The influence of nanostructural oxide films on wear-resistance of titanium materials
The wearing mechanism of titanium material of the Тi―Cr―TiC composition obtained by different ways of leading chromium and carbon into titanium as separate elements Cr and TiC or as a compound Cr3C2 was investigated. The formation of nanostructural oxide films acting like a solid lubrication at fric...
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| Published in: | Современные проблемы физического материаловедения |
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| Date: | 2008 |
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Інститут проблем матеріалознавства імені І.М. Францевича НАН України
2008
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| Cite this: | The influence of nanostructural oxide films on wear-resistance of titanium materials / А.M. Petrova, M.B. Shtern // Современные проблемы физического материаловедения: Сб. научн . тр. — К.: ІПМ НАН України, 2008. — Вип. 17. — С. 151-154. — Бібліогр.: 4 назв. — англ. |
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Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine| _version_ | 1859517856630177792 |
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| author | Petrova, A.M. Shtern, M.B. |
| author_facet | Petrova, A.M. Shtern, M.B. |
| citation_txt | The influence of nanostructural oxide films on wear-resistance of titanium materials / А.M. Petrova, M.B. Shtern // Современные проблемы физического материаловедения: Сб. научн . тр. — К.: ІПМ НАН України, 2008. — Вип. 17. — С. 151-154. — Бібліогр.: 4 назв. — англ. |
| collection | DSpace DC |
| container_title | Современные проблемы физического материаловедения |
| description | The wearing mechanism of titanium material of the Тi―Cr―TiC composition obtained by different ways of leading chromium and carbon into titanium as separate elements Cr and TiC or as a compound Cr3C2 was investigated. The formation of nanostructural oxide films acting like a solid lubrication at friction on the surface of titanium materials was shown. Defensive properties of the oxide films on the friction surface of Тi―Cr3C2 material are stronger. The structure of such a material consists of small titanium carbide engagings that have a strong connection to titanium-chromium base and work till the abrasion.
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| first_indexed | 2025-11-25T20:46:25Z |
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UDС 672
The influence of nanostructural oxide films
on wear-resistance of titanium materials
А. M. Petrova, M. B. Shtern
The wearing mechanism of titanium material of the Тi―Cr―TiC composition obtained
by different ways of leading chromium and carbon into titanium as separate elements
Cr and TiC or as a compound Cr3C2 was investigated. The formation of nanostructural
oxide films acting like a solid lubrication at friction on the surface of titanium materials
was shown. Defensive properties of the oxide films on the friction surface of Тi―Cr3C2
material are stronger. The structure of such a material consists of small titanium
carbide engagings that have a strong connection to titanium-chromium base and work
till the abrasion.
The study of wearing out and friction of titanium materials containing
chromium and carbide of titanium is depicted in papers [1―3]. It is shown
the positive influence of alloying material of chromium and solid inclusions of
titanium carbide on its wear-resistance.
The paper is aimed at examining the mechanism of wearing for
Ti―Cr―TiC materials obtained by different ways of leading chromium and
carbon into titanium as separate elements Cr and TiC or as a compound Cr3C2.
In the last case chromium carbide interacts with titanium in the process of
sintering forming at that the its carbide and alloying titanium base with the
chromium.
Examination was carried out on the compositions Ti―TiC, Ti―Cr,
Ti―Cr―TiC, Ti―Cr3C2 containing an equal amount of input Ti, Cr and C and
obtained by pressing and subsequent sintering in vacuum 0,13 Pа from the
mixture of powders of electrolytic titanium of −180+40 μm fraction and TiC,
Cr, Cr3C2 of 10 μm fraction. Density of the materials amounted to
4,3―4,4 g/cm3.
Tests were realized on the friction machine М-22М (4) working by the
scheme shaft-bush, in the air, sliding race of 1 m/s, graduate increase of loading
from 2,3 to 15,0 MPa, and for the Ti―Cr3C2 material – up to the loading at
which a catastrophic wearing out is observed. Hardened steel 45 (НRС 45―50)
was used as a rider. Wear-resistance of friction couple was estimated by the
wearing intensity of the sample and ride, measurable to 25 μm/km. The
temperature of friction surface was calculated with the help of chromel-alumel
thermocouple at the edge of contact zone for sample and rider. The results of
the test are given in the table.
Wearing tests (the table) showed an extreme wearing out of titanium
material Ti―TiC while the first loading of Р = 25 MPа as well as unsteady
character of titanium-chromium alloy wearing and high wear-resistance at all
the following loadings for the material, containing TiC and Cr conjointly.
The structure, microhardness of friction surface and materials was
investigated by cut transversely to friction surface. The X-ray analysis of
wearing products of friction couples as well as from the surface of friction was
carried out.
© А. M. Petrova, M. B. Shtern, 2008
151
Wearing out I, friction coefficient μ, the tempeture in the friction
zone T of the friction couples, titanium material ― hardened Steel 45 at
V = 1,0 m/s, at graduated loading
Ti―TiC Ti―Cr Ti―Cr―TiC Ti―Cr 3 C2
Р,
МPа Ι,
μm/km
μ
T,
оC
Ι,
μm/km
μ
T,
оC
Ι,
μm/km
μ
T,
оC
Ι,
μm/km
μ
T,
оС
2,5 Cat. ― ― 330 0,15 75 70 0,27 80 <25 0,32 80
5,0 90 0,17 100 <25 0,33 190 <25 0,35 110
7,5 25 0,3 150 <25 0,35 230 <25 0,32 120
10,0 80 0,39 300 <25 0,37 250 <25 0,34 220
12,5 2000 0,42 380 <25 0,37 300 <25 0,32 300
15,0 <25 0,38 330 <25 0,38 330
The X-ray analysis of wearing products of friction couples (Ti―Cr3C2)-
hardened steel 45 shows the presence of oxides, hydroxides, nitrides, ferric,
titanium, chromium hydrides of the following compounds (in keeping with the
decrease of line number at rontgenogram): Fe3O4, Fe2O3, FeCr2O4; TiO2; TiN;
TiH2, TiC, β.Fe2O3.H2O, Cr2O3, CrO3, Cr2N. Higher contents of iron
compounds in the wearing products is the evidence of prevailing wearing of
steel rider. X-ray analysis of the friction surface of Ti―Cr alloy discloses
the oxides Fe3O4, Fe2TiO4, Cr2O3, TiO2 and the compound Fe2Ti. The presence
of titanium material of the compound containing iron on the friction surface
may be explained by the transition of rider material on conjugate surface with
its next interaction with titanium and formation of Fe2Ti compound and of
compound oxide Fe2TiO4 of spinel type. Nitrides, oxides, titanium and
chromium hydrides are the products of the interaction between titanium-
chromium basis of material and air; titanium carbide is present in the wearing
products as a result of wearing out of titanium material. Chromium, ferric and
titanium oxides formed in the process of friction as well as compound oxide of
spinel type participate on the formation of surface wear-resistance
nanostructural films; nitrides, hydroxides and carbides bring the elements of
abrasive wearing.
The friction surface of Ti―TIC material is uneven and has the areas of
deep pits at those places where the titanium carbide inclusions come out on
the friction surface, which apparently are painted out. The size of carbide
inclusions exceeds significantly the one to be input and comes to 100 μm. That
is a result of coagulation in the process of sintering. There is no strain.
Microhardness from the friction surface deep into the material is equal and
amounts to 2,4―3,5 MPa. Light parts as a de facto contact between sample
and rider are narrow and interrupted.
Plastic strain shows itself within the surface layer of titanium-chromium
alloy Ti―Cr. It is expressed by the crush of base grains which are situated
directly within the surface layer as well as by its oblongness along the friction
way and by the typical strain lines curve deep into the material. A significant
shear strain causes the separation of the thin surface layer of the material which
is fixed on the picture as thin light band under which a dark area of the
destroyed material may be observed. Microhardness of the strained layer is the
same as of the sample’s core, amounts 3,2―4,2 MPa that 1,0 MPa higher than
152
the titanium in Ti―TiC material. The increase of microhardness can be ex-
plained by the influence of alloying element of chromium on the microhardness
of titanium. The structure of titanium-chromium alloy is single-phase and large-
grained. Plastic strain causes the flow of the material and results in enclose of
the pores of the sintered sample with the compaction of the material under
the friction surface.
At the input of chromium and titanium carbide conjointly into titanium
the plastic strain of the surface layer loses significantly its tenseness, the lines of
strain are directed to the friction surface at angle of 45° and are observed in thin
surface layer of the deep μm . There are some small inclusions of chromium and
titanium compounds in the surface layer. The friction surface is unev, although
the parts of titanium pits are not as evident as in case of Ti―TiC material.
Oxide film on the friction surface contains a number of parallel dark tracks
appeared as a result of abrasive carbide inclusions.
Some insignificant parts of the material are subjected to plastic strain within
the Тi―Cr3C2. These parts are situated under the surface layer strengthened
by dispersed particles which differr in looks from the bigger inclusions of
titanium carbide and are the secondary compounds appeared in the process
of friction. The depth of the strengthened layer is 5―7 μm and microhardness is
15―20 MPa higher than the core of the sample. The inclusions of TiC in size of
5―10 μm at the outlet on the friction surface preserve the strong
connection with the metal base of the material and work till the abrasion.
The friction surface is even, without any pit-parts of structural components.
Therefore, some small inclusions of titanium carbide that are formed within
the material have a strong connection to the base and prevent significantly
the plastic strain at friction rather that while putting the titanium carbide
into the charge. The decrease of plastic strain as well as the wear of the material
creates the conditions for the oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen penetration deep
into the material which results in formation of the layer strengthened by
titanium oxides, hydrides and nitrides which in their turn make the plain strain
of the surface layer go down and increase the wear-resistance of the material.
The friction surface of the material contains wide light bands of the oxide
films that are destroyed by the abrasive particles in some places. Microhardness
of the friction track grows up to 130―250 MPa . It is an evidence of significant
strengthening of the titanium material in zones of direct contact between the
material and rider.
With the rise of loading to the extreme wearing out that takes place at Р =
= 30,0 MPa wide light bands disappear from the friction surface of Тi―Cr3C2
material and the presence of interchangeable permanent thin light and dark
bands which may be an evidence of active destruction of the oxide film that gets
milder under the action of upcoming high temperature in the friction zone as
well as gets more mobile and speeds away from the friction surface .
Therefore, Ti―Cr , Ti―Cr―TiC, Ti―Cr3C2 nanostructural oxide films
formed at friction of titanium materials perform the function of solid lubricant.
Its defensive properties depend on applies loadings, sheer strain of surface
layers, size and durability of the connection between carbide titanium inclusions
with titanium-chromium basis.
Defensive properties of the oxide films formed at the friction of Тi―Cr3C2
material are stronger. The titanium carbide is not put directly into the initial
153
charge but is formed in the process of sintering while putting the chromium into
the titanium carbide. The structure of such a material contains some small
inclusions of titanium carbide that are formed during sintering and that have a
strong connection to the titanium-chromium base.
1. Radomysel’skii I. D., Titarenko S. V., Petrova A. M., Polotai V. V. The studying of
friction and wearing for the sintered titanium materials // Powder Metallurgy. ―
1977. ― Nо. 6. ― Р. 61―66.
2. Petrova A. M., Polotai V. V. To the wearing out mechanism of titanium-chromium
alloys in the air // Abstract of the report on All-Union сonf. “Technical control over
the tribotechnical characteristics of the friction units”, Kishinev. ― 1985. ―
Р. 116―117.
3. Petrova A. M., Polotai V. V. Effect of the chromium contents on the tribotechnical
characteristics of titanium-chromium alloys // Powder Metallurgy. ― 1987. ―
Nо. 5. ― Р. 51―56.
4. Kolesnichenko L. F., Polotai V. V., Zabolotnyi L. V. Methodology of the complete
studying of the friction and wearing of the ceramic materials // Ibid. ― 1970. ―
Nо. 3. ― Р. 61―66.
154
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| id | nasplib_isofts_kiev_ua-123456789-28639 |
| institution | Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| issn | XXXX-0073 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-11-25T20:46:25Z |
| publishDate | 2008 |
| publisher | Інститут проблем матеріалознавства імені І.М. Францевича НАН України |
| record_format | dspace |
| spelling | Petrova, A.M. Shtern, M.B. 2011-11-15T16:52:42Z 2011-11-15T16:52:42Z 2008 The influence of nanostructural oxide films on wear-resistance of titanium materials / А.M. Petrova, M.B. Shtern // Современные проблемы физического материаловедения: Сб. научн . тр. — К.: ІПМ НАН України, 2008. — Вип. 17. — С. 151-154. — Бібліогр.: 4 назв. — англ. XXXX-0073 https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/28639 672 The wearing mechanism of titanium material of the Тi―Cr―TiC composition obtained by different ways of leading chromium and carbon into titanium as separate elements Cr and TiC or as a compound Cr3C2 was investigated. The formation of nanostructural oxide films acting like a solid lubrication at friction on the surface of titanium materials was shown. Defensive properties of the oxide films on the friction surface of Тi―Cr3C2 material are stronger. The structure of such a material consists of small titanium carbide engagings that have a strong connection to titanium-chromium base and work till the abrasion. en Інститут проблем матеріалознавства імені І.М. Францевича НАН України Современные проблемы физического материаловедения The influence of nanostructural oxide films on wear-resistance of titanium materials Article published earlier |
| spellingShingle | The influence of nanostructural oxide films on wear-resistance of titanium materials Petrova, A.M. Shtern, M.B. |
| title | The influence of nanostructural oxide films on wear-resistance of titanium materials |
| title_full | The influence of nanostructural oxide films on wear-resistance of titanium materials |
| title_fullStr | The influence of nanostructural oxide films on wear-resistance of titanium materials |
| title_full_unstemmed | The influence of nanostructural oxide films on wear-resistance of titanium materials |
| title_short | The influence of nanostructural oxide films on wear-resistance of titanium materials |
| title_sort | influence of nanostructural oxide films on wear-resistance of titanium materials |
| url | https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/28639 |
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