The increase of physiological optimum of nitrogen for plants by inoculation and use of plant growth regulators
As was established in greenhouse experiments ssusing isotope dilution method and confirmed by field investigations, conducted on grey-forest and sod-podzol soils, the inoculation and (or) treatment of cereal grasses with growth stimulators enhances plants’ physiological optimum in nitrogen and thus...
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| Datum: | 2008 |
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Інститут мікробіології і вірусології ім. Д.К. Заболотного НАН України
2008
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| Zitieren: | The increase of physiological optimum of nitrogen for plants by inoculation and use of plant growth regulators / V.V. Volkogon // Сільськогосподарська мікробіологія: Міжвід. темат. наук. зб. — Чернігів, 2008. — Вип. 8. — С. 17-31. — Бібліогр.: 12 назв. — англ. |
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| author | Volkogon, V.V. |
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| citation_txt | The increase of physiological optimum of nitrogen for plants by inoculation and use of plant growth regulators / V.V. Volkogon // Сільськогосподарська мікробіологія: Міжвід. темат. наук. зб. — Чернігів, 2008. — Вип. 8. — С. 17-31. — Бібліогр.: 12 назв. — англ. |
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| container_title | Сільськогосподарська мікробіологія |
| description | As was established in greenhouse experiments ssusing isotope dilution method and confirmed by field investigations, conducted on grey-forest and sod-podzol soils, the inoculation and (or) treatment of cereal grasses with growth stimulators enhances plants’ physiological optimum in nitrogen and thus improves ecological state of agrocenoses by increasing fertilizers assimilation rate and their involvement into the constructive metabolism. At this, typically high doses of mineral nitrogen combined with plants growth stimulators become ecologically acceptable.
У вегетаційних дослідах за використання методу ізотопного розбавлення та у польових, проведених на сірому лісовому та дерново-підзолистому ґрунтах, показано, що інокуляція та (або) обробка злакових трав стимуляторами росту сприяє зростанню фізіологічного оптимуму азоту для рослин, і внаслідок цього – поліпшенню екологічної обстановки в агроценозах через зростання ступеню засвоєння добрив і залучення їх до конструктивного метаболізму. При цьому високі за типових умов дози мінерального азоту, застосовані у поєднанні з бактеріальними препаратами або стимуляторами росту рослин, переходять у розряд екологічно доцільних.
В условиях вегетационных опытов при использовании метода изотопного разбавления и в полевых, проведенных на серой лесной и дерново-подзолистой почвах, показано, что инокуляция и (или) обработка злаковых трав стимуляторами роста способствует увеличению физиологического оптимума азота для растений, и вследствие этого – улучшению экологической обстановки в агроценозах при увеличении степени усвоения удобрений и вовлечения их в конструктивный метаболизм. При этом высокие в типичных условиях дозы минерального азота, примененные в сочетании с бактериальными препаратами или стимуляторами роста растений, переходят в разряд экологически приемлемых.
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| fulltext |
17
�� 631.�8:581.�1:631.�811.�98
THE INCREASE OF PHYSIOLOGICAL OPTIMUM OF
NITROGEN FOR PLANTS BY INOCULATION AND USE
OF PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
Volkogon V.V.
Institute of Agriculture Microbiology UAAS
97, Shevchenko st.�, Chernihiv, 14027, Ukraine, Shevchenko st.�, Chernihiv, 14027, UkraineShevchenko st.�, Chernihiv, 14027, Ukrainest.�, Chernihiv, 14027, Ukraine.�, Chernihiv, 14027, Ukraine, Ukraine
E-mail: rifam@ukrpost.�ua-mail: rifam@ukrpost.�uamail: rifam@ukrpost.�ua: rifam@ukrpost.�ua
As was established in greenhouse experiments using isotope experiments using isotopeexperiments using isotope using isotopeisotope
dilution method and confirmed by field investigations, conducted on
grey-forest and sod-podzol soils, the inoculation and (or) treatment of
cereal grasses with growth stimulators enhances plants’ physiological
optimum in nitrogen and thus improves ecological state of agrocenoses
by increasing fertilizers assimilation rate and their involvement into
the constructive metabolism. At this, typically high doses of mineral
nitrogen combined with plants growth stimulators become ecologically
acceptable.
Key words: nitrogen, associative nitrogen fixation, physiological
optimum, isotope dilution method, cereal grasses.
As is well known, nitrogen fixation is a rational process which
is not occurring at exceed of fixed nitrogen in the soil.� However, plants
make their own corrections into the functioning of associative nitrogen
fixing bacteria.� This appears in plants’ assimilation of considerable
amount of applied nitrogen and its subsequent use in constructive
metabolism.� At this point, the inhibitory effect of fixed nitrogen on the
activity of associative diazotrophs is partially or completely vanished.�
Moreover, well developed plants can improve bacteria provision with
root exudates and thus promote process of associative nitrogen fixation.� process of associative nitrogen fixation.�process of associative nitrogen fixation.�
Basing on the principles mentioned, almost at one time, M.� Umarov et
al.� [1] and Ladha et al.� [2] have defined conception of physiologically
optimum doses of nitrogen for the plants, as the ones that stimulate
nitrogen fixation.�
Stimulation mechanism of associative nitrogen fixation activity
with physiologically optimum doses might lay in the increase of the
amount of root exudates used as the source of carbon and energy for
rhizospheric nitrogen fixing bacteria.� Thus, Mergel et al.� [3] have shown
the increase of root exudates under the application of mineral nitrogen
18
in 9.�5 times comparing to the ones in control plants (without fertilizers).�
At this, depending on the amount of applied fertilizers the root exudates
will contain more or less amount of nitrogen compounds [4].�
In our previous studies we have showed the sharp increase in
number of nitrogen fixing bacteria under the application of mineral ni-
trogen.� However, nitrogenase activity of root diazotrophs was first ob-
served in variants with small doses of fertilizer.� Nitrogen fertilizers in
high concentrations repress synthesis of nitrogenase by microorganisms
in spite of their high number.� Increase of nitrogen fixing activity in such
variants was observed later on after the application of fertilizers – with
the decrease of concentration of fixed nitrogen to the optimum level [5].�
In view of foresaid, we can consider that doses of nitrogen fertilizers
which promote nitrogen fixation in root zone – are doses, sufficient
for constructive plant metabolism on the certain stage of organo-
genesis and intense excretion of root exudates containing nitrogen
compounds in an amount which do not repress nitrogenase synthe-
sis by associative diazotrophs.�
In our experiments we have used grass mixture “perennial ryegrass
+ awnless brome” as an example of determination of physiologically
optimum nitrogen fertilization.�
The experiments were conducted during three years on sod-podzol
soils (рНsalt.� – 6,5; humus content – 1,1-1,2 %) on P60K60 background
and rising doses of ammonium nitrate, applied separately – in early
spring and after hay harvest.� Nitrogen fixation activity was determined
by means of acetylene method.�
It was showed that separate application of mineral nitrogen even
in small amounts initially represses nitrogen fixation or has no clear
effect.� Later on, at fertilizers’ utilization the increase of nitrogen fixation
activity was noticed in the variants with small doses of nitrogen.� With
time, stimulation of nitrogen fixation was observed in the variants with
moderate doses of fertilizers.� At this, the activity peak was shifting in
dynamics from the variants with small doses of fertilizers to the ones
with higher nitrogen concentrations – up to 160 kg/ha (table 1).�
Estimation of nitrogen fixation productivity has revealed its
highest point in the variant with 20 kg/ha of mineral nitrogen (table 2).�
Relatively high (higher than control indices) was nitrogen fixation pro-
ductivity in variants with applied 10, 40 and 80 kg/ha doses of nitrogen
fertilizers.� Summary indices at application of mineral nitrogen in dose
120 kg/ha were on the control level.� Further increase of fertilizers level
19
had led to the decrease of nitrogen fixation productivity.� Apparently, in
spite of the noticed “splashes” of activity in variants with high doses of
fertilizers the summary indices in this case were not very high because
of the short-term stimulation of nitrogen fixation in these variants during
the vegetative period.�
Table 1. Dynamics of nitrogen fixation activity in root
zone of grain crops depending on nitrogen fertilizers doses,
µg N/m2 per hour
Nitrogen
doses,
kg/ha
Days after application of fertilizers
spring application application after
1st hay-harvest
application after 2nd
hay-harvest
20 days 35 days 9 days 58 days 11 days 23 days 45 days
l 64,7 77,5 303,3 224,1 582,5 582,5 111,6
10 70,0 212,0* 283,3 201,6 481,7 572,5 304,2
20 86,8* 168,4* 246,6 1681,7* 459,2 4144,2* 1254,2
40 185,0* 155,0* 200,0 212,5 414,2 1792,5* 1512,5*
80 50,8 134,2 225,0 111,7 370,0 1243,0 1275,0*
120 50,8 187,5* 108,3 90,0 370,0 851,6 570,8*
160 28,3 134,2 100,0 90,0 335,8 526,6 335,8*
200 28,3 111,6 141,6 78,3 324,2 526,6 111,7
240 33,3 78,3 100,0 78,3 370,0 515,0 100,8
280 28,3 55,8 75,0 78,3 290,8 526,6 78,3
LSD05 20,0 63,3 75,0 1375,0 93,3 788,3 223,3
According to the data obtained we may conclude that application
of 20 kg/ha is an ecologically optimum dose.� Doses, not exceeding
120 kg/ha of mineral nitrogen are ecologically acceptable.� Application
of 160 kg/ha might be considered as the ecological threshold or even
superfluous.�
These data were obtained without using plants’ inoculation
techniques.� Hence, we have the question rised: how does mineral
nitrogen influence on the development of introduced nitrogen fixing
microorganisms?
As known from literature, the successful development and
functioning of microorganisms introduced into the plants’ root zone
requires presence of some easily accessible nitrogen in the soil.� Numerous
studies on the efficiency of plants’ bacterization with associative nitrogen
fixing microorganisms were given consideration due to the showed
20
yield increase resulting from the inoculation performed on the nitrogen
fertilizers background.�
Table 2. Nitrogen fixation productivity, grass vegetative mass
yield and nitrates contents depending on the nitrogen fertilizers
doses
Nitrogen doses,
kg/ha
Total productivity of
nitrogen fixation,
kg/ha/150 days
Nitrates
content*,
mg/kg
Grasses vegetative
mass yield, c/ha
0 9,19 27,5 124,6
10 17,07 24,5 137,6
20 34,69 30,0 150,2
40 22,51 30,2 173,6
80 17,97 81,2 214,1
120 10,44 112,0 246,1
160 7,34 118,0 269,6
200 5,81 575,0 284,5
240 5,51 575,0 290,9
280 5,87 497,0 288,8
LSD05 36,5
* – BPC (boundary possible concentration) in grasses vegetative mass
equals 500 mg/kg.�
Study of mineral nitrogen influence on the development of
introduced into the plants’ root zone microorganisms testifies their
increase in root spheres in 1-2 orders comparing to the nitrogen-free
background.� The results of calculation of number of Azospirillum
lipoferum C-1 bacteria in root spheres of English ryegrass (small pot
experiment on sod-podzol soils) are given below (table 3).� Grass seeds
were infected with the named strain prior to their sowing.� The strain
was adapted in advance to the high concentrations of streptomycin
sulfate in order to introduce marking factor to the cells.� Data presented
testifies the considerably higher level of colonization of root spheres of
ryegrass grown on the nitrogen background – number of bacteria has
increased in 10-100 times subject to studied root sphere.� Thereby, the
analogy between the influence of mineral nitrogen on the indigenous and
introduced nitrogen fixing bacteria can be drawn.� Moreover, introduced
nitrogen fixing bacteria have another interesting feature – they enhance
assimilation of nutrients and mineral fertilizers by inoculated plants
21
grown in certain (the optimum the better) agrichemical background
[6-9].�
Table 3. Number of introduced azospirills into the root spheres
of English ryegrass under the influence of mineral nitrogen
Nitrogen doses, kg/ha Root sphere Number of cells, tsnd/g
0 rhizosphere soil 2,2
washed roots 552,0
40 rhizosphere soil 18,2
washed roots 10773,0
The scientific society agreed on this phenomenon as on the effect
of physiologically active substances of microbial preparations on plants
ability to form active root adsorbing surface and increase of whole
root system.� Besides, infected plants undergo considerable changes in
penetrability of root tissues membranes revealed by measurement of the
intensity of protons flow, segregated by wheat seedlings after inoculation
[10].� It was also observed that inoculation activates specific enzymatic
systems which can effect on the assimilation of biogenic elements.�
Thus, in particular, it was shown that inoculation activates plant
nitratereductases – key enzymes of nitrogen exchange [11].� Bacterial
nitratereductase has an additional effect on the assimilation of e.�g.�
nitrates.� This possible aspect of microorganisms influence on nitrogen
assimilation by plants was noticed by R.� Boddey et al.� [12].� So, at least
in case of nitrates we have observed an extra effect of microorganisms
introduced to the agricoenosis as the overall action of plant and bacterial
nitratereductases which also confirms that in this case we are talking
not only on the nitrates assimilation but also on their introduction to the
metabolism of plants.�
Further investigations in this area have resulted in discovering of
some interesting facts.� Thus, we have studied the efficiency of presowing
seeds inoculation (microbial preparation Diazobacterin based on the
Azospirillum brasilense 410) in field experiments with annual ryegrass,
conducted on grey forest podzolic soil (рНsalt – 5,1; humus contents –
1,6-1,9 %) on Р60�60 background and rising nitrogen doses of fertilizers
(0, 40, 80, 160 і 200 kg/ha).� Nitrogen fixation activity as well as grass
productivity was studied in dynamics – in 30, 40 and 50 days after the
application of fertilizers.� It was shown that physiologically optimum
dose of fertilizer for ryegrass on grey forest soils in the absence of
22
bacterization is 40 kg/ha.� This variant has demonstrated authentic
nitrogen fixation increase by all observed stages (fig.� 1).�
Fig. 1. Influence of mineral nitrogen and inoculation on the
dynamics of nitrogen fixation in root zone of annual ryegrass
(1-N0; 2-N40; 3-N80; 4-N160; 5-N200).
Bacterization has resulted in the unexpected increase of
ecological optimum of mineral nitrogen in comparison to the variants
without inoculation.� Thus the biggest value of nitrogen fixation activity
was observed in the variant with application of 80 kg/ha of fertilizer.�
Moreover, even dose 160 kg/ha has initially showed tendency to the
enhancement of nitrogen fixation activity and has authentically ensured
its increase later on.� So, presowing seed bacterization considerably
increases ecological optimum of fixed nitrogen for the plants.� Well,
but how it can be explained if considering that increase of nitrogen
fixation leads to the raising of biological nitrogen inflow to the plants?
Understanding of this arises in data comparison in variants without
inoculation and the ones treated with biopreparation (table 4).�
N
itr
og
en
fi
xa
tio
n
ac
tiv
ity
,
m
kg
N
/
m
2 /
ho
ur
w/o inoculation w inoculation
Days after
application of
fertilizers
23
Table 4. Influence of mineral nitrogen and inoculation on
vegetative mass yield of annual ryegrass, field experiment
Nitrogen doses, kg/ha Total yield (2 hay-harvest),
c/ha (dry matter)
Inoculation increase
c/ha %
without inoculation
0 60,0 – –
40 66,4 – –
80 74,9 – –
160 82,7 – –
200 94,4 – –
with inoculation
0 66,2 6,2 10
40 79,1 12,7 19
80 101,1 26,2 35
160 104,0 21,3 26
200 115,3 20,9 22
LSD05 by experiment 3,3
for nitrogen 2,4
for inoculation 1,3
Bacterization provides significant increase of crop yield (might
be due to the initial influence of physiologically active substances of
bacterial nature).� To ensure biomass formation plants certainly require
bigger amount of nitrogen.� Their demand is partially satisfied by
activation of nitrogen fixation and additional biological nitrogen supply.�
But initiated plants are not able to satisfy their needs from the molecular
nitrogen fixation only (at inoculation, for example, on N80 background
plants have formed same vegetative mass as is under the 200 kg/ha
dose).� In this case we have observed enhancement of mineral nitrogen
assimilation aimed on the formation of additional nitrogen.� It is obvious
that in this case concentration of fixed nitrogen in soil will be decreased
influencing the level of nitrogen fixation activity, which in turn will
increase due to the sufficient provision of root diazotrophs with carbon
and optimal nitrogen content.�
All the conclusions made were proved in our field experiments
with grass mixture “perennial ryegrass + awnless brome”, performed
under the conditions mentioned above.�
24
Fig. 2. Dynamic of nitrogen fixation in root zone of cereal
grasses depending on the level of nitrogen fertilizers and
inoculation (1-N0; 2-N40; 3-N80; 4-N160; 5-N200).
Here, the most optimal doses by inoculation have fallen within
80-160 kg/ha of mineral nitrogen.� Shifting of the activity peak from
the variants with the small doses of nitrogen to the bigger ones was
clearly showed in the studies of the process dynamics.� At the same
time both lower activity and less intensive changes were observed in
the variants without inoculation: the peak of nitrogen fixation activity
had moved to the variant with 80 kg/ha of mineral nitrogen to the end
of the experiment (fig.� 2).� The same as it was shown in the previous
experiment, comparison of yield indices in variants with and without
inoculation had testified that formation of plants’ biomass initiated by
bacterization requires much more nitrogen compounds.� Use of mineral
nitrogen in the processes of constructive metabolism of plants leads
to the decrease of the concentration of this element in root zone, thus
stimulating nitrogen fixation process.�
The one should notice that we have not only promoted additional
atmospheric nitrogen supply to the bacterized plants but have reduced
dangerous (under the typical conditions) from the ecological point of
view doses of mineral nitrogen to the ecologically safe ones.�
N
itr
og
en
fi
xa
tio
n
ac
tiv
ity
,
m
kg
N
/
m
2 /
ho
ur
w/o inoculation w inoculation
Days after
application of
fertilizers
25
Our results were proved in the experiments on ryegrass using
15N labeling (table 5).� Data analysis by first hay harvest (30 days of
plants growing) had showed authentic rise of ryegrass vegetative mass,
nitrogen content and increase of heavy isotope from inoculation with
Azospirillum sp. on the 7,5 mg (NH4)2SO4 background.� Assimilation of
mineral nitrogen in this variant was three times bigger than in control
one.� Second hay harvest had not revealed yield differences between the
variants.� Increase of 15N content was also inauthentic.� However, general
nitrogen content was higher than in control variant, which is due to the
14N inflow resulted from the activation of associative nitrogen fixation.�
Table 5. Influence of inoculation on the ryegrass yield,
accumulation of root mass and nitrogen utilization depending
on the dose of nitrogen fertilizer, green-house experiment
Variants
Y
ie
ld
, g
/p
ot
In
cr
ea
se
b
y
in
oc
ul
at
io
n,
g
/p
ot
/p
otpo
t
N
ge
n.�
, m
g/
po
t
In
cr
ea
se
b
y
in
oc
ul
at
io
n,
m
g/
po
t
/p
otpo
t
15
N
, m
g/
po
t
15
N
in
cr
ea
se
b
y
in
oc
ul
at
io
n,
m
g/
po
t
/p
otpo
t
1st hay harvest
7,5 mg (NH4)2SO4 0,328 – 15,88 – 0,22 –
Same + inoculation 0,368 0,040* 17,87 1,99* 0,67 0,45*
32,5 mg (NH4)2SO4 0,360 – 16,42 – 2,20 –
Same + inoculation 0,380 0,020 17,85 1,43 2,20 –
2nd hay harvest
7,5 mg (NH4)2SO4 0,984 – 17,13 – 0,48 –
Same + inoculation 0,953 – 19,99 2,86* 0,68 0,20
32,5 mg (NH4)2SO4 0,985 – 18,69 – 1,30 –
Same + inoculation 1,126 0,141* 21,55 2,86* 2,25 0,95*
Roots
7,5 mg (NH4)2SO4 1,254 – 11,84 – 0,26 –
Same + inoculation 1,432 0,178 12,83 0,99 0,23 –
32,5 mg (NH4)2SO4 1,206 – 12,11 – 0,75 –
Same + inoculation 1,570 0,364* 17,14 5,03 1,10 0,35*
* – Authentic values at 95 % level of significance
No positive results were obtained in variants with inoculation by
26
azospirills on the higher doses of mineral nitrogen background within
first hay harvesting.� Nevertheless, the second hay harvesting (60 days of
plants growing) had resulted in the increase of all studied indices.�
Overall data values obtained during the experiment are showed in
table 6.� As is seen, inoculation has promoted mineral nitrogen utilization
at 1.�3 mg/pot upon the application of larger dose and at 0.�62 – upon
application of the lower one.�
Inoculation on the background of higher doses of nitrogen
fertilizer promotes both utilization of mineral nitrogen and assimilation
of 14N nitrogen (atmospheric nitrogen) by plants.�
Thus, inoculation of cereal grasses stimulates nitrogen fixation
activity; increases grass yield and assimilation level of mineral nitrogen
used for the formation of additional output.� Notice, that at this the output
quality was nor worsening but improving.� Reduced nitrates amount
accompanied with increased protein contents was observed in vegetative
mass of the grasses due to the activation of plant’s enzyme systems of
nitrogen cycle.�
Table 6. Influence of inoculation and mineral nitrogen fertilizers
on the nitrogen isotopes content in English ryegrass plants
Variants
General
nitrogen,
mg/pot
15N carry-
over,
mg/pot
Utilization
of Nfertilizer,
%
Atmospheric
nitrogen (14N)
inflow, mg/pot
7,5mg (NH4)2SO4 44,85 0,96 60,0 3,24
Same + inoculation 50,69 1,58 98,8 8,44
32,5 mg (NH4)2SO4 47,22 4,25 61,6 2,32
Same + inoculation 56,54 5,55 80,4 10,34
LSD05 2,04 0,26 16,3
Previously, studying the influence of various factors on the
course of nitrogen fixation, we had observed stimulatory action of
plant hormones of auxin and cytokinin nature as well as their synthetic
analogues on this process [13].� We had assumed certain similarity in
action of microbial preparations and some growth regulators on the
ecological optimum of mineral fertilizers, since both inoculation and
use of plant growth regulators had resulted in the initiation of plants’
development and yield increase.�
27
Fig. 3. Influence of mineral nitrogen and Triman-1
on nitrogen fixation activity in root zone of cereal grasses
(1-N0; 2-N40; 3-N80; 4-N160; 5-N200).
Our experiments were conducted on the grey forest podzol soils
(рНsalt.� – 5.�1; humus contents – 1,6-1,9 %) on the fields with cereal grass
stand (perennial ryegrass + awnless brome + timothy-grass + meadow
fescue grass).� Field experiments were conducted under the same scheme
used in our previous studies, with the exception of microbial preparation
substituted with plant growth stimulator – Triman-1.�
Same as it was shown before we have observed considerable
effect of small doses of mineral nitrogen on the nitrogen fixation activity
in root zone of cereal grasses (first, it was stimulated in the variant with
40kg/ha dose, while at the end of vegetative period its indices were
higher in the one with 80 kg/ha).� Use of growth stimulator had resulted
in almost same effect as the use of microbial preparation – the highest
activity values were noticed under the 80 and 160 kg/ha doses of mineral
nitrogen (fig.� 3).� Influence of plant growth regulators is probably alike
effect of physiologically active substances of bacterial nature, produced
by the introduced into the plants root zone bacteria.� At this, active
development of root system and whole plants causes high needs in fixed
nitrogen due to the formation of considerably bigger biomass (table 7).�
This results in the increase of physiological (ecological) optimum of
nitrogen for the plants.�
N
itr
og
en
fi
xa
tio
n
ac
tiv
ity
,
m
kg
N
/
m
2 /
ho
ur
w/o inoculation w inoculation
Days after
application of
fertilizers
28
Table 7. Interaction efficiency of mineral nitrogen and plant
growth stimulator Triman-1, field experiment
Dose of nitrogen, kg/ha/haha Yield, total for 3 hay
harvest (dry matter), ц/ha/haha
Increase by Triman-1
c/ha %
without Triman-1
0 54,4 – –
40 75,5 – –
80 98,1 – –
160 122,6 – –
200 148,7 – –
with Triman-1
0 53,4 – –
40 91,7 15,9 21
80 118,9 20,9 21
160 132,8 10,1 8
200 168,6 19,9 13
LSD05 experiment 5,7
for Triman-1 2,3
for nitrogen 4,1
All considerations made were proved in our experiments using
isotopic dilution method.� Ryegrass plants (Drogobytska cultivar) were
grown in the climatic camera conditions.� The scheme of experiment was
as follows:
1.� Control;
2.� Inoculation Azospirillum lipoferum, 4014;
3.� Triman-1, presowing seed treatment;
4.� Triman-1, treatment of vegetative plants.�
Illumination conditions – 20 thousand lux on plant level,
photoperiod – 16 hours; air temperature – 26 ± 1°С, sand humidity –
70 % of total water capacity.� Mixture of labeled and regular (not labeled)
nitrogen fertilizers were applied into the pots (650 ml) with washed and
roasted sand.� Isotopic nitrogen contents in leaves, plants stems and
roots as well as in the substrate was analyzed on mass-spectrometer
MИ-1201.�
In strictly controlled conditions we have observed positive
influence of inoculation and use of plant growth stimulator on grass
yield and nitrogen uptake.� Moreover, increased content of mineral and
atmospheric nitrogen was revealed in plants initiated either by bacteria
29
or growth stimulators (table 8).�
Increased mineral nitrogen uptake upon inoculation or use of
growth stimulators is not standing that plant are accumulating inorganic
nitrogen.� As was shown in our experiments use of named agricultural
techniques considerably promotes nitrogen fixing enzymes’ activity in
plants, and nitratereductase, in particular (table 9).�
Nitratereductase activity in our experiments was increased by
1,7-2,4 depending on the plants ontogenesis stage while its action was
observed during prolonged period of time (100 days).�
Table 8. Isotopic nitrogen contents in vegetative mass, roots of
ryegrass and substrate
Variants
14N and 15N contents, mg/pot
vegetative mass roots substrate
14N 15N 14N 15N 14N 15N
Control 2,11 1,77 1,40 1,34 0,98 0,05
Inoculation 2,21 2,82 1,98 1,52 0,64 0,03
Triman-1, seeds treatment 2,21 2,20 1,85 1,42 1,07 0,03
Triman, plants treatment 2,31 2,63 1,88 1,20 1,09 0,09
It was established that activation of plants’ nitrogen fixing enzymes
results in the decrease of nitrates quantity which is quite obvious since
in this case nitrates from reserve pool are involved into the plants’
metabolism.�
Table 9. Dynamics of nitratereductase activity in leaves of
ryegrass under the inoculation (green-house experiment)
Variants
Nitratereductase activity, µg NO3/gg
raw mass per 30 minutes
70 days
after grass
standing
85 days
after
grass
standing
100days
after grass
standing
Control 7,50 9,10 9,93
Diazobacterin 18,24 18,59 16,81
Triman-1, presowing seeds treatment 19,50 18,15 15,44
LSD05 1,42 2,30 2,57
Thus inoculation and (or) plants treatment with growth stimulators
promotes rise of ecological nitrogen optimum for plants, and improves
30
ecological state of agrocoenosis due to the increase of fertilizers uptake
level and their use in plant metabolism as the result.� At this considerably
high under the typical conditions doses of mineral nitrogen used together
with the bacterial preparations or plant growth stimulators are proceed
to the category of ecologically appropriate ones.�
1.� Umarov M.� Incorporation of “biological” nitrogen by nonlegumenous
plants during associative N2 – Fixation /Umarov M.�, Shabaev V.�, Smolin V.�,
Aseeva O.� //IX Int.� Symp.� Soil Biol.� and conservatuion of the Biosphere.� – Pap.�
Sorpon.� – 1985.� – P.� 65.�
2.� Ladha J.�K.� Rice – plant – accociated N2 – fixation as affected by
genotype, inorganic N fertilizer and organic manure /Ladha J.�K.�, Tiror A.�C.�,
Caldo G.�, Watanabe I.� //Transaction of XIII Congr.� Int.� Soc.� Soil Sci.� – Hamburg,
1986.� – Vol.� 2.� – P.� 598-599.�
3.� Mergel A.�A.� Role of root exudates in transformation of nitrogen
and carbon in soil /Mergel A.�A.�, Tymchenko A.�V.�, Kudeyarov V.�N.� et al.�
//Pochvovedenie (Rus.�).� – 1996.� – № 10.� – P.� 1234-1239.�
4.� Mergel A.�A.� Role of root exudates’ nitrogen in its transformation
in soil during formation of extra-nitrogen /Mergel A.�A.�, Tymchenko A.�V.�,
Mashko V.�A.� et al.� //Agrokhimia (Rus.�).� – 1992.� – № 9.� – P.� 3-12.�
5.� Volkogon V.�V.� Influence of mineral nitrogen on associative nitro-
gen fixation activity /Volkogon V.�V.� //Pochvovedenie (Rus.�).� – 1997.� – № 12.�
– P.� 1486-1490.�
6.� Lin W.� Enhauced mineral uptake by Zea mays and Sorghum bicolor
roots inoculated with Azospirillum brasilense /Lin W.�, Okon Y.�, Hardy R.�
W.�R.�F.� //Appl.� Environ.� Microbiol.� – 1983.� – Vol.� 45, № 6.� – P.� 1775-1779.�
7.� Syrota L.�B.� Influence of rice inoculation with root diazotrophs on
nitrogen uptake and balance on early plants’ ontogenesis stages /Syrota L.�B.�,
Vasyuk L.�F.� //Bul.� VNIISKM (Rus.�).� – 1985.� – № 42.� – P.� 23-26.�
8.� Umarov M.�M.� Associative nitrogen fixation in rhizoshere of various
rice cultivars /Umarov M.�M.�, Shabaev V.�P.�, Burlutskaya G.�P.�, Sedlovskii A.�I.�
//Trudy VNIISKM (Rus.�).� – 1991.� – P.� 59-66.�
9.� Murty M.�G.� Influence of Azospirillum inoculation on the mineral
uptake and growth of rice under hydroponic conditions /Murty M.�G.�, Ladha J.�K.�
//Plant Soil.� – 1988.� – Vol.� 108, № 2.� – P.� 281-285.�
10.� Bashan Y.� Changes in proton efflux of intact wheat roots induced
by Azospirillum brasilense Cd /Bashan Y.�, Levanony H.�, Mitiku G.� //Can.� J.�
Microbiol.� – 1989.� – Vol.� 35, № 7.� – P.� 691-697.�
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mineral fertilizers utilization by plants /Volkogon V.�V.� //Sil’s’kogospodars’ka
microbiologia (Rus.�).� – 2006.� – № 4.� – P.� 21-30.�
12.� Boddey R.�M.� Effect of inoculation of Azospirillum spp.� on
31
nitrogen accumulation by field – grown wheat /Boddey R.�M.�, Baldani V.�L.�D.�,
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ЗБІЛЬШЕННЯ ФІЗІОЛОГІЧНОГО ОПТИМУМУ
АЗОТУ ДЛЯ РОСЛИН ЗА ІНОКУЛЯЦІЇ ТА
ЗАСТОСУВАННЯ СТИМУЛЯТОРІВ РОСТУ
Волкогон В.В.
Інститут сільськогосподарської мікробіології УААН, м.� Чернігів
У вегетаційних дослідах за використання методу ізотопного
розбавлення та у польових, проведених на сірому лісовому та
дерново-підзолистому ґрунтах, показано, що інокуляція та (або)
обробка злакових трав стимуляторами росту сприяє зростанню
фізіологічного оптимуму азоту для рослин, і внаслідок цього –
поліпшенню екологічної обстановки в агроценозах через зростання
ступеню засвоєння добрив і залучення їх до конструктивного
метаболізму. При цьому високі за типових умов дози мінерального
азоту, застосовані у поєднанні з бактеріальними препаратами
або стимуляторами росту рослин, переходять у розряд екологічно
доцільних.
�лючові слова: азот, асоціативна азотфіксація, фізіологіч-
ний оптимум, метод ізотопного розбавлення, злакові трави.
УВЕЛИЧЕНИЕ ФИЗИОЛОГИЧЕСКОГО ОПТИМУМА
АЗОТА ДЛЯ РАСТЕНИЙ ПРИ ИНОКУЛЯЦИИ И
ПРИМЕНЕНИИ СТИМУЛЯТОРОВ РОСТА
Волкогон В.В.
Институт сельскохозяйственной микробиологии УААН, г.� Чернигов
В условиях вегетационных опытов при использовании метода
изотопного разбавления и в полевых, проведенных на серой лесной
и дерново-подзолистой почвах, показано, что инокуляция и (или)
обработка злаковых трав стимуляторами роста способствует
увеличению физиологического оптимума азота для растений,
и вследствие этого – улучшению экологической обстановки
в агроценозах при увеличении степени усвоения удобрений и
вовлечения их в конструктивный метаболизм. При этом высокие
в типичных условиях дозы минерального азота, примененные в
сочетании с бактериальными препаратами или стимуляторами
роста растений, переходят в разряд экологически приемлемых.
�лючевые слова: азот, ассоциативная азотфиксация,
физиологический оптимум, метод изотопного разбавления,
злаковые травы.
|
| id | nasplib_isofts_kiev_ua-123456789-24985 |
| institution | Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| issn | 1997-3004 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-12-07T13:23:16Z |
| publishDate | 2008 |
| publisher | Інститут мікробіології і вірусології ім. Д.К. Заболотного НАН України |
| record_format | dspace |
| spelling | Volkogon, V.V. 2011-07-31T09:30:58Z 2011-07-31T09:30:58Z 2008 The increase of physiological optimum of nitrogen for plants by inoculation and use of plant growth regulators / V.V. Volkogon // Сільськогосподарська мікробіологія: Міжвід. темат. наук. зб. — Чернігів, 2008. — Вип. 8. — С. 17-31. — Бібліогр.: 12 назв. — англ. 1997-3004 https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/24985 631.8:581.1:631.811.98 As was established in greenhouse experiments ssusing isotope dilution method and confirmed by field investigations, conducted on grey-forest and sod-podzol soils, the inoculation and (or) treatment of cereal grasses with growth stimulators enhances plants’ physiological optimum in nitrogen and thus improves ecological state of agrocenoses by increasing fertilizers assimilation rate and their involvement into the constructive metabolism. At this, typically high doses of mineral nitrogen combined with plants growth stimulators become ecologically acceptable. У вегетаційних дослідах за використання методу ізотопного розбавлення та у польових, проведених на сірому лісовому та дерново-підзолистому ґрунтах, показано, що інокуляція та (або) обробка злакових трав стимуляторами росту сприяє зростанню фізіологічного оптимуму азоту для рослин, і внаслідок цього – поліпшенню екологічної обстановки в агроценозах через зростання ступеню засвоєння добрив і залучення їх до конструктивного метаболізму. При цьому високі за типових умов дози мінерального азоту, застосовані у поєднанні з бактеріальними препаратами або стимуляторами росту рослин, переходять у розряд екологічно доцільних. В условиях вегетационных опытов при использовании метода изотопного разбавления и в полевых, проведенных на серой лесной и дерново-подзолистой почвах, показано, что инокуляция и (или) обработка злаковых трав стимуляторами роста способствует увеличению физиологического оптимума азота для растений, и вследствие этого – улучшению экологической обстановки в агроценозах при увеличении степени усвоения удобрений и вовлечения их в конструктивный метаболизм. При этом высокие в типичных условиях дозы минерального азота, примененные в сочетании с бактериальными препаратами или стимуляторами роста растений, переходят в разряд экологически приемлемых. en Інститут мікробіології і вірусології ім. Д.К. Заболотного НАН України Сільськогосподарська мікробіологія Ґрунтова мікробіологія The increase of physiological optimum of nitrogen for plants by inoculation and use of plant growth regulators Збільшення фізіологічного оптимуму азоту для рослин за інокуляції та застосування стимуляторів росту Увеличение физиологического оптимума азота для растений при инокуляции и применении стимуляторов роста Article published earlier |
| spellingShingle | The increase of physiological optimum of nitrogen for plants by inoculation and use of plant growth regulators Volkogon, V.V. Ґрунтова мікробіологія |
| title | The increase of physiological optimum of nitrogen for plants by inoculation and use of plant growth regulators |
| title_alt | Збільшення фізіологічного оптимуму азоту для рослин за інокуляції та застосування стимуляторів росту Увеличение физиологического оптимума азота для растений при инокуляции и применении стимуляторов роста |
| title_full | The increase of physiological optimum of nitrogen for plants by inoculation and use of plant growth regulators |
| title_fullStr | The increase of physiological optimum of nitrogen for plants by inoculation and use of plant growth regulators |
| title_full_unstemmed | The increase of physiological optimum of nitrogen for plants by inoculation and use of plant growth regulators |
| title_short | The increase of physiological optimum of nitrogen for plants by inoculation and use of plant growth regulators |
| title_sort | increase of physiological optimum of nitrogen for plants by inoculation and use of plant growth regulators |
| topic | Ґрунтова мікробіологія |
| topic_facet | Ґрунтова мікробіологія |
| url | https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/24985 |
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