Quantum efficiency improvement of optical radiation trap-detectors
The ways to increase the quantum efficiency of trap detectors of optical radiation have been discussed. Presented here is a brief review of trap detectors, in which high quantum efficiency is ensured by their design. The obtained results of the performed studies confirm the practical meaning of the...
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Інститут фізики напівпровідників імені В.Є. Лашкарьова НАН України
2019
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| Cite this: | Quantum efficiency improvement of optical radiation trap-detectors / D.N. Tatyanko, P.I. Neyezhmakov, Ye.P. Timofeev, A.S. Litvinenko, K.I. Suvorova, E.M. Didenko // Semiconductor Physics Quantum Electronics & Optoelectronics. — 2019. — Т. 22, № 1. — С. 104-110. — Бібліогр.: 23 назв. — англ. |
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| author | Tatyanko, D.N. Neyezhmakov, P.I. Timofeev, Ye.P. Litvinenko, A.S. Suvorova, K.I. Didenko, E.M. |
| author_facet | Tatyanko, D.N. Neyezhmakov, P.I. Timofeev, Ye.P. Litvinenko, A.S. Suvorova, K.I. Didenko, E.M. |
| citation_txt | Quantum efficiency improvement of optical radiation trap-detectors / D.N. Tatyanko, P.I. Neyezhmakov, Ye.P. Timofeev, A.S. Litvinenko, K.I. Suvorova, E.M. Didenko // Semiconductor Physics Quantum Electronics & Optoelectronics. — 2019. — Т. 22, № 1. — С. 104-110. — Бібліогр.: 23 назв. — англ. |
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| description | The ways to increase the quantum efficiency of trap detectors of optical radiation have been discussed. Presented here is a brief review of trap detectors, in which high quantum efficiency is ensured by their design. The obtained results of the performed studies confirm the practical meaning of the newly developed schemes for the construction of trap detectors. Results of investigations of optical receivers based on trap detectors that were applied at the state primary measurement standards of the optical radiation units have been presented, too.
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ISSN 1560-8034, 1605-6582 (On-line), SPQEO, 2019. V. 22, N 1. P. 104-110.
© 2019, V. Lashkaryov Institute of Semiconductor Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
104
Sensors
Quantum efficiency improvement of optical radiation trap-detectors
D.N. Tatyanko
1
, P.I. Neyezhmakov
2,3
, Ye.P. Timofeev
2
, A.S. Litvinenko
3
, K.I. Suvorova
3
, O.M. Didenko
3
1
O.Ya. Usikov Institute for Radiophysics and Electronics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine,
12, Academica Proskury str., 61085 Kharkiv, Ukraine
E-mail: tatyanko@ukr.net
2
National Scientific Centre “Institute of Metrology”,
42, Myronositska Str., 61002 Kharkiv, Ukraine
E-mail: timofeev@metrology.kharkov.ua; pavel.neyezhmakov@metrology.kharkov.ua
3
O.M. Beketov National University of Urban Economy,
17, Marshala Bazhanova str., 61002 Kharkiv, Ukraine
E-mail:kisuvorova17@gmail.com
Abstract. The ways to increase the quantum efficiency of trap detectors of optical radiation
have been discussed. Presented here has been a brief review of trap detectors, in which high
quantum efficiency is ensured by their design. The obtained results of performed studies
confirm the practical meaning of the new developed schemes for the construction of trap
detectors. Results of investigations of optical receivers based on trap detectors that were
applied at the state primary measurement standards of the optical radiation units have been
presented, too.
Keywords: trap detectors, optical radiation, quantum efficiency.
doi: https://doi.org/10.15407/spqeo22.01.104
PACS 42.79.Pw
Manuscript received 02.03.19; revised version received 26.03.19; accepted for publication
27.03.19; published online 30.03.19.
1. Introduction
Trap detectors of optical radiation have been recognized
as detectors for highly accurate measurements and are
used in national metrological institutions as a part of the
measurement standards of energy and spectral
characteristics of optical radiation [1]. The quantum
efficiency of modern trap detectors exceeds 99.9%, and
the uncertainty of reproducing the power of optical
radiation of measurement standards based on trap
detectors is less than 0.1% [2].
Continuous intense development of metrological
equipment for telecommunications, medicine, etc.,
requires increasing the accuracy of optical detectors. The
paper provides an overview of optical trap detectors, the
original design of which increases their external quantum
efficiency, which allows increasing the accuracy of
absolute measurements of the energy characteristics of
optical radiation.
2. Main part
In modern measuring devices, photodiodes are widely
used as detectors of optical radiation. But one of the
drawbacks of photodiodes is their nonlinear spectral
sensitivity. The use of modern semiconductor materials
can significantly reduce the spectral dependence of
photodiodes. In particular, some silicon photodiodes,
such as photodiodes of the series Hamamatsu S1337,
possess 100% internal quantum efficiency, that is, each
photon absorbed by a semiconductor, is involved in
generation of one electron. The advantage of the new
photodiode is well illustrated in Fig. 1, where the
dependence of quantum efficiency on the radiation
wavelength for different types of optical detectors is
shown [3].
At the same time, a significant part of photodiode
radiation (more than 35%) is not absorbed by the
photosensitive material and is reflected from their
surface. The value of the reflected optical power depends
on the spectral sensitivity of material.
Photodiode spectral sensitivity S is characterized by
the photocurrent I generated per optical power unity P,
incident on the photodiode surface [4]:
hc
ne
P
I
S
λη
== , (1)
where h is the Planck constant; с – speed of light in
vacuum; e – elementary charge; n – air refraction index;
λ – wavelength of the radiation incident on the
photodiode; η – external quantum efficiency, that is, the
SPQEO, 2019. V. 22, N 1. P. 104-110.
Tatyanko D.N., Neyezhmakov P.I., Timofeev Ye.P. et al. Quantum efficiency improvement of optical radiation …
105
ratio of the number of generated electron-hole pairs to the
number of photons falling on the surface of photodiode:
( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( )ωλα1ςλρ1λρ1ηη −−−=−= ei , (2)
where ηi is the internal quantum efficiency of the
photodiode; ζ – part of the electron-hole pairs that take
part in the photocurrent (in relative units); α(λ) –
wavelength-dependent absorption coefficient; ω –
thickness of the photodiode layer on which optical power
is absorbed; ρ(λ) – the coefficient dependent on the
wavelength of reflection from the surface of the
photodiode.
Thus, in the expression (2) for quantum efficiency,
there are two components depending on the wavelength
of optical radiation – the reflection coefficient from the
photodiode surface ρ(λ) and the absorption coefficient of
the photosensitive layer of photodiode α(λ). The
maximum linearity of the spectral sensitivity can be
obtained by minimizing the nonlinearity of these two
components. The spectral sensitivity, in this case, will
only linearly depend on the wavelength of radiation.
The photodiode absorption coefficient α(λ) depends
on the material of the photosensitive layer. Thus, for
more accurate detection of optical radiation, it is
necessary to have a photodiode with the best linearity of
the absorption coefficient of photosensitive layer in the
given spectral range. Another possibility to minimize the
influence of the nonlinear component of the spectral
sensitivity inherent to photodiodes [5] is to reduce the
coefficient of reflection ρ(λ) and, therefore, to increase
the external quantum efficiency of the photosensor,
since, as it was mentioned earlier, more than 35% of the
power of optical radiation falling on it can be reflected
from the surface of the photodiode [6].
It is possible to reduce the optical power loss
associated with the reflection of radiation from
photodiodes by using the so-called “trap detector” as an
optical radiation detector.
The trap detector model, for example, proposed in
[7, 8], consists of four photodiodes located at an angle to
one another along the propagation of optical radiation.
The beam of the optical source, falling on the surface of
photodiodes, is partially absorbed, and the remaining
energy of the beam is reflected. Reflecting from each
photodiode in the trap detector, the beam hits the next
photodiode along the beam propagation and, reflected
from the last one in the photodiode chain, is directed to
the previous photodiode, thus returning to the photodiode
system [9]. Photodiodes are electrically connected to
each other in parallel, i.e., currents from all photodiodes
are summed up.
Due to the repeated hit of the beam on the
photosensitive surfaces of photodiodes inside the trap
detector, almost all optical radiation is absorbed,
therefore, losses due to reflection of radiation from the
surface of photodiodes in the detector structure decrease
and the external quantum efficiency of the detector
increases. The reduction of the losses caused by the
reflection of radiation increases the external quantum
efficiency and improves the linearity of the spectral
sensitivity of the trap detector as compared to that of
individual photodiodes [10]. To reduce the losses
associated with the reflection of radiation in the above-
mentioned photodetectors, an improved design of a
Fig. 1. Quantum efficiencies of typical Si, InGaAs, and Ge photodiodes.
SPQEO, 2019. V. 22, N 1. P. 104-110.
Tatyanko D.N., Neyezhmakov P.I., Timofeev Ye.P. et al. Quantum efficiency improvement of optical radiation …
106
Fig. 2. New model of a trap detector based on three
photodiodes. 1–3 – photodiodes, 4 – direction of the incident
and reflected optical radiation. Total number of reflections
(2N+1).
three-diode trap detector [11–13] was proposed (Fig. 2),
which provides a greater number of beam reflections in
the detector structure without increasing the number of
photodiodes.
In presented in Fig. 2 a three-diode trap detector
model, optical radiation from the last photodiode 3 in the
chain is not reflected back to the previous photodiode, as
it is in the classical trap detector models, but due to the
photodiode positioning at a certain angle to the incident
beam, is reflected to the first photodiode 1. From the first
photodiode 1 in the chain, radiation is reflected back into
the system of photodiodes, i.e., on the photodiode 3 and
further in series on the photodiodes 2 and 1. Thus, the
number of reflections in the proposed trap detector model
(Fig. 2) is 2N+1, where N is the number of photodiodes
in the trap detector, in contrast to the classical models
[9], in which the number of reflections is 2N–1.
Fig. 4. Scheme of the trap detector with 4 photodiodes. Total
number of reflections (2N+3).
A comparative analysis carried out in the paper [14]
showed that the output of the proposed model of a trap
detector in Fig. 2 generates the maximum current level
from all the considered types of trap detectors, namely:
the new design has the highest quantum efficiency.
The quantum efficiency of this new model, in
comparison with the already known, previously
developed models is 0.25…0.26% higher than of the
detector TRAP-100 and 0.15…0.2% higher than the
QED-200 detector (for the radiation wavelength 633 nm).
Regarding the QED-100 detector in a three-diode
configuration, the quantum efficiency of the new design
is higher by more than 1%. This is a pretty good result
that the accuracy of reproduction of a unity of optical
radiation power in measurement standards based on trap
detectors is less than 0.1%.
Fig. 3. New polarization-independent models of trap detectors based on four photodiodes. 1–4 – photodiodes, 5 – direction of
the incident and reflected optical radiation. Total number of reflections (2N+1).
SPQEO, 2019. V. 22, N 1. P. 104-110.
Tatyanko D.N., Neyezhmakov P.I., Timofeev Ye.P. et al. Quantum efficiency improvement of optical radiation …
107
Fig. 5. Scheme of the trap detector with 4 photodiodes. Total
number of reflections (4N–5).
Fig. 3 shows the spatial versions of the model of the
trap detector in Fig. 2, in which the photosensitive
surfaces of the photodiodes are inclined to each other in
such a manner that the radiation polarization vector, i.e.,
the vertical and horizontal polarization components of
radiation are maximally absorbed [11].
In the development of the model shown in Fig. 2,
the models in Figs. 4–7 are proposed. In Fig. 4, a trap
detector model is proposed, in which the number of
radiation reflections inside the detector is 2N+3 [15].
In Fig. 5, a trap detector model is proposed, in
which the number of radiation reflections inside the
detector is 4N–5 [16].
Figs. 6, 7 shows the variants of the trap detector
model shown in Fig. 5.
Fig. 6. Scheme of the trap detector with 5 photodiodes.
An alternative to the above-described approach to
detecting optical radiation can be developed designs
based on the property of a mirror ellipse surface to reflect
any beam that passes through one of the ellipsoid foci in
the direction in which it necessarily passes through the
second focus and, having reflected, a second time from
the ellipse surface, the beam will again pass through the
first focus, etc., each time clinging to the major axis of
the ellipsoid of rotation until it completely merges with it
[17-20].
Fig. 8 shows the configuration of the proposed trap
detector with an ellipse mirror [20].
Fig. 9 shows the design of the trap detector using
photodiodes in the form of parts of an ellipsoid of
rotation. Radiation is introduced into the detector using
discrete optics (lens) or optical fiber (light guide). The
beam is focused to a point that coincides with the focus
of the ellipsoid of rotation.
Photodiode 1 is located at a distance equal to half
the major axis of the ellipsoid from the elliptical mirror.
The constructions of the trap detectors without
mirrors are shown in Figs. 9a, 9b. Fig. 9a shows a
configuration with two photodiodes made in the form of
parts of an ellipsoid of rotation. Fig. 9b shows a
configuration with flat and ellipse photodiodes. These
trap detectors are used in the modes similar to those
shown in Fig. 8. The advantages of these configurations
are the absence of unaccounted losses on the mirrors,
which increases the accuracy of the absolute power
measurements.
Ellipsoidal configurations allow excluding reflected
radiation in the direction of the radiation source. They are
convenient for measuring incoherent radiation sources,
since each subsequent reflection causes a narrowing
of the radiation pattern. In addition, all the proposed
Fig. 7. Scheme of the trap detector with 6 photodiodes.
SPQEO, 2019. V. 22, N 1. P. 104-110.
Tatyanko D.N., Neyezhmakov P.I., Timofeev Ye.P. et al. Quantum efficiency improvement of optical radiation …
108
Fig. 8. Diagram of the trap detector with a mirror in the form of
a part of an ellipsoid of rotation.
configurations allow taking into account the diffuse
component, which positively affects the accuracy of
measurements.
Part of the above-mentioned constructions schemes
for receivers on the basis of trap detectors were
implemented when creating the state primary
measurement standard of the unities of mean power in
the radiation pulse, power of continuous radiation in the
light guide and radiation propagation time in the light
guide (DETU 11-03-09) as well as the state of primary
measurement standard of the unities of mean power and
energy inherent to laser radiation (DETU 11-04-12).
The reference primary measuring transducer
included in DETU 11-03-09 is made using the traditional
3-diode circuit (Fig. 2) and the reference primary
measuring transducer included in DETU 11-04-12 is
made of the 4-diode circuit (Fig. 5).
The physical configuration of the reference primary
transducer DETU 11-03-09 is shown in Fig. 10 and the
physical configuration of the reference primary
transducer DETU 11-04-12 is shown in Fig. 11.
The authors have performed studies of the specified
reference primary measuring transducers by using
various construction schemes for trap detectors. A signal
from a He-Ne-stabilized laser with the emission
wavelength 633 nm was gradually applied to both trap
detectors. The plots (Figs 12 and 13) show the time
dependences of the output signal when measuring the
Fig. 10. Fig. 11.
Fig. 10. The physical configuration of the reference primary
measuring transducer with the 3-diode circuit.
Fig. 11. The physical configuration of the reference primary
measuring transducer with the 4-diode circuit.
laser power by the reference primary measuring
transducer DETU 11-03-09 and DETU 11-04-12,
respectively.
The mean value of the output signal of the reference
primary measuring transducer DETU 11-04-12 is equal
to 821.5925 µА and the mean value of the output signal
of the reference primary measuring transducer DETU 11-
03-09 is 821.4274 µА.
The relative difference in the measurement
indications with reference primary measuring transducers
is 0.02%. Since the mean value of the output signal of the
reference primary measurement transducer DETU 11-04-
12 is higher than that of the output signal of the reference
primary measurement transducer DETU 11-03-09, this
shows the advantage of constructing a trap detector with
the 4-diode circuit, since under all the other equal
conditions of measurements, the trap detector with the
Fig. 9. Drain detector scheme (a – using photodiodes in the form of parts of an ellipsoid of rotation; b – using a flat photodiode
and a photodiode in the form of a part of an ellipsoid of rotation; c – with radiation input through a light guide). 1 – flat
photodiode, 2 – elliptical mirror made as part of ellipsoid of rotation, 3 – beam of radiation source which power is measured, 4 –
light guide, 5 – ellipse photodiode made as a part of ellipsoid of rotation; F1, F2 – foci of ellipsoid of rotation.
SPQEO, 2019. V. 22, N 1. P. 104-110.
Tatyanko D.N., Neyezhmakov P.I., Timofeev Ye.P. et al. Quantum efficiency improvement of optical radiation …
109
0 20 40 60 80 100
821.0
821.2
821.4
821.6
821.8
822.0
822.2
822.4
µ
A
s
Fig. 12. The output signal from the reference primary
measuring transducer DETU 11-03-09.
0 20 40 60 80 100
820.8
821.0
821.2
821.4
821.6
821.8
822.0
822.2
822.4
µ
A
s
Fig. 13. The output signal from the reference primary
measuring transducer DETU 11-04-12.
new 4-diode circuit shows a higher quantum efficiency
and a better approximation to the ideal trap detector.
Considering that the type B standard uncertainty of
DETU 11-04-12 is 0.03%, the reference primary
measuring transducer with the 4-diode circuit provides
the measurement of the laser power with less uncertainty.
The performed studies also confirm the practical
value of the developed new schemes for the construction
of trap detectors.
3. Conclusions
The use of trap detectors provides a higher quantum
efficiency and better linearity of the spectral sensitivity
of these detectors, as compared to detectors based on
single photodiodes. New models of trap detectors have
been proposed, with the improved spectral sensitivity
linearity and increased quantum efficiency. The use of
trap detectors makes it possible to increase the accuracy
of optical radiation power measurements in the operation
wavelength range as compared to individual photodiodes
and well-known trap detectors, which allows applying
them in the State Primary Measurement Standards of
Ukraine and calibration laboratories as high-accurate
measuring instruments of optical radiation power.
Due to its characteristics, such as high sensitivity
and good linearity in a wide frequency range, trap
detectors can be effectively used in the following
research areas: twilight photometry [21], studies of
circadian rhythms [22], multi-functional multi-channel
laser systems [23] and so on.
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Authors and CV
Dmytro N. Tatyanko, PhD, Senior
Researcher, O. Usikov Institute for
Radiophysics and Electronics of the
National Academy of Sciences of
Ukraine, Department of nonlinear
dynamics of electronic systems.
Authored over 75 scientific publica-
tions, 4 patents. The area of scientific
interests is low-coherence spectral interferometry; energy
and spectral characteristics of optical radiation; optical
radiation detectors, optical reflectometry; ultra-bright
LEDs; software defined radars; processing random signals
for noise radars based on FPGA systems; micro-
electronics; microcontrollers.
Pavel I. Neyezhmakov, General
Director of National Scientific Centre
“Institute of Metrology” (Kharkov,
Ukraine). Doctor of Sciences,
professor; CIPM member. Professor
of Department “Lighting Engineering
and Sources of Light”, O.M. Beketov
National University of Urban Economy in Kharkiv,
Ukraine; Chief Editor of Ukrainian Metrological Journal;
Chief Editor of Information Bulletin on International
Metrology; Associate Editor of NCSLI Measure for
candela; Editor of International scientific journal
“Lighting Engineering & Power Engineering”. Authored
over 230 publications, 3 patents. The area of scientific
interests is metrology and measurement standards,
photometry and radiometry, photodetectors and light
sources.
Yevgen P. Tymofeev, Doctor of
Sciences, senior researcher, leading
researcher at the National Scientific
Centre “Institute of Metrology”,
specializes in the field of metrological
support of measurements of energy
characteristics of lasers and LEDs.
Anatoliy S. Litvinenko, PhD,
Assistant professor, senior lecturer at
the Department of Lighting Enginee-
ring and Sources of Light, O.M. Be-
ketov National University of Urban
Economy in Kharkiv, Ukraine.
Authored over 28 works, 39 patents.
The area of scientific interests is
holography, metrology, lighting engineering.
Krystyna I. Suvorova, PhD, senior
lecturer at the Department of Lighting
Engineering and Sources of Light,
O.M. Beketov National University of
Urban Economy in Kharkiv, Ukraine.
Authored over 20 works. The area
of scientific interests is energy and
spectral characteristics of optical radiation; optical
radiation detectors, light for circadian rhythms, lighting
engineering, LEDs metrology.
Olena M. Didenko, PhD, senior
lecturer at the Department of Lighting
Engineering and Sources of Light,
O.M. Beketov National University of
Urban Economy in Kharkiv, Ukraine.
Authored over 30 works. The area of
scientific interests is unconventional
renewable energy sources, lighting.
|
| id | nasplib_isofts_kiev_ua-123456789-215420 |
| institution | Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| issn | 1560-8034 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2026-03-23T18:50:59Z |
| publishDate | 2019 |
| publisher | Інститут фізики напівпровідників імені В.Є. Лашкарьова НАН України |
| record_format | dspace |
| spelling | Tatyanko, D.N. Neyezhmakov, P.I. Timofeev, Ye.P. Litvinenko, A.S. Suvorova, K.I. Didenko, E.M. 2026-03-16T10:58:26Z 2019 Quantum efficiency improvement of optical radiation trap-detectors / D.N. Tatyanko, P.I. Neyezhmakov, Ye.P. Timofeev, A.S. Litvinenko, K.I. Suvorova, E.M. Didenko // Semiconductor Physics Quantum Electronics & Optoelectronics. — 2019. — Т. 22, № 1. — С. 104-110. — Бібліогр.: 23 назв. — англ. 1560-8034 PACS: 42.79.Pw https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/215420 https://doi.org/10.15407/spqeo22.01.104 The ways to increase the quantum efficiency of trap detectors of optical radiation have been discussed. Presented here is a brief review of trap detectors, in which high quantum efficiency is ensured by their design. The obtained results of the performed studies confirm the practical meaning of the newly developed schemes for the construction of trap detectors. Results of investigations of optical receivers based on trap detectors that were applied at the state primary measurement standards of the optical radiation units have been presented, too. en Інститут фізики напівпровідників імені В.Є. Лашкарьова НАН України Semiconductor Physics Quantum Electronics & Optoelectronics Sensors Quantum efficiency improvement of optical radiation trap-detectors Article published earlier |
| spellingShingle | Quantum efficiency improvement of optical radiation trap-detectors Tatyanko, D.N. Neyezhmakov, P.I. Timofeev, Ye.P. Litvinenko, A.S. Suvorova, K.I. Didenko, E.M. Sensors |
| title | Quantum efficiency improvement of optical radiation trap-detectors |
| title_full | Quantum efficiency improvement of optical radiation trap-detectors |
| title_fullStr | Quantum efficiency improvement of optical radiation trap-detectors |
| title_full_unstemmed | Quantum efficiency improvement of optical radiation trap-detectors |
| title_short | Quantum efficiency improvement of optical radiation trap-detectors |
| title_sort | quantum efficiency improvement of optical radiation trap-detectors |
| topic | Sensors |
| topic_facet | Sensors |
| url | https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/215420 |
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