Micro- and nanostructuring of metal surfaces with polarized femtosecond laser pulses
Under irradiation of the surface of metals with femtosecond laser pulses, periodic surface micro- and nanostructures have been obtained. The dependence of orientation inherent to formed structures on the direction of the electric field related to the incident electromagnetic wave and the type of pol...
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Інститут фізики напівпровідників імені В.Є. Лашкарьова НАН України
2017
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| Цитувати: | Micro- and nanostructuring of metal surfaces with polarized femtosecond laser pulses / N.G. Zubrilin, I.V. Blonskiy, I.M. Dmitruk, O.E. Dombrovskiy, N.I. Berezovska, V.I. Stiopkin // Semiconductor Physics Quantum Electronics & Optoelectronics. — 2017. — Т. 20, № 1. — С. 48-54. — Бібліогр.: 14 назв. — англ. |
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Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine| _version_ | 1860275357438967808 |
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| author | Zubrilin, N.G. Blonskiy, I.V. Dmitruk, I.M. Dombrovskiy, O.E. Berezovska, N.I. Stiopkin, V.I. |
| author_facet | Zubrilin, N.G. Blonskiy, I.V. Dmitruk, I.M. Dombrovskiy, O.E. Berezovska, N.I. Stiopkin, V.I. |
| citation_txt | Micro- and nanostructuring of metal surfaces with polarized femtosecond laser pulses / N.G. Zubrilin, I.V. Blonskiy, I.M. Dmitruk, O.E. Dombrovskiy, N.I. Berezovska, V.I. Stiopkin // Semiconductor Physics Quantum Electronics & Optoelectronics. — 2017. — Т. 20, № 1. — С. 48-54. — Бібліогр.: 14 назв. — англ. |
| collection | DSpace DC |
| container_title | Semiconductor Physics Quantum Electronics & Optoelectronics |
| description | Under irradiation of the surface of metals with femtosecond laser pulses, periodic surface micro- and nanostructures have been obtained. The dependence of orientation inherent to formed structures on the direction of the electric field related to the incident electromagnetic wave and the type of polarization of this wave has been studied. Typically, these laser-induced structures are perpendicular to the electric field of incident light and have a period shorter than the laser wavelength. The structures oriented in parallel to the polarization vector with a longer period have also been revealed. The dependence of surface structure formation on the initial surface defects in metal has been found.
|
| first_indexed | 2026-03-21T12:40:29Z |
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| fulltext |
Semiconductor Physics, Quantum Electronics & Optoelectronics, 2017. V. 20, N 1. P. 48-54.
doi: https://doi.org/10.15407/spqeo20.01.048
© 2017, V. Lashkaryov Institute of Semiconductor Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
48
PACS 81.16.Dn, 81.16.Rf
Micro- and nanostructuring of metal surfaces
with polarized femtosecond laser pulses
N.G. Zubrilin1, I.V. Blonskiy1, I.M. Dmitruk1,2, O.E. Dombrovskiy1, N.I. Berezovska2, V.I. Stiopkin1
1Institute of Physics, NAS of Ukraine, 46, prospect Nauky, 03680 Kyiv, Ukraine
2Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 64/13, Volodymyrska str., 01601 Kyiv, Ukraine
Corresponding author: phone +38(044)-526-45-87; e-mail: n_berezovska@univ.kiev.ua
Abstract. Under irradiation of the surface of metals with femtosecond laser pulses,
periodic surface micro- and nanostructures have been obtained. The dependence of
orientation inherent to formed structures on direction of the electric field related with the
incident electromagnetic wave and type of polarization of this wave has been studied.
Typically these laser-induced structures are perpendicular to the electric field of incident
light and have period shorter than the laser wavelength. The structures oriented in
parallel to the polarization vector with a longer period have been also revealed. The
dependence of surface structure formation on the initial surface defects in metal has been
found.
Keywords: femtosecond laser pulses, quasi-periodic surface structures, surface
plasmons, circular polarization.
Manuscript received 11.11.16; revised version received 09.02.17; accepted for
publication 01.03.17; published online 05.04.17.
1. Introduction
One of the effects of high-power femtosecond laser
pulses on metal surface is formation of quasi-periodic
surface structures [1-4]. Modification of surface
topology under the influence of laser irradiation leads to
changes in physical properties of matter, including the
mechanical and optical ones, and therefore surface
structuring becomes widely used, for example for
creation of “black” and “color” films [5], super-
hydrophobic surfaces [6, 7], etc. Good biostability and
biocompatibility of some refractory metals make them
promising for biomedical applications. For instance, the
performed study of femtosecond laser surface treatment
of titanium [8] has shown that laser processing the
implant surfaces provides suitable surface topography,
smoothing the surface with smooth micro-
inhomogeneities and less surface contamination as
compared with other treatment methods. We propose to
use laser-induced periodic surface structures for
application as SERS substrates [9].
Naturally, there is reasonable necessity to study
physical principles corresponding to formation of
surface periodic structures. In some studies, explanation
of the effect is based on the conception of interference of
the incident electromagnetic waves and those scattered
along the surface by surface inhomogeneities, including
those induced by incident radiation. In literature, it is
also considered the defect-deformation mechanism
responsible for formation of surface periodic structures
based on creation of generated diffusion-deformation
instabilities under the influence of laser irradiation [10].
However, the most appropriate mechanism
providing formation of periodic surface structures on
metals is related with surface electromagnetic waves
(SEW) or surface polaritons that are excited at the
Semiconductor Physics, Quantum Electronics & Optoelectronics, 2017. V. 20, N 1. P. 48-54.
doi: https://doi.org/10.15407/spqeo20.01.048
© 2017, V. Lashkaryov Institute of Semiconductor Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
49
Fig. 1. SEM image of the surface structures on stainless steel formed under the influence of laser radiation with linear
polarization (a, c) and their two-dimensional Fourier transform (b, d).
Fig. 2. SEM image of the copper surface irradiated with femtosecond laser pulses, and two-dimensional Fourier transform of the
SEM image.
surface of metals by laser radiation [11]. Interference of
the incident wave and SEW leads to periodic energy
distribution on the sample surface, and due to the
structural and phase transformations occurring in the
treated material a periodic surface structure (PSS) begins
to form. According to the plasmon-polariton mechanism
responsible for formation of periodic structures, the
grooves with a period close to the wavelength of the
laser are oriented along the perpendicular to the
polarization plane of the incident light beam [12, 13].
In this paper, we describe PSS formed due to direct
structuring the metal surfaces by femtosecond laser
pulses, study of PSS orientation depending on the
direction of the electric field in the incident wave, and
on the type of polarization of the incident electro-
magnetic wave.
2. Experimental setup
In our experiments, the Coherent Ti-sapphire laser system
consisting of a femtosecond oscillator Mira-900F and
chirped pulse amplifier Legend-HE was used. The output
beam had the following characteristics: wavelength close
to 800 nm, pulse duration 140 fs with the pulse energy
about 0.8…1 mJ. The laser beam was focused on the
sample surface by the lens with the focal length equal to
200 mm. The average power density at the surface of
metal was of the order of 1012 W/cm2. The power density
of irradiation was adjusted by changing the distance from
the lens focus to the sample surface, the focus was beyond
the sample. Horizontally polarized laser beam was
incident normally on the surface of the sample. This
polarization was changed using the plates λ/2 and λ/4.
Semiconductor Physics, Quantum Electronics & Optoelectronics, 2017. V. 20, N 1. P. 48-54.
doi: https://doi.org/10.15407/spqeo20.01.048
© 2017, V. Lashkaryov Institute of Semiconductor Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
50
Fig. 3. (a) SEM image of the surface of stainless steel irradiated with laser radiation with circular polarization, (b) Fourier
transform of SEM image (a), (c) Fourier image after editing; (d) the result of inverse transform of Fourier image (c).
Fig. 4. (a) SEM image of the surface of molybdenum irradiated with laser radiation possessing circular polarization, (b) Fourier
transform of SEM image (a), (c) Fourier transform after editing; (d) the result of inverse transform of Fourier image (c).
Semiconductor Physics, Quantum Electronics & Optoelectronics, 2017. V. 20, N 1. P. 48-54.
doi: https://doi.org/10.15407/spqeo20.01.048
© 2017, V. Lashkaryov Institute of Semiconductor Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
51
Fig. 5. (a) SEM image of the surface of molybdenum irradiated with femtosecond laser pulses with elliptical polarization,
(b) two-dimensional Fourier transform of SEM image (a), (c) the result of Fourier filtering, (d) inverse transform of Fourier
image (c). The period of structures is about 650 nm.
Fig. 6. SEM image of the surface of molybdenum irradiated with femtosecond laser pulses possessing linear polarization.
Sample was fixed to the holder attached to a
translation stage, which allowed to change the angle of
incidence for laser radiation on the sample and allowed
to move the sample relatively to the laser beam
during irradiation (scanning beam mode) at a speed of
0.1…30 mm/s.
Morphology of irradiated surface has been studied
using the electron microscopes JSM-35, JEOL-8200 and
optical microscope Axioskop-2.
3. Results and discussion
Under irradiation of the sample of stainless steel with a
laser beam at the speed 0.2 mm/s, energy per pulse of
about 0.85 mJ and repetition rate 20 Hz, the comb
periodic structures oriented along the perpendicular to
the electric field of laser radiation have been observed
(Fig. 1a). When the polarization is turned by the angle
90° using the half-wave plate, the quasi-periodic
Semiconductor Physics, Quantum Electronics & Optoelectronics, 2017. V. 20, N 1. P. 48-54.
doi: https://doi.org/10.15407/spqeo20.01.048
© 2017, V. Lashkaryov Institute of Semiconductor Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
52
structures also turn to the angle 90° (Fig. 1с). The period
of these structures is about 530 nm in the case of
stainless steel, which is smaller than the wavelength of
laser radiation. These results are fully consistent with the
model of formation of surface structures under the
influence of femtosecond laser pulses due to interference
of the incident electromagnetic wave and excited
plasmon-polariton surface wave.
Two-dimensional Fourier transform demonstrates a
well-defined periodic structure perpendicular to the
electric field of the laser radiation. However, in addition
to these structures, in the pattern of two-dimensional
transform, another periodicity in the vertical direction in
the case of horizontal polarization (Fig. 1b) and in
horizontal direction according to vertical polarization
has been observed (Fig. 1d). This periodicity has several
times larger period because of the Fourier decomposition
maxima are closer to the center of symmetry of the
image.
The structures with this kind of periodicity are also
found on the irradiated copper surface (Fig. 2). In
addition to the quasi-periodic structures perpendicular to
the polarization of laser radiation with a period of the
order of the light wavelength, there are structures
parallel to the vector of polarization. The period of these
structures is about 1.5…2 µm, whereas the period of
structures perpendicular to the polarization vector is
approximately 600 nm. The same effect has been
observed for titanium under laser irradiation with the
pulse duration of 10 and 100 ns [14].
The stainless steel sample was also irradiated with
femtosecond laser pulses with the same parameters as in
the above mentioned case (0.2 mm/s, pulse energy
0.85 mJ and repetition rate 20 Hz), but with circular
polarization. SEM image processing using two-
dimensional Fourier transform indicates that the
obtained structure is periodic in all directions, as
evidenced by the ring inside Fourier transform of SEM
image (Fig. 3).
If to filter out the other components of two-
dimensional Fourier transform and leave only the ring
that we are interested in, the inverse Fourier transform
will show the ring character of initial surface structures.
The calculations indicate that the typical distance
between elements of the structure is the same in all
directions and is about 630 nm, which is smaller than the
laser wavelength and close to the value of the period of
comb structures formed under irradiation with the laser
beam possessing linear polarization (either horizontal, or
vertical).
The quasi-periodic surface structures of this kind
are common. The same type of structures was obtained
on the surface of molybdenum. The sample was
irradiated using the femtosecond laser pulses with the
wavelength 820 nm (Fig. 4).
The ring character of the formed structures can be
seen at SEM images even without Fourier filtering. The
period of these structures in all directions is about
690 nm, which is close to the wavelength of the laser
radiation.
Thus, from the above mentioned one can make an
unambiguous conclusion on the characteristic difference
of surface structures obtained under irradiation with
linearly polarized laser radiation and pulses with circular
polarization. However, we also received surface
structures that occupy intermediate position between the
above-mentioned structures, namely, their properties are
characteristic partially for circular and partially for
parallel quasi-periodic structures.
Fig. 5a represents the SEM image of the surface of
molybdenum irradiated with femtosecond laser pulses
with elliptical (nearly circular) polarization, while
scanning the laser beam along the sample surface at the
speed 4 mm/s (in the picture – horizontal direction) at
pulse repetition rate 1 kHz, wavelength – 820 nm. Two-
dimensional Fourier transform reveals the periodicity of
the formed structures in all directions. In addition, there
is a pronounced periodicity (Fig. 5c, arrow a) in a certain
direction, and evidenced for the higher orders of Fourier
image (Fig. 5c, arrow c). Their presence indicates non-
sinusoidal profile of grooves. The direction of parallel
quasi-periodic grooves does not coincide with the
direction of the laser beam scanning of the sample
surface, the angle between them is about 30°. Periods of
rings and grooves of surface structures are equal and are
~ 650 nm. And patterns with large period (arrow b) are
seen in perpendicular direction.
It should be noted that along with the quasi-
periodic structures on the irradiated surface the features
of nanosized scale have been observed (see Fig. 6).
Fig. 7 shows enlarged view of these nanosized features
from the left part of the SEM image in Fig. 6.
Fig. 8 shows the SEM image of the surface of an
alloy of platinum Pt and 3% of zirconium Zr.
Another important factor that affects both the shape
of laser-induced surface structures and their orientation
is the quality of the initial surface of the irradiated
material.
Fig. 7. SEM image of features of nanosized scale on the
surface of molybdenum (enlarged Fig. 6).
Semiconductor Physics, Quantum Electronics & Optoelectronics, 2017. V. 20, N 1. P. 48-54.
doi: https://doi.org/10.15407/spqeo20.01.048
© 2017, V. Lashkaryov Institute of Semiconductor Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
53
Fig. 8. SEM image of formed periodic surface structure on the
surface of Pt-Zr alloy.
Fig. 9. Optical image of the surface of copper sample irradiated
with femtosecond laser pulses with linear polarization: (a) a
general view of the sample surface, (b, c) views of different
places on the sample.
Fig. 9 shows the copper surface irradiated with
femtosecond laser pulses. Inclined dark strokes are
initial defects (scratches) that were present on the sample
surface before laser irradiation. Fig. 9 also shows the
right edge of the spot irradiated by about 600 femto-
second laser pulses. At inserts, enlarged regions of the
irradiation spot are shown, closer to the center (b) and
closer to the edge (c) of irradiation spot. In Fig. 9b, the
structures are extended along the perpendicular to the
polarization vector, which is consistent with the
proposed model of laser-induced formation of structures
on the surface of metals. However, in Fig. 9c it could be
noticed that grooves are at an angle to the polarization
vector and parallel to the initial scratches on the sample
surface, indicating their direct influence on the orien-
tation of surface structures. This effect is manifested in
area away from the center of spot, likely because of
surface defects have a greater influence in the case of
relatively lower power density of laser irradiation, in
other words, when the power density of laser irradiation
is near the ablation threshold of this material.
4. Conclusions
In our experimental conditions, quasi-periodic structures
are formed on the surface of metals and alloys under the
polarized laser pulses always along the perpendicular to
the direction of the electric field in the incident wave and
have a period within 500…650 nm, which is less than
the wavelength of radiation 800…820 nm.
The structures parallel to the polarization vector
with a period several times larger than the wavelength of
the laser radiation have been also revealed on the
irradiated surface. The period of these structures is
1.5…2 µm. Availability of these structures indicates
possibility of another mechanism of their formation. It
could be capillary waves on the surface of molten metal.
Surface structures periodic in all directions have
been observed in the case of irradiation of metal surface
with circularly polarized pulses.
The dependence of the formation of periodic
surface structures on the initial surface defects of the
metal has been demonstrated in the case of copper
surface.
Acknowledgements
Publication is based on the research provided by the
grant support of the State Fund for Fundamental
Research (project F64/23-2016), and NATO Science for
Peace and Security (SPS) Programme (grant
NUKR.SFPP 984617).
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| id | nasplib_isofts_kiev_ua-123456789-214913 |
| institution | Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| issn | 1560-8034 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2026-03-21T12:40:29Z |
| publishDate | 2017 |
| publisher | Інститут фізики напівпровідників імені В.Є. Лашкарьова НАН України |
| record_format | dspace |
| spelling | Zubrilin, N.G. Blonskiy, I.V. Dmitruk, I.M. Dombrovskiy, O.E. Berezovska, N.I. Stiopkin, V.I. 2026-03-03T11:09:01Z 2017 Micro- and nanostructuring of metal surfaces with polarized femtosecond laser pulses / N.G. Zubrilin, I.V. Blonskiy, I.M. Dmitruk, O.E. Dombrovskiy, N.I. Berezovska, V.I. Stiopkin // Semiconductor Physics Quantum Electronics & Optoelectronics. — 2017. — Т. 20, № 1. — С. 48-54. — Бібліогр.: 14 назв. — англ. 1560-8034 PACS: 81.16.Dn, 81.16.Rf https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/214913 https://doi.org/10.15407/spqeo20.01.048 Under irradiation of the surface of metals with femtosecond laser pulses, periodic surface micro- and nanostructures have been obtained. The dependence of orientation inherent to formed structures on the direction of the electric field related to the incident electromagnetic wave and the type of polarization of this wave has been studied. Typically, these laser-induced structures are perpendicular to the electric field of incident light and have a period shorter than the laser wavelength. The structures oriented in parallel to the polarization vector with a longer period have also been revealed. The dependence of surface structure formation on the initial surface defects in metal has been found. Publication is based on the research provided by the grant support of the State Fund for Fundamental Research (project F64/23-2016), and NATO Science for Peace and Security (SPS) Programme (grant NUKR.SFPP 984617). en Інститут фізики напівпровідників імені В.Є. Лашкарьова НАН України Semiconductor Physics Quantum Electronics & Optoelectronics Micro- and nanostructuring of metal surfaces with polarized femtosecond laser pulses Article published earlier |
| spellingShingle | Micro- and nanostructuring of metal surfaces with polarized femtosecond laser pulses Zubrilin, N.G. Blonskiy, I.V. Dmitruk, I.M. Dombrovskiy, O.E. Berezovska, N.I. Stiopkin, V.I. |
| title | Micro- and nanostructuring of metal surfaces with polarized femtosecond laser pulses |
| title_full | Micro- and nanostructuring of metal surfaces with polarized femtosecond laser pulses |
| title_fullStr | Micro- and nanostructuring of metal surfaces with polarized femtosecond laser pulses |
| title_full_unstemmed | Micro- and nanostructuring of metal surfaces with polarized femtosecond laser pulses |
| title_short | Micro- and nanostructuring of metal surfaces with polarized femtosecond laser pulses |
| title_sort | micro- and nanostructuring of metal surfaces with polarized femtosecond laser pulses |
| url | https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/214913 |
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