The incidence of diseases and traumas in a warfare zone on the example of U.S. army soldiers serving in the multinational division central south in Iraq
Статья посвящена результатам ис следования заболеваний и травм, зарегистрированных у военнослужащих армии США в составе Многонационального дивизиона на юге Ирака. Анализ основывался на медицинской документации о пациентах, обращавшихся за медицинской помощью первой, второй и третьей степени (в соотв...
Saved in:
| Published in: | Актуальні проблеми транспортної медицини |
|---|---|
| Date: | 2007 |
| Main Author: | |
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Фізико-хімічний інститут ім. О.В. Богатського НАН України
2007
|
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/22795 |
| Tags: |
Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
|
| Journal Title: | Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| Cite this: | The incidence of diseases and traumas in a warfare zone on the example of U.S. army soldiers serving in the multinational division central south in Iraq / K. Korzeniewski // Актуальні проблеми транспортної медицини. — 2007. — № 2 (8). — С. 116-122. — Бібліогр.: 30 назв. — aнгл. |
Institution
Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine| _version_ | 1859868200913600512 |
|---|---|
| author | Korzeniewski, K. |
| author_facet | Korzeniewski, K. |
| citation_txt | The incidence of diseases and traumas in a warfare zone on the example of U.S. army soldiers serving in the multinational division central south in Iraq / K. Korzeniewski // Актуальні проблеми транспортної медицини. — 2007. — № 2 (8). — С. 116-122. — Бібліогр.: 30 назв. — aнгл. |
| collection | DSpace DC |
| container_title | Актуальні проблеми транспортної медицини |
| description | Статья посвящена результатам ис следования заболеваний и травм, зарегистрированных у военнослужащих армии США в составе Многонационального дивизиона на юге Ирака. Анализ основывался на медицинской документации о пациентах, обращавшихся за медицинской помощью первой, второй и третьей степени (в соответствии с процедурами НАТО) с апреля 2003 по февраль 2004 г. Исследования показали, что на первом месте у солдат находились острые кишечные заболевания (36,8 %), особенно в в начале их службы на Среднем Востоке. Второй причиной, приводящей к эвакуации, были ранения и травмы (переломы и растяжения связок) (17,4%). В проведенном исследовании уточнено, что забо
левания передающиеся половым путем не имели эпидемиологического значения в обследованной популяции. Возвращение военнослужащих в США по медицинским показаниям составило 9,3 % от общей численности войск. 0,9 % американских солдат погибли в Ираке (боевые ранения).
Стаття присвячена результатам дос лідження захворювань та травм, що були зареєстровані у військовослужбовців армії США в составе у складі багатонаціонального дивізіону на півдні Іраку. Аналіз проведено на підставі медичної документації о пацієнтах, що зверталися за медичною допомогою першого, другого та третього ступеню (у відповідності до процедур НАТО) з квітня 2003 по лютий 2004 р. Дослідження показали, що на першомуьмісті у солдат зходились гострі кишкові розлади (36,8 %), особливо на початку їх служби на Середньому Сході. Другою причиною, що приводила до евакуації, були поранення і травми (переломи та розтягнення зв’язок) (17,4%). В проведеному дослідженні уточнено, що захворювання, які передаються статевим шляхом не мали епідеміологічного значення в дослідженій популяції. Повернення військовослужбовців в США по медичним показникам склало 9,3 % від загальної чисельності військ. 0,9 % американських солдат загинули в Іраку (бойові поранення).
|
| first_indexed | 2025-12-07T15:49:44Z |
| format | Article |
| fulltext |
АКТУАЛЬНЫЕ ПРОБЛЕМЫ ТРАНСПОРТНОЙ МЕДИЦИНЫ № 2 (8), 2007 г.
116116116116116
ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF TRANSPORT MEDICINE # 2 (8), 2007
ква,
Том1, 1971. 5 510с.
7. Диетология. Новейший справочник
для врачей. /Москва, Санкт5
Петербург «Сова», 2003. –с. 505148
8. Маркелов Г.И. Заболевания вегета5
тивной системы / Гос.Мед. Изд. УССР,
Киев, 1948. 5 685с.
9. Четвериков Н.С. Заболевания вегета5
тивной нервной системы/ Москва,
«Медицина», 1968 – с.308
10. Заболевания вегетативной нервной
системы/ под редакцией проф. А.М.5
Вейна/ Москва, 19915с.39589
Резюме
ЗАЛЕЖНІСТЬ НЕРВОВО5ПСИХІЧНИХ
ФУНКЦІЙ І СТАНУ ВЕГЕТАТИВНОЇ
НЕРВОВОЇ СИСТЕМИ ВІД ХАРАКТЕРУ
ХАРЧУВАННЯ
Любчак М.П.
На 180 курсантах одного з вищих
військових учбових закладів вивчена за5
лежність ряду фізіологічних показників
вегетативної нервової системи і нервово5
психічних функцій від характеру харчуван5
ня. Встановлено погіршення цих показ5
ників на фоні фактичного харчування, нез5
балансованого по найважливішим нутріє5
нтам, у тому числі білкам, жирам, вугле5
водам, вітамінам і мінеральним речови5
нам. Встановлена можливість нормалі5
зації фізіологічних характеристик вегета5
тивної нервової системи і деяких нерво5
во5психічних функцій шляхом корекції хар5
чування соєвим білково5жировим збагачу5
вачем (СБЖО) і багатим біогенними сти5
муляторами джерелом адаптагенів – Біот5
рітом5С, розробленими під керівництвом
професора Левицького А.П.
Summary
DEPENDENCE OF NEURO5PSYCHICAL
FUNCTIONS AND NERVOUS SYSTEM
STATE ON THE NUTRITION TYPE
Lyubchak M.P.
A dependence of sequence of
physiological indexes of vegetative nervous
system and nervo5psychical functions on the
nature of nutrition was studied on 180 cadets
of one of the military institutions of higher
education. There was discovered worsening
of these indexes against the background of
existing nutrition, which wasn’t balanced
according to the most important nutrients,
such as proteins, fats, carbohydrates,
vitamins and mineral substances. There was
determined possibility of normalization of
physiological indexes of vegetative nervous
system and of some nervo5psychical
functions by means of correction of nutrition
with use of soya protein5fat concentrate
(SPFC) and rich with biogenous stimulators
source of adaptagens – Biotrit5C, which was
developed under supervision of prof.
Levitskiy A.P.
Introduction
Many environmental factors influence
the incidence of diseases and traumas in a
warfare zone, in the hot climate. The most
important ones include high temperature and
air humidity, high twenty5four5hour changes
of temperature (1), cultural differences of the
region and its people (2), low sanitary
УДК 616�02”364”(567)
THE INCIDENCE OF DISEASES AND TRAUMAS IN A WARFARE
ZONE ON THE EXAMPLE OF U.S. ARMY SOLDIERS SERVING IN
THE MULTINATIONAL DIVISION CENTRAL SOUTH IN IRAQ
Krzysztof Korzeniewski
Department of Maritime and Tropical Medicine, Military Institute of Medicine,
Gdynia, Poland
Впервые поступила в редакцию 23.05.2007 г. Рекомен�
дована к печати на заседании ученого совета НИИ ме�
дицины транспорта (протокол № 3 от 29.05.2007 г.).
ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF TRANSPORT MEDICINE # 2 (8), 2007
АКТУАЛЬНЫЕ ПРОБЛЕМЫ ТРАНСПОРТНОЙ МЕДИЦИНЫ № 2 (8), 2007 г.
117117117117117
conditions and military actions (3). High
temperature and air humidity cause
thermoregulation disturbances,
intensification of chronic diseases and
clinical symptoms of diseases asymptomatic
until then (1,4). Cultural differences of the
region and its people and serving in a warfare
zone cause alienation, stress, overusing of
alcohol and drugs as well as traumas (5,6).
Hostilities in the hot climate, low sanitary and
epidemiological conditions of the area lead
to an increased incidence of gastrointestinal
tract diseases (7). Iraq, being a place of
multinational stabilization forces’ activities, is
the place of the most dangerous missions in
the world nowadays, where the probability of
the loss of health or life is extremely high.
Riots among Iraqi civilians break out every
day, soldiers of the coalition forces are
wounded or killed in ambushes.
The aim of the present article has been
to analyse the incidence of diseases and
traumas in the population of military
personnel on the example of the U.S. Army
Military Police (MP) company soldiers
serving in the Multinational Division Central
South (MND CS) in Iraq. This work is also an
attempt of itemizing the factors which
influence diseases and traumas in the
population examined.
Subjects and Methods
The epidemiological analysis of the
diseases and traumas in the population of
U.S. Army MP Coy soldiers serving in MND
CS in Iraq was based on hospital records,
cards of out5patients’ charts as well as
archival and current medical documentation
from the first, second, and third levels of
medical evacuation (according to NATO
procedures). The medical documentation
from 1st April 2003 to 29th February 2004 was
taken from 216 patients of American
nationality, with different diseases and
traumas of organs and systems, treated in
the Combat Support Hospital in Baghdad (3rd
level), the Field Hospital in Karbala (2nd+
level) and on the 1st level in military bases in
Kuwait (1st – 22nd April 2003) and in Iraq (22nd
April – 25th September 2003 in Al5Kut, 25th
September 2003 – 29th February 2004 in
Karbala). Organization and tasks of medical
evacuation levels in Operation Iraqi Freedom,
in the Multinational Division Central South
look as follows.
First aid medical care and treatment of
sick and injured personnel on the 1st level is
an every unit responsibility (8). In U.S MP
Coy in MND CS medical care was provided
by 3 medics (non5commissioned officers).
The 2nd level is a brigade responsibility. The
305bed Polish Field Hospital in Karbala was
expected to give the qualified medical aid to
the wounded and ill soldiers of coalition
forces and civilian local population. The basic
tasks its medical unit were medical care in
urgent situation, stationary treatment of
wounded and ill soldiers, to whom the return
to service was considered (to 7 days),
ambulatory treatment within internal
medicine, general and casualty surgery, in
other fields of medicine (ophthalmological,
dermatological, psychiatrist & psychological
service, dental care, laboratory and X5ray
diagnostic), preparation for further
evacuation, and MEDEVAC (Medical
Evacuation) duty (9). The field hospital
provided treatment of Iraqi civilians as a
humanitarian assistance. The 2nd+ level in
Karbala consisted of the sick call (admission
room, dermatologist’, ophthalmologist’,
internist’, psychiatrist’, surgical’ &
psychologist’ office, X5ray, morgue), the
surgical team (surgical theatre for 2 surgical
table and intensive care unit for 4 beds),
internal and surgical ward (20 beds),
isolation ward (6 beds), laboratory, dental
clinic, evacuation team, psychological team,
and pharmacy (10).
Patient is not usually treated in MND
CS medical facilities for period longer than
3 days in 1st level, no longer than 7 days in
2nd level or in 3rd level for more than 21 days.
Patient required treatment or convalescence
and/or rehabilitation exceeding a total of 21
days is evacuated to his home country. In
cases of major surgery or special treatment
beyond contingent capability is required,
patient ought to be send to 3rd level facility.
For MND CS, 3rd level is supported by U.S.
Combat Support Hospital (CSH) in Baghdad
АКТУАЛЬНЫЕ ПРОБЛЕМЫ ТРАНСПОРТНОЙ МЕДИЦИНЫ № 2 (8), 2007 г.
118118118118118
ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF TRANSPORT MEDICINE # 2 (8), 2007
(8). CSH provides hospitalization and
surgical services for critically wounded
(battle and non5battle injuries) and ill
patients. 3rd level provides urgent and routine
care through the hospital’s clinics to all
coalition forces soldiers from the combined
joint task force area in Iraq.
The article presents a complete
research study, i. e., every U.S. Army MP Coy
soldier with two hundred and sixteen serving
in MND CS from 1st April 2003 to 29th
February 2004 was examined in analyzed
period. The examination allowed the
description of the incidence and structure of
diseases and traumas, the morbidity of
military population according to rank and
age. Privates made up 37.0% of the group
examined, corporals and specialists –
28.2%, sergeants – 31.9% and
commissioned officers – 2.8%. The
population studied can be divided into the
following age5groups: >20 years of age
(11.1%), between 21 and 25 (49.5%), 265
30 (20.8%), 31535 (9.3%), 36540 (7.9%), 415
45 (1.4%). Changes on a trust level P<0.05
were considered significant.
Results
There were 632 cases of diseases and
traumas reported in the U.S. Army MP Coy
soldiers in the period analysed. Out of these,
544 cases were treated in out5patients’
clinics (463 cases – 1st level, 74 – 2nd level, 7
– 3rd level), 19 cases were operated on the
2nd (10 cases) and 3rd level (9 cases) of
medical evacuation and 69 cases were
hospitalised in an internal or surgical ward
of the 2nd (38 cases) and 3rd level (31 cases)
of medical evacuation (non5surgical
treatment).
Seventeen soldiers of the company
were not treated (no pathological symptoms)
in the period analysed (7.9% of all the unit
personnel).
Twenty soldiers were repatriated to the
United States for medical reasons (9.3% of
all the unit soldiers). The main causes of
premature going back home were:
5 7 traumas (5 gunshot/shrapnel wounds,
1 fracture, 1 sprained knee),
5 4 psychiatric disorders (2 neuroses, 2
adaptation disorders),
5 2 parasitic diseases (leishmaniasis),
5 2 urogenital diseases (1 epididimitis, 1
glomerulonephritis),
5 5 others (acute urticaria, pneumonia,
peptic ulcer, radiculoischalgia, heat
exhaustion).
As the result of sustaining traumas
(gunshot wounds), two soldiers of the
company died (killed in hostile fire) during
military operations in Iraq.
When the distribution among ranks is
analyzed, the incidence of diseases and
traumas was the highest in privates (43.5%),
which was mainly related to the fact that they
constituted the most numerous group of
soldiers in the unit examined (privates –
37%; corporals/specialists – 28.2%;
sergeants – 32%; officers – 2.8%). The
inciden5ce of diseases and traumas
according to the age was the highest in the
age group of 215255year5old (51.1%), which
was also connected with the highest number
of soldiers from this age group in the unit
examined (>205year5old – 11.1%; 21525 –
49.5%; 26530 – 20.8%; 31535 – 9.3%; 365
40 – 7.9%, <40 – 1.4%).
The main causes of morbidity among
the American soldiers were gastrointestinal
tract diseases (36.8%).
The incidence rate of gastrointestinal
tract diseases was the highest in April 2003
(30.5% of cases), in the beginning of the
U.S. Army soldiers military service in the
Middle East.
The main causes of patients’ treatment
were acute gastrointestinal disorders with
typical symptoms (vomiting, nausea,
diarrhea, typically rapid onset and recovery
usually in fewer than 3 days).
The second cause of morbidity were
traumas.
No cases of sexually transmitted
diseases occurred in the analyzed period of
time. There were 2 cases of parasitic
diseases (cutaneous leishmaniasis) among
soldiers serving in the Wasit province.
ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF TRANSPORT MEDICINE # 2 (8), 2007
АКТУАЛЬНЫЕ ПРОБЛЕМЫ ТРАНСПОРТНОЙ МЕДИЦИНЫ № 2 (8), 2007 г.
119119119119119
Discussion
One of the most severe health
problems among American soldiers serving
in in Iraq are acute gastrointestinal disorders,
what is related to a low level of sanitary
conditions in the destroyed areas of
hostilities zone and failing to comply with
personal hygiene, food and accommodation
rules (11). Travelers from sanitized,
developed countries are, in a sense,
immunologically naпve “children”, who are
suddenly transported to an endemic area of
infection where they are highly susceptible
to local pathogens (12, 13). During the
Operation Desert Shield, when military
personnel were rapidly deployed to the
Middle East, the U.S. military experienced
high rates of diarrheal disease due to
bacterial and viral entero5pathogens (14).
Strict sanitation and fly control could
significantly reduce the risk of
gastrointestinal infections (15). Excellent
example of appropriate preventive measures
taken by health service during hostilities was
the homeland war in Croatia in 1991592.
Owing to permanent sanitary controls, mass
vaccinations, registration of sick and
carriers, in the territory of the whole country
there was only one outbreak of food5 and
water5borne disease (typhoid fever, 21
cases) (16). The most nagging health
problem of 40550% soldiers of military
missions, serving in the hot climate
conditions have become bacterial, viral and
protozoal diarrheas (7). The spread of
diarrheal symptoms in the mission soldiers
is directly related to a high percentage of
carriers of the pathological strains of
intestinal microorganisms in the native
population (2). It is estimated that 5 million
people in Iraq (20% of the population) are at
risk of having no access to safe water and
sanitation, and that 500 000 m3 of raw
sewage is dumped every day directly into
fresh water bodies without any cleaning pre5
processing. The access to safe water is
dramatically low especially in rural areas
(41% in 2002) (17). Transmission of enteric
pathogens occurs also through fecally
contaminated food. Foods that are not
cooked or peeled, foods obtained from
roadside vendors, or foods kept
unrefrigerated for long periods of time are
of the highest risk (12). The most common
pathogen causing diarrhea is
enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (30570% of
all cases). Strains of E. coli were responsible
for 50% of acute gastrointestinal tract
disorders which were treated among Polish
soldiers in the Field Hospital in Iraq (2+ level),
in the period October 2003 – March 2004
(18). The dangerous infectious disease in
Iraq, which poses serious epidemiological
threat, is leishmaniasis (transmitted by
arthropods). By the end of March 2004, 653
cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis among
U.S. Army soldiers serving in Iraq were seen
at the Walter Reed Army Medical Center and
infectious diseases wards of hospitals in the
United States. (19). Increase of disease
incidence during Iraqi Freedom Operation
was associated with arrival of American
soldiers during the peak season for sand flies
(vectors of the disease), and long duty of
troops in Iraq (20). According to the U.S.
data, it was the largest outbreak of
leishmaniasis among American troops in the
history of the military since World War II (21).
The own research findings showed that
sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) had not
caused an epidemiological danger in the
population studied. During war the incidence
rate of STDs is usually a few times higher
than in peacetime (22). A particularly high
incidence of STDs is observed in the military
missions in South5East Asia, where a very
easy access to sexual services offered by
prostitutes, a great many of whom are
carriers of different kinds of venereal
diseases (23). The situation in the Middle
East military missions is completely different.
Being deployed in the Arab territory with
Muslim majority, with their wide range of
bans and social norms characteristic of the
Arab world, makes the access to the market
of sexual services very limited. This results
in a low incidence rate which, unlike other
diseases characteristic of the hot climate
and military zone, has no epidemiological
importance (23).
АКТУАЛЬНЫЕ ПРОБЛЕМЫ ТРАНСПОРТНОЙ МЕДИЦИНЫ № 2 (8), 2007 г.
120120120120120
ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF TRANSPORT MEDICINE # 2 (8), 2007
A particularly harmful element involved
in serving in military missions is stress
connected with performing tasks, especially
during military clashes in the mission area
(24). Stress is also caused by other factors,
such as different climatic conditions, long5
lasting separation from family, awareness of
existing threats from the local fauna and flora
(25). Official dependences (conflicts
between superiors and subordinates,
impossibility to manage the duties) and non5
official dependences (differences of age,
education, outlook) prevailing in mission
community also seem to be stressful factors
(26). In local military conflicts, the
percentage of combat stress reaction
reached 20525% in the population of the
fighting sides. 90% of the affected soldiers
usually come back to the operational status
very fast (27). The high percentage of
psychiatric diseases and disorders was
observed in 199251993, during UNTAC
peace mission in Cambodia. About 50% of
the population of the Dutch contingent
suffered from mental problems in the
mission area, and only 19% of the
questioned Dutch soldiers reported
complete retreat of these problems after
home5coming (28). Among U.S. MP Coy
soldiers serving in MND CS in Iraq only 1.8%
of the unit troopers were repatriated to the
United States because of psychiatric
disorders. Traumas were another health
problem which resulted in the absence of
American MP Coy soldiers from their duty in
Iraq. Battle and non5battle injuries were the
cause of repatriation to the United States of
3.2% of all unit troopers. According to
German authors, the most common injuries
caused by traumas during the warfare in the
peace missions area are gunshot wounds
from firearms (mainly AK47 Kalashnikov),
and shrapnel wounds from shells and
antipersonnel mines (29). In every conflict
the U.S. has been involved in, 20% of all
hospital admissions have been noted as
combat injuries (15). Traumatic profile is also
a serious health problem among soldiers of
other nationalities serving in hostilities zone.
Battle and non5battle injuries posed 35.8%
of all diseases and traumas treated among
Polish soldiers in the Field Hospital in Iraq
(MND CS, 2+ level), in the period October
2003 – March 2004 (18). According to some
authors, the killed5in5action rates of combat
troops range from 0.2 to 1.35% (30). During
military operations in Iraq 0.9% U.S. Army
MP Coy soldiers serving in MND CS were
killed. Diseases and traumas which occurred
among American troopers had not limited
the combat capacity of the unit in the period
analyzed.
References
1. Rawski S. Heat injuries and military
training (in Polish). Army Forces Review.
2000;7:64567.
2. Korzeniewski K. Epidemiological
analysis of diseases and traumas
occurred among people treated in the
United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon
Hospital from 1993 to 2000 (in Polish).
Doctoral dissertation. Јуdџ; 2002.
3. Regional Disease Vector Profile. The
Middle East. Defense Pest Management
Information Analysis Center. Walter Reed
Army Medical Center. Washington DC;
1999. p. 47548.
4. Porter AM. Heat Illness and soldiers. Mil
Med. 1993;158(9):6065609.
5. Buczyсski A, Kocur J, Kierznikowicz B.
Sanitary and mental protection of UN
peacekeepers. [In:] Kierznikowicz B,
Knap J. Health service of the Polish
Army in Peace Missions (in Polish).
Warszawa: Eurostar Ltd.; 2001, p. 44551.
6. Chomiczewski K, Gall W, Grzybowski J.
Epidemiology of warfares and
catastrophes (in Polish). Bielsko5Biaіa:
Alpha5medica press; 2001. p. 2265227.
7. Dкga K, Kierznikowicz B. Some
problems of health risks during duty in
the tropics (in Polish). Maritime Review.
1998;9:39544.
8. Standing Operating Procedures “Iragi
Freedom”. Multinational Division Central
South. Medical & Hygiene Directives.
Babylon; 2003.
9. Korzeniewski K. Medical assistance in
ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF TRANSPORT MEDICINE # 2 (8), 2007
АКТУАЛЬНЫЕ ПРОБЛЕМЫ ТРАНСПОРТНОЙ МЕДИЦИНЫ № 2 (8), 2007 г.
121121121121121
the Multinational Division Center South
in Iraq on the example of the Polish Field
Hospital (in Polish). Military Doctor.
2004;80(3):2085210.
10. Korzeniewski K. Tasks and
organizational structure of health service
in the Multinational Division Center
South in Iraq (in Polish). Military Doctor.
2004;80(3):2115214.
11. Korzeniewski K. Health hazards in Iraq.
Military Doctor. 2005;80(3):1765180.
12. Hill DR, Pearson RD. Health advice for
international travel. Ann Intern Med.
1988;108(6):839552.
13. Steffen R, Rickenbach M, Wilhelm U,
Helminger A, Schar M. Health problems
after travel to developing countries. J
Infect Dis. 1987;156(1):84591.
14. Hyams KC, Bourgeois AL, Merrell BR,
Rozmajzl P, Escamilla J, Thorton SA,
Wasserman GM, Burke A, Echeverria P,
Green KY. Diarrheal disease during
Operation Desert Shield. N Engl J Med.
1993;325:142351428.
15. FM 21510. Field Hygiene and Sanitation.
Headquarters, Department of the Army
and Commandant, Marine Corps. U.S.
Army Medical Department Center and
School. Washington DC; 2000.
16. Baklaic Z, Ljubicic M, Benic N, Ropac D,
Svjetlicic M. Public Health Service in
Croatia during the Homeland War 1991/
92. Croatian Medical Journal.
1993;34(3):1975202.
17. World Health Organization.
Communicable disease profile for Iraq.
19 March 2003.
18. Korzeniewski K. Incidence of diseases
and traumas in the population of Polish
soldiers treated in the Field Hospital of
the Multinational Division Center South
in Iraq (in Polish). Military Doctor.
2004;80(3):2035207.
19. U.S. MILITARY. Leishmaniasis – Iraq.
Increasing numbers of U.S. troops get
cutaneous leishmaniasis. 19 April 2004.
<www.promedmail.org>
20. Korzeniewski K. Cases of leishmaniasis
among soldiers of Stabilization Forces in
Iraq. Military Doctor. 2004;80(4):2505
255.
21. U.S. MILITARY. Leishmaniasis – Iraq.
Army treating hundreds of leishmaniasis
cases. 13 March 2004.
<www.promedmail.org>
22. Kierznikowicz B. Selected problems of
health service in medical assistance of
UN military contingents in the tropics (in
Polish). Scalpel. 1993;354:11517.
23. Korzeniewski K, Kierznikowicz B,
Olszaсski R. Sexually transmitted
diseases among Polish soldiers serving
in the U.N. peace missions in Lebanon
and Cambodia. International Maritime
Health. 2003;54(154):1015107.
24. Dуjczyсski M, Grecki M. Stress on the
contemporary battlefield (in Polish).
Military Doctor. 1994;354:1235127.
25. Korzeniewski K. Reasons of evacuation
of the Polish Military Contingent soldiers
serving in Iraq (in Polish). Military Doctor.
2005;81(3):1635166.
26. Jones E, Wessely S. Psychiatric battle
casualties: an intra5, and interwar
comparison. Britisch Journal of
Psychiatry. 2001;178:2425247.
27. Bradshaw DM. Combat Stress
Casualties: A Commander’s Influence.
Mil Rev. 1995;758:20522.
28. De Vries M, Soetekouw PM, Van der
Meer JW, Bleijenberg G. Natural course
of symptoms in Cambodia veterans: a
follow5up study. Psychol Med.
2001;31(2):33158.
29. Titius W. Chirurgisches Spektrum bei
friedenssichernden Missionen (in
German). Kongressband Deutsche
Gesselschaft fur Chirurgie
2001;118:76458.
30. Blood CG, Gauker ED, Jolly R, Pugh WM.
Comparisons of casualty presentation
and admission rates during various
combat operations. Military Medicine.
1994;159(6):457561.
АКТУАЛЬНЫЕ ПРОБЛЕМЫ ТРАНСПОРТНОЙ МЕДИЦИНЫ № 2 (8), 2007 г.
122122122122122
ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF TRANSPORT MEDICINE # 2 (8), 2007
Резюме
СЛУЧАИ ЗАБОЛЕВАНИЙ И РАНЕНИЙ В
ГОРЯЧЕЙ ТОЧКЕ НА ПРИМЕРЕ АРМИИ
США В СОСТАВЕ
МНОГОНАЦИОНАЛЬНОГО ДИВИЗИОНА
НА ЮГЕ ИРАКА
Кристоф Корженевски
Статья посвящена результатам ис5
следования заболеваний и травм, зареги5
стрированных у военнослужащих армии
США в составе Многонационального ди5
визиона на юге Ирака. Анализ основывал5
ся на медицинской документации о паци5
ентах, обращавшихся за медицинской
помощью первой, второй и третьей сте5
пени (в соответствии с процедурами
НАТО) с апреля 2003 по февраль 2004 г.
Исследования показали, что на первом
месте у солдат находились острые кишеч5
ные заболевания (36,8 %), особенно в в
начале их службы на Среднем Востоке.
Второй причиной, приводящей к эвакуа5
ции, были ранения и травмы (переломы
и растяжения связок) (17,4%). В прове5
денном исследовании уточнено, что забо5
левания передающиеся половым путем
не имели эпидемиологического значения
в обследованной популяции. Возвраще5
ние военнослужащих в США по медицин5
ским показаниям составило 9,3 % от об5
щей численности войск. 0,9 % американ5
ских солдат погибли в Ираке (боевые
ранения).
Резюме
ВИПАДКИ ЗАХВОРЮВАНЬ ТА
ПОРАНЕНЬ В ГАРЯЧІЙ ТОЧЦІ НА
ПРИКЛАДІ АРМІЇ США У СКЛАДІ
БАГАТОНАЦІОНАЛЬНОГО ДИВІЗІОНУ НА
ПІВДНІ ІРАКУ
Кристоф Корженевски
Стаття присвячена результатам дос5
лідження захворювань та травм, що були
зареєстровані у військовослужбовців армії
США в составе у складі багатонаціональ5
ного дивізіону на півдні Іраку. Аналіз про5
ведено на підставі медичної документації
о пацієнтах, що зверталися за медичною
допомогою першого, другого та третього
ступеню (у відповідності до процедур
НАТО) з квітня 2003 по лютий 2004 р.
Дослідження показали, що на першому
місті у солдат зходились гострі кишкові
розлади (36,8 %), особливо на початку їх
служби на Середньому Сході. Другою
причиною, що приводила до евакуації,
були поранення і травми (переломи та
розтягнення зв’язок) (17,4%). В проведе5
ному дослідженні уточнено, що захворю5
вання, які передаються статевим шляхом
не мали епідеміологічного значення в
дослідженій популяції. Повернення
військовослужбовців в США по медичним
показникам склало 9,3 % від загальної
чисельності військ. 0,9 % американських
солдат загинули в Іраку (бойові поранен5
ня).
|
| id | nasplib_isofts_kiev_ua-123456789-22795 |
| institution | Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| issn | 1818-9385 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-12-07T15:49:44Z |
| publishDate | 2007 |
| publisher | Фізико-хімічний інститут ім. О.В. Богатського НАН України |
| record_format | dspace |
| spelling | Korzeniewski, K. 2011-06-30T18:05:14Z 2011-06-30T18:05:14Z 2007 The incidence of diseases and traumas in a warfare zone on the example of U.S. army soldiers serving in the multinational division central south in Iraq / K. Korzeniewski // Актуальні проблеми транспортної медицини. — 2007. — № 2 (8). — С. 116-122. — Бібліогр.: 30 назв. — aнгл. 1818-9385 https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/22795 616 02”364”(567) Статья посвящена результатам ис следования заболеваний и травм, зарегистрированных у военнослужащих армии США в составе Многонационального дивизиона на юге Ирака. Анализ основывался на медицинской документации о пациентах, обращавшихся за медицинской помощью первой, второй и третьей степени (в соответствии с процедурами НАТО) с апреля 2003 по февраль 2004 г. Исследования показали, что на первом месте у солдат находились острые кишечные заболевания (36,8 %), особенно в в начале их службы на Среднем Востоке. Второй причиной, приводящей к эвакуации, были ранения и травмы (переломы и растяжения связок) (17,4%). В проведенном исследовании уточнено, что забо левания передающиеся половым путем не имели эпидемиологического значения в обследованной популяции. Возвращение военнослужащих в США по медицинским показаниям составило 9,3 % от общей численности войск. 0,9 % американских солдат погибли в Ираке (боевые ранения). Стаття присвячена результатам дос лідження захворювань та травм, що були зареєстровані у військовослужбовців армії США в составе у складі багатонаціонального дивізіону на півдні Іраку. Аналіз проведено на підставі медичної документації о пацієнтах, що зверталися за медичною допомогою першого, другого та третього ступеню (у відповідності до процедур НАТО) з квітня 2003 по лютий 2004 р. Дослідження показали, що на першомуьмісті у солдат зходились гострі кишкові розлади (36,8 %), особливо на початку їх служби на Середньому Сході. Другою причиною, що приводила до евакуації, були поранення і травми (переломи та розтягнення зв’язок) (17,4%). В проведеному дослідженні уточнено, що захворювання, які передаються статевим шляхом не мали епідеміологічного значення в дослідженій популяції. Повернення військовослужбовців в США по медичним показникам склало 9,3 % від загальної чисельності військ. 0,9 % американських солдат загинули в Іраку (бойові поранення). en Фізико-хімічний інститут ім. О.В. Богатського НАН України Актуальні проблеми транспортної медицини Лечебно-профилактические проблемы на транспорте The incidence of diseases and traumas in a warfare zone on the example of U.S. army soldiers serving in the multinational division central south in Iraq Случаи заболеваний и ранений в горячей точке на примере армии США в составе многонационального дивизиона на юге Ирака Випадки захворювань та поранень в гарячій точці на прикладі армії США у складібагатонаціонального дивізіону на півдні Іраку Article published earlier |
| spellingShingle | The incidence of diseases and traumas in a warfare zone on the example of U.S. army soldiers serving in the multinational division central south in Iraq Korzeniewski, K. Лечебно-профилактические проблемы на транспорте |
| title | The incidence of diseases and traumas in a warfare zone on the example of U.S. army soldiers serving in the multinational division central south in Iraq |
| title_alt | Случаи заболеваний и ранений в горячей точке на примере армии США в составе многонационального дивизиона на юге Ирака Випадки захворювань та поранень в гарячій точці на прикладі армії США у складібагатонаціонального дивізіону на півдні Іраку |
| title_full | The incidence of diseases and traumas in a warfare zone on the example of U.S. army soldiers serving in the multinational division central south in Iraq |
| title_fullStr | The incidence of diseases and traumas in a warfare zone on the example of U.S. army soldiers serving in the multinational division central south in Iraq |
| title_full_unstemmed | The incidence of diseases and traumas in a warfare zone on the example of U.S. army soldiers serving in the multinational division central south in Iraq |
| title_short | The incidence of diseases and traumas in a warfare zone on the example of U.S. army soldiers serving in the multinational division central south in Iraq |
| title_sort | incidence of diseases and traumas in a warfare zone on the example of u.s. army soldiers serving in the multinational division central south in iraq |
| topic | Лечебно-профилактические проблемы на транспорте |
| topic_facet | Лечебно-профилактические проблемы на транспорте |
| url | https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/22795 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT korzeniewskik theincidenceofdiseasesandtraumasinawarfarezoneontheexampleofusarmysoldiersservinginthemultinationaldivisioncentralsouthiniraq AT korzeniewskik slučaizabolevaniiiraneniivgorâčeitočkenaprimerearmiisšavsostavemnogonacionalʹnogodivizionanaûgeiraka AT korzeniewskik vipadkizahvorûvanʹtaporanenʹvgarâčíitočcínaprikladíarmíísšauskladíbagatonacíonalʹnogodivízíonunapívdnííraku AT korzeniewskik incidenceofdiseasesandtraumasinawarfarezoneontheexampleofusarmysoldiersservinginthemultinationaldivisioncentralsouthiniraq |