Photoconverter with luminescent concentrator. Matrix material
Materials promising for the production of luminescent solar energy concentrators were considered. It is known that the silicon oxide matrix is transparent within the spectral range where the Sun emits light. To date, the low-temperature sol-gel method for synthesizing SiO₂ coatings with the simultan...
Збережено в:
| Опубліковано в: : | Semiconductor Physics Quantum Electronics & Optoelectronics |
|---|---|
| Дата: | 2019 |
| Автори: | , , , , |
| Формат: | Стаття |
| Мова: | Англійська |
| Опубліковано: |
Інститут фізики напівпровідників імені В.Є. Лашкарьова НАН України
2019
|
| Теми: | |
| Онлайн доступ: | https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/215424 |
| Теги: |
Додати тег
Немає тегів, Будьте першим, хто поставить тег для цього запису!
|
| Назва журналу: | Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| Цитувати: | Photoconverter with luminescent concentrator. Matrix material / M.R. Kulish, V.P. Kostylyov, A.V. Sachenko, I.O. Sokolovskyi, A.I. Shkrebtii // Semiconductor Physics Quantum Electronics & Optoelectronics. — 2019. — Т. 22, № 1. — С. 80-87. — Бібліогр.: 31 назв. — англ. |
Репозитарії
Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine| _version_ | 1860480561657675776 |
|---|---|
| author | Kulish, M.R. Kostylyov, V.P. Sachenko, A.V. Sokolovskyi, I.O. Shkrebtiy, A.I. |
| author_facet | Kulish, M.R. Kostylyov, V.P. Sachenko, A.V. Sokolovskyi, I.O. Shkrebtiy, A.I. |
| citation_txt | Photoconverter with luminescent concentrator. Matrix material / M.R. Kulish, V.P. Kostylyov, A.V. Sachenko, I.O. Sokolovskyi, A.I. Shkrebtii // Semiconductor Physics Quantum Electronics & Optoelectronics. — 2019. — Т. 22, № 1. — С. 80-87. — Бібліогр.: 31 назв. — англ. |
| collection | DSpace DC |
| container_title | Semiconductor Physics Quantum Electronics & Optoelectronics |
| description | Materials promising for the production of luminescent solar energy concentrators were considered. It is known that the silicon oxide matrix is transparent within the spectral range where the Sun emits light. To date, the low-temperature sol-gel method for synthesizing SiO₂ coatings with the simultaneous doping of the material with quantum dots (QDs) has been developed. The transmission spectrum of borosilicate glasses (BK7) is narrower than that of SiO₂. Typically, the doping of BK7 with the quantum dots of the group AᶦᶦBᵛᶦ is carried out using the method of condensation at high temperatures, which results in a low value of the quantum yield of luminescence. Minimal losses of luminescent quanta through the leakage cone will be in the matrix of glass LASF35 022291.541, whose refractive index is 2.022. In the research of the properties of photoconductors with a luminescent concentrator, the matrix is most often made of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA). Its doping with QDs and dyes is well developed. The quantum yield of luminescence of luminophores when doping PMMA with dyes and QDs is close to unity. The magnitude of losses of luminescent quanta in matrices of glass, PMMA, and silica has been estimated. The dependence of these losses in the wave range, which should be taken into account in the study of stacked fluorescent concentrators, has been analyzed.
|
| first_indexed | 2026-03-23T19:02:07Z |
| format | Article |
| fulltext |
ISSN 1560-8034, 1605-6582 (On-line), SPQEO, 2019. V. 22, N 1. P. 80-87.
© 2019, V. Lashkaryov Institute of Semiconductor Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
80
Optoelectronics and optoelectronic devices
Photoconverter with luminescent concentrator. Matrix material
M.R. Kulish
1
, V.P. Kostylyov
1
, A.V. Sachenko
1
, I.O. Sokolovskyi
1
, A.I. Shkrebtii
2
1
V. Lashkaryov Institute of Semiconductor Physics, NAS of Ukraine,
45, prospect Nauky, 03680 Kyiv, Ukraine
2
University of Ontario Institute of Technology,
2000 Simcoe St. N., Oshawa, Ontario, L1H 7K4, Canada
Abstract. Materials, promising for production of luminescent solar energy concentrators
were considered. It is known that the silicon oxide matrix is transparent within the spectral
range where Sun emits light. Up to date, the low-temperature sol-gel method for
synthesizing SiO2 coatings with the simultaneous doping of the material with quantum dots
(QDs) is developed. The transmission spectrum of borosilicate glasses (BK7) is narrower
than that of SiO2. Typically, the doping of BK7 with the quantum dots of the group A
II
B
VI
is carried out using the method of condensation at high temperatures, which results in a low
value of the quantum yield of luminescence. Minimal losses of luminescent quanta through
the leakage cone will be in the matrix of glass LASF35 022291.541, which refractive index
is 2.022. In the research of the properties of photoconductors with a luminescent
concentrator, the matrix is most often made of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA). Its
doping with QDs and dyes is well developed. The quantum yield of luminescence of
luminophores when doping PMMA with dyes and QDs is close to unity. The magnitude of
losses of luminescent quanta in matrices of glass, PMMA and silica has been estimated.
Dependence of these losses in the wave range, which should be taken into account in the
study of stacked fluorescent concentrators, has been analyzed.
Keywords: SiO2, borosilicate glass, polymethylmethacrylate, matrix, luminescent
concentrator.
doi: https://doi.org/10.15407/spqeo22.01.80
PACS 88.40.jm, 88.40.jp
Manuscript received 15.01.19; revised version received 06.02.19; accepted for publication
20.02.19; published online 30.03.19.
1. Introduction
Generally, photoconverter with a fluorescent
concentrator (FC) is transparent for a sunlight plate
doped by a luminophore and combined with solar cells
attached to its ends. The luminophores absorb light in a
wide spectral range of sunlight quanta and emit
luminescent quanta in a narrow spectral band. The
luminophores emit quanta in a random direction.
Typically, the refractive index of the plate exceeds the
refractive index of the surrounding medium. Therefore,
most of the quanta are transported to the ends of the plate
due to full internal reflection and enter into the solar cell
(SC), in which the energy of the luminescent quanta is
converted into the electrical one. The rest of luminescent
quanta leaves the plate and is lost. Since the area of end
faces is much smaller than the area of the top face of the
FC plate and the cost of this plate is low, it is expected
that the photoconductors with FC will generate less
expensive electricity [1, 2].
Photoconductors with a luminescent concentrator
attract researchers by the fact that they are capable of
converting into electrical energy not only the energy of
direct incident light quanta but also the energy of the
scattered light quanta [3]. It means that FCs do not need
tracking systems for Sun’s position. The large volume of
the concentrator allows one to efficiently distribute the
heat related with the relaxation losses. As a result, the
solar cells will work at adequate temperature without
using any cooling systems. An additional advantage of
FCs is the possibility of their placement on the facades
and roofs of buildings, which allows consuming the
electricity produced by FC, simultaneously avoiding the
solution of various technical problems when dealing with
integration of photovoltaic systems into electrical
networks [4].
The properties of material for luminescent
concentrators define the efficiency of conversion of solar
energy to electricity. To achieve maximum efficiency,
the plate of the luminescent concentrator should have the
following characteristics [5-9]:
SPQEO, 2019. V. 22, N 1. P. 80-87.
Kulish M.R., Kostylyov V.P., Sachenko A.V., Sokolovskyi I.O., Shkrebtii A.I. Photoconverter with luminescent …
81
1) High transparency for sunlight in AM1 and
AM1.5 conditions. Ideally, 100% optical transparency.
2) Almost ideal transparency in the emission
spectrum of the fluorescence material.
3) Low scattering, especially in the spectral region
of the highest response of the solar cell.
4) High refractive index.
5) High chemical resistance, perfect chemical
inertia.
6) The ability to undergo plastic deformation
without damage.
7) Great mechanical strength: the plate of the
luminescent concentrator should not be deformed under
its own weight.
8) Excellent weather resistance (fluctuations in
temperature, wind, oxidation). Ideally for 20-30 years.
9) High photostability and durability for reaching
the service life of more than 20-30 years.
10) Low cost required to minimize the cost of
electricity.
11) Low density, preferably < 1 g/cm
3
, so that the
weight of the 100×100×1 cm plate should be < 10 kg.
12) Zero toxicity.
13) The material of the matrix should be able to be
doped with an appropriate luminophore while
maintaining the quantum yield of luminescence close to
unity.
For doping the matrix, three types of luminophores
[7-9] are used: rare earth atoms and complexes, dyes,
quantum dots (QDs). Of these, only QDs are capable to
convert the energy of light quanta located in a wide
spectral range into luminescence quanta in a narrow
luminescent band. Usually, a quantum dot is a structure
that consists of a core surrounded by one or more
inorganic shells and one organic shell. Actually, in the
core energy of wide spectral region quanta is transformed
into a narrow luminescent band. Inorganic shells serve
for passivation of dangling bonds on the surface of the
core, providing a high quantum yield of QD
luminescence. The organic shell prevents agglomeration
of QDs, allowing to get the maximum possible
concentration of QDs in the matrix. The need to preserve
the organic shell means that the maximum temperature of
the technological process of making a plate of doped
QDs should not exceed the temperature of organic shell
destruction.
2. Matrix material
The material of the matrix should be transparent for
AM1.5 sunlight (Fig. 1, curve 4), which spectrum is
within the range 0.25…2.5 µm [5, 10]. In principle, any
material with a low absorption coefficient, which is
transparent to AM1.5 light, can serve as a matrix [10].
Such materials may include inorganic materials (silica or
glass of various types) and organic materials (various
types of plastics). From the economic viewpoint, it is
preferable to use silica glass of BK7 type,
polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA).
2.1. Silica
According to [5-9, 13-15], fused silica transparent for
AM1.5 sunlight (Fig. 1, curve 2) has a low content of
inclusions, high uniformity of the refractive index, low
absorption coefficient in the 0.35…2.5 µm spectral
region (Fig. 1, curve 2). The refractive index in the entire
spectral region is close to 1.5 (Fig. 2, curve 2).
Quantum dots can be injected into silica by using
implantation of various atoms with subsequent annealing.
For example, the authors of [20] reported formation of
ZnO quantum dots in silica by using implantation of Zn
and F ions with further annealing. Optical absorption and
photoluminescence spectra measurements, electron
microscopy and X-ray diffraction studies indicate that
ZnO QDs are formed after annealing in air or in vacuum
at temperatures above 500 °C. Atomic force microscopy
researches show a relatively smooth surface of annealed
specimens, indicating that only Zn atoms are evaporated
from the surface. Formation of ZnO QDs during thermal
annealing can be explained by the direct oxidation of Zn
nanoparticles by substrate oxygen molecules formed
during implantation of F ions. The quality of ZnO QDs
increases with increasing the annealing temperature.
The sol-gel method for the synthesis of CdS, CdSe,
and CdTe QDs coated with an organic shell in the silicon
matrix [21] has already been developed. This method
allows obtaining monolithic silica with InP/ZnS (InP –
nucleus, ZnS – shell) quantum dots [22]. The quantum
yield of InP/ZnS quantum dots luminescence reached
21.7%. With continuous excitation by using 400-nm
light, the intensity of InP/ZnS QDs photoluminescence
after 180 minutes was more than 90% of the initial value.
2.2. Borosilicate glass (BK7)
BK7 glass is one of the most common borosilicate
glasses used for visible and near-infrared optics. Its high
homogeneity, low content of bubbles and inclusions, the
simplicity of manufacturing technology makes it suitable
for preparation of FC matrix. BK7 demonstrates good
scratch resistance. The transparency range for BK7 is
0.38…2.1 µm (Fig. 1, curve 3) [23]. The refractive index
in the visible and near-infrared region is close to 1.5
(Fig. 2, curve 3).
To synthesize CdS QDs [21], CdS and elemental
sulfur with amount approximately equal to one weight
percent were added into a glass charge (SiO2 ≈ 63…70%,
B2O3 ≈ 3…10%, ZnO ≈ 10…15%, K2O ≈ 10…15%,
Na2O ≈ 10…15%). This glass was melted at the
temperatures 1200…1400 °C. At these temperatures, Cd
and S are in the atomic-molecular dispersion state, which
is sustained during rapid cooling of the melt to room
temperature. The resulting solid solution of the
semiconductor in the glass matrix is in a supersaturated
state. Glass heating at 540 °C is accompanied by a
diffuse decomposition of a supersaturated solid solution
with fluctuation formation of the semiconductor phase
SPQEO, 2019. V. 22, N 1. P. 80-87.
Kulish M.R., Kostylyov V.P., Sachenko A.V., Sokolovskyi I.O., Shkrebtii A.I. Photoconverter with luminescent …
82
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
0
50
100
T
ra
n
s
m
it
ta
n
c
e
,
%
Wavelength, µm
4
1
3
2
0
1
S
o
la
r
P
o
w
e
r,
W
/m
2
/n
m
Fig. 1. Spectral distribution of the intensity of sunlight at the
Earth surface (AM1.5G) (4) [11] and light transmission for
polymethylmethacrylate (1) [12], silica of the type IR Grade (2)
[15], borosilicate glass of the type N-BK7 (3) [16].
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
1.40
1.45
1.50
1.55
R
e
fr
a
c
ti
v
e
i
n
d
e
x
Wavelength, µm
2
3
1
Fig. 2. Refractive index spectra for PMMA (1) [17], silica
IR Grade (2) [18], glass BK7 (3) [19].
nuclei and a decrease in the degree of saturation. With
the subsequent increase in the time of glass heating, the
stage of condensation begins, when the increase in the
size of nanocrystals occurs as a result of dissolution of
small nanocrystals.
The inclusion of QDs into inorganic glasses allows
combining the unique properties of QDs with good
chemical, mechanical and thermal properties of these
glasses. The inert nature of the glass matrix ensures
photochemical stability and heat resistance of embedded
QDs. However, the main problem of glasses containing
A
II
B
VI
group QDs is that defects on the interface between
QDs and glass matrices quench exciton radiation. It is
difficult to achieve a large quantum yield of
luminescence with this technology of nanocrystal
synthesis, since it is impossible to form inorganic and
organic shells around nanocrystals.
2.3. Organic plastics
The majority of researches devoted to the study of the
photoconductors with the luminescent concentrator
properties is performed using the plates made of organic
materials. In particular, the following types of polymers
are promising for the FC matrix [24]: fluoropolymers
(FP), ethylene backbone polymers (EBP), polyimides
(PI). Their specifications are given in Table 1 [24].
The properties of the following plastics [25]:
polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), polyvinyl chloride
(PVC), polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and
polycarbonate (PC) were most often considered. Their
transmission spectra are shown in Fig. 3 [25]. The data
presented in Table 1 and Fig. 3 show that the
transmission of these materials in the visible range differs
little. Some differences in the transmission spectra are
observed only in the ultraviolet and near-infrared spectral
regions.
For the vast majority of plastics, the refractive index
in the visible region of the spectrum is close to 1.5
(Table 1).
From all optically transparent plastics [26, 27],
researchers prefer polymethylmethacrylate or PMMA
[12, 17], since this material has better optical properties
than any other organic polymer. PMMA is chemically
stable, light and more transparent than glass (in the
visible spectrum). Unfortunately, the PMMA
transparency region is considerably narrower than the
transparency region of silica and glass BK7. The
degradation of the PMMA optical properties after 17
years of exposure to sunlight in the desert was
insignificant [6].
PMMA is relatively inexpensive and synthesized
easily. However, caution is required when manufacturing
PMMA concentrators, since their optical properties
depend heavily on production technology (for example,
500 1000 1500 2000 2500
0
50
100
T
ra
n
s
m
it
ta
n
c
e
,
%
Wavelength, nm
PMMA
PVC
PET
PC
Fig. 3. Typical transmission (including Fresnel reflection
losses) for 2-mm plastics [25].
SPQEO, 2019. V. 22, N 1. P. 80-87.
Kulish M.R., Kostylyov V.P., Sachenko A.V., Sokolovskyi I.O., Shkrebtii A.I. Photoconverter with luminescent …
83
injection molding, and compression). The study of the
matrix manufacturing process [6] showed that the
pouring of PMMA into a glass container and its drying to
form a solid film is not optimal, since the solvent does
not evaporate completely, inhomogeneities and
dissipation losses arise in the PMMA plate.
The quantum yield of luminescence is close to unity
for dyes injected into PMMA [8] and reaches 88.5% for
In(Zn)P/ZnS quantum dots [29]. For CdSe-ZnS/CdS/ZnS
QDs, the quantum yield is close 100% (the quantum
luminescence output already reaches 97%) [30].
3. Influence of the matrix material on the luminescent
quanta losses through the leakage cone
Of all types of luminophores, the most promising are
QDs [8]. When QDs matrix is irradiated with sunlight,
quantum dots absorb light quanta of the corresponding
spectral interval and emit luminescent quanta in an
arbitrary direction (Fig. 4). Usually, the matrix is
surrounded by air. According to the Snell law, the
reflection of light quanta from the boundary between the
two media is described by the equation
refairinm nn θ=θ sinsin , (1)
where nm and nair are the refractive index of the matrix
and air, θin and θref are the angle of incidence and that of
light beam refraction, respectively.
When the angle of incidence increases, the
refractive angle increases, and at a critical value of the
angle of incidence θin = θc, the refracted beam propagates
along the surface of the matrix (Fig. 4), i.e., θref = 90°. In
this case
( )
λ
=λθ
emit
c
n
1
arcsin)( , (2)
where λemit is the wavelength of luminescent quanta. It
means that all the luminescence quanta that fall onto the
surface of matrix-air section at the angles θin < θc leave
the matrix.
In most of materials suitable for production of the
FC matrix, the refractive index is higher than 1.3 (see
Fig. 2 and Table 2). The effect of refractive index on the
magnitude of the critical angle is shown in Fig. 5. It is
evident that, with nm increasing, the critical angle
decreases and, therefore, reduction of luminescent quanta
losses is expected.
If, however, the luminescent quanta fall onto
the matrix-air boundary at the angles θin > θc, due to
total internal reflection, they have transported to the
end faces of the matrix and proceed into the solar cells.
In order to maximize the efficiency of photoconverters
with luminescent concentrators, it is necessary to choose
a matrix material with a maximum refractive index. In
this case, θc will be minimal and, hence, the losses of
quanta as a result of leakage through the cone will be
minimal.
The fraction P of luminescent quanta leaving the
matrix is determined by the ratio of the solid angle of the
cone of leakage ( )ccone θ−π=Ω cos12 to the 4π
steradian area sphere.
Table 1. Organic plastics [24, 28].
Fluoropolymers (FP) Ethylene backbone polymers (EBP) Polyimides (PI)
Type
polymer
n for
D-line
(589.3 nm)
Urbach
edge
position
(nm)
Type
polymer
n for
D-line
(589.3 nm)
Urbach
edge
position
(nm)
Type
polymer
n for
D-line
(589.3 nm)
Urbach
edge
position
(nm)
Tedlars
PVF
UT20BG3
1.474 454 PV1400 ~1.49 270 Kapton® E ~1.90 763
Teflons
ETFE
1.398 314 PV5200 ~1.48 ~340 Kapton® H ~1.82 741
PV1400
EVA
1.489 266 PV5300 ~1.49 346
Kapton®
HN
~1.82 731
PV5200
PVB
1.480 366
PV5300
Ionomer
1.487 346
Kaptons H 1.824 741
Kaptons
HN
1.817 731
Kaptons E 1.899 768
SPQEO, 2019. V. 22, N 1. P. 80-87.
Kulish M.R., Kostylyov V.P., Sachenko A.V., Sokolovskyi I.O., Shkrebtii A.I. Photoconverter with luminescent …
84
Fig. 4. Typical geometry of the FC matrix. The sunlight is
absorbed by quantum dots (not shown in the figure).
Luminescent quanta LQs can be emitted in an arbitrary
direction. When they fall to the matrix-space separation at the
angles θ < θc, they leave the matrix (θc is the critical angle to
which the refracted beam propagates along the matrix surface,
Ωcone is the solid angle of the cone of leakage). When
luminescent quanta fall onto the matrix-air boundary (nm and
nair are the refractive index of the matrix and air, respectively)
at the angles θ > θc, they are transported to the side face plate of
the matrix through the full internal reflection and quanta fall to
the entrance surface of the solar cell, where their energy is
converted into electrical energy.
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
20
40
60
80
C
ri
ti
c
a
l
a
n
g
le
,
d
e
g
re
e
s
Refractive index
Fig. 5. The critical angle vs. the refractive index.
Therefore, following [6, 31]
( ) ( )c
cP θ−=
π
θ−π
= cos1
2
1
4
cos12
. (3)
Since the luminescent quanta flows through the input and
rear surfaces of the matrix plate, then P in the equation
(3) should be multiplied by two. Hence, the fraction of
the photons lost through the cones of leakage is described
by the equation
cP θ−= cos1 . (4)
Substituting θc values into the equation (4), we get that
the fraction of lost photons is:
2
1
11
1
arcsincos1cos1
mm
c
nn
P −−=
−=θ−= . (5)
Substituting the value of the refractive index in (5), the
fraction P−1 of luminescent quanta (Fig. 6) captured in
the matrix can be found. As expected, the fraction of
photons captured in the matrix increases with the
increase in the refractive index.
Following the given data, one can give the
following recommendations for choosing the type of
matrix for FC.
1) Only the matrix of silica is transparent for the
entire range of AM1.5 and AM0 sunlight. It is necessary
to improve technology of low-temperature synthesis of
silica doped with quantum dots for their use. However, a
relatively low refractive index value (nm = 1.4584) for
silica matrices should be taken into account. As a result,
the critical angle θc of this material is large (Fig. 5),
which leads to relatively large losses (the magnitude of
losses reaches 27%, see Fig. 8) of luminescent quanta
through the cone of leakage.
2) Glass matrices are transparent for the main part
of the solar spectrum. It is necessary to improve
technology of injection for quantum dots with a high
quantum yield of luminescence into the glass to use it.
The refractive index of the most common glass BK7
nm = 1.4584, which defines the relatively large value
θc = 41°. So, the losses of luminescent quanta through the
Table 2. Material parameters.
Material nd (λ = 589.3 nm) Critical angle Losses, % Trapped flux, %
Silica 1.459 43.29 27.2 72.8
BK7 1.516 41.27 24.8 75.2
PMMA 1.493 42.05 25.7 74.3
LASF35 022291.541 2.022 29.64 13.1 86.9
SPQEO, 2019. V. 22, N 1. P. 80-87.
Kulish M.R., Kostylyov V.P., Sachenko A.V., Sokolovskyi I.O., Shkrebtii A.I. Photoconverter with luminescent …
85
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1
-P
Refractive index n
m
Fig. 6. Probability of capture of luminescent quanta in the
matrix due to total internal reflection. The line – calculation by
using the formula (5), points – calculation by simulating tracing
of rays [6, 31].
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
40
42
44
C
ri
ti
c
a
l
a
n
g
le
,
d
e
g
re
e
s
Wavelength, µm
1
2
3
Fig. 7. Dependence of the critical angle on the wavelength for
BK7 glass (1), PMMA (2), silica (3).
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
0.24
0.26
0.28
L
o
s
s
e
s
Wavelength, µm
1
2
3
Fig. 8. Losses of luminescent quanta through the escape cone
vs. the wavelength for BK7 glass (1), PMMA (2), silica (3).
cone is significant (P = 24.8%) for this case. It is possible
to significantly reduce these losses by using LASF35
022291.541 glass with nm = 2.022. For this glass,
respectively, θc = 29.64° and the fraction of the
luminescence quanta captured in the matrix can reach
86.9%. However, we do not know about the use of this
type of glass for production of the FC matrix.
3) PMMA matrices are widely used for the study of
FC properties. The transmission spectrum for this matrix
is limited by a range of approximately 400…1000 nm.
The refractive index of this material nm = 1.49 defines a
relatively large value of the critical angle θc = 42° and
losses of luminescent quanta through the escape cone of
25.9%.
4) To reduce the relaxation losses, FCs are put into
the stack. The dispersion of the refractive index leads to a
change in the losses of luminescent quanta through the
cone. The dependences of the critical angle and losses of
luminescent quanta through the escape cone are
presented in Figs. 7 and 8. These parameters should be
taken into account when analyzing the properties of FC
in the stack.
3. Conclusions
The most complete use of solar energy in luminescent
photoconverters is possible for the matrix of silicon
oxide. Creation of this matrix requires the use of such
methods as a low-temperature synthesis of SiO2 with
simultaneous doping with quantum dots possessing high
luminescence quantum yield.
The use of PMMA matrices doped with QDs is
reasonable for developing the methods of light quanta
losses reduction and optimization of the design of
luminescent concentrators.
The use of a glass with high refractive index (for
example, LASF35 022291.541 with nm = 2.022) gives the
lowest critical angle and the minimal losses of
luminescent quanta through the escape cone.
References
1. Yun-Seng Lim, Lo Chin Kim, Geok Bee Teh,
Unsaturated polyester resin blended with MMA as
potential host matrix for luminescent solar
concentrator. Renewable Energy. 2012. 45. P. 156–
162. DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2012.02.025.
2. Bende Е.Е., Slooff L.H., Burgers A.R., van Sагк
W.G.J.H.M., Кеnntdy M. Cost & efficiency
optimisation of the fluorescent solar-concentrator.
The 23rd European photovoltaic solar energy
conference, Valencia, Spain, September 1–5, 2008.
3. Mansour A.F., El-Shaarawy M.G., El-Bashir S.M.,
El-Mansy M.K., Hammam M. A qualitative study
and field performance for a fluorescent solar collec-
tor. Polymer Testing. 2002. 21, No 3. P. 277e81.
SPQEO, 2019. V. 22, N 1. P. 80-87.
Kulish M.R., Kostylyov V.P., Sachenko A.V., Sokolovskyi I.O., Shkrebtii A.I. Photoconverter with luminescent …
86
4. Meinardi F., Bruni F. & Brovelli S. Luminescent
solar concentrators for building-integrated
photovoltaics. Nature Rev. Mater. 2017. 2. Article
number 17072. DOI: 10.1038/natrevmats.2017.72.
5. Wilton S.R. Monte Carlo Ray-tracing Simulation
for Optimizing Luminescent Solar Concentrators. A
Thesis Degree of Master of Science. The Pennsyl-
vania State University, The Graduate School Col-
lege of Engineering Science, May 2012; https:
//etda.libraries.psu.edu/files/final_submissions/7055.
6. Meyer T.J.J. Photon Transport in Fluorescent Solar
Collectors. Thesis for the degree of Doctor of
Philosophy, July 2009. University of Southampton
faculty of engineering, science and mathematic
school of engineering sciences materials research
group; http://eprints.soton.ac.uk.
7. Gallagher S.J., Rowan B.C., Doran J., Norton B.
Quantum dot solar concentrator: Device
optimization using spectroscopic techniques. Solar
Energy. 2007. 81. P. 540–547.
8. Kulish M.R., Kostylyov V.P., Sachenko A.V.,
Sokolovskyi I.O., Khomenko D.V., Shkrebtii A.I.
Luminescent converter of solar light into electrical
energy. Review. Semiconductor Physics, Quantum
Electronics & Optoelectronics. 2016. 19, No 3. P.
229–247.
9. Wilson L.R. Luminescent Solar Concentrators:
A Study of Optical Properties, Reabsorption and
Device Optimisation. Submitted for the degree of
Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) on completion of
research conducted at the Department of
Mechanical Engineering School of Engineering &
Physical Sciences. Heriot-Watt University
Edinburgh, EH14 4AS United Kingdom. May 2010.
10. Voronkova Ye.M., Grechushnikov B.N., Distler
G.I., Petrov I.P. Optical Materials for Infrared
Technics. Moscow: Nauka, 1965 (in Russian).
11. ASTM G173-03 Tables: Extraterrestrial Spectrum,
Terrestrial Global 37 deg South Facing Tilt &
Direct Normal + Circumsolar;
http://rredc.nrel.gov/solar/spectra/am1.5/
12. Measurement of Optical Characteristic of Plastic by
UH4150 Spectrophotometer; https://www.hitachi-
hightech.com/products/images/8414/uh4150_data1_
e.pdf.
13. http://www.technicalglass.com/fused_quartz_trans
mission.html.
14. Fused Silica (SiO2) IR Grade – International
Crystal Laboratories;
http://www.internationalcrystal.net/optics_08.htm.
15. Fused Silica IR Grade (SiO2);
https://www.janis.com/Libraries/Window_Transmis
sions/FusedSilicaIRGrade_SiO2_TransmissionCurv
eDataSheet.sflb.ashx.
16. https://www.thorlabs.com/newgrouppage9.cfm?obj
ectgroup_id=6973&tabname=N-BK7.
17. Beadie G., Brindza M., Flynn R.A., Rosenberg A.,
and Shirk J.S. Refractive index measurements of
poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) from 0.4–
1.6 µm. Appl. Opt. 2015. 54. P. F139–F143.
18. Malitson I.H. Interspecimen comparison of the
refractive index of fused silica. J. Opt. Soc. Am.
1965. 55. P. 1205–1208.
19. SCHOTT Zemax catalog 2017-01-20b
(http://www.schott.com).
20. Ren F., Zhang L.Y., Xiao X.H., Cai G.X., Fan L.X.,
Liao L. and Jiang C.Z. Controlling the growth of
ZnO quantum dots embedded in silica by Zn/F se-
quential ion implantation and subsequent annealing.
Nanotechnology. 2008. 19, No 15, Р. 155610.
https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/19/15/155610.
21. Fisher M. Optical Sensing with CdSe Quantum Dots
in Condensed Phase Media. Electronic Theses,
Treatises and Dissertations. 2009. Paper 4449.
22. Qiangbin Wang, Nora Iancu, and Dong-Kyun Seo.
Preparation of Large Transparent Silica Monoliths
with Embedded Photoluminescent CdSe@ZnS
Core/Shell Quantum Dots. Chem. Mater. 2005. 17.
P. 4762–4764.
23. Vargin V.V. Production of Colour Glass. Moscow-
Leningrad: Publ. House “Gizlegprom”, 1940 (in
Russian).
24. French R.H., Rodríguez-Parada J.M., Yang M.K.
et al. Optical properties of polymeric materials for
concentrator photovoltaic systems. Solar Energy
Materials & Solar Cells. 2011. 95. P. 2077–2086.
25. Measurement of Optical Characteristic of Plastic
by UH4150 Spectrophotometer – An Example of
High Throughput Measurements in the UV, Visible
and Near-Infrared Regions; http://www.hitachi-
hightech.com/products/images/8414/uh4150_data1_
e.pdf.
26. Knoll W. Optical Properties of Polymers, Materials
Science and Technology. WILEY-VCH Verlag
GmbH & Co KGaA;
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/978
3527603978.mst0143.
27. Stein R.S., and Finkelstein R.S. Optical properties
of polymers. Ann. Rev. Phys. Chem. 1973. 24.
P. 207–234; https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.
pc.24.100173.001231.
28. Li S., Lin M.M., Toprak M.S., Do Kyung Kim, and
Muhammed M. Nanocomposites of polymer and
inorganic nanoparticles for optical and magnetic
applications. Nano Rev. 2010.
DOI: 1: 10.3402/nano.v1.0.5214.
29. Altintas Y., Talpur M.Y., and Mutlugün E. Cd-free
quantum dot pellets for efficient white light
generation. Opt. Exp. 2017. 25, No 23. P. 28371.
30. Samokhvalova P., Linkova P., Michel J., Molinari
M. and Nabiev I. CdSe/ZnS photoluminescence
quantum yield of CdSe-ZnS/CdS/ZnS core-
multishell quantum dots approaches 100% due to
enhancement of charge carrier confinement. Proc.
SPIE. 2014. 8955. P. 89550S-1;
doi: 10.1117/12.2040196.
31. Meyer T.J.J., Hlavaty J., Smith L. et al. Ray racing
techniques applied to the modelling of fluorescent
solar collectors. Proc. SPIE. 2009. 7211. P.
72110N.
SPQEO, 2019. V. 22, N 1. P. 80-87.
Kulish M.R., Kostylyov V.P., Sachenko A.V., Sokolovskyi I.O., Shkrebtii A.I. Photoconverter with luminescent …
87
Authors and CV
Kulish M.R. Doctor of Sciences in
Physics and Mathematics, Leading
Researcher at the Department of
Optics and Spectroscopy, V. Lash-
karyov Institute of Semiconductor
Physics, NAS of Ukraine. The area
of scientific interests of Dr. Kulish
includes the investigation of optical
and nonlinear optical properties of 3D and 0D
semiconductor structures.
Kostylyov V.P. Doctor of Sciences
in Physics and Mathematics, Head
of the Laboratory of Physical and
Technical Fundamentals of Semi-
conductor Photoenergetics, V. Lash-
karyov Institute of Semiconductor
Physics, NAS of Ukraine. The area
of his scientific interests includes
photovoltaic energy conversion physics in semicon-
ductors and semiconductor photoconverters develop-
ment.
Sachenko A.V. Professor, Doctor of
Sciences in Physics and
Mathematics, Chief Researcher at
the Department of Semiconductor
Surface Physics and Photo-
electricity, V. Lashkaryov Institute
of Semiconductor Physics, NAS of
Ukraine. The area of scientific
interests of Prof. Sachenko includes
physics of semiconductors and
photovoltaics device simulation.
Sokolovskyi I.O. Ph.D. in Physics
and Mathematics, Senior Scientist at
the Department of Semiconductor
Surface Physics and Photoelec-
tricity, V. Lashkaryov Institute of
Semiconductor Physics, NAS of
Ukraine. The area of his scientific
interests includes physics of photo-
conversion, analytical and numerical
device simulation.
Shkrebtii A.I. Professor, Ph.D. in
Physics and Mathematics, Professor
at the University of Ontario,
Institute of Technology. The area of
scientific interests of Prof. Shkrebtii
includes solid state physics,
semiconductors and their surfaces as
well as nanomaterials, nonlinear
optical phenomena, electronic
structural and dynamical properties
of novel materials.
|
| id | nasplib_isofts_kiev_ua-123456789-215424 |
| institution | Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| issn | 1560-8034 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2026-03-23T19:02:07Z |
| publishDate | 2019 |
| publisher | Інститут фізики напівпровідників імені В.Є. Лашкарьова НАН України |
| record_format | dspace |
| spelling | Kulish, M.R. Kostylyov, V.P. Sachenko, A.V. Sokolovskyi, I.O. Shkrebtiy, A.I. 2026-03-16T10:59:14Z 2019 Photoconverter with luminescent concentrator. Matrix material / M.R. Kulish, V.P. Kostylyov, A.V. Sachenko, I.O. Sokolovskyi, A.I. Shkrebtii // Semiconductor Physics Quantum Electronics & Optoelectronics. — 2019. — Т. 22, № 1. — С. 80-87. — Бібліогр.: 31 назв. — англ. 1560-8034 PACS: 88.40.jm, 88.40.jp https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/215424 https://doi.org/10.15407/spqeo22.01.80 Materials promising for the production of luminescent solar energy concentrators were considered. It is known that the silicon oxide matrix is transparent within the spectral range where the Sun emits light. To date, the low-temperature sol-gel method for synthesizing SiO₂ coatings with the simultaneous doping of the material with quantum dots (QDs) has been developed. The transmission spectrum of borosilicate glasses (BK7) is narrower than that of SiO₂. Typically, the doping of BK7 with the quantum dots of the group AᶦᶦBᵛᶦ is carried out using the method of condensation at high temperatures, which results in a low value of the quantum yield of luminescence. Minimal losses of luminescent quanta through the leakage cone will be in the matrix of glass LASF35 022291.541, whose refractive index is 2.022. In the research of the properties of photoconductors with a luminescent concentrator, the matrix is most often made of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA). Its doping with QDs and dyes is well developed. The quantum yield of luminescence of luminophores when doping PMMA with dyes and QDs is close to unity. The magnitude of losses of luminescent quanta in matrices of glass, PMMA, and silica has been estimated. The dependence of these losses in the wave range, which should be taken into account in the study of stacked fluorescent concentrators, has been analyzed. en Інститут фізики напівпровідників імені В.Є. Лашкарьова НАН України Semiconductor Physics Quantum Electronics & Optoelectronics Optoelectronics and optoelectronic devices Photoconverter with luminescent concentrator. Matrix material Article published earlier |
| spellingShingle | Photoconverter with luminescent concentrator. Matrix material Kulish, M.R. Kostylyov, V.P. Sachenko, A.V. Sokolovskyi, I.O. Shkrebtiy, A.I. Optoelectronics and optoelectronic devices |
| title | Photoconverter with luminescent concentrator. Matrix material |
| title_full | Photoconverter with luminescent concentrator. Matrix material |
| title_fullStr | Photoconverter with luminescent concentrator. Matrix material |
| title_full_unstemmed | Photoconverter with luminescent concentrator. Matrix material |
| title_short | Photoconverter with luminescent concentrator. Matrix material |
| title_sort | photoconverter with luminescent concentrator. matrix material |
| topic | Optoelectronics and optoelectronic devices |
| topic_facet | Optoelectronics and optoelectronic devices |
| url | https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/215424 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT kulishmr photoconverterwithluminescentconcentratormatrixmaterial AT kostylyovvp photoconverterwithluminescentconcentratormatrixmaterial AT sachenkoav photoconverterwithluminescentconcentratormatrixmaterial AT sokolovskyiio photoconverterwithluminescentconcentratormatrixmaterial AT shkrebtiyai photoconverterwithluminescentconcentratormatrixmaterial |