d
where 2 2,ti tiG O G CO — respectively, oxygen and carbon dioxide flows through the
capillary-tissue barrier; 2 2,ti tiq O q CO — rate of utilization of oxygen and formation of
carbon dioxide in i-that tissue region; 1 and 2 — coefficients of sensitivity of the
organism to lack of oxygen and excess of carbon dioxide, respectively;
it
—
coefficients characterizing the vital importance of each organ or region, their morpho-
functional features. During the calculations, it was assumed that, ,
j
j
j
C
t
t
V
V
1, .j m The quadratic function
jt characterizes the degree of blood filling of a
unit volume of the tissue reservoir.
Model of medium-term adaptation. Self-regulation of the respiratory system is
carried out not only during short-term adaptation, but also at the stages of medium-term
and long-term adaptation, when disturbances affect the system for a long time or are
periodically repeated [17]. During the utilization of oxygen in the tissues, energy is
released, which is necessary for the work of muscles, the musculoskeletal system, and
the maintenance of the main functions of human organs. Part of the energy is released
as heat. Then the rate of oxygen consumption by tissues can be in the form [18]:
2 2 2 ,
j j j
f T
t t t
q O q O q O 1, ,j m
where 2
j
f
t
q O — the rate of utilization of oxygen necessary for the performance of the
functions of organs and tissues at a given level; 2
j
T
t
q O a component of the rate of
oxygen consumption, which ensures the release of heat and other types of energy. At
the medium-term stage of adaptation 2 const
j
f
t
q O 1,j m for a given level of load,
and 2 ,
j
T
t
q O 1,j m can be reduced in the process of adaptation due to a better
organization of exchange processes. It is assumed that
2 2 2 2. . . .
( ) ( ) ,
j j j j
T T T k T
t adapt t noadapt t krit t krit
q O q O q O e q O 1, ,j m
where 2.
,
j
T
t adapt
q O 2.j
T
t noadapt
q O — thermal components of the rate of oxygen
consumption in the adapted and non-adapted organism, respectively; 2.j
T
t krit
q O —
the rate of oxygen consumption, the minimum amount of energy required to
maintain the bodyʼs thermal balance during adaptation; k — given coefficient;
— the speed of the adaptation process. Expressions for carbon dioxide can be
written down similarly. During medium-term adaptation, the coefficients of
sensitivity to hypoxia and hypercapnia change:
96 ISSN 2786-6491
1 . 1 1 . 1 .( ) ,k
adapt noadaPT krit krite
2 . 2 2 . 2 .( ) k
adapt noadaPT krit krite
where 1 .,krit 2 .krit — minimum sensitivity coefficients that ensure hypoxic and
hypercapnic stimulation during the operation of short-term adaptation mechanisms. The
state of the dynamic system described in the model is determined by the level of oxygen
2( )pO and carbon dioxide 2( )pCO tensions in the blood and tissue regions.
Thus, in the process of modeling, oxygen and carbon dioxide portraits of the
body are formed at different intensities of the functional activity of the muscles. In
this, the reliability of the functional breathing system is maintained at a high level.
But this happens only when the disturbing influence does not lead to a decrease in
the oxygen tension in the tissues to levels below critical levels. From the point of
view of the chain model, the disturbing influences do not exceed the strength of the
chain link. The model shows that the process is stable for a fairly wide range of
disturbances and can be supported by passive regulation mechanisms —
oxyhemoglobin, myoglobin, erythropoiesis, etc. [19]. However, the stability of the
process is only a necessary, but not sufficient property of the system to maintain the
reliability of its function. It has been established that a high level of average oxygen
tension in it is necessary for the reliable operation of certain organs and tissues. In
particular, for brain tissue, this indicator is 32–33 mm Hg.
The mechanism for maintaining the stability of the breathing process can only up
to a certain level of disturbing influence maintain this level at the expense of
biochemical regulators. A high level of oxygen homeostasis in tissues is ensured by
active mechanisms of self-regulation — the selection of appropriate ventilation
disturbances, the minute volume of blood, its distribution across tissue regions in
accordance with their oxygen needs. At the same time, there is an automatic resolution
of the conflict situation that arises under certain conditions between the metabolic needs
of respiratory and cardiac muscles, which are involved in ensuring the process of mass
transfer of gases and tissues of working organs [20]. These mechanisms do not so much
support the stability of the process of breathing and blood circulation as create
conditions for the performance of functions by the system under changes in the
conditions of life, i.e. contribute to maintaining reliability at a fairly high level. The
mechanisms of active regulation of breathing and blood circulation are mechanisms of
adaptation of the organism to the changing conditions of the external and internal
environment.
Therefore, characterizing the mechanisms of the organism that contribute to
increasing the level of reliability of the functional respiratory system and the reliability
of the whole organism when it performs certain actions to achieve the goal, it is
necessary to highlight the mechanisms that support the stability of the processes of
short-term, medium-term and long-term adaptation, mechanisms of central, local and
humoral regulation psychophysiological functions. It is obvious that the high reliability
of the operatorʼs work in general can be maintained only under the condition of the
reliability of the functioning of all body systems — breathing and blood circulation,
thermoregulation, immune, central and peripheral nervous system [21]. If we assume
that all body systems function normally, then reliability largely depends on the state of
psychophysiological functions and the ability of the respiratory system and blood
circulation to ensure the appropriate level of metabolism in tissues.
Міжнародний науково-технічний журнал
Проблеми керування та інформатики, 2022, № 6 97
Usually [6] in order to assess the psychophysiological state of the operator, various
functional tests and physical exercises are used, determining in their individual and
typological properties of the high nervous system, the functional mobility of the nervous
system, the working capacity of the brain, the functional state of the cardiorespiratory,
hematopoietic, immune, and hormonal systems. As for the degree of tension of the
mechanisms of regulation of the functional respiratory system, the objective difficulty
of obtaining experimental data on the mechanisms of regulation of the external
respiratory system and hemodynamics can be compensated to some extent by
conducting computational experiments with mathematical models describing the
behavior of the functional respiratory system under various external and internal
disturbances.
Thermoregulation model. To study the impact of sharp temperature fluctuations
on the operatorʼs body, we consider that the main heat exchange with the environment
is carried out through the skin, and therefore the mathematical model should be
supplemented with the equation of skin temperature change [22]:
, 1 , 1( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
k v
k
k k k k k k k KON RAD EV
dT
c V G D D G G G
d
where kc — specific heat capacity of the integument, kV — volume of the integument,
kT — temperature of the integument, k — rate of change of heat production in the
muscles taking into account the effect of thermal shivering, , 1( ),k kD , 1( )k kD —
heat flows that form heat transfer between tissue volumes adjacent along the length of a
generalized tissue capillary, and, ,kG ,KONG ,RADG EVG — flows forming heat
exchange with the environment, convection, radiation and evaporation from the skin
surface. Like the functional respiratory system, the heat exchange system in the body is
presented as a regulated system during modeling.
Unlike models in which the purpose of regulation is to maintain the temperature of
the internal environment of the body or individual organs (in particular, the brain) at a
given level, in the model it is considered that the purpose of regulation is to bring the
disturbed heat exchange system to a certain equilibrium state, in which for all tissue
regions the relation holds
1 1, ,( ) ( ( )) ( ) ( ) 0.
i i i i i it t t t t tG T D D
At the same time, effector physiological reactions act as parameters of regulation:
• evaporation ( )EVG from the surface of the skin, as the main action of the body,
which protects it from overheating;
• speed of heat production in muscles ,
it
taking into account the effect of thermal
shivering;
• volume velocities of tissue blood circulation , 1, .
it
Q i m
The quality of heat exchange system regulation processes can be assessed by the
ability of the system to provide a minimum of functionality
0
2 2( ) ( ( ) ) ,
i i ii i
i i
N
t t tt t
t t
J d
(3)
where the first term in the integral expression characterizes the disturbance of the heat
balance in all tissue regions under consideration, and the second term is the bodyʼs
98 ISSN 2786-6491
energy expenditure. In (3) 2
i i
t t
coefficients that determine the sensitivity of
various tissues to thermal imbalance, and
it
— sensitivity to imbalance and
energy consumption [22]: If the heat exchange and thermoregulation system is
modeled in isolation from the respiratory system, then all the regulation parameters
listed above really turn out to be essential.
But it can be considered that evaporation from the skin is one of the main functions
of this tissue, which requires changes in the intensity of the metabolic process in case of
certain internal (intense unskilled low-productivity work) or external (change in
temperature) disturbances. Similarly, the rate of heat production is a component of the
rate of energy release as a result of tissue metabolism, possibly slightly exceeding the
required level when cold shivering occurs. The above allows us to consider the system
of respiration, blood circulation and heat exchange in interaction and to present the
problem of regulation of these systems as the output of the dynamic system of transport
and mass exchange of respiratory gases from a disturbed state to a balanced one, and the
optimal parameters of regulation are to consider such values , ,
it
V Q Q and possible
components
it
that deliver a minimum of function .I J
With the simultaneous functioning of the systems of respiration, blood circulation
and heat exchange, conflict situations arise between systems, since the maintenance of a
stable state in these systems is ensured by the same active executive mechanisms of
regulation — respiratory muscles, cardiac muscle, vascular smooth muscles, it is added
heat removal by evaporation and radiation.
In the mathematical modeling of intense physical activity, one should expect the
production of heat by working muscles, the excess of which should be removed to the
environment to maintain the thermal balance of the body. It is generally accepted that
the main mechanism is evaporation from the surface of the skin. Naturally, the function
of the sweat glands intensifies. To maintain it, it is necessary to increase the volumetric
velocity of blood circulation in the skin either due to the redistribution of systemic
circulation, or due to the increase of the volumetric velocity of blood circulation in the
arterial and venous channels. The first means that with an unchanged volume velocity
of blood ,Q it is necessary to reduce the volume velocity of tissue blood
it
Q in other
tissue reservoirs. Thus, a conflicting situation arises, since the decrease leads to the
occurrence of hypoxia in this tissue reservoir and blood acidosis. In the second case, the
increase Q is possible only with the intensification of the work of the heart muscle,
which is completely impossible in the conditions of a compromise solution to the
conflict situation. It is obvious that the establishment of thermal balance in the body
depends significantly on the temperature of the external environment. In a
computational experiment with a mathematical model of heat exchange and
thermoregulation, it was found out under what conditions stabilization of the state
occurs in the body and the activity of thermoregulatory mechanisms is minimal. It
turned out [23–25] that the temperature of the external environment was the most
comfortable for the body 30 2 .C
Strenuous operator activity is associated with the intensification of metabolic
processes that primarily take place in the brain. A change in the intensity of such
activity can be clearly associated with a change in the rate of oxygen consumption by
brain tissues 2 ,tq O the respiratory rate ,RQ and the rate of carbon dioxide
release 2.tq CO As parameters characterizing the condition of the object under
investigation, the tension of oxygen 2it
p O and carbon dioxide in the tissues of the body
Міжнародний науково-технічний журнал
Проблеми керування та інформатики, 2022, № 6 99
2it
p CO and, 2 ,
ictp O 2 ,
ictp CO in the blood washing them, 2it
p O 2 ,
it
p CO 2 ,
ictp O
can act. However, the current level 2 ,
ictp CO will significantly depend on the volume
velocity of local blood circulation ,
it
Q pulmonary and alveolar ventilation V ,V and
vascular smooth muscle tone. To assess the state of the functional respiratory system,
we will use a mathematical model of the transport of respiratory gases and regulation of
the main function of the respiratory system and blood circulation [12].
The iterative procedure of applying the described mathematical and software has
the following form:
1. On the basis of the instrumental examination, we obtain the experimental data
necessary for the calculation of the oxygen regimes of the organism and the model of
statics [15]. As a result, we receive data on the economy, efficiency, intensity of the
bodyʼs oxygen regimes, some data on the acid-base and hypoxic state of the body,
blood oxygen and heart activity.
2. The input of the dynamics model [12] receives information obtained as a result
of experimental examination and work of the statics model (respiratory gas pressures in
arterial blood, hemoglobin content, rate of oxygen consumption by the body, rate of
systemic blood circulation, regional blood circulation). A disturbing influence is given.
The model calculates the tension of respiratory gases in the tissues of working organs.
3. These data allow us to draw a conclusion about the adaptation of the
organism to certain disturbing influences, and thus judge the reliability of the
functional respiratory system.
The paper presents a model of the functional human respiratory system that can be
used for scientific support of the health care system of military personnel in accordance
with the NATO Medical Doctrine and illustrates the possibilities of its application on
the example of operators of the continuous interaction system, which include flight crew
members and land and water drivers transport A mathematical model of the breathing
and thermoregulation system in the form of a chain with a weak link is used to study the
reliability of the operator of the continuous interaction system during sharp temperature
fluctuations. The reliability of the functional respiratory system, as one of those that
regulates the bodyʼs performance as a whole, is ensured by the mechanisms of stability
and adaptation to changing living conditions. This model, implemented in the form of a
software complex, can be used to predict the state of the operatorʼs functional systems
and, thus, makes it possible to monitor the reliability of its work under various internal
and external disturbances.
Н.І. Аралова
ЗАСТОСУВАННЯ МОДЕЛІ АДАПТАЦІЇ
ОРГАНІЗМУ ЛЮДИНИ ДО ЕКСТРЕМАЛЬНИХ
УМОВ СЕРЕДОВИЩА ДЛЯ НАУКОВОГО
СУПРОВОДЖЕННЯ СИСТЕМИ
ОХОРОНИ ЗДОРОВʼЯ ВІЙСЬКОВОСЛУЖБОВЦІВ
Аралова Наталія Ігорівна
Інститут кібернетики ім. В.М. Глушкова НАН України, м. Київ,
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7246-2736,
aralova@ukr.net
100 ISSN 2786-6491
У Медичній доктрині НАТО наголошується на необхідності наукового
супроводження для створення сучасної системи медичного забезпе-
чення охорони здоров’я військовослужбовців. При розгляді різномані-
тних аспектів спільних операцій наголошується на врахуванні екстре-
мальних умов довкілля, особливостей складних технічних умов життє-
діяльності військового контингенту. Важливими також є питання
професійного відбору. Для розв’язку цих задач пропонується застосо-
вувати математичне моделювання, зокрема математичні моделі транс-
порту та масообміну респіраторних газів, самоорганізації системи ди-
хання та кровообігу і термінової адаптації організму людини до екст-
ремальних умов довкілля. Наводиться математична модель
функціональної системи дихання операторів системи неперервної вза-
ємодії, до яких можуть бути віднесені льотчики, водії наземного, вод-
ного та підводного транспорту. Для дослідження впливу температур-
них факторів середовища наведену модель запропоновано застосову-
вати у взаємодії з моделлю терморегуляції. В цих моделях процес
дихання розглядається як керована динамічна система, в якій виконав-
чі органи саморегуляції спрямовують свої зусилля на підтримання
стану рівноваги напруженнями кисню та вуглекислого газу при зада-
ному рівні збурюючих впливів на організм. Аналіз цих моделей дозво-
ляє встановити основні закономірності перебігу процесу дихання, роль
регуляторних механізмів у забезпеченні та підтримці основної функції
системи дихання за найрізноманітніших умов життєдіяльності люди-
ни, а також найважливіші властивості досліджуваного процесу. Мате-
матичні моделі адаптації дають змогу прогнозувати стаціонарний стан
організму при заданому рівні збурюючих впливів і таким чином здійс-
нювати керування процесом тренування і підготовки військовослуж-
бовців та відбір контингенту для здійснення тих чи інших операцій.
Ключові слова: медичне забезпечення охорони здоровʼя військовослуж-
бовців, екстремальні умови довкілля, функціональна система дихання,
оператор системи неперервної взаємодії, термінова адаптація.
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Submitted 07.02.2023
|
| id | nasplib_isofts_kiev_ua-123456789-210923 |
| institution | Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| issn | 0572-2691 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2026-03-21T08:26:46Z |
| publishDate | 2022 |
| publisher | Інститут кібернетики ім. В.М. Глушкова НАН України |
| record_format | dspace |
| spelling | Aralova, N. 2025-12-20T22:18:47Z 2022 Application of the human organism adaptation model to extreme environmental conditions for scientific support of the health protection system of military servant / N. Aralova // Проблеми керування та інформатики. — 2022. — № 6. — С. 90–101. — Бібліогр.: 25 назв. — англ. 0572-2691 https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/210923 519.8.812.007 10.34229/2786-6505-2022-6-8 The NATO Medical Doctrine emphasizes the need for scientific support in creating a modern medical supply system for military personnel's healthcare. When considering various aspects of joint operations, special attention is given to extreme environmental conditions and the complex technical conditions of military personnel's daily life. Professional selection is also a key issue. To address these tasks, it is suggested to use mathematical modeling, particularly mathematical models of respiratory gas transport and exchange, self-organization of the respiratory and circulatory systems, and urgent adaptation of the human body to extreme environmental conditions. A mathematical model of the functional respiratory system of operators in continuous interaction systems, such as pilots, drivers of ground, water, and underwater transport, is provided. У Медичній доктрині НАТО наголошується на необхідності наукового супроводження для створення сучасної системи медичного забезпечення охорони здоров’я військовослужбовців. При розгляді різноманітних аспектів спільних операцій наголошується на врахуванні екстремальних умов довкілля, особливостей складних технічних умов життєдіяльності військового контингенту. Важливими також є питання професійного відбору. Для розв’язку цих задач пропонується застосовувати математичне моделювання, зокрема математичні моделі транспорту та масообміну респіраторних газів, самоорганізації системи дихання та кровообігу і термінової адаптації організму людини до екстремальних умов довкілля. Наводиться математична модель функціональної системи дихання операторів системи неперервної взаємодії, до яких можуть бути віднесені льотчики, водії наземного, водного та підводного транспорту. en Інститут кібернетики ім. В.М. Глушкова НАН України Проблемы управления и информатики Керування в економічних та біологічних системах Application of the human organism adaptation model to extreme environmental conditions for scientific support of the health protection system of military servant Застосування моделі адаптації організму людини до екстремальних умов середовища для наукового супроводження системи охорони здоровʼя військовослужбовців Article published earlier |
| spellingShingle | Application of the human organism adaptation model to extreme environmental conditions for scientific support of the health protection system of military servant Aralova, N. Керування в економічних та біологічних системах |
| title | Application of the human organism adaptation model to extreme environmental conditions for scientific support of the health protection system of military servant |
| title_alt | Застосування моделі адаптації організму людини до екстремальних умов середовища для наукового супроводження системи охорони здоровʼя військовослужбовців |
| title_full | Application of the human organism adaptation model to extreme environmental conditions for scientific support of the health protection system of military servant |
| title_fullStr | Application of the human organism adaptation model to extreme environmental conditions for scientific support of the health protection system of military servant |
| title_full_unstemmed | Application of the human organism adaptation model to extreme environmental conditions for scientific support of the health protection system of military servant |
| title_short | Application of the human organism adaptation model to extreme environmental conditions for scientific support of the health protection system of military servant |
| title_sort | application of the human organism adaptation model to extreme environmental conditions for scientific support of the health protection system of military servant |
| topic | Керування в економічних та біологічних системах |
| topic_facet | Керування в економічних та біологічних системах |
| url | https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/210923 |
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