Чи існувала "балтійська цивілізація” раннього середньовіччя?
Збережено в:
| Опубліковано в: : | Український історичний журнал |
|---|---|
| Дата: | 1987 |
| Автори: | , |
| Формат: | Стаття |
| Мова: | Українська |
| Опубліковано: |
Інститут історії України НАН України
1987
|
| Теми: | |
| Онлайн доступ: | https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/213414 |
| Теги: |
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| Назва журналу: | Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| Цитувати: | Чи існувала "балтійська цивілізація” раннього середньовіччя? / М.Ф. Котляр, О.П. Толочко // Український історичний журнал. — 1987. — № 10. — С. 148–152. — укр. |
Репозитарії
Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine| _version_ | 1860298381742571520 |
|---|---|
| author | Котляр, М.Ф. Толочко, О.П. |
| author_facet | Котляр, М.Ф. Толочко, О.П. |
| citation_txt | Чи існувала "балтійська цивілізація” раннього середньовіччя? / М.Ф. Котляр, О.П. Толочко // Український історичний журнал. — 1987. — № 10. — С. 148–152. — укр. |
| collection | DSpace DC |
| container_title | Український історичний журнал |
| first_indexed | 2026-03-21T18:46:27Z |
| format | Article |
| fulltext |
„imsHHoro xapaKTepy, bhahb3aoch y Macoßi
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BiAOMHM nOAbCbKHM yUCHHM X. Jl0BM*HHb-
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AiCTa.Ta cnpomeiiy na3By «Pycb i HopMan-
iMeHi T. T. IIIeBMeHKa 3a Kpami npaui 3
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TaKHM miHOM, MOÄHa 3poÖHTH oörpyttTo-
B3HHH BHCHOBOK npo uiHHlCTb i KOpHCHiCTb
peuen30Banoro bhabhhh, aapecoBaHOro He
TLibKii cneuiaAicTaM-icTopHKaM i AiTepaTypo-
3H3BUHM, a fi imipOKOMV KO.iy HHTaniB.
Bono Mo>Ke 6yTH npaKTHHHO BHKopncTaHe y
poöoTi Kpae3HaBuiB Ta eKCKypcoBOAiß. Ha-
HBiiicTb i.MeHHoro noKajKMHKa AonoMarae
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T. T. IHeBMeHKa, fioro nocjiiAOBHHKiß Ta aoc-
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45—47, 90—91, 92—93, 165— 166, 177). y
KHH3i TpanJIHIOTbCH (JjaKTHHHi HeTOHHOCTi. He
MO>KHa noroAHTHCH, HanpHKAaA, 3 TBepAxeH-
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b Pocił noqaBCH TiAbKH b 40*x pOKax XIX ct.
(c. 82). PeBOAiouifiHO-aeMOKpaTHHHa opraHi-
3auin 60-x ponia «3eMAH i bojih» Ha3Bana
«HapoAHOio BOAeio» (c. 210). IloeT npamo-
BaB y KiHBCbKifi apxeorpa îqHifi KOMici! He
ao 1-ro AioToro (c. 39), a a o 1-ro 6epe3HH
1847 p. Biprn «ŚanoBiT» HanncaHO He y
B'iOHHmi (c. 40), a b nepencjiaBi. flo*
uiAbHO p03inHpHTH HayKOBO-AOßiAKOBHfi ana-
paT KHHTH 3a paxyHOK XpOHiKajIbHO-KaJieH*
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T. T. IIIeBqeHKa b Kneßi. Ui AaHi BiAcyrai,
Ha «caAb, Haßin» y «XpoHOAoril ochobhhx
noAifi 3 icTopii Kneßa», onyöAiKOBaHo! b
eHUHKAOneAHHHOMy AOBlAHHKy «K hIb», bh-
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3. B. nEPIHHHA (OAeca)
hh»). y BHuaHifi 3roAOM KHH3i T. C. JleÖe-
Aeßa «Enoxa BixiHriB y IliBHiqHifi GBponi»
(1985 p.) 3poöAeHO cnpoöy 306pa3HTH cao-
B’HHO-CKaHAlHaBCbKi 3B’H3KH HK OAHy i3 3a-
KOHOMipHOCTeft iCTOpHHHOrO p03BHTKy niB*
hihhoI GBponn paHHboro cepeAHbOBiqqn.
JXo t3khx KHHr HaAexcHTb i peueH30BaHa
MOHorpa(|}iH, niuroTOBAeHa MiHCHapoAHHM aß-
TopcbKHM KOAeKTHBOM. IlepeKAaAeHa 3 Hl-
MeubKol mobh (nepme bhabhhh 1982 p.) i
AonoßHeiia po3AiAOM npo pycbKo-cxaHAiHaB-
CbKi BiAHOCHHH AOMOHTOAbCbKOf enOXH, BOHa
e HafiÖiAbm nOBHHM AOCAiAACeHHHM 3 ABHOl
npoóAeMii b cyqacHift icTopiorpa(|)iI. 3aAy-
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pißHHX HapouiB öaATificbKoro perioHy: cao-
B’HHCbKHX, CKaHAinaBCbKHX, (|)iHHO-yropCbKHX,
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UInpOKHfi norAHA na npoÖAeMy, BHKopH-
CT3HHH öaraTbox A*epeA ao3boahah aBTo-
pnM peueH30BaH0l MOHorpaijiil AifiTH npHH-
UHnoDOro bhchobky: BajiTificbKe Mope bh-
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Mopn», mo fi CepejueMHe b aHTHHHOCTi.
Tomy, na Ix AyMKy, eKOHOMium Ta KyjibTyp-
Hi npouecn, mo npoxoAHAH Ha BaATHui,
MOJKHa p03rAHA3TIl HK CHCTeMy B3aeMOÄÜ
napoAiß Ta AepxeaBHHX yTBopeHb perioHy.
U h CHCTewa AicTaAa b npaui Ha3By «6aji-
TificbKoT KyjibTypHo-eKOHOMiniioI cniAbHocri»
(c. 361). HayKOBa uiHHicTb Tano! nocraHOB-
kh iiHTaHHH He niAAHrae cyMHißy. P 03rAH-
HyTHH y KOJieKTHBHifi npaui MaTepiax Ta
3po6Aem TI aoTopa.MH bhchobkh cnpocTOBy-
lOTb BiiraAKii npo KyjibTypTperepcbKy pOAb
cKaH/unaBCbKHX HapOAiB y paHHifl id o p il
periouy, iHiui (J)axbCH<j)iKaTopcbKi KOHuenuil,
30KpeMa ctocobho «AepxcaBoyTBOpioiOHoI»
po.ii BiKinriB y CxiAiiifl Eßponi.
BuaAO noeÄHyioTbCH TeopeTHHHi y3araAb-
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6Hcen Ta H.-K. Jlißrorr; lÜBeuin—B. Xojib-
MKBicT Ta E. HiojieH), TaK i njieMeH OiHAHH-
AÜ (A. EpH-EcKO) i óajiTCbKOl rpynn (B. C.
Cgaob). B npaui e fi po3ai‘ah, cneuiaxbHO
npucBHueni KyAbTypi Ta MHCTeuTBy HacejieH-
hh thx perioHiß CAOB’HHCbKoro cßiTy, HKi
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3 HopMaHHaMH: «Ky.ibTypa Ta mhctcutbo
nojibCbKoro IIomop’h b enoxy paHHboro ce-
peAHbOBiHHH (VII—IX CT.)» (aBTOp —
B. reii3ejib), «KyjibTypa cepeAHbOßiMHoro
HoßropoAa» (B. O. PnóaKOB) Ta «06oaph-
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M3HHHMH Im iCTOpHKO-KyAbTypHHMH TpaAH-
uiHMii, Ix AyxoBHe B3aeM036araHeHHH Ta B3ae-
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HeHHH pociflcbKoro nepeBHAaHHH khhth ho-
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HKi b iibOMy MicTHTbCH, 3MyinyiOTb yBaJKHiuie
nocTaßiiTHCH AO KOHuenuil «6aATificbKOi uh-
BiAi3auiI» Ta aghkhx 3b’h33HHx 3 Heio nn-
Taiib. Hk hg ahbho, noiiHTTH «ßajiTiflcbKe
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Bnepme 3’nBAfleTbcn y nicAHMOBi ao khhth,
a b nepiUHX po3Ai*Aax npaui HAeTbcn Auwe
npo «öaATincbKy eKOHOMiHHy CHCTewy paH-
Hboro cepeAHbOßiHHH» (c. 57). 3araAOM aah
OCHOßHOl HaCTHHH KOJieKTHBHOl MOHorpa(j)iI
xapaKTepHi oöepexcHicTb BHCHOBKiß i 3Baxce-
HiCTb CnOCTepe>KCHb. IliCAHMOBy >K BKAlOUe-
HO ao pociflcbKoro BapiaHTy npaui i BHacAi-
AOK Uboro BHCHOBKH, 3pOÖAeHi B Hl'fl, CTOCy-
lOTbCH naóaraTo uiupmoro KOAa npoóAeM i
ne BHnAHBaiOTb 3 c|)aKTHHHoro MaTepiany,
HaBeAeHoro b icnni.
Ha Hauiv AVMKy, oörpyuTyßaHHH KOHuen-
uil cöaATiftcbKoro KyAbTypHO-eKOHOMiHHoro
cniBTOBapHCTßa» noTpeöyßaAo oxpeMoro po3-
AiAy. Ha xeaAb, TaKnii po3AiA y KHH3i ßiu-
CyTHifl, mo CIipimHHHAO II HHCAeHHi HeAOAi-
kh. Baxexo niAAaßaTn cyMHißy icHyßaHHH b
ÖaATificbKOMy perioHi nocTiflHHX i xcbbbhx
eKOHOMiMHHX Ta KyAbTypHHX 3B’H3Kiß Mixt
HapOAaMH, HKi floro HaceAHAH. Oahbk hh
npHBGAH ui npouecH ao (JjopMyBanHH iHTep-
HauioHaAbnoI «cniAbHOCTi» HapoAiß? Hk npo-
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Ta MaTepiaAbHoI KyAbTypn koxchoto HapoAy
BaATHKH? Mh MOÄHa TOBOpHTH npo BKAIOMeH-
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pOAiß, a fl AepÄaBHHX yTBopeHb perkmy?
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KaTH B KHH3i.
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eTbCH y npaui, 3a ao6h paHHboro cepeAHbo-
BiUHH npoxoAHAa CTaAlK) p03KAauy pOAOBOTO
cycniAbCTBa i nepexoAy ao cycniAbCTBa KAa-
coßoro. A ah uiel cTaAii y pi3HHX nneMeH i
napoAiß 6yAH cxo>ni couiaAbHo-eKOHOMiuHi Ta
KyAbTypHi HBHma. CaMe uhm bcahkoio Mi-
POK) nOHCHIOeTbCH (J)OpMyBaHHH TaK 3BaH01
«Apy>KHHHoI KyAbTypw», ÖaraTo b homv,
AiAcHO, cniAbHoI aah öaraTbOx HapoAiß 6b-
ponii. Ane u h KyAbTypa — pe3yAbTaT iMa-
HeHTHOrO pO .BHTKy KO>KHOrO 3 CyCniAbCTB,
a ne Ail 30BiiiujHix (JjaKTopiB. Thm nacoM He
HCHO, mo CaMe aBTOpH KHHTH BBaxcaiOTb oc-
HOBOK) (J)opMyBaHHH «6aATiflcbKoI cniß-
APyÄHOCTi» — CHHXpOCTaAiaAbHHfl p03BH-
tok HapoAiß y cxowhx yMOBax reorpa(J)iH-
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TaKa HeBH3HaneHicTb aBTopcbKux no3imifl
moAO cvTi BHcyHyToI hhmh caMHMH KOHuen-
u il npH3eeAa ao HeBHnpaBAaHO po3mnpe-
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«cnißApyJKHOcTi», 6e33acTepe>KHoro bkajohch-
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nepeöyBaAH Ha iHiuoMy CTyneHi couiaAbHO-
eKOHOMiHHOrO p03BHTKy Ta iHmoi KyAbTypHOl
opieHTauil, nanpiiKAaA KnlBCbKoI Pyci. B
UbOMy BHnaAKy bhhbha3ch cynepeHAHßicTb
HOBOrO BHA3HHH KHHrH! 6e3yMOBHe BBeACHHH
Pyci ao «öaATiflcbKol cniBApyxcHOcri» eno-
CTepiraeMO TiAbKH y po3AiAi, AOAaHOMy a o
pociflcbKoro BHA3HHH («P yC b i BapHTH»), B
in UI HX MicUHX KHHrH BHCHOBKH BHTpHMaHi B
peaAicTHHHOMy uyci.
OciIOBHOK) VMOBOK) lCHyBaHHH «ÖaATiflCbKOl
CnißAPy>KHOCTi» aBTOpH BBaXCaKDTb MiUHi
eKOHOMiHHI 38^3X11, mO BCT3HOBHAHCH B
IX — X CT. Mixe HapOAaMH BaATHKH Ta CxiA-
hoI EBponH. MiAbHe Micue TyT HaAexcano
TpailCKOHTHHCHTaAbHifl TOpHBAi, KpaHHiMH
T0HK3MH HKOl 6yAH CKaHAlHaBiH Ta KpaiHH
ApaßcbKoro CxoAy. Toproßi koht3kth cynpo-
BOAxeyBaAiicH 3H3HHHM nepeMimeHHHM AlO-
Aefl, KVAbTypHHM OÖM1HOM, 33n03HMeHHHM
TeXHiMHHX Ta MeHmOIO MipOK) COUiaAbHHX
3Ao6vTKiß pi3HHX HapoAiß. IlpoTe ue He Aac
BaroMHX niACTaB tbcpahth npo icHyßaHHH
HKOlCb OCiÖHOl «ÖaATiflCbKOl UHßiAi3auiI», mo
He MaAa neBHHX eTniHHHX KOpAOHiß i mcxc.
MoxeAHBicTb BK333HHX BHme npoueciß ic-
HyBana 3a yMOB BiucyTHocTi npoTHroM T p « -
BaAoro nacy b öaraTbox HapoAia perioHy
AepxeaBHocTi aöo HeAOCTaTHboro II p03BHTKy.
(PopMyßaHHH HauioHaAbHHX AepxeaB po6hao
HeMOX<AHBHM ({lyHKUiOHyBaHHH «ÖaATiflebKOl
cnißApyxenocTi», HaßiTb HKmo paHime BOHa
icHyßaAa. TIoKa30BHM moAO uboro e 3rop-
T3HHH OCHOBH «CnißAPyÄHOCTl» — TOpHBAi 31
CXOAOM — nopHA 3 iHUIHMH npHUHHaMH
33BAHKH yTBepAÄeHHK) AaBHbopycbKol Aep-
xeaBHOCTi.
TaKHM HHHOM, TOBOpHTH npo yHaCTb y
«ÖaATificbKOMy cnißTOBapHCTBi» A ep«aB i
AepXCaBHHX yTBopeHb, HK pOÓAHTb aBTOpH,
neMae hihkhx niACTaB: cTOcyHKH Mixe Hace-
AeHHHM y36epex<x<H BaATiflcbxoro Mopn Hi-
KOJiH He bhxoahah Ha pißeHb noAiTHMHHX i
MixvuepacaBHHX. ToMy xhÖhoio BBa»aeMO
AVMKy, HióHTO KnlBCbKa Aepxcaßa «3AiflcHK>-
ßana BHpimajibHHH biuihb Ha BaATiflcwce
cnißTOBapucTBO, 3a6e3neMyioMH cTaóinbHHft
npunjiHB rpouiOBHx KouiTiß Ta 3HaMH0l Kijib-
KOCTi TOBapiß» (c. 361). TopriBAH 3AiftcHio-
eanacn nepe3 TepHTopiio K hIbcbkoI Pyci, ajie
óea ynacTi AepxcaBHHx opraHiß.
IHUIHMH A0Ka3aMH Ha KOpHCTb BXOÄ*eHHH
Pyci ao «öajiTiftcbKoro cnißTOBapncTBa» aß-
TOpiI KHHTH BBancaiOTb iCHyBaHHH ACHKHX
cnijibHHx phc y MaxepiaAbHifi KyjibTypi (b
tomy Hucjii «ri6piUHHx» (JjopM npwKpac Ta
noxoßajibHoro oöpHAy) Ta «cniAbHoro (J>OHAy
eniHHHx ciOHceTiB i o6pa3iB, mo CKAauaBCH y
3MiiuaHOMy CA0B’HH0-BapH3bK0My cepenoBH-
mi» (c. 201). O a H3K OCT3HH6 TBepAHCeHHH
niAKpinjieHe cahhhm npnKAaAOM Ta nocnnaH-
hhm Ha npamo O. O . PHA3eBCbKoI (hka CBiA-
HHTb npo npoTHjieJKHe), mo 3Mywye cyMHi-
B3THCH B iCHyßaHHi Taicoro «$OHAy». rio-
AißHi phch cnijibHocri (i HaBiTb iHKOAH 6ijibm
Bitpa3Hi) icHyßaAH b Pyci, HanpHKAaA, 3
«noAeM» KOMOBHKiß, mo, npoTe, He Aae niA-
CT3B rOBOpHTH IIpO IT BXOA%eHHH AO «CTe-
noBOl uHBiAi3auiI».
HapemTi, aBTopn noAiöHHx noöyuoB He-
AOCTaTHbO yCBiAOMAIOIOTb pi3HOCTaAiaabHiCTb
po3BiiTKy HapoAiß, 3apaxoBaHHX ao «6aji-
TiHCbKoro cniBTOBapncTBa». B 306pa*eHHi
QBTopiß nicjiHMOBH HapoAH Ta AepxcaBH pe-
riOHy nocTaiOTb y Hepo3*uienoBaHOMy BHrAHAi»
HK Taxi, mo pÖ3BHBaiOTbCH 3a aÓCOJIIOTHO
lAeHTHHHHMH 33KOH3MH Ta MOAeAHMH 1 OA~
H3KOBHMH TeMnaMH. Mepe3 ue, HanpHKAaA, y
npaui e Taxe TBepu>KeHHH: «CAHicTb eKOHO-
MiHHOrO p03BHTKy, COUiaJlbHOt CTpaTH(J)iKa-
Uil, yp6ani3auil, ToproBejibnoro Ta KyjibTyp-
Horo o6MiHyt cnijibHi a6o cxoxci c|)opMH paH-
HbOMiCbKOf, mo p03BHBaeTbCH, a T3K0JK i
paHHb0(|)e0AaAbH01 «ApyÄHHHOl» KyjibTypH,
CTBOpeHHH Ha uift OCHOBi (|)OHÄ MaTepiaAbHHX
Ta avxobhhx uinHOCTefi — yci ui HBHiua
3HaMenyi0Tb BuxiA i3 nepBicHocri ao nep-
mol KjiacoBoI cycninbHO-eKOHOMinHoi (popMa-
uil» (c. 362). 3a3Ha*iHMO, mo npo BHxiA i3
nepBiciiocTi cßiAMaTb caMi BKa3aHi npouecH, a
ne Ix cni^bHicTb mh BiAMiHHicTb y KiAbKOX
HapoAiß. f l o Toro hc Mac Tanoro BHXouy y
HapoAiß, mo AOCJiiAÄViOTbCH b npaui, cyT-
T6BO BiApi3HH6TbCH. HißeJUOBaHHfl OCOÖAHBO-
CTeÄ iCTOpilMHOl AOJli HapoAiß BaJlTHKH Ta
npHAerjiHx pafioHiß npHBOAHTb aßTopiß ao
BIICHOBKV npo iCHyB3HHH He npocTO Kyjlb-
TypHO-eKOHOMiMHOl CniAbHOCTi, a, HaBiTb,
«ÖaJITiHCbKOl CyÖKOHTHHeHTaJlbHOl UHßiJli-
3auil> (c. 363). ä a h MHTana 3aAHinaeTbCH
He3p03yMiAHM, MHM «ÖajlTiÄCbKa CniAbHiCTb>
BiAPi3H߀TbCH B1*A «ÖaATifiCbKOl UHBIAi3auiI»,
OCKijIbKH Aß<J)iHiuiI UHX nOHHTb y TeKCTi BIA"
CVTHi.
Hk VÄe 3a3HaManocH, npn nepeBHAaHHi
pociAcbKOK) mobok) koackthbhoi npaui «C a o -
b’hhh i CKaHAiHaßH» ao Hel 6yno AOAaHO
BejiHKiiH 3a oßcnroM (nOHaA 100 c.) po3Ain
«P ycb i Bapnni», HanncaHHft jieHiHrpaucbKH-
MH apxeOJTOraMH A. M. KHpriHMHHKOBHM,
I. B. jiy6oBHM Ta V. C. JleßeAeBHM. y
BCTvni «BiA BHAaBHuuTBa» ue mothbob3ho
noHBOK) b CPCP «y3arajibHioK)MHx nyöAiKa-
uin 3 npoö^eM pycbKO CKaHAinaBCbKHX 3b’5!3-
Kiß y IX—XI CT.», HKi He BpaxoßaHi b Hi-
MeUbKOMV BHAaHHi. 3aVBa>KHMO T3KO>K, mo
b ubowy p03AiJii CHCTeMaTH30B3Ho i y3arajib-
Heiio MaTepiaAH po3KonoK ocTaHHix poxiB
(c. 5). HificHO, HacHMenicTb peMOBHM MaTe-
piaAOM p03AiAy «Pycb i BaparH» b3xcko no-
CT3BHTH m*A cyMHtB. flo HayKOBOro oöiry
BBeueHo öaraTO apxeonoriMHHX A^epeA, mo
Aae MOHCIHBiCTb nO-HOBOMy p03KpHTH AeHKi
npouecH i HBmua icTOpi! AaBHbopycbKoro
cycnijibCTBa pauHbo^eoAajibHOi aoöh. CaiA
ßiTaTH T3ko>k cnpoóy aBTopiß po3Ainy 3i-
CT3BHTH apxeojioriMHi A>Kepena 3 nHceM-
HHMH.
Pa30M 3 THM, HK ßiAOMO, MOJKJIHBOCTi ap-
xeoAoriMHux naM'HTOK (hk, ao peni, ft iHmnx
rpyn A>Kepeji) He e 6e3Me>KHHMH, i TOMy 3a-
cTOcoByßaTH OAepÄany npn Ix BHBHeHHi 1h-
(})OpMauiK) AJ1H BiATBOpeHHH iCTOpHMHHX DO-
Aift, ocoöahbo nojiiTHMHHX, cAiA Ay*e o6e-
pe>KHO i BMijio. Ha »aAb, y po3AiAi «Pycb
i BapHni» na OCHOBi apxeoAOriMHoro MaTe-
piaAy nacTo poÖAHTbcn Heo6rpyHTOBaHi bhc-
hobkh. ,Ho Toro 7K nHceMHi AÄepeAa nacTo
TAyMaMaTbCH TeHAeHuiflHo i Henpô eciftHO,
BiABepTO niAraHHioTbCH niA yMOrAHAHi no6y-
AOBH. Ue OCOÖAHBO CTOCyeTbCH AOAiTOnHCHHX
Maciß uaBHbopycbKoI icTopil: VIII, IX i 6iAb-
mol HacTHHH X CT. (hk ßiAOMO, HaftpaHimi
AiTonncHi 3anHCH Ha Pyci BiAHOCHTbCH ao
KiHUH X CT., a nepiUHH AiTOnHCHHfl 3BiA —
HafiAaßHimuH — 6yAO ckabagho b Kneßi 3a
HpocAaBa MyAporo — 6AH3bKO 1039 p.).
BiiKAHKaiOTb nOAHB nepmi cTopiHKH uboro
po3AiAy: CTBopioeTbCH Bpa>KeHHH, mo nocAH
«xanaHa» pociß, HKi npnöyAH ao iMnepaTO-
pa OeocpiAa b 838 p., npeACTaBAHAH B»e
«OBapnJKeHy» Pycb, aA^ce HaroAomyeTbCH Ha
TOMy, mo bohh — uiBeAH (c. 189). Oah3k y
EepTHHCbKiix aHHaAax, Ae MicTHTbcn ue no-
BiAOMAeHHH, Aaai cKa3aHO, mo nocAH npnft-
mAH «Biu PyCbKOl 3eMAi». He 3HaXOAHTb
niATßepA>KeHHH b u^epenax i AyMKa npo Te,
mo pyöeHd PycbKol 3eMAi 30-x — 40-x po-
KiB IX CT. HiÖHTO BiunOBiuaAH II KOpAOHaM
1054 p. rio-nepme, BHeHi He MaioTb koh-
KpeTHoro ynBAeHHH npo Mex<i PycbKol 3eMAi
toto Macy (BBaxcaeTbcn, mo Bona oxonAio-
BaAa Aiirne CepeAHe rioAHinpoß^H). Üo-Apyre,
TBepAHTH TaK — 3H3MHTb ßiAKHAaTH 3araAb-
HOnpJUHIHTy paAHHCbKHMH AOCAiAHHK3MH
Teopiio, 3riAHo 3 HKOio flaBHbopycbKa Aep-
>KaBa (JjopMyBaAacH npoTnroM IX—X ct.
mAHxoM nocTynOBoro npneAHaHHH ao II HApa
y rioAHinpoa’I Bce hobhx coK)3iß nAeMeH,
toöto HCBnHHHO po3mHpiOBaAacH, nepiu Hi«
aochtth po3Mipiß KpaiHH Maciß HpocAaBa
MyAporo.
TaK caMo n036aBAeHoio 6yAb-HKnx apry-
MeHTiB e Te3a, 3a HKOIO KHlBCbKHft KHH3b flip
y nepmift noAOBHHi IX ct. HióHTo oö’eAHaß
CXiAHOCAOB’HHCbKi 3eMAi BiA JlaAOrH AO Kne-
Ba. AA «e icTopHMHicTb oco6h flipa AOci cTa-
BHTbCH niA CyMHiB. U h «BiAHOCHO 6AHH3 Aep-
»aßa» flipa b cepeAHHi IX ct. öyuiMTo po3-
naAacH Ha «PycbKy 3eMAio» y rioAHinpoßT
i «BepxHio Pycb». Octbhhh hbaha3 coöoio
«KOH(J)eAepauifO CAOB*HHCbKHX, (piHCbKHX i,
mo>kahbo, ßa.iTCbKHX nAeMeH» (c. 190). V uift
«Bepxnifi Pyci», hk 6e3niACTaBHO TBepAHTb
aBTopn, B>Ke b cepeAHHi IX ct. iCHyßaAa
KHH3ißCbKa BA3A3. BuKAHKae cyMHiß ft 3raA-
Ka npo icHyßaiiHH HKOlcb ocoöahboI «JlaAO- 3bK01 3eMAi» npOTHrOM KlAbKOX CTOAiTb.
Jlnme nparneHHHM ao opHriHaAbHOCTi mohchb
nOHCHHTH 3anponoHOBaHy aBTOpaMH cxeMy
•CKJiaAaHHH AaBHbopycbKoI AepxaBHOcri, mo
cynepeHHTb hk cbUhchhhm iUKepeji, xax i
3,ao6yTKaM paaHHCbKOI icropiorpacjm.
.Ho HayKOBo HeKopeKTHHx rmoTe3 BiflHe-
ceMO i TBepAXceHHH npo Te, mo 3aKAHKaHHH
PiopHKa Ha Pycb 6yAO, BHHBAHeTbca, «ua-
jieKorjiHÄHOK» aKuieio cAOB’HHCbKOi 3HaTi Jla-
AOTH, HKa T3KHM HHHOM 3HaftlIlAa BHXiA 3
MiXCmieMiHHOl i HaBiTb MiXCHapOAHOl KpH3H
(3ayBa>KHMO — BHrausHoI aBTopaMH po3ui-
Jiy). Abtoph po3AiAy poóAHTb qeproBy cnpoóy
peaHiMauii «BapH3bK0i AereHAH». Hayxoio
B>Ke abbho AOBeaeHO, mo p03noBiub Hedopa
i floro nonepejoiHHKa — CKAauaqa noqaTKo-
Boro AiTonncy 1095 p. npo «AOÖpoßiAbHe 3a-
kahk3hhh> Tpbox OpaTiB-BapnriB Ha Pycb —
PiopHKa, TpyBopa, CHHeyca—e TeHueHuiftHOio
BHraAKOK). JliTonHCui BAaAHca ao Hel, Ma-
6yTb, TOMy, mo, hk 3ayBa»HB axaAeMiK
R . C. JlnxaqoB, BHacjiiAOK oßMexceHocTi to-
roqacHOro ieropHHHoro mhcachhh noncHeHHH
6yAb-5iKoro HBHma cycniAbHoro xchtth my-
K3AH Ha CTOpOHi, HaMaraAHCH 3HafiTH KOpiH-
hh npaBAHqo! AHHacTil b iHmift KpalHi. I ocb
Tenep, y HOBinibOMy BHAaHHi, qHTaqa nepe-
KOHyiOTb, mo jiiTonHCHa AereHAa npo 33KAH-
KaHH* BapnriB Mae «icTopnqHy ocHOBy i pe-
BAbHHH 3M1CT» (C. 198).
HancBHe, HaAMipHa 3axonAeHicTb aBTopiB
<)AH3bKHM Tm apxeoAoriMHHM MaTepiaAOM CTa-
Aa npnqHHOK) Toro, mo poAb HopMaHHiB y
nOAiTHHHOMy i KVAbTypHOMy HCHTTi Pyci B
p03AiAi «Pycb i Baparn» noKa3aHa nepe-
ÓiAbineHOio. Bohh HanOAHraiOTb Ha ui'akobh-
Tift icTopnqHocTi PiopuKa, aAe tk cyqacHa
Hayxa Hiqoro He 3Hae npo Hboro i BBaxcae
Uboro KOHyHra y xpamoMy pa3i (pirypoio
HaniBAereHAapHOK). MoMycb 3 cHMnaTieio
po3noBi*AaeTbCH npo 3aBOK>BaHHH Piophkom
HoBropoAa, 30KpeMa npo Te, mo bih «ycniui-
HO npHAyuiHB onip qacTHHH nAeMiHHOi era-
piftniHHH» (c. 194). OAer *e, Ha AyMKy aB-
TOpiB, «3a p03MaX0M CBOel AlHAbHOCTi i CTpa-
TeriqHot AyMKH (!) AaAexo nepeBepniHB cbo-
ro nonepeAHHKa», toöto PiopHKa (c. 195).
3BiAKiAfl aBTOpH A13HaAHCH npo floro «p03-
Max CTpaTeriHHOi AyMKH», koah npo uboro
KHH3H 3ÓeperAOCH Ay«e M3AO CBiAqeHb?
AnaAeMiK B. O. Ph63KOb AOTenHO 3ayBax<HB,
mo OAer y AiTonnci He cTiAbKH icTopnqHa
ocoóa, CKiAbKH AiTepaTypHHfl repoft.
Ma6yTb, OAer niAHocHTbca aBTopaMH p03-
Ai^y «Pycb i BapnrH» TOMy, mo BiH Ha-
qe6TO npH€AH3B KhIb ao HoBropoAa! Otjkc,
HoBropoA, a He KhIb ohoahb npouecn cka3-
A3HHH AaBHbOpyCbKOl ACp*aBHOCTi. He Bap-
TO AOBOAHTH, mo ue He BiAnoBiaae icTopnq-
Hifi AiflcHOCTi. ZIocaiahhkh npHnyCKaiOTbCH
T3K0>K TeHAeHUiflHOrO TBepAÄeHHH, mo cy-
nepeqiiTb abhiim AJKepeA i bhchobkam cy-
qacHoi HayKH, 3riAHO 3 hkhm npOTHroM
VIII—IX ct. nißiiiqua i niBAeHHa rpynn
CXiAHHX CAOB’hh nOCTynOBO ßiAOCOÖAIOBaAHCb
OAHa BiA oahoI. HacnpaBAi b toA qac (jjop-
MyB3A3CH CXiAHOCAOB’HHCbKa eTMHHa i KyAb‘
TypHa cniAbHicTb, mo cTaAa ochoboio AaB-
HbOpyCbKOl HapOAHOCTi.
KpaCHOMOBHHM npHKA3A0M He AOCHTb
cepflo3Horo craBAeiiHH ao nnceMHHX A>«e-
peA MO>Ke 6yTH naparpatj) «PocTOBCbKa 3eM-
ah — «Apca» apaöcbKiix reorpatjjiß». IToBi-
AOMAeHHH paHHbocepeAHbOBiqHHX nucbMeH-
HHKiB Cxoav npo TpH rpynn pyciß: Kyaßy,
CAaßiio i Apcy (ApTaniio) no-pi3HOMy TAy-
MaqaTbca BqeHHMH. He BHKAHKae AHOcycifl
ah me KysiBa: Bei cxoahtbch Ha TOMy, mo
flAeTbcn npo KhIb. Ctocobho abox ihuihx
H33B BHCAOBAIOBaAHCH Haftpi3H0MaHiTHimi
AyMKH. FHa Apcoio 6aqHAH TMyTapaKaHb,
PH33Hb, HepHiriB, HKeCb Mi CTO B KpHMy.
HemoAaBHO B. O. PnóaKOB bhcaobhb npnny-
meHHH, mo ue — PoAeHb i mo Bei TpH
oG’eAHaiiHH pyciB po3TamoBaHi b3aobx oa-
Hiel piqKH — ÄHinpa. IIpoTe aBTopn po3AiJiy
niATPHMyiOTb AyMKy A. IT. HoBOceAbueBa
npo Te, mo Apca 6yAa po3TamoBaHa Aecb y
pafioHi PocTOBa — BiA003epa. I po6Ajm> ue
TOMy, mo BOHa HaflöiAbine BiAnoBiAae lx
KOHuenuil npo npeBaAiOBaHHH HoBropoAa HaA
Kh€bom y cKAauaHHi AepxcaBHOCTi i pyx
KOAOHi3auiflHoro nOToxy 3 niBHoqi ao Po-
CTOBO-Cy3AaAbCbKoI 3eMAi. A AaAi BHCAOB-
AioiOTbCH 6e3niACTaBHi MipKyBaHHH Ha 3pa-
30K Toro, mo «B cepeAHHi IX ct. Bepxnn
Pycb 6yAa ĉ opMOBaHoio icTopHqHoio pe-
aAbHicTio i noBHonpaBHHM yqacHHKOM BaA-
TiflcbKoro eKOHOMiqHoro i KyAbTypHoro pe-
rioHy» (c. 205).
B po3AiJii «Pycb i Bapnrn» aimeHTyeTbCH
yBara Ha 3HaxiAKax y PycbKifl 3eMAi peqeft
cKaHAiHaBCbKoro noxOAHceHHH i, 0T«e, Ha
BapH3bKHx BnAHBax Ha caob’hh. HaBnaKH,
3B0p0THi BnAHBH — Pyci Ha CKaHAlHaBIK)
npoaHaAi30BaHO no6i>KHO. Ctopihkh po3Ai*Ay
pHCHilOTb AerKOBaXCHHMH CeHTeHUlHMH THiiy:
«Cepin 3HaxiAOK CKaHAiHaBCbKoro noxoA-
xceHHH... (f)iKcye paHHi eTann (jjopMyBaHHH
roAOBiioI AaBHbopycbKoI (I) boahoI MaricTjja-
Ai» (c. 222). A qOMy He peqeft Bi3aHTifi-
cbKoro iMnopTy hh apaOcbKHX MOHeT, mo,
ao peqi, öiAbine BiAnoßiAaAO 6 AiftcHocri?!
Ha c. 231 aBTopH 3aHenoK0eHi 3 npHBOAy
Toro, mo paHHi (IX ct.) BeAHKi noxoßaAbHi
KypraHH Kneßa «He MaiOTb hcoahhx cKaHAi*
HaBCbKHX OCOÖAHBOCTefl». I He nOBHHHi MaTH,
AOA3MO MH, 60 B HHX nOXOBßHi CAOB’HHH.
Hk He ahbho, y po3AiAi, mo Mae Ha3By
«Pycb i Baparn» i, OT»e, bhkaba noBHHeH
BecTHCH b acneKTi HacaMnepeu cxi’ahocao-
B'HHCbKoI icTopil, BiAcyTHifl aHaAi3 couiaAb-
HO-eKOHOMiqHoro, nOAiTHHHOro, KyAbTypHoro fl
AyxoBHoro » htth pyciß. ŚaMicTb noKa3y
B3aeMHii cxiAHHX caob’hh i cKaHAinaBiB aB-
Topn npHÄiAjnoTb ocHOBHy yßary aihm oc-
TaHiiix Ha TepHTopii CxiAHoI CBponn. 3 uhm
Hi HK He M0>KH3 norOAHTHCH.
He pHTyioTb cnpaßy — flAeTbcn npo ne-
peßiAbmeHHH poAi BapH3bKoro eAeMeHTa y
HaBHbopycbKift Aepxcaßi — i Asa ocTaHHix
naparpacJjH p03AiAy, Ae cKa3aHO qHMaAO
cnpaBCAAHBiix cAiß npo HeqHCAeHHicTb i MaAy
couiaAbiiy Ta KyAbTypHy pOAb Bapnriß Ha
Pyci. Aajkc ui caobh hcmoböh noBHcaiOTb y
noßiTpi, TOMy mo Ha nonepeuHix cTopiHKax
roBopiiAocH npo npHMo npoTHAexcHe. flo
Toro >k oöHABa cycniAbCTBa — ASßHbopy-
cbKe i CKaHAiHaBCbKe — po3rAHAaioTbCH Ha
OAHOMy, cHiixpocTaAiaAbHOMy, pißHi, 3 hhm
T3K0>K He MOJKIia nOTOAHTHCH.
OTxce, HeAoouiHKa aBTopaMH po3AiAy dh-
ceMHux naM’HTOK, HeKpHTHHHe, TeHAeHuiftHe
CT3BAeHHH AO HHX CnpHHHHHAH Cepfi03Hl Me-
TOAHHHi nOMHAKH i 6yAH OAHieiO 3 npHHHH
BHcyneHHH HayKOBo HeKopeKTHOl KOHuenuil
moAO icnyBaHHH «ßaATificbKoI uHBiAi3auiI»,
HKa HaqeöTO oö’eAHyßaAa HapoAH, mo nepe-
6yB3AH Ha pi3HHX piBHHX COUiaAbHO-eKOHO-
MiMHoI i KyAbTypHOi eBOAiouil. BBaxcaeMO,
mo AO HanncaHHH noAiöHHx npaub chhtc-
TĤ Horo xapaKTepy cjiir o6ob*h3xobo 3ajiy-
qaTH He AHiue apxeoAoriB, a A icTopwxiB.
npexpacHO BHAaHa, 3 hhcachhhmh ijuo-
CTpauiHMH, BeJIHKHM THpaHCCM (23 000) KHH3K-
Ka «Caob’hhh i cxaHAwaBH», 6e3 cyMHiBy,
BHKJiHHe BejiHKHft iHTepec (JjaxiBuiB i HHTaub-
H O B A K H M T A 3 M E T O H M KM
r p o c c M a n K). M ., J l i c o e u ä /. A .
IcTopin cjapodaetibozo ceiry:
FI paKTUKyM.
Jlbeie, Bud-eo npu Jlbeie. depotc. yn-ri
eudaenuHOZo oö'ednaHHR €Buiąa iukoacl»,
1985.— 224 c.
MeTOAH^Ha jiiiepaTypa ajih Bumol uikoah
nonOBHHAacH kophchhm i uinaBHM bhahh-
HHM — npaKTHKyMOM 3 iCTOpil CTapOAaB-
Hboro cßiTy ajih cTyAeiuiB nepuioro xypcy
icTopHHHHX cpaxyAbTeTiß yHißepcHTeTiB.
KHHra noóyAOBaHa BiAnoßiAHo ao npo-
rpaMH i BKAionae TeMH npaxTHHHHx (ceMi-
HapCbKHX) 3aHHTb, HXi npOBOAHTbCH npOTH-
roM pony.
3 aob*hth TeM, po3paxoBaHnx Ha 2, 4, 6
roAHH, Asi npHCBHHeni icTopil CTapoAaBHbO-
ro CxoAy, Tp« — CTapoAaBHbol Tpeuil i
tph — CTapoAaBHboro PHMy. Flepiua TeMa
HpHCBHMeHa Ba>XAHBHM MeTOAOAOriHHHM i
TeopeTHMHHM HHTaHHHM: MeTOAHlli POÓOTH 3
npaUHMH KJiaCHKiB MapXCH3My-ACHim3My B
npoueci poöoTH HaA KypcoM CTapoAaBHbol
icTopil, MeTOAHui poöOTii 3 A>KepeAaMii, Hay-
kobok) i H3BiiaAbHOK) AiTepaTypoio 3 icTopil
CTapoAaBHboro CßiTy. B MaTepiajiax ao uiel
TeMH noAaiOTbCH MeTOAimHi nopaAH, Ha3H-
BaiOTbCH poöoTH K. Mapxca, O. EHreAbca,
B. I. JleHiHa, 5IKi MiCTHTb BBJKAHBi MeTOAO-
AoriHHi nOAOJKeHHH moAO p03yMiHHH npo6-
AeM CTapoAaBHbol icTopil. y TeMi po3xpn-
BaeTbCH Taxe npiiHunnoBO BawAHBe ajih
icTopHKa noHHTTH, hx «icTopHHHi A*epeAa»
Ta lx KAacH(J)iKauiH, xapaKTepH3yiOTbCH mo-
Horpa(J)iI, HaB̂ aAbHa, MeTOAimHa, AOBiAXOBa,
HayKOBa nepioAHHHa AiTepaiypa Tomo. floc-
BiA cBiAHHTb, mo MaTepiaA neprnol TeMH e
BKpaft neoöxiAHHM i 3 hum Tpeöa 03HaH0-
mhth nepuiOKypcHHKiB B>Ke Ha nonaTxy HaB-
HaAbHoro pony. CaIa niuxpecAHTH, mo y
npaKTHKyMax, nxi bha3B3ahch b Hamift
KpalHi, HiKOAH He 3BepiaAacH yBara Ha ui
nHTSHHH.
CneuH(J)iHHicTb nepuiol TeMH 3yMOBHAa
noAaqy HaBnaAbHoro MaTepiaAy ao xokho-
ro nyHKTy nAaHy. Tan, npn po3rAHAi TeMH
«PoßOTa 3 npaUHMH KAaCHKiB MapKCH3My-Ae-
Hi3My b npoueci bhbmchhh icTopil CTapoAaB
Hboro CßiTy» CTHCAO nOHCHK)€TbCH iAeÄHO-
TeopeTHHHe Ta npaxTHHHe 3HaneHHH bhbhch-
hh BiAnoßiAHHX noAOJKeHb Mapxca, EHreAbca,
JleHiHa, BKa3yioTbCH tboph ocHOBonOAoacHH-
K1B MapKCH3My-AeHiHi3My, b hxhx bohh Mic-
THTbCH. y npoueci BHBHeHHH nHTaHHH «no-
hhtth icTopHHHoro A*epeAa. Tnnn A»epeJi.
Twin, bhah i <})opMH ix nyÖAixauiA» po3-
KPHBaeTbCH 3MiCT H33B3HHX nOHHTb. UpH
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|
| id | nasplib_isofts_kiev_ua-123456789-213414 |
| institution | Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| issn | 0130-5247 |
| language | Ukrainian |
| last_indexed | 2026-03-21T18:46:27Z |
| publishDate | 1987 |
| publisher | Інститут історії України НАН України |
| record_format | dspace |
| spelling | Котляр, М.Ф. Толочко, О.П. 2026-02-17T15:37:22Z 1987 Чи існувала "балтійська цивілізація” раннього середньовіччя? / М.Ф. Котляр, О.П. Толочко // Український історичний журнал. — 1987. — № 10. — С. 148–152. — укр. 0130-5247 https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/213414 uk Інститут історії України НАН України Український історичний журнал Критика та бібліографія Чи існувала "балтійська цивілізація” раннього середньовіччя? Существовала ли "балтийская цивилизация" раннего средневековья? Article published earlier |
| spellingShingle | Чи існувала "балтійська цивілізація” раннього середньовіччя? Котляр, М.Ф. Толочко, О.П. Критика та бібліографія |
| title | Чи існувала "балтійська цивілізація” раннього середньовіччя? |
| title_alt | Существовала ли "балтийская цивилизация" раннего средневековья? |
| title_full | Чи існувала "балтійська цивілізація” раннього середньовіччя? |
| title_fullStr | Чи існувала "балтійська цивілізація” раннього середньовіччя? |
| title_full_unstemmed | Чи існувала "балтійська цивілізація” раннього середньовіччя? |
| title_short | Чи існувала "балтійська цивілізація” раннього середньовіччя? |
| title_sort | чи існувала "балтійська цивілізація” раннього середньовіччя? |
| topic | Критика та бібліографія |
| topic_facet | Критика та бібліографія |
| url | https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/213414 |
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