Dynamics of the conductance temperature dependence for a composite based on linear polyethylene with impurity of soot and calcite
Within the temperature range of 293 to 425 K and frequency 10⁻³ to 10⁶ Hz ranges by using direct and alternating currents, the dynamics of electrical conductance σ of linear polyethylene with the impurity of 20 wt.% soot and 20 wt.% CaCO₃ (calcite) has been investigated. It has been shown that for t...
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Інститут фізики напівпровідників імені В.Є. Лашкарьова НАН України
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| Zitieren: | Dynamics of the conductance temperature dependence for a composite based on linear polyethylene with impurity of soot and calcite / S.I. Poberezhets, O.V. Kovalchuk, B.M. Savchenko, R.Sh. Iskandarov, T.M. Kovalchuk, I.I. Poberezhets // Semiconductor Physics Quantum Electronics & Optoelectronics. — 2019. — Т. 22, № 3. — С. 285-292. — Бібліогр.: 29 назв. — англ. |
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| author | Poberezhets, S.I. Kovalchuk, O.V. Savchenko, B.M. Iskandarov, R.Sh. Kovalchuk, T.M. Poberezhets, I.I. |
| author_facet | Poberezhets, S.I. Kovalchuk, O.V. Savchenko, B.M. Iskandarov, R.Sh. Kovalchuk, T.M. Poberezhets, I.I. |
| citation_txt | Dynamics of the conductance temperature dependence for a composite based on linear polyethylene with impurity of soot and calcite / S.I. Poberezhets, O.V. Kovalchuk, B.M. Savchenko, R.Sh. Iskandarov, T.M. Kovalchuk, I.I. Poberezhets // Semiconductor Physics Quantum Electronics & Optoelectronics. — 2019. — Т. 22, № 3. — С. 285-292. — Бібліогр.: 29 назв. — англ. |
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| container_title | Semiconductor Physics Quantum Electronics & Optoelectronics |
| description | Within the temperature range of 293 to 425 K and frequency 10⁻³ to 10⁶ Hz ranges by using direct and alternating currents, the dynamics of electrical conductance σ of linear polyethylene with the impurity of 20 wt.% soot and 20 wt.% CaCO₃ (calcite) has been investigated. It has been shown that for the solid state of polyethylene (below 380 K), the dependence of electrical conductance on the temperature T on both the direct (σᴅᴄ) and alternating (σᴀᴄ) currents can be described by the power dependence on T/(T-T₀) (where T₀ is the temperature of the phase transition for polyethylene). It has been shown that when being repeatedly measured, the σᴅᴄ and σᴀᴄ values increase, and the power indexes of temperature dependence decrease. The measured values are stable after the fourth measurement. The greatest changes in the conductance, depending on the first and second measurements (almost three orders of magnitude), were observed at a temperature close to T₀. It has been assumed that the dynamics of electrical conductance, depending on the number of measurements, is caused by the influence of the electric field on the ordering of impurity in the polymer. It has been shown that for T > 380 K, the typical for liquids Arrhenius dependence of σᴅᴄ and σᴀᴄ on temperature is observed. It has been found that at the first measurement, the temperature dependence of σᴅᴄ and σᴀᴄ can be described by two activation energies, while for a stable state (starting from the fourth measurement), by one activation energy (within the measurement error of the same for σᴅᴄ and σᴀᴄ and equal to 1 eV).
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ISSN 1560-8034, 1605-6582 (On-line), SPQEO, 2019. V. 22, N 3. P. 285-292.
© 2019, V. Lashkaryov Institute of Semiconductor Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
285
Semiconductor physics
Dynamics of the conductance temperature dependence for composite
based on linear polyethylene with impurity of soot and calcite
S.I. Poberezhets
1
, O.V. Kovalchuk
1, 2, 3
, B.M. Savchenko
2
, R.Sh. Iskandarov
2
, T.M. Kovalchuk
4
, I.I. Poberezhets
5
1
Institute of Physics, NAS of Ukraine
46, prospect Nauky, 03680 Kyiv, Ukraine
2
Kyiv National University of Technologies and Design,
2, Nemirovich-Danchenko str., 01011 Kyiv, Ukraine
E-mail: akoval@knutd.com.ua
3
National Technical University of Ukraine “Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute”
37, prospect Peremohy, 03056 Kyiv, Ukraine
4
V. Lashkaryov Institute of Semiconductor Physics, NAS of Ukraine
41, prospect Nauky, 03680 Kyiv, Ukraine
5
Uman National University of Horticulture
Abstract. Within the temperature 293 to 425 K and frequency 10
–3
to 10
6
Hz ranges by
using the direct and alternating currents, the dynamics of electrical conductance σ of linear
polyethylene with the impurity of 20 wt.% soot and 20 wt.% CaCO3 (calcite) has been
investigated. It has been shown that for the solid state of polyethylene (below 380 K), the
dependence of electrical conductance on the temperature T on both the direct (σDC) and
alternating (σAC) currents can be described by the power dependence on ( )0TTT − (where
T0 is the temperature of the phase transition for polyethylene). It has been shown that when
being repeatedly measured, the σDC and σAC values increase, and the power indexes of
temperature dependence decrease. The measured values are stable after the fourth
measurement. The greatest changes in the conductance, depending on the first and second
measurements (almost three orders of magnitude), were observed at a temperature close to
T0. It has been assumed that the dynamics of electrical conductance, depending on the
number of measurements, is caused by the influence of the electric field on the ordering of
impurity in polymer. It has been shown that for T > 380 K, the typical for liquids Arrhenius
dependence of σDC and σAC on temperature is observed. It has been found that at
the first measurement, the temperature dependence of σDC and σAC can be described
by two activation energies, while for a stable state (starting from the fourth measurement) –
by one activation energy (within the measurement error of the same for σDC and σAC and
equal to 1 eV).
Keywords: electrical conductance, temperature dependence, linear polyethylene, calcite,
carbon soot.
https://doi.org/10.15407/spqeo22.03.285
PACS 66.10.Ed, 72.20.Ee, 72.80.Le, 78.30.Cd
Manuscript received 12.07.19; revised version received 26.07.19; accepted for publication
04.09.19; published online 16.09.19.
1. Introduction
Composite materials based on linear polyethylene and
main impurities of different types can be used for
manufacturing the heating elements in different types of
premises where air should be heated. In this case, in the
presence of a large area of a heater, it is not necessary to
heat up to high temperatures. It will allow to eliminate
the effect of reducing the concentration of oxygen in the
rooms, which is typical for heaters with a high
temperature. Due to the design of the surface of such
materials, they can be used as wallpapers. Therefore, an
important scientific task is to study the electrical
properties of these composite materials at those
concentrations of impurities, at which they have the most
suitable parameters for practical use.
SPQEO, 2019. V. 22, N 3. P. 285-292.
Poberezhets S.I., Kovalchuk O.V., Savchenko B.M. et al. Dynamics of the conductance temperature dependence …
286
Electrical properties of polymers with different type
conductive impurities are investigated for a relatively
long time [1-9]. In the recent papers, nanoparticles
[10-17], in particular nanotubes [18-21], were used to a
greater extent as impurities. In the vast majority of
studies on the influence of impurities on the electrical
properties of polymers, the study was performed in a
wide range of concentrations. In this case, the greatest
interest was focused on the study of percolation
phenomena [22]. However, in these works little attention
was paid to the mechanisms of charge transfer and the
dynamics of the properties of these systems in the
process of exploitation.
Another important task is the features of the
electrical characteristics of composites with two or more
impurities with different properties. In polymer, the
impurities are bound to the matrix with weak forces.
Therefore, also an important task is to study the
dynamics of change in the electrical conductance,
depending on the number of measurements.
Therefore, the aim of the work was to study the
dynamics of electrical conductance (from the first
measurement) for composites suitable for use as heating
elements, namely for the following composite: linear
polyethylene + 20 wt.% soot + 20 wt.% CaCO3. As it
follows from the analysis of the published data, the effect
of carbon soot [23-26] and calcite [27] on the electrical
properties of polymers were previously investigated. At
the beginning of our studies, the results of other
investigations where the above mentioned substances
could be introduced into the polymer simultaneously
were not known for us.
2. Materials and methods
As in [24], for this research we used linear low-density
polyethylene. The polymer hybrid composite was
prepared of linear low-density polyethylene Sabic
LLDPE 318B, calcite filler Omiacarb 2t-tn (median
particle size is 2.7 µm) on soot N220 (Kremenchug Plant
of Technical Carbon). Formation of the composite mate-
rial was carried out by preliminary crushing polyethylene
into a powder (200…300 µm). The polyethylene powder
was mixed with soot and calcite by using a high-speed
mixer of the Henschel type. The powder mixture was
processed using a twin screw extruder with the diameter
22 mm in length of 40 diameters cyclically at the
temperatures 160, 190 and 210 °C and rotation speed of
the screw 250 rpm. The composite was obtained in the
form of granules that, after drying from the surface
moisture, were processed into a belt sample on a single-
screw laboratory extruder equipped with a slit head,
cooling bath and pulling device.
A microphotography of the sample obtained using a
scanning electron microscope at the voltage 20 kV is
shown in Fig. 1. As it follows from this figure, after the
technological operations, the impurities are homo-
geneously distributed in the polymer.
We studied electrical properties of the samples with
the geometric sizes 20×20×0.71 mm. We used silver
Fig. 1. Microphotograph of linear polyethylene with impurity
of 20% carbon soot and 20% calcite obtained using a scanning
electron microscope at the voltage 20 kV.
300 350 400
10
-6
10
-4
10
-2
σ
D
C
,
O
h
m
-1
m
-1
T, K
1
4
2
3
Fig. 2. Temperature dependence of conductance for linear
polyethylene with the impurity of 20 wt.% soot and 20 wt.%
calcite for the first (1), second (2), third (3) and fourth (4)
measurements. The voltage 1 V was used when measuring.
paste as electrodes. The measurements were carried out
within the temperature range 293…425 K. The tempe-
rature stabilizer allowed to maintain the chosen T-value
with an error not worse than 0.5 K.
The conductance on direct current (DC) was
determined using a source of DC voltage P4108 and an
electrometer DC amplifier U5-11. The voltage, at which
the measurements were made, varied within the range of
0.5 to 20 V. The predominant number of measurements
was made at the voltage 1 V.
SPQEO, 2019. V. 22, N 3. P. 285-292.
Poberezhets S.I., Kovalchuk O.V., Savchenko B.M. et al. Dynamics of the conductance temperature dependence …
287
10
1
10
2
10
-6
10
-4
10
-2
2
σ
D
C
,
O
h
m
-1
m
-1
T/(T
0
- T)
a
1
The conductance and capacitance of the samples on
alternating (AC) current were determined using the
oscilloscopic method [28] within the frequency range
10
–3
…10
6
Hz. To do this, we used the generator G6-36.
For frequencies above 1 Hz, the resistance and
capacitance at a certain frequency were determined from
the oscillogram of the oscilloscope C1-83 that operated
in the oscilloscope mode. At the frequencies less than
1 Hz, the oscillogram was recorded using a two-coordi-
nate recorder. To determine the resistance and capaci-
tance of DC current, the voltage of the measuring signal
varied within 0.5 to 5 V. In most cases, measurements
were made at the voltage 1 V (i.e., at the same voltage
like to that used in measurements on DC current).
3. Results and discussion
3.1. Dynamics of the conductance temperature
dependence for linear polyethylene with impurity of
soot and calcite at DC current
Fig. 1 shows the dynamics of temperature dependence of
conductance of linear polyethylene with impurity of soot
and calcite at DC current within the range of
temperatures 293 to 425 K.
From the analysis of the dynamics observed in the
measurement processes, it follows that the largest
changes are observed between the first and second
measurements. In addition, from Fig. 2 it can be
concluded that the largest changes in conductance,
depending on the measurement cycles, are observed at
temperatures close to the melting point of linear
polyethylene. As it follows from Fig. 2, the greatest
change in conductance between the first and second
measurements at the temperatures close to Т0 is almost
three orders of magnitude.
At subsequent measurements (after the second one),
the difference between the values of conductance is much
smaller. It is higher than the error of measurements in
the liquid state of polyethylene. But in this case, after the
2.45 2.50 2.55 2.60
10
-3
10
-2
1A
2σ
D
C
,
O
h
m
-1
m
-1
10
3
/T, K
-1
1B
b
fourth measurement, the changes in data did not exceed
the measurement error in subsequent measurements.
Therefore, in the future, the change in the properties of
the samples, depending on the cycle of measurement,
will be compared with the results of the first and fourth
measurements.
From the analysis of Fig. 2, it follows that the tem-
perature dependences of the conductance of linear poly-
ethylene with the impurity of soot and calcite on DC
current are different in solid (at Т < Т0) and liquid (at
Т > Т0) phases. Therefore, they will be analyzed sepa-
rately. In the solid state of polyethylene (Fig. 2), the сon-
ductance decreases with increasing the temperature. In
general, this tendency is typical for metal conduction. For
purely metal conduction, the value of σDC should de-
crease linearly with temperature. Our analysis showed
that it is impossible to describe our obtained data by such
a dependence. From the analysis of experimental data, it
follows that the temperature dependence of conductance
for Т < Т0 can be described quite well by two power
dependences, but it was difficult to agree the presence of
temperature (of the order of 360 K), at which the power
index varied, with existing perceptions about the
conductance of polymers.
A detailed analysis of the temperature dependence of
σDC for the composite based on linear polyethylene with
impurity of soot and calcite (Fig. 3a) for Т < Т0 showed
that it can be described by the following equation
( )[ ] n
TTT
−
−σ=σ 00 , (1)
where σ0 is the conductance at T = ∞, n – power index.
The performed by us analysis of publications showed that
in none of the articles known to us the relationship (1)
was reported.
Fig. 3a shows the dependence of ( )( )0TTT −σ in
double logarithmic coordinates for σDC at Т0 = 380 K. It
follows from this that the experimental data for both the
first measurement (curve 1) and the fourth measurement
(curve 2) are in good agreement with the relation (1).
Fig. 3. Temperature dependences of σDC for the composite based on linear low-density polyethylene with soot and calcite impurities
for Т < Т0 (а) and Т > Т0 (b) at the first (1) and fourth (2) measurements. Continuous lines on both (a) and (b) plots show the
approximation of these dependences, respectively, by using the relations (1) and (2) with the values of parameters listed in Table 1.
SPQEO, 2019. V. 22, N 3. P. 285-292.
Poberezhets S.I., Kovalchuk O.V., Savchenko B.M. et al. Dynamics of the conductance temperature dependence …
288
Table 1 shows the values of parameters, at which
the temperature dependences of σDC for the composite
based on linear low-density polyethylene with the
impurity of soot and calcite can be described using the
relations (1) and (2) with the least deviations from the
experimental results.
As it follows from our estimations, the power index
in the relation (1) decreases from 2.9±0.3 for the first
measurement (n1) down to 1.3±0.3 for the fourth (n4) and
subsequent measurements. That is, the changes in
conductance on the temperature, which are the most
typical for the first and second measurements, are
reduced with each subsequent measurement, reaching
practically identical (for subsequent measurements)
values after the fourth measurement.
These changes are apparently caused by formation
under the influence of the electric field of bonds between
the impurities introduced into the polymer (soot and
calcite) that do not break when heating to the temperature
425 K. Because for these complexes, mainly, the charge
transfer occurs through the composite.
Fig. 3b shows the temperature dependence at
Т > Т0. In contrast to the data for Т < Т0, the shown in
Fig. 3b temperature dependence of conductance can be
described by the Arrhenius law inherent to the
conductance of the most liquids. In this case, the formula
for the temperature dependence of the conductivity has
the form
( )kTW−σ=σ exp0 , (2)
where, as in the relation (1), σ0 is the conductance at
T = ∞, and W – activation energy of the conductivity.
It is important to note that the temperature
dependence of σDC for the first measurement can be
described by not one activation energy, but as shown in
Fig. 3b and Table 1, by two activation energies of W1A
and W1B. It may be caused by participation of at least two
types of ions different in their sizes, when the charge is
transferred through molten polyethylene. In the
stationary state (beginning with the fourth measurement),
only ions of one type are obviously involved in the
charge transfer.
Comparing Figs. 3a and 3b, the important regularity
should be noted. If in the solid state of polymer (Fig. 2a),
the conductance increases with each measurement (due to
formation of new bonds between the impurities under the
action of the electric field), then the conductance in the
liquid state of polymer decreases with each measurement
(Fig. 3b). That is, the influence of soot and calcite
impurity on the dynamics of conductance of linear low-
density polyethylene for solid and liquid states of
polymer is fundamentally different. If for a solid state the
conductance with each subsequent step of measurements
increases due to formation of additional to existing bonds
between impurities, then for the liquid state, it falls due
to the polymer purification apparently stimulated by
electric field because of precipitation of a certain number
of ions on the surface of the electrodes.
3.2. Dynamics of the conductance temperature
dependence for linear polyethylene with impurity of
soot and calcite on AC current
When measuring on AC current, an important parameter
is the frequency of the measuring signal. Therefore, at the
first stage of research, it was important to find a
frequency range, in which conductance does not depend
on frequency. Since by using the device we had the
ability to investigate in a fairly wide range of frequencies
(10
–3
…10
6
Hz), it was important for at least one
temperature to perform these measurements to estimate
the most important frequency range for analyzing the
influence of impurities on the conductance of this
polymer.
The frequency dependence of conductance of linear
low-density polyethylene with impurity of soot and
calcite at the temperature 293 K is shown in Fig. 4. As it
follows from the data obtained for this temperature, the
conductance is not frequency dependent within the
measurement error. Moreover, our studies at the
temperatures higher than 293 K showed that the
conductance does not depend on the frequency within the
range 10
–3
…10
–2
Hz. Therefore, for higher (than 293 K)
temperatures, we performed the research starting from
the frequency 10
–2
Hz. Since for the studied frequencies
10
-2
10
0
10
2
10
4
10
6
0.004
0.006
0.008
0.010
0.012
σ
A
C
,
O
h
m
-1
m
-1
f, Hz
Fig. 4. Frequency dependence of conductivity on alternating
current σAC of linear low-density polyethylene with impurity of
20 wt.% soot and 20 wt.% calcite at the temperature 293 K.
Table 1. The values of parameters for σDC, at which the experimental data can be described with the smallest deviations by the
relations (1) an (2).
T0, K n1 n4 W1A, eV W1B, eV W4, eV
380 2.9±0.3 1.3±0.3 1.00±0.05 1.52±0.05 1.05±0.05
SPQEO, 2019. V. 22, N 3. P. 285-292.
Poberezhets S.I., Kovalchuk O.V., Savchenko B.M. et al. Dynamics of the conductance temperature dependence …
289
10
-1
10
1
10
3
10
5
10
-7
10
-5
10
-3
4
3
2
σ
A
C
,O
h
m
-1
m
-1
f, Hz
a 1
the significant dependence of conductance on the
frequency was not observed, then we increased the
interval between the individual frequencies in the
measurement.
Fig. 5a shows the frequency dependences of σAC for
linear low-density polyethylene with the impurity
20 wt.% soot and 20 wt.% calcite for some temperatures
at Т < Т0. As it follows from this figure, the conductance
does not depend on frequency within the frequency range
10
–2
…10
2
Hz. It is for this frequency interval that the
temperature dependence of σAC will be further analyzed.
One of the main reasons for the absence of dependence
of conductance on the frequency can be formation of a
grid between the impurities on which the main charge
transfer occurs at the frequencies f < 10
2
Hz.
An increase in the conductance of linear
polyethylene with the frequency f > 10
2
Hz can be
explained on the basis of that hopping charge transfer
between impurities that are at a short distance from each
other. As it was shown in [29], for such a hopping charge
transfer, the power dependence of the conductance on the
frequency is typical. Therefore, the contribution of
conductance due to the hopping charge transfer between
impurities is manifested exactly at high (f > 10
2
Hz)
frequencies.
As it follows from Fig. 5, the frequency dependence
of σAC in the liquid state of polymer (Fig. 5b) is by no
means fundamentally different from the conductance in
the solid state of the polymer (Fig. 5a). Obviously, in the
liquid state of polymer the grids of the impurities,
on which the charge transfer occurs, remain. When
analyzing the temperature dependence of σDC for Т < Т0,
10
-1
10
1
10
3
10
5
0.001
0.002
0.003
0.004
7
6σ
A
C
,O
h
m
-1
m
-1
f, Hz
5
b
we are able to show that it can not be described by any of
the known relations. On the basis of the analysis of the
data obtained by us, the relation (1) was proposed.
Therefore, it was important to check whether the
temperature dependence of σAC is also described by the
relation (1).
Fig. 6a shows the dependence of σ(T/(T – T0)) in
double logarithmic coordinates for σAC at Т0 = 373 K. It
follows from this that the experimental data for both the
first measurement (curve 1) and the fourth one (curve 2)
are in good agreement with the relation (1).
Table 2 shows the values of the parameters, at which
the temperature dependences of σAC for the composite
based on linear low-density polyethylene with impurity
of soot and calcite can be described with the least
deviation from the experimental results by the relations
(1) and (2).
As it follows from our estimates, the power index
of n in the relation (1) for the σAC value decreases from
3.0±0.3 for the first measurement (n1) to 1.5±0.3 for the
fourth (n4) and subsequent measurements. As for σDC, the
changes in σAC on the temperature, which are most
characteristic between the first and second measure-
ments, are reduced with each subsequent measurement,
reaching practically the same values (for subsequent
measurements) starting from the fourth measurement.
From the comparison of Tables 1 and 2, it follows
that within the measurement error, the power indexes (n1
and n4) in the relation (1) practically coincide for σAC and
σDC. We consider that the difference between the T0 value
for σDC (380 K) and σAC (373 K) is most significant to
measure in a solid phase. From our viewpoint, it may be
Fig. 5. Frequency dependences of conductance at alternating current σAC of linear low-density polyethylene with the impurity of 20
wt.% soot and 20 wt.% calcite for Т < Т0 (a) and Т > Т0 (b). Measurement at the temperatures T: 322 (1), 345 (2), 357 (3), 370 (4),
377 (5), 392 (6), and 408 K (7).
Table 2. The values of the parameters for σAC, at which the experimental data with the least deviations can be described by the
relations (1) and (2).
T0, K n1 n4 W1A, eV W1B, eV W4, eV
373 3.0±0.3 1.5±0.3 1.20±0.05 2.50±0.05 1.00±0.05
SPQEO, 2019. V. 22, N 3. P. 285-292.
Poberezhets S.I., Kovalchuk O.V., Savchenko B.M. et al. Dynamics of the conductance temperature dependence …
290
10
1
10
2
10
-6
10
-4
10
-2
2
σ
A
C
O
h
m
-1
m
-1
T/(T
0
- T)
1
a
due to the fact that AC measurements are more sensitive
to the presence of certain heterogeneities of the sample
structure, which take place when the temperature
changes. That is, they need to be carried out with a
greater duration of time between each measurement as
compared with the DC one. But to provide equal
conditions, we measured the temperature dependences of
σDC and σAC with the same time of sample relaxation in
the transition from one temperature to another.
From the comparison of Fig. 6b with Fig. 3b, one
can conclude that the difference between the temperature
dependences of σDC and σAC in the liquid phase of linear
polyethylene (for Т > Т0) is more significant than that for
the polyethylene solid phase. To a greater extent, it
relates to the first measurement. As it follows from the
comparison of Tables 1 and 2, the difference between the
W1A and W1B values for σDC and σAC significantly exceeds
the error of the experiment. Moreover, if for σDC (Fig. 3b)
the conductivity at the fourth measurement is higher for
the entire temperature range, then in the case of σAC
(Fig. 6b) at the temperatures close to T0, the conductivity
at the first measurement is less than that in the fourth
measurement.
It should also be noted that there is a very
significant difference between the W1B values for σDC and
σAC. From our viewpoint, all this can be caused by the
inhomogeneities of the sample structure, effect of which
on the measurement of σAC is more significant than that
of σDC and σAC. This hypothesis is confirmed by
comparing the value of the activation energy for the
fourth measurement.
As it follows from the comparison of Tables 1 and
2, the value of the activation energy for σDC and σAC in
the liquid phase of linear polyethylene within the
experimental error is practically the same. The reason for
this may be precisely the ordering of impurity of soot and
calcite under the action of electric field. Our estimates
show that the σ0 values are also the same for measuring
on direct and alternating currents.
2.45 2.50 2.55 2.60 2.65
10
-7
10
-5
10
-3
1A
2
σ
A
C
,
O
h
m
-1
m
-1
10
3
/T, K
-1
1B
b
4. Сonclusions
On direct and alternating currents within the frequency
range 10
–3
…10
6
Hz and the temperature range 293 to
425 K, the dynamics of conductivity of linear
polyethylene with the impurity of 20 wt.% soot and
20 wt.% calcite has been studied.
1. It has been shown that the temperature depen-
dence of conductivity for both alternating and direct cur-
rents in the solid phase of linear polyethylene cannot be
described by known dependences. The empirically found
dependence has been proposed ( )[ ] n
TTT
−
−σ=σ 00
(where σ0 is the conductance at T = ∞, T0 – phase
transition temperature for linear polyethylene, n – power
index), which describes the experimental data obtained
throughout the temperature range.
2. It has been shown that starting from the first
measurement, the temperature dependences of σDC and
σAC with each subsequent measurement are changed. The
largest changes occur between the first and second
measurements, and the maximum change in conductance
is observed at the melting point of polyethylene Т0. With
each subsequent measurement, the σ0-value increases and
the power index n decreases. Beginning with the fourth
measurement, the change in electrical conductance does
not exceed the measurement error.
3. It has been assumed that the dynamics of
conductance of linear polyethylene with a content of
20 wt.% soot and 20 wt.% calcite is due to the ordering
under the action of the electric field of impurity (through
which charge transfer occurs).
4. It has been shown that after the fourth
measurement, the parameters describing the temperature
dependence of the conductance in the solid state are the
same for conductance on direct and alternating currents.
5. It has been shown that the temperature
dependence of the conductance of linear polyethylene
with a content of 20 wt.% soot and 20 wt.% calcite above
the melting point of polymer can be described in the
Fig. 6. Temperature dependences of σAC for the composite based on linear low-density polyethylene with impurity of soot and calcite
for Т < Т0 (а) and for Т > Т0 (b) at the first (1) and fourth (2) measurements. Continuous lines in (a) and (b) shows the approximation
of these dependences, respectively, with the relations (1) and (2) with the values of the parameters listed in Table 2.
SPQEO, 2019. V. 22, N 3. P. 285-292.
Poberezhets S.I., Kovalchuk O.V., Savchenko B.M. et al. Dynamics of the conductance temperature dependence …
291
Arrhenius coordinates. The greatest differences between
the data for conductance on direct and alternating
currents are observed for the first measurement. It is for
this measurement that the temperature dependence can be
described by two exponential dependences with different
activation energies.
6. It has been found that starting from the fourth
measurement, the temperature dependence of
conductance on the direct and alternating currents can be
described by one exponential dependence with the
activation energy 1.00±0.05 eV.
7. Reducing the conductance of linear polyethylene
with the impurity of carbon soot and calcite with each
subsequent measurement in the liquid state of polymer
can be explained by the purification of polymer under the
action of electric field due to adsorption of ions carrying
elective charge on the surface of the electrodes.
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Authors and CV
Poberezhets Serhiy Ivanovych, PhD
student of Molecular Photoelectronics
Department at the Institute of Physics,
NAS of Ukraine. The area of
scientific interest is dielectric
properties of liquid crystals, polymers
and composites.
Kovalchuk Oleksandr Vasyliovych,
Doctor of Physical and Mathematical
Sciences, senior scientific researcher
at the Molecular Photoelectronics
Department, Institute of Physics, NAS
of Ukraine; Head of the Department
of Physics, professor at the Kyiv
National University of Technologies
and Design and National Technical University of Ukraine
“Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute”. Authored over
150 articles, 8 patents. The area of his scientific interests
is dielectric spectroscopy of liquid crystals and com-
posites.
Savchenko Bogdan Mykhailovych.
Doctor of Technic Sciences, Professor
of the Chair of applied ecology,
technology of polymers and chemical
fibers at the Kyiv National University
of Technologies and Design. He is the
author of more 100 scientific
publications and 20 patents. His main
research interests are polymer composite materials and
mixtures of polymers, additive technologies for polymer
formation.
Iskandarov Ruslan Shoimar-
donovych. Postgraduate student of
the Chair of applied ecology,
technology of polymers and chemical
fibers at the Kyiv National University
of Technologies and Design. He is the
author of 2 scientific publications and
1 patent. His main research interest is
orientation of polymer composites.
Kovalchuk Tetiana Mykolayivna,
scientific researcher at the V. Lash-
karyov Institute of Semiconductor
Physics, NAS of Ukraine. Authored
over 20 articles. The area of her
scientific interests is dielectric
spectroscopy.
Poberezhets Ivan Ivanovych,
Candidate of Technical Sciences at
the Uman National University of
Horticulture. Authored of 11 articles,
1 patent. The area of his scientific
interest is physical properties of
organic substances solution.
|
| id | nasplib_isofts_kiev_ua-123456789-215499 |
| institution | Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| issn | 1560-8034 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2026-03-23T18:54:21Z |
| publishDate | 2019 |
| publisher | Інститут фізики напівпровідників імені В.Є. Лашкарьова НАН України |
| record_format | dspace |
| spelling | Poberezhets, S.I. Kovalchuk, O.V. Savchenko, B.M. Iskandarov, R.Sh. Kovalchuk, T.M. Poberezhets, I.I. 2026-03-19T10:43:52Z 2019 Dynamics of the conductance temperature dependence for a composite based on linear polyethylene with impurity of soot and calcite / S.I. Poberezhets, O.V. Kovalchuk, B.M. Savchenko, R.Sh. Iskandarov, T.M. Kovalchuk, I.I. Poberezhets // Semiconductor Physics Quantum Electronics & Optoelectronics. — 2019. — Т. 22, № 3. — С. 285-292. — Бібліогр.: 29 назв. — англ. 1560-8034 PACS: 66.10.Ed, 72.20.Ee, 72.80.Le, 78.30.Cd https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/215499 https://doi.org/10.15407/spqeo22.03.285 Within the temperature range of 293 to 425 K and frequency 10⁻³ to 10⁶ Hz ranges by using direct and alternating currents, the dynamics of electrical conductance σ of linear polyethylene with the impurity of 20 wt.% soot and 20 wt.% CaCO₃ (calcite) has been investigated. It has been shown that for the solid state of polyethylene (below 380 K), the dependence of electrical conductance on the temperature T on both the direct (σᴅᴄ) and alternating (σᴀᴄ) currents can be described by the power dependence on T/(T-T₀) (where T₀ is the temperature of the phase transition for polyethylene). It has been shown that when being repeatedly measured, the σᴅᴄ and σᴀᴄ values increase, and the power indexes of temperature dependence decrease. The measured values are stable after the fourth measurement. The greatest changes in the conductance, depending on the first and second measurements (almost three orders of magnitude), were observed at a temperature close to T₀. It has been assumed that the dynamics of electrical conductance, depending on the number of measurements, is caused by the influence of the electric field on the ordering of impurity in the polymer. It has been shown that for T > 380 K, the typical for liquids Arrhenius dependence of σᴅᴄ and σᴀᴄ on temperature is observed. It has been found that at the first measurement, the temperature dependence of σᴅᴄ and σᴀᴄ can be described by two activation energies, while for a stable state (starting from the fourth measurement), by one activation energy (within the measurement error of the same for σᴅᴄ and σᴀᴄ and equal to 1 eV). en Інститут фізики напівпровідників імені В.Є. Лашкарьова НАН України Semiconductor Physics Quantum Electronics & Optoelectronics Semiconductor physics Dynamics of the conductance temperature dependence for a composite based on linear polyethylene with impurity of soot and calcite Article published earlier |
| spellingShingle | Dynamics of the conductance temperature dependence for a composite based on linear polyethylene with impurity of soot and calcite Poberezhets, S.I. Kovalchuk, O.V. Savchenko, B.M. Iskandarov, R.Sh. Kovalchuk, T.M. Poberezhets, I.I. Semiconductor physics |
| title | Dynamics of the conductance temperature dependence for a composite based on linear polyethylene with impurity of soot and calcite |
| title_full | Dynamics of the conductance temperature dependence for a composite based on linear polyethylene with impurity of soot and calcite |
| title_fullStr | Dynamics of the conductance temperature dependence for a composite based on linear polyethylene with impurity of soot and calcite |
| title_full_unstemmed | Dynamics of the conductance temperature dependence for a composite based on linear polyethylene with impurity of soot and calcite |
| title_short | Dynamics of the conductance temperature dependence for a composite based on linear polyethylene with impurity of soot and calcite |
| title_sort | dynamics of the conductance temperature dependence for a composite based on linear polyethylene with impurity of soot and calcite |
| topic | Semiconductor physics |
| topic_facet | Semiconductor physics |
| url | https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/215499 |
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