Influence of Mn doping on ZnO defect-related emission

Defect-related emission in undoped and doped with manganese ZnO ceramics was investigated. Mn concentration Nᴹⁿ was varied from 10¹⁹ to 10²¹ cm⁻³. The samples were sintered for 3 hours in air at 1100 °C. The color of ZnO:Mn ceramics changed from yellow to reddish-brown with increasing Mn content. Ph...

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Published in:Semiconductor Physics Quantum Electronics & Optoelectronics
Date:2017
Main Authors: Stara, T.R., Markevich, I.V.
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Language:English
Published: Інститут фізики напівпровідників імені В.Є. Лашкарьова НАН України 2017
Online Access:https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/214902
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Cite this:Influence of Mn doping on ZnO defect-related emission / T.R. Stara, I.V. Markevich // Semiconductor Physics Quantum Electronics & Optoelectronics. — 2017. — Т. 20, № 1. — С. 137-141. — Бібліогр.: 27 назв. — англ.

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Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
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author Stara, T.R.
Markevich, I.V.
author_facet Stara, T.R.
Markevich, I.V.
citation_txt Influence of Mn doping on ZnO defect-related emission / T.R. Stara, I.V. Markevich // Semiconductor Physics Quantum Electronics & Optoelectronics. — 2017. — Т. 20, № 1. — С. 137-141. — Бібліогр.: 27 назв. — англ.
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description Defect-related emission in undoped and doped with manganese ZnO ceramics was investigated. Mn concentration Nᴹⁿ was varied from 10¹⁹ to 10²¹ cm⁻³. The samples were sintered for 3 hours in air at 1100 °C. The color of ZnO:Mn ceramics changed from yellow to reddish-brown with increasing Mn content. Photoluminescence (PL) spectra of the prepared samples were measured at room temperature and analyzed by Gaussian fitting. PL of undoped ceramics exhibited itself as an intense broad band peaking at about 550 nm. Two effects were shown to occur as a result of Mn doping: i) drastic quenching of self-activated PL accompanied by a gradual red-shift of the spectral boundary of the quenching with increasing the Mn content; ii) appearance of a new emission band peaking at 645 nm that becomes dominant in the PL spectrum at Nᴹⁿ = 10²⁰ cm⁻³. The observed effects were believed to be due to reabsorption of self-activated ZnO emission by Mn-related centers. The following recombination in excited centers was supposed to occur by both radiative and nonradiative ways, the former being responsible for the 645 nm PL band.
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fulltext Semiconductor Physics, Quantum Electronics & Optoelectronics, 2017. V. 20, N 1. P. 137-141. doi: https://doi.org/10.15407/spqeo20.01.137 © 2017, V. Lashkaryov Institute of Semiconductor Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine 137 PACS 81.05.Dz, 81.05.Je Influence of Mn doping on ZnO defect-related emission T.R. Stara, I.V. Markevich V. Lashkaryov Institute of Semiconductor Physics, NAS of Ukraine, 41, prospect Nauky, Kyiv 03028, Ukraine Phone: +38(044)525-72-34; e-mail: stara_t@ukr.net Abstract. Defect related emission in undoped and doped with manganese ZnO ceramics was investigated. Mn concentration NMn was varied from 1019 to 1021 cm–3.The samples were sintered for 3 hours in air at 1100 °C. The color of ZnO:Mn ceramics changed from yellow to reddish-brown with increasing the Mn content. Photoluminescence (PL) spectra of prepared samples were measured at room temperature and analyzed by Gaussian fitting. PL of undoped ceramics exhibited itself as intense broad band peaking at about 550 nm. Two effects were shown to occur as a result of Mn doping: i) drastic quenching of self-activated PL accompanied by gradual red-shift of spectral boundary of the quenching with increasing the Mn content; ii) appearance of a new emission band peaking at 645 nm that becomes dominant in the PL spectrum at NMn = 1020 cm–3. The observed effects were believed to be due to re-absorption of self-activated ZnO emission by Mn-related centers. The following recombination in excited centers was supposed to occur by both radiative and nonradiative ways, the former being responsible for 645 nm PL band. Keywords: ZnO ceramics, photoluminescence. Manuscript received 11.10.16; revised version received 25.01.17; accepted for publication 01.03.17; published online 05.04.17. 1. Introduction Zinc oxide doped with manganese attracts much attention due to the influence of this dopant on ZnO varistor behavior and magnetic properties. Thus, the majority of research is focused on the electrical and magnetic characteristics of this material, whereas information on ZnO:Mn light emission is rather scarce. The latter can be accounted for by the fact that ZnO:Mn, contrary to some other II-VI compounds (ZnS:Mn, ZnSe:Mn, CdS:Mn), exhibits quite weak emission. It has been shown that doping ZnO with Mn results in suppression of self-activated luminescence [1-6]. This effect, however, was not investigated in detail, and its mechanism was not decisively established. In addition, the presence of Mn-related band in ZnO:Mn emission spectrum is still a matter of debate. Some authors believe that a new emission band arises due to Mn doping [7- 10], while the others assert that only redistribution of the intensities of initially present emission bands occurs [2- 5]. Thus, to understand the mechanisms of the processes that result in modification of ZnO emission by the Mn doping further study is required. One can expect that the clarification of these mechanisms will give the possibility to control the emission in this material. In this work, the influence of Mn content on defect-related photoluminescence (PL) in ZnO:Mn ceramics was investigated in order to clarify the origin of suppression of ZnO emission by Mn doping. 2. Experimental procedure Undoped and doped with manganese ZnO ceramics were prepared. The samples were formed of the mixture of Semiconductor Physics, Quantum Electronics & Optoelectronics, 2017. V. 20, N 1. P. 137-141. doi: https://doi.org/10.15407/spqeo20.01.137 © 2017, V. Lashkaryov Institute of Semiconductor Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine 138 Fig. 1. PL (a) and PLE (b) spectra of ZnO:Mn ceramics with NMn = 0 (1); 1·1019 (2); 1·1020(3) and 1·1021cm–3 (4). ZnO powder (99.99% purity) with distilled water or MnSO4 aqueous solution. Mn content NMn was varied from 1019 to 1021 cm–3. The samples were dried at room temperature, sintered in air for 3 hours at 1100 °C and cooled with the furnace. Firm and dense ceramics with the average sizes 8×3×2 mm were obtained. The color of the doped samples changed from yellow to reddish- brown with increasing the Mn content. The ceramics were cut transversally, and PL spectra in the 400…800 nm range as well as PL excitation (PLE) spectra in 250…500 nm range were measured from the cleft surface at room temperature. Xe-lamp light passing through grating monochromator was used as an exciting source. 3. Results and discussion The PL spectra of undoped and doped with Mn samples manifest themselves as unstructured broad bands (Fig. 1a). It is seen that drastic weakening of emission and gradual red-shift of PL band maximum occur with increasing the Mn content. PLE spectra of the observed bands exhibit the only maximum whose position coincides with that of free exciton (Fig. 1b), which is characteristic for defect-related emission in ZnO [11]. A slight red-shift of this maximum from 3.26 to 3.22 eV takes place with increasing NMn from 0 to 1021 cm–3. Such an effect is usually observed in ZnO:Mn samples at a low Mn content (< 2 mol.%) and has been attributed to bandgap decrease caused by exchange interaction between d electrons of Mn and s and p electrons of the host bands [7, 12]. It should be noted that quenching the visible emission as well as its red-shift as a result of Mn doping were earlier observed in ZnO ceramics, films and nanostructures [1-6] and were often ascribed to redistribution of green and orange PL bands intensities due to suppression of self-activated green emission [2- 6]. This suppression was accounted for by the decrease of concentrations of zinc interstitials Zni and/or oxygen vacancies VO as a result of Mn incorporation [2-5, 13]. However, it is known that, in addition to self-activated green band peaked at about 2.40 eV (510-520 nm) [14- 16], another one peaked at about 2.30 eV (530-540 nm) and related to residual Cu impurity is usually present in PL spectrum of intentionally undoped ZnO [14-16]. The intensity of this Cu-related band in the samples prepared in air or oxygen ambient is usually higher than that of the self-activated one [15, 16]. Besides, as Fig. 1a shows, quenching the visible emission by Mn doping takes place not only in green but also in orange spectral region. It was stated that in undoped ZnO defect-related emission consisted of several overlapping bands, namely, of two abovementioned green ones as well as self-activated orange at 2.03 eV (610 nm) and red at 1.72 eV (720 nm) [14, 16]. To clarify modification of each of these bands due to Mn doping, deconvolution of PL spectra by Gaussian fitting was made for both undoped and Mn-doped samples (Fig. 2). It is seen that in undoped samples the self-activated green band is rather weak and the Cu-related one dominates in the PL spectrum (Fig. 2a). In the samples with NMn = 1·1019cm–3, the self-activated green band Semiconductor Physics, Quantum Electronics & Optoelectronics, 2017. V. 20, N 1. P. 137-141. doi: https://doi.org/10.15407/spqeo20.01.137 © 2017, V. Lashkaryov Institute of Semiconductor Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine 139 1.6 2.0 2.4 2.8 0 10 20 30 40 1.6 2.0 2.4 0 5 10 15 1.5 2.0 2.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 1.6 2.0 2.4 2.8 0 10 20 30 40 b c PL in te ns ity , a .u . Energy, eV d a PL in te ns ity , a .u . Fig. 2. Gaussian deconvolution of PL spectra for undoped (a) and doped samples with NMn = 1·1019 (b), 1·1020 (c) and 1·1021cm–3 (d). disappears in fact, and the intensity of Cu-related band becomes lower than that of the orange one; simultaneously, a new red-orange band peaking at 1.92 eV (645 nm) appears (Fig. 2b). At NMn = 1020cm–3, disappearance the Cu-related emission and weakening the orange band with respect to the red one occur, while the PL band at 1.92 eV (645 nm) becomes dominant in PL spectrum (Fig. 2c). At NMn = 1·1021cm–3, only 1.72 eV (720 nm) and 1.92 eV (645 nm) bands are observed, decreasing the intensity of the former with respect to that of the later takes place (Fig. 2d). Thus, two effects demonstrate themselves under Mn doping: i) suppression of initial PL, the effect of enhancing and extending from green to red spectral region with increasing the Mn content; ii) appearance of a new PL band at 1.92 eV (645 nm). The reported data on ZnO:Mn materials show that doping ZnO with Mn results in appearance of absorption in the visible spectral region, which exhibits itself as an unstructured “tail” in the absorption spectra [12, 17-22]. The intensity of this tail arises, and its spectral boundary shifts toward lower energies with increasing the Mn content [12, 17, 19, 21, 22], which produces at first yellow, then orange and at last reddish-brown color of the samples [2, 19, 22]. This effect was attributed to absorption of incident photons by MnZn 2+ ions caused by intra d-shell electron transitions from the ground to excited states [17, 19]. The absence of any structure in the absorption tail leads to supposition that these excited states are located in some band continuum [17, 23, 24]. The origin of this absorption tail, however, requires further study. One should expect that formation of this absorption “tail” will result in re-absorption of self- Semiconductor Physics, Quantum Electronics & Optoelectronics, 2017. V. 20, N 1. P. 137-141. doi: https://doi.org/10.15407/spqeo20.01.137 © 2017, V. Lashkaryov Institute of Semiconductor Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine 140 activated PL by Mn-related centers and, so, to quenching the emission caused by native and Cu-related defects. It is known that intense emission bands in the spectral region of 2.07…2.14 eV (580…600 nm) appear in ZnS, ZnSe, CdS and CdSe compounds due to doping with Mn, which is ascribed to intra-shell 4T1–6A1 transitions in Mn2+ ions incorporated to the host lattice [24]. At the same time, the presence of Mn-related emission in ZnO:Mn is thus far a subject of debate. Some authors affirm that this emission is completely absent and only nonradiative recombination in excited Mn-related centers occurs [2, 3, 24]. At the same time, PL bands at 2.12 eV (586 nm) [25], 2.07 eV (600 nm) [7], 1.95 eV (636 nm) [8] and 1.91 eV (650 nm) [9] were found in doped with manganese ZnO thin films [8, 25], ceramics [9] and nanopowders [7], which was ascribed to the radiative intra-shell transitions in Mn ions. Intense emission bands at 2.0 eV (620 nm) and 1.69 eV (730 nm) were also observed in electroluminescence spectra of ZnO:Mn ceramics [26]. Narrow green PL bands at 2.36 eV (526 nm) and 2.34 eV (530 nm) with specific PLE spectra were revealed in ZnO:Mn nanopowders [8] and ceramics [1], accordingly. The band at 2.34 eV appeared only after additional annealing at 900 °C of sintered at 1200 °C ceramics, which was ascribed to changes in the intrinsic defect concentration [1]. The aforementioned PL band at 1.92 eV (645 nm) in our ZnO:Mn ceramics should be also believed to be caused by Mn-related centers. In fact, this emission appears under doping ZnO with Mn and enhances with increasing the Mn content side by side with suppression of the other PL bands. The weakness of Mn-related emission in ZnO:Mn can be accounted for by supposition that recombination in excited Mn ions can occur by both radiative and nonradiative ways, the later being dominant. The reported data on ZnO:Mn emission show that the intensity and spectral position of Mn-related PL band in different samples depend essentially on the preparation technique. This effect was accounted for by different sites of Mn ions in the host lattice [8] as well as their interaction with Zni [2, 5, 13] and VO [1-5]. The possibility of Mn cluster formation also should be taken into account [6, 27]. To elucidate the influence of native defects on Mn-related emission in ZnO:Mn ceramics further investigations are planned. 4. Conclusion To elucidate the effect of Mn doping on ZnO defect- related emission, PL spectra of ZnO ceramics undoped and doped with manganese were measured and analyzed using Gaussian fitting. As a result of Mn doping, quenching all the self-activated PL bands was observed, gradual red-shift of spectral boundary of this quenching from the green to red spectral region taking place with increasing the Mn content from 1019 to 1021 cm–3. Simultaneously, it was found appearance of a new PL band peaking at 1.92 eV (645 nm) that became dominant in PL spectra at NMn = 1020 cm–3. As ZnO doping with Mn is known to cause formation of the absorption “tail” in the visible spectral range, the quenching effect can be accounted for by the re-absorption of self-activated PL by Mn-related centers. This explanation is in accordance with the change of sample color from yellow to reddish- brown with increasing the Mn content, which is accompanied by the red shift of PL quenching boundary. Recombination in the excited Mn-related centers has been supposed to occur by both radiative and nonradiative ways. The former was believed to be responsible for 1.92 eV (645 nm) PL band. The weakness of this emission leads to the conclusion that the nonradiative process is dominant. Acknowledgment This research has been financially supported by National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (project III-4-16). References 1. J.A. Garcia, A. Remon, J. Piqueras, Influence of Bi and Mn on the green luminescence of ZnO ceramics // J. Appl. Phys. 62, p. 3058-3059 (1987). 2. M. Liu, A.H. Kitai, P. Mascher, Point defects and luminescence centers in zinc oxide and zinc oxide doped with manganese // J. Lumin. 54, p. 35-42 (1992). 3. X.T. Zhang, Y.C. Liu, J.Y. Zhang, Y.M. Lu, D.Z. Shen, X.W. Fan, X.G. Kong, Structure and photoluminescence of Mn-passivated nanocrystalline ZnO thin films // J. Crystal Growth, 254, p. 80-85 (2003). 4. U. Llyas, R.S. Rawat, Y. Wang, T.L. Tan, P. Lee, R. Chen, H.D. Sun, F. Li, S. Zhang, Alteration of Mn exchange coupling by oxygen interstitials in ZnO:Mn thin films // Appl. Surf. Sci. 258, p. 6373- 6378 (2012). 5. M. Sima, L. Mihut, E. Vasile, M. Sima, C. Logofatu, Optical properties of Mn doped ZnO films and wires synthesized by thermal oxidation of ZnMn alloy // Thin Solid Films, 590, p. 141-147 (2015). 6. Th. Ruf, S. Repp, J. Urban, R. Thomann, E. Erdem, Competing effects between extrinsic and intrinsic defects in pure and Mn-doped ZnO nanocrystals // J. Nanopart. Res. 18, p. 109 (1-11) (2016). 7. M. Nakayama, H. Tanaka, K. Masuko, T. Fukushima, A. Ashida, N. Fujimura, Photoluminescence properties peculiar to the Mn- related transition in a lightly alloyed ZnMnO thin film grown by pulsed laser deposition // Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, p. 241908-(1-3) (2006). 8. A.J. Reddy, M.A. Kokila, Y. Nagabhushana, J.L. Rao, B.M. Nagabhushana, C. Shivakumara, R.P.S. 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id nasplib_isofts_kiev_ua-123456789-214902
institution Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
issn 1560-8034
language English
last_indexed 2026-03-21T12:40:17Z
publishDate 2017
publisher Інститут фізики напівпровідників імені В.Є. Лашкарьова НАН України
record_format dspace
spelling Stara, T.R.
Markevich, I.V.
2026-03-03T11:00:52Z
2017
Influence of Mn doping on ZnO defect-related emission / T.R. Stara, I.V. Markevich // Semiconductor Physics Quantum Electronics &amp; Optoelectronics. — 2017. — Т. 20, № 1. — С. 137-141. — Бібліогр.: 27 назв. — англ.
1560-8034
PACS: 81.05.Dz, 81.05.Je
https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/214902
https://doi.org/10.15407/spqeo20.01.137
Defect-related emission in undoped and doped with manganese ZnO ceramics was investigated. Mn concentration Nᴹⁿ was varied from 10¹⁹ to 10²¹ cm⁻³. The samples were sintered for 3 hours in air at 1100 °C. The color of ZnO:Mn ceramics changed from yellow to reddish-brown with increasing Mn content. Photoluminescence (PL) spectra of the prepared samples were measured at room temperature and analyzed by Gaussian fitting. PL of undoped ceramics exhibited itself as an intense broad band peaking at about 550 nm. Two effects were shown to occur as a result of Mn doping: i) drastic quenching of self-activated PL accompanied by a gradual red-shift of the spectral boundary of the quenching with increasing the Mn content; ii) appearance of a new emission band peaking at 645 nm that becomes dominant in the PL spectrum at Nᴹⁿ = 10²⁰ cm⁻³. The observed effects were believed to be due to reabsorption of self-activated ZnO emission by Mn-related centers. The following recombination in excited centers was supposed to occur by both radiative and nonradiative ways, the former being responsible for the 645 nm PL band.
This research has been financially supported by the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (project III-4-16).
en
Інститут фізики напівпровідників імені В.Є. Лашкарьова НАН України
Semiconductor Physics Quantum Electronics &amp; Optoelectronics
Influence of Mn doping on ZnO defect-related emission
Article
published earlier
spellingShingle Influence of Mn doping on ZnO defect-related emission
Stara, T.R.
Markevich, I.V.
title Influence of Mn doping on ZnO defect-related emission
title_full Influence of Mn doping on ZnO defect-related emission
title_fullStr Influence of Mn doping on ZnO defect-related emission
title_full_unstemmed Influence of Mn doping on ZnO defect-related emission
title_short Influence of Mn doping on ZnO defect-related emission
title_sort influence of mn doping on zno defect-related emission
url https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/214902
work_keys_str_mv AT staratr influenceofmndopingonznodefectrelatedemission
AT markevichiv influenceofmndopingonznodefectrelatedemission