Light characteristics of high-power LED luminaire with a cooling system based on heat pipe
Discussed in the article is the possibility of creating a wall-mounted LED luminaire with a built-in cooling system for a volumetric LED module put in the enclosed volume of the diffuser. The use of an aluminum heat pipe with a threaded capillary structure has been proposed for cooling high-power LE...
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| Date: | 2019 |
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Інститут фізики напівпровідників імені В.Є. Лашкарьова НАН України
2019
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| Cite this: | Light characteristics of high-power LED luminaire with a cooling system based on heat pipe / Yu.E. Nikolaenko, D.V. Pekur, V.M. Sorokin // Semiconductor Physics Quantum Electronics & Optoelectronics. — 2019. — Т. 22, № 3. — С. 366-371. — Бібліогр.: 28 назв. — англ. |
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Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine| _version_ | 1860480644062117888 |
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| author | Nikolaenko, Yu.E. Pekur, D.V. Sorokin, V.M. |
| author_facet | Nikolaenko, Yu.E. Pekur, D.V. Sorokin, V.M. |
| citation_txt | Light characteristics of high-power LED luminaire with a cooling system based on heat pipe / Yu.E. Nikolaenko, D.V. Pekur, V.M. Sorokin // Semiconductor Physics Quantum Electronics & Optoelectronics. — 2019. — Т. 22, № 3. — С. 366-371. — Бібліогр.: 28 назв. — англ. |
| collection | DSpace DC |
| container_title | Semiconductor Physics Quantum Electronics & Optoelectronics |
| description | Discussed in the article is the possibility of creating a wall-mounted LED luminaire with a built-in cooling system for a volumetric LED module put in the enclosed volume of the diffuser. The use of an aluminum heat pipe with a threaded capillary structure has been proposed for cooling high-power LEDs of the volumetric module in the luminaire design. It has been shown that the use of a heat pipe with a simple capillary structure allows the heat flux from the LED module to be efficiently transferred outside the light diffusing area to the decorative radiator located on the top of the lamp and to disperse it into the surrounding air. The proposed design of the wall lamp with a heat pipe allows for increasing the luminous flux and durability of the luminaire.
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| first_indexed | 2026-03-23T19:03:26Z |
| format | Article |
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ISSN 1560-8034, 1605-6582 (On-line), SPQEO, 2019. V. 22, N 3. P. 366-371.
© 2019, V. Lashkaryov Institute of Semiconductor Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
366
Optoelectronics and optoelectronic devices
Light characteristics of high-power LED luminaire
with a cooling system based on heat pipe
Yu.E. Nikolaenko
1
, D.V. Pekur
2
, V.M. Sorokin
2
1
National Technical University of Ukraine “Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute”,
37, prosp. Peremohy, 03056 Kyiv, Ukraine,
E-mail: y.nikolaenko@kpi.ua
2
V. Lashkaryov Institute of Semiconductor Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine,
41, prosp. Nauky, 03680 Kyiv, Ukraine,
E-mail: demid.pekur@gmail.com, vsorokin@isp.kiev.ua
Abstract. Discussed in the article is the possibility to create a wall-mounted LED luminaire
with a built-in cooling system for a volumetric LED module put in the enclosed volume of
the diffuser. The use of aluminum heat pipe with a threaded capillary structure has been
proposed for cooling high-power LEDs of the volumetric module in the luminaire design. It
has been shown that the use of heat pipe with a simple capillary structure allows the heat
flux from the LED module to be efficiently transferred outside the light diffusing area to the
decorative radiator located on the top of the lamp and to disperse it into the surrounding air.
The proposed design of the wall lamp with heat pipe allows to increase the luminous flux
and durability of the luminaire.
Keywords: LED, wall lamp, cooling of LED modules, heat pipe.
https://doi.org/10.15407/spqeo22.03.366
PACS 42.72.-g, 52.80.Mg, 85.60.Jb, 92.60.Pw
Manuscript received 26.06.19; revised version received 22.07.19; accepted for publication
04.09.19; published online 16.09.19.
1. Introduction
Approximately 19% of the electricity consumed in the
world is spent on lighting [1, 2]. According to statistic [3,
4], in Ukraine, about 20…25% of the electricity is spent
on lighting, in Russia 13…16%, in Belarus, 10…13%. At
the same time, a significant part of this electricity
(25…32%) is consumed by the residential sector [2, 3].
Until now, most of household lighting fixtures still use
energy-consuming light sources – incandescent bulbs.
Their disadvantage is the inefficient use of electrical
energy, since most of the electrical energy goes to heat
the surrounding air. The reason for the widespread use of
incandescent pads is their low cost and availability for
wide sections of the population. In this regard,
the problem of saving electricity in household lamps,
general and local lighting is relevant and needs to be
solved.
At the same time, the tendency towards an increase
in standards of living of the population and an increase in
the number of middle-age and old aged population
require consideration of the physiological characteristics
of such people. In 1980, there were about 378 million
people in the world who were 60+. According to a
forecast, by 2050 there will be 2 billion of them. Due to
human eye aging processes, the requirements for the
necessary brightness of illumination increase for seniors.
At the same time, all lighting standards are calculated for
people aged 20. Considering the age-related changes, for
40-year-old residents for a comfortable perception the
light levels should be 2 times higher, for 60-year-olds –
4 times, and for those over 80 years old – 30 times higher
[5]. Modern recommendations for lighting require an
increase in the level of illumination of both work areas
and recreation areas, especially those with seniors.
One of the energy efficient ways to ensure the need
for general and additional local lighting of residential
premises is the use of LED pendant lamps (chandeliers)
and wall lamps (wall lamps) based on LEDs. These
luminaires are mainly intended for low power LED
lamps with an E14 [6] base and, due to their features, do
not always allow the use of high power lamps that are
capable of providing the required luminous flux. The
reason for this is very tight dependence of LED
characteristics on the temperature [7]. Long-term
operation at high temperatures and insufficiently efficient
removal of the heat, which they release, leads to
degradation of the semiconductor crystal of the LED,
which adversely affects its lifetime, light characteristics
and color parameters [8, 9].
SPQEO, 2019. V. 22, N 3. P. 366-371.
Nikolaenko Yu.E., Pekur D.V., Sorokin V.M. Light characteristics of high-power LED luminaire with a cooling …
367
Fig. 1. A sample of the “sconce” luminaire (a), which was
selected for research with an 8 W LED lamp (b).
In addition, in modern high-power LEDs, due to the
low thermal conductivity of the polymer binder
elastomer, the heat that is released in the phosphor during
energy conversion leads to local overheating, which
significantly reduces the efficiency of LEDs, shifts the
maximum of their emission spectrum, and significantly
reduces the life time [10]. S.V. Smirnov et al. [11]
showed that a decrease in the luminous flux of white
LEDs based on gallium nitride and its solid solutions at
elevated temperatures is associated with both a decrease
in the external quantum efficiency of the crystal and a
decrease in the efficiency of a phosphor coating based on
yttrium-aluminum garnet doped with cerium. At the same
time, there is also an increase in the correlated color
temperature. The studies performed by Yu.A. Basova
[12] showed that increasing the temperature of the most
heated zone of the LED lamp radiator by 65…70 °С
can increase its correlated color temperature by almost
1000 K.
The main source of the overheat of lamps of this
type is the presence of a decorative light diffusers, which
limits the access of cold air to light-emitting elements,
during operation of which the thermal energy is released.
Elevated temperatures inside the light diffusers lead to
accelerated degradation and destruction of materials used
in the luminaire, and manufacturers often place
restrictions on the use of high-power incandescent lamps
due to the danger of destruction of the luminaire design.
At the same time, the power of the maximum allowable
use of LED lamps in them is usually not specified.
The introduction of additional vents into the light
diffusers [13] does not fundamentally solve the problem.
To improve the efficiency of heat removal from LED
light sources, it is promising to use of heat pipes and
steam chambers [14–20], which have a thermal conduc-
tivity much higher than metals [21, 22], and which allow
to remove high local heat fluxes from LEDs and output
heat in a constructively convenient place to scatter it into
the surrounding air. The exaggeration of a five-arm LED
chandelier with a frame made of heat pipes [20] аnd
mounted on them using a threaded connection [23] with
bulk LED modules made it possible to double (up to
26.7 W) the power and luminous flux of each module. At
the same time, the temperature of the housing of LED
matrices did not exceed the value of 56 °C.
Given the small size of the wall-mounted
luminaires, it is impossible to place LED lamps having a
massive cooling system inside the luminaire, and often a
closed or semi-closed light diffusers reduce the
performance of the lamp cooling system due to the
absence of intensive air exchange with the external
environment. Thus, in wall lamps of a similar design it is
permissible to use only low-power lamps, which is often
insufficient to provide the required level of illumination.
In this work, the goal was to develop a heat removal
system based on a heat pipe for a wall-mounted LED
luminaire and create an LED lamp of the “sconce” type
of the original design with improved photometric
characteristics capable of ensuring that the LEDs work in
the optimal temperature range.
2. Design of a luminaire with a cooling system based
on heat pipe with a threaded capillary structure
The industrial sample of the wall lamp (Fig. 1a) of a
common design was taken as a basis. To obtain results
that allow evaluating the efficiency of the designed
cooling system, comparative studies of the luminous
characteristics of the luminaire were carried out by using
an industrial LED lamp with a nominal power of 8 W
(Fig. 1b) with installed LEDs and using a volumetric
LED module in an upgraded luminaire with the heat pipe.
Production LEDs used Cree, model MHBAWT-0000-
000C0UA430H [24], for which the thermal resistance
between the LED case and the p-n junction is 5.5 °C/W
made it possible to accurately enough estimate the crystal
temperature by measuring the temperature of the LED
case. So, despite the fact that this type of LEDs allows a
junction temperature of 150 °C, the documentation for
them indicates that at this temperature there is a decrease
in luminous flux after temperature stabilization by more
than 20% of the nominal, which is quite a high indicator.
Thus, while testing LEDs for a predictable lifetime [25-
27], a decrease in the luminous flux of LEDs by more
than 20% is considered by the manufacturer as an LED
failure. In addition, the mode of operation of LEDs in
extreme temperature conditions leads to accelerated
degradation and a much shorter lifetime, as indicated by
the relevant studies of manufacturers of LEDs [28].
In this work, LEDs were explored at maximum
temperatures of the p-n junction, close to 100 °C, since at
this temperature the decrease in luminous flux after
temperature stabilization at maximum power is up to
10%. At the same time, the lifetime of these LEDs is not
significantly reduced.
In order to improve the temperature conditions of
operation of LEDs, in V. Lashkaryov Institute of
Semiconductor Physics, National Academy of Sciences
of Ukraine, together with NTUU “Igor Sikorsky KPI”,
a system was developed for heat removal of the ori-
ginal design based on a gravitational heat pipe (Fig. 2).
SPQEO, 2019. V. 22, N 3. P. 366-371.
Nikolaenko Yu.E., Pekur D.V., Sorokin V.M. Light characteristics of high-power LED luminaire with a cooling …
368
Fig. 2. Cooling system based on heat pipe (a) and volumetric
LED module (b). 1 – volumetric LED module, 2 – heat pipe,
3 – decorative radiator.
A developed volumetric LED module (Fig. 2b) con-
sisting of 4 LEDs was used as a light-emitting element.
The scheme of the cooling system based on the
gravitational heat pipe is shown in Fig. 2a. The LED
module (Fig. 2b) is in the thermal contact with the heat
pipe that transfers its thermal energy to the edges of the
decorative cooling radiator.
This cooling system was integrated into the wall
lamp (Fig. 3). The heat resistance of the heat pipe
between the heating and cooling zone was 0.4 °C/W with
the heat flow close to 15 W, which made it possible to
significantly increase the heat transfer capacity of the
cooling system and divert heat to the zone in which the
placement of the decorative radiator would be most
rational. The diameter of the heat pipe used in the
construction is 12 mm and the length is 200 mm. When
using a homogeneous material to achieve the same
thermal resistance, a single bar diameter of 22 mm would
be required, if it was made of aluminum and 16 mm
of copper. At the same time, the mass of such rods,
and hence the amount of material for their manu-
facture, would be 3 times higher than in the developed
heat pipe.
3. Experimental research of the characteristics of a
wall lamp with a cooling system based on a heat pipe
The study of the photometric, electrical and thermal
characteristics of an industrial wall mounted LED
luminaire with an LED lamp and the LED lamp design
developed on its basis with a volumetric LED module as
well as a cooling system based on a gravitational heat
pipe with a threaded capillary structure was carried out
experimentally.
The studies were performed using metrological
equipment of the Research Laboratory “Laboratory
Center for testing and diagnostics of semiconductor light
sources and lighting systems based on them”, ISP NAS
of Ukraine. The equipment included an integrating
photometric sphere with a diameter of 2.0 m and a high-
Fig. 3. The appearance of the sample lamp with a cooling
system based on heat pipe.
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1
2
T
,o
C
P,W
Fig. 4. The dependence of the temperature T of the p-n junction
of LEDs on the power P of the LEDs when using a standard
radiator from an E14 lamp (1) and a cooling system based on a
heat pipe (2).
precision CES-140 matrix spectroradiometer manufactu-
red by the “Instrument System”, a HAMEG HMP4040
power supply, and a multi-channel YF-500 temperature
meter.
The results of research are presented in Figs. 4 and
5. Fig. 4 shows the dependence of the temperature
inherent to the p-n junction of LEDs on the power, when
using a standard radiator based on a basement lamp (1)
and an original cooling system based on a heat pipe with
a decorative radiator (2). The ambient temperature was
25 °C.
Fig. 4 shows that with increasing power, the
temperature of the LED crystals changes linearly, but in
both cases the temperature value reaches the selected
threshold of 100 °C at different power values. The gra-
phical dependences show that as compared to using
the traditional LED lamp radiator, the use of heat pipe
SPQEO, 2019. V. 22, N 3. P. 366-371.
Nikolaenko Yu.E., Pekur D.V., Sorokin V.M. Light characteristics of high-power LED luminaire with a cooling …
369
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
ŋ
,l
m
/w
P,W
1
2
Fig. 5. The dependence of the luminous efficiency η on the
power P when used as a heat sink device is the standard
radiator from an E14 lamp (1) and a cooling system based on
the heat pipe (2).
as a heat removal device made it possible to ensure the
temperature of LED crystals to be at a previously
selected level (100 °C) at a higher luminaire power
(27.6 W instead of 5.4 W).
Recently, LED manufacturers have begun to give
data on the predicted decrease in the level of luminous
flux measuring not the temperature of the p-n junction,
but the temperature of LED casing. Measured in this
study, the temperatures of the housing of LEDs for both
cases are shown in Table.
Our experimental studies showed that using the
industrial E14 radiator, the maximum temperature of
LED housing was 85 °C, which corresponds to the
predicted operation time without reducing the luminous
flux by more than 10% – 21 000 hours. Using a cooling
system based on heat pipe and a decorative radiator, the
maximum body temperature of the LEDs was 60 °C. In
accord with the data provided by the manufacturer, the
projected time of the LEDs without reducing the
luminous flux by more than 10% in this case will be over
60 000 hours.
Thus, the introduction of the heat pipe into the
luminaire design makes it possible to increase almost 3
times the predicted lifetime of the LED light source.
Fig. 5 shows the change in luminous efficiency of
the luminaire using an E14 basement lamp with a
standard radiator (1) and using a volumetric LED module
with a cooling system based on the heat pipe and a
decorative radiator (2).
As mentioned above, earlier in the course of
experiments, the maximum power of LEDs was chosen
so that the temperature of the crystals would not exceed
100 °C. At the given crystal temperature, in case of a
lamp with a cooling system based on heat pipe, the
power of the LED module is close to the maximum used
for LEDs. To facilitate the mode of LEDs, we have
proposed an improved module design. Increasing the
number of LEDs improves the design of the LED module
and will reduce the current through individual LEDs. In
this case, the temperature of the p-n junction will be
reduced and the luminous efficiency will be increased.
The luminous flux remains at the same level.
Using the industrial E14 radiator, power limitation
of the LED module is associated with a lower radiator’s
ability to dissipate heat, which limits the luminous flux
when LEDs operate in the selected temperature mode.
From Fig. 5, it can be seen that, with the output
powers of these light source designs (5.4 and 27.6 W),
we obtain the light efficiency of the finished lamp
51 lm/W. Therefore, the luminous flux of the original
lamp, as compared with the industrial design of the lamp,
increases from 281 to 1420 Lm, that is, 5.1 times.
According to the measurement results, the thermal
resistance of the cooling systems was calculated.
For a lamp with a base lamp E14, it was 13.6 °C/W, and
for the original cooling system based on the heat pipe –
2.7 °C/W.
The low thermal resistance of the cooling system
with the heat pipe allows to increase the power of the
lamp from 5.4 to 27.6 W, which is 5.1 times higher,
while it does not exceed the recommended power of
LEDs used and keep the temperature of the crystals no
higher than 100 °C. Then the light luminaire efficiency is
above 51 lm/W. The heat pipe allows setting the mode in
which from the moment of switching on till temperature
stabilization of the LEDs, the decrease in the luminous
flux is within 10% of the nominal.
It should be noted that when using direct-
replacement LED lamps in the luminaire, in which the
driver is installed, the power dissipated by them also
contributes to raising the temperature of the LEDs. In
addition, industrially manufactured LED lamps use light-
emitting diodes with extreme temperatures of 85 °C,
which lowers the maximum power of LEDs (of similar
luminous efficiency) to 3.8 W. Using a driver with an
efficiency of 92%, we reach a limit on the maximum
power of the lamps used within 4.5 W without taking
into account additional heating from the driver. In this
case, the LEDs will operate in the modes of maximum
allowed temperatures.
LED case temperature of the analyzed types of LED light sources.
Type of LED light source The temperature of the body of LEDs, °C
LED Bulb E14 with industrial radiator 85
Volumetric LED module with cooling system based on the heat pipe
and decorative radiator
60
SPQEO, 2019. V. 22, N 3. P. 366-371.
Nikolaenko Yu.E., Pekur D.V., Sorokin V.M. Light characteristics of high-power LED luminaire with a cooling …
370
4. Conclusions
1. The results of the study of the light and thermal
characteristics of the LED lamp for direct replacement of
E14 in a wall lamp of the “sconce” type indicate that the
operation of LEDs of industrial LED lamps with a power
exceeding 4.5 W in the wall lamp occurs in more severe
temperature conditions, significantly reducing their
lifetime.
2. The use of a volumetric LED module with a
cooling system based on heat pipe and a decorative
radiator in the wall lamp design allows to create a
cooling system that provides the p-n junction temperature
of LEDs within 100 °C, even with an increase in the light
source power by the factor of 5.1.
3. The proposed original design of the cooling
system makes it possible to extend the estimated
operation time of the LEDs without constantly reducing
the luminous flux by more than 10%, 3 times as
compared to an industrial lamp with a standard radiator.
4. Reduction of the light flux of LEDs in a
volumetric LED module with a cooling system based on
heat pipe during temperature stabilization occurs within
10%, while in an industrial E14 LED lamp with a
standard radiator – more than 20%.
5. The use of an improved LED module in the
proposed lamp design consisting of 6 LEDs operating at
50% of maximum power will increase light efficiency by
29% (up to 66 Lm/W). Although at the same time, the
luminous flux of the luminaire will remain at the same
level, the electric and thermal modes of LEDs will
become more lightweight, and that will increase the life
time of LEDs.
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28. Сree Inc. URL: https: //www.cree.com/led-
components/media/documents/LM80_Results.pdf
(reference date: 25.06.19)
Authors and CV
Yurii E. Nikolaenko, Doctor of Engi-
neering. Graduated from the Radio
Engineering Department of the Kiev
Polytechnical Institute in 1974. At the
present time – a leading fellow of the
Heat-and-power Engineering Depart-
ment of the National Technical Uni-
versity of Ukraine “Igor Sikorsky
Kyiv Polytechnic Institute”, Kyiv,
Ukraine. Field of scientific interests: heat removal from
electronic components using heat pipes.
Scopus Author ID: 23393308200
ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3036-5305
Demid V. Pekur, Ph.D. student at the
V. Lashkaryov Institute of Semi-
conductor Physics, NAS of Ukraine.
The area of his scientific interests
includes design of perspective cooling
systems of super-power LEDs and
creation of respective equipment.
Viktor M. Sorokin, Professor,
Doctor of Sciences, Corresponding
Member of the National Academy of
Sciences of Ukraine, Head of the
Department of Optoelectronics at the
V. Lashkaryov Institute of Semi-
conductor Physics, National Academy
of Sciences of Ukraine. Author of
more than 200 publications.
His research interests include problems of liquid crystal
materials science, lighting engineering and lighting
materials. He organized massive implementation of LED
lighting in Ukraine. He is the State Prize winner of
Ukraine in the fields of science and technology.
|
| id | nasplib_isofts_kiev_ua-123456789-215486 |
| institution | Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| issn | 1560-8034 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2026-03-23T19:03:26Z |
| publishDate | 2019 |
| publisher | Інститут фізики напівпровідників імені В.Є. Лашкарьова НАН України |
| record_format | dspace |
| spelling | Nikolaenko, Yu.E. Pekur, D.V. Sorokin, V.M. 2026-03-19T10:26:14Z 2019 Light characteristics of high-power LED luminaire with a cooling system based on heat pipe / Yu.E. Nikolaenko, D.V. Pekur, V.M. Sorokin // Semiconductor Physics Quantum Electronics & Optoelectronics. — 2019. — Т. 22, № 3. — С. 366-371. — Бібліогр.: 28 назв. — англ. 1560-8034 PACS: 42.72.-g, 52.80.Mg, 85.60.Jb, 92.60.Pw https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/215486 https://doi.org/10.15407/spqeo22.03.366 Discussed in the article is the possibility of creating a wall-mounted LED luminaire with a built-in cooling system for a volumetric LED module put in the enclosed volume of the diffuser. The use of an aluminum heat pipe with a threaded capillary structure has been proposed for cooling high-power LEDs of the volumetric module in the luminaire design. It has been shown that the use of a heat pipe with a simple capillary structure allows the heat flux from the LED module to be efficiently transferred outside the light diffusing area to the decorative radiator located on the top of the lamp and to disperse it into the surrounding air. The proposed design of the wall lamp with a heat pipe allows for increasing the luminous flux and durability of the luminaire. en Інститут фізики напівпровідників імені В.Є. Лашкарьова НАН України Semiconductor Physics Quantum Electronics & Optoelectronics Optoelectronics and optoelectronic devices Light characteristics of high-power LED luminaire with a cooling system based on heat pipe Article published earlier |
| spellingShingle | Light characteristics of high-power LED luminaire with a cooling system based on heat pipe Nikolaenko, Yu.E. Pekur, D.V. Sorokin, V.M. Optoelectronics and optoelectronic devices |
| title | Light characteristics of high-power LED luminaire with a cooling system based on heat pipe |
| title_full | Light characteristics of high-power LED luminaire with a cooling system based on heat pipe |
| title_fullStr | Light characteristics of high-power LED luminaire with a cooling system based on heat pipe |
| title_full_unstemmed | Light characteristics of high-power LED luminaire with a cooling system based on heat pipe |
| title_short | Light characteristics of high-power LED luminaire with a cooling system based on heat pipe |
| title_sort | light characteristics of high-power led luminaire with a cooling system based on heat pipe |
| topic | Optoelectronics and optoelectronic devices |
| topic_facet | Optoelectronics and optoelectronic devices |
| url | https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/215486 |
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