Comparative Study of Bi-Te-Se-S Mineralizations in Slovak Republic and Transcarpathian Region of Ukraine. Part 1. Localities, Geological Situation and Mineral Associations
Comparative analysis of telluride occurrences found in the territory of Slovakia and Transcarpathians (Ukraine) has shown that there is distinct difference between the mode of Au-Ag-Bi-Te-Se mineralization of these regions. But within the area of distribution of neovolcanites Bi-Te-Se-S mineralizati...
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Інститут геохімії, мінералогії та рудоутворення ім. М.П. Семененка НАН України
2009
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| Cite this: | Comparative Study of Bi-Te-Se-S Mineralizations in Slovak Republic and Transcarpathian Region of Ukraine. Part 1. Localities, Geological Situation and Mineral Associations / V. Melnikov, S. Jelen, S. Bondarenko, T. Balintova, D. Ozdin, A. Grinchenko // Мінералогічний журнал. — 2009. — Т. 31, № 4. — С. 38-48. — Бібліогр.: 38 назв. — англ. |
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Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine| _version_ | 1860219901414735872 |
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| author | Melnikov, V. Jelen, S. Bondarenko, S. Balintova, T. Ozdin, D. Grinchenko, A. |
| author_facet | Melnikov, V. Jelen, S. Bondarenko, S. Balintova, T. Ozdin, D. Grinchenko, A. |
| citation_txt | Comparative Study of Bi-Te-Se-S Mineralizations in Slovak Republic and Transcarpathian Region of Ukraine. Part 1. Localities, Geological Situation and Mineral Associations / V. Melnikov, S. Jelen, S. Bondarenko, T. Balintova, D. Ozdin, A. Grinchenko // Мінералогічний журнал. — 2009. — Т. 31, № 4. — С. 38-48. — Бібліогр.: 38 назв. — англ. |
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| description | Comparative analysis of telluride occurrences found in the territory of Slovakia and Transcarpathians (Ukraine) has shown that there is distinct difference between the mode of Au-Ag-Bi-Te-Se mineralization of these regions. But within the area of distribution of neovolcanites Bi-Te-Se-S mineralization is generally represented by similar mineralogical phases. In the Transcarpathian region bismuth tellurides (tsumoite, pilsenite, joseites, native bismuth and poorly studied sulpho-selenotellurides of bismuth) were found only in metasomatites as secondary quartzites of the Vyghorlat-Guta ridge area. (Il'kivtsy, Podulky, Smerekiv Kamin'). The similar mineralization have been also found in some neovolcanites of Slovakia (Poruba pod Vigorlatom, Remetska Hamra).
Порівняльний аналіз проявів телуридів на території Словаччини і Закарпаття (Україна) показав, що існує помітна відмінність в характері Au-Ag-Bi-Te-Se мінералізації цих регіонів. Але в областях розвитку неовулканітів Bi-Te-Se-S мінералізація представлена в основному аналогічними мінеральними фазами. Телуриди вісмуту (цумоїт, пильзеніт, жозеїти, самородний бісмут і маловивчені сульфо-селено-телуриди бісмуту) знайдені на території Закарпаття тільки в метасоматитах типу вторинних кварцитів Вигорлат-Гутинського пасма (Ільківці, Подулки, Смереків Камінь). Подібна мінералізація встановлена в деяких неовулканітах Словаччини (Poruba роd Vigorlatom, Remetska Hamra).
Сравнительный анализ проявлений теллуридов на территории Словакии и Закарпатья (Украина) показал, что существует заметное различие в характере Au-Ag-Bi-Te-Se минерализации этих регионов. Но в областях развития неовулканитов Bi-Te-Se-S минерализация представлена в основном аналогичными минеральными фазами. Теллуриды висмута (цумоит, пильзенит, жозеиты, самородный висмут и малоизученные сульфо-селенотеллуриды висмута) найдены на территории Закарпатья только в метасоматитах типа вторичных кварцитов Выгорлат-Гутинской гряды (Ильковцы, Подулки, Смерекив Каминь). Подобная минерализация установлена в некоторых неовулканитах Словакии (Poruba pod Vigorlatom, Remetska Hamra).
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38 ISSN 0204�3548. Mineral. Journ. (Ukraine). 2009. 31, No 4
МІНЕРАЛОГІЧНИЙ ЖУРНАЛ
MINERALOGICAL JOURNAL
(UKRAINE)
Introduction. Associations of non;ferrous and pre;
cious metals occurred due to geochemical diffe;
rentiation of elements in the upper mantle and
earth crust. There is a certain relation between
"composition" of association of chalcophile ele;
ments and conditions of their formations [18]. So,
for example, association of Ag;Au;Hg metals and
satellite association of Bi;Te;Se occurs at low tem;
perature, forming characteristic paragenesises in
epithermal polymetallic deposits. Among com;
pounds of chalcophile metals the (Pb, Ag, Au, Cu)
tellurides and selenides occupy special position
because of their genetic relation with gold [8, 9,
18]. Owing to the large size the ion of bismuth
takes special position in the range of three "semi;
metals" As;Sb;Bi. It is also manifested by distinct
affinity of tellurium to bismuth and genetic associ;
ation of bismuth with large atoms such as tellurium
and selenium. At the same time, genetic relation
between Bi and S is also obvious, which is mani;
fested in formation of a great number of bismuth
sulphosalts [18]. Because of strong dispersion of
selenium in widespread sulfides it rarely forms se;
parate minerals. As the significant amount of sele;
nium and sulfur can be traced into the structure
of tellurides (polar isomorphism), it is necessary to
describe their composition in the triple system
Te;Se;S. Crystallochemical restriction on replace;
ment of tellurium by sulfur does not prevent
accommodation of sulfur in independent positions
such as, for example, in the structure of tetra;
dymite and joseite. Therefore among sulfotellu;
rides it is possible to expect the discovery of new
mineral varieties of stoichiometric composition.
Tellurides can be subdivided into three crystal;
lochemical types: 1. Tellurides of transitive metals
and platinoides. 2. Tellurides of silver, gold and
copper. 3. Tellurides of bismuth, lead, antimony
and mercury. Such subdivision approximately cor;
responds to transition from high;temperature to
low;temperature paragenesises. As mineralization
processes frequently occur at a wide range of tem;
peratures, telluride associations of different crys;
tallochemical type can often be formed. In addi;
tion, this wide temperature interval of crystalliza;
tion observed for some telluride means that they
might be refered as passing;through minerals. Tet;
radymite, tellurobismuthite and tsumoite are
present at paragenesises occurring at different
temperature. The composition of tellurides reflects
geochemical specificity of the mineralization
© V. Melnikov, S. Jelen
v
, S. Bondarenko, T. Balintova′,
D. Ozdín, A. Grinchenko, 2009
UDC 549.328/.334 (437.6+477)
V. Melnikov, S. Jelen
v
, S. Bondarenko, T. Balintova′ , D. Ozdl′n, A. Grinchenko
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF Bi>Te>Se>S MINERALIZATIONS
IN SLOVAK REPUBLIC AND TRANSCARPATHIAN REGION
OF UKRAINE. PART 1. LOCALITIES, GEOLOGICAL
SITUATION AND MINERAL ASSOCIATIONS
Comparative analysis of telluride occurrences found in the territory of Slovakia and Transcarpathians (Ukraine) has shown
that there is distinct difference between the mode of Au;Ag;Bi;Te;Se mineralization of these regions. But within the area
of distribution of neovolcanites Bi;Te;Se;S mineralization is generally represented by similar mineralogical phases. In the
Transcarpathian region bismuth tellurides (tsumoite, pilsenite, joseites, native bismuth and poorly studied sulpho;seleno;
tellurides of bismuth) were found only in metasomatites as secondary quartzites of the Vyghorlat;Guta ridge area. (Il'kivtsy,
Podulky, Smerekiv Kamin'). The similar mineralization have been also found in some neovolcanites of Slovakia (Poruba
pod Vigorlatom, Remetska Hamra).
E;mail: alexgrin@univ.kiev.ua
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF Bi�Te�Se�S MINERALIZATIONS IN SLOVAK REPUBLIC
ISSN 0204�3548. Мінерал. журн. 2009. 31, № 4 39
environment. They can play the role of some
indicators of possible useful (economic) minera;
lization that also can be used in practical geology.
For epithermal gold among such indicators it can
be not only silver and gold tellurides, but also
bismuth and lead ones. But for these conditions of
mineralization till the present time the layered
tellurides of bismuth as minerals of variable
composition and the peculiarities of their typo;
chemistry have not been studied enough.
There are some certain problems in studying the
mineralogy of tellurides, especially their classifica;
tion and studying some chemical and structural
characteristics of their mineral varieties. At present
about 75 tellurides have been found but conside;
rable number of them is not thoroughly studied. It
is known that the major varieties of tellurides are
minerals of the variable composition that form
segregations on submicroscopic scale. The use of
microprobe analysis can solve the problem of
studying their composition, but it is difficult to
measure structural parameters of these microseg;
regations. At the same time only X;ray analysis can
confirm authenticity of certain mineral. Without
using structural data a number of problematic
phases arises increasingly. Many tellurides are
related to the rare and insufficiently studied mi;
nerals. Therefore repeated investigation of old
(museum and field) material with application of
modern method of investigations can lead to new
findings. One possible decision for the problems
mentioned above still remains. It is necessary to
carry out some comparative mineralogical investi;
gations in the regions with similar mineragenetic
histories.
This article discusses the results of comparative
analysis of mineralogy of tellurides of Slovakia and
Transcarpathian region of Ukraine. The amount of
data available from both sides are not comparable
because tellurides have been found at more than 20
manifestations within territory of Slovakia and
only 7 telluride occurrences (but 4 of which are
thoroughly studied) have been described till the
present time in the Transcarpathian region of
Ukraine. Two types of hydrothermal mineraliza;
tion of tellurides are distinguished within the terri;
tory of Slovakia: 1) hydrothermal veins in
(Paleozoic and more older underlying) rocks of
non;volcanic origin; 2) hydrothermal veins and
zones of argillization in neovolcanites. The first
type of mineralization was found confined to the
region of Western Carpathians, and the second
type was described in the central and eastern part
of Slovakia. Conditionally enough among possible
analogues of these types of mineralization in the
Transcarpathian region of Ukraine we can men;
tion such occurrences as gold mineralization at
Sauliak [7] and secondary quartzites and
argillizates in neovolcanites of the Vyghorlat;Guta
ridge [21, 22]. Comparative mineralogical investi;
gation carried out on tellurides from Slovakia and
Ukrainian Transcarpathians has shown, that there
are some differences and similarities as well, ma;
nifested in character of Au;Ag;Bi;Te;Se minera;
lization occured in these regions.
Bi�Te mineralization of Slovak Republic.
Hydrothermal veins with Bi�Te mineralization in
non�volcanic rocks of Western Carpathians. Te;Se
mineralization apart from the neovolcanic rocks
occurs in hydrothermal veins of older (mostly
Carboniferous) tectonic units of the Western
Carpathians (Table 1). These units represent
Tatric, Veporic and Gemeric Units that are pre;
dominantly comprised by granitoid and metamor;
phic rocks. Bi;Se;Te minerals are often found
mostly in association with bismuthinite in white
quartz. Specific type is representeed by Bi;Se;(Te)
minerals found at Smolník where predominant Se;
rich phases and selenides forms myrmekite over;
growths.
Du′brava. The largest stibnite deposit in the
Slovak Republic Du′brava is situated in north part
of Nízke Tatry Mts. within granitoid rocks
(Devonian age) of crystalline basement of Tatric
Unit. The stibnite of Du′brava deposit occurs in
veins of milky quartz in which tetradymite have
been described [27]. Tetradymite inclusions were
found in bismuthinite crystals in quartz in which
Fig. 1. Small inclusion minerals of tetradymite group
(mostly tetradymite) in zonal bismuthinite (Dúbrava de;
posit)
V. MELNIKOV, S. JELEN
v
, S. BONDARENKO et al.
40 ISSN 0204�3548. Mineral. Journ. (Ukraine). 2009. 31, No 4
pyrite and scheelite occur (Fig. 1). Recently Ozdín
and Chovan [30] have informed about new fin;
dings in Du′brava, indicating the presence besides
tetradymite in bismuthinite, of more joseite;A and
unknown phase Bi2TeS2 from tetradymite group,
probably S;rich analogue of skippenite. Some ana;
lyses of bismuthinite and sulphotellurides indicate
their enrichement with stibium. Joseite;A occurs
in assemblage with bismuth and bismuthinite.
Jasenie. The largest tungsten deposit of Slovak
Republic, Jasenie;Kyslá one was found at the
southern part of Nízke Tatry Mts. Deposit of
scheelite occurs in high;metamorphic rocks of
crystalline basement of Tatricum Unit (migma;
tites, gneisses). Bi;Te mineralization is repre;
sented by tellurobismuthite, tellurantimony [6],
joseite;B, tsumoite, pilsenite and tetradymite [5].
These minerals occur in association with gold, bis;
muth, scheelite and wolframite. Tellurium mine;
rals were precipitated during final tungsten stage
before carbonate;sulphidic one [6].
Hnúšt,a. Large magnesite;talc deposit, Mútnik
that is situated near Hnúšt,a in the Central
Slovakia area occurs in mica;schist of the Veporic
Unit. In magnesite;talc lenses sulphide minera;
lization of Alpine age is locally developed. The
oldest mineral assemblage is comprised by pyrite I,
arsenopyrite and cobaltite and younger one does
pyrite II, pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, gale;
na, tetrahedrite, gold, bismuth, bismuthinite, gus;
tavite, cosalite (?), marcasite, ullmanite, willyamite
and minerals from linnéite;siegenite series [35].
Table 1. Tellurides of Slovakia and their localities
Locality Forms of occurrences and host rocks Minerals
Non�volcanic rock of Western Carpathians
Dúbrava
Jasenie
Hnúšt,a
Chy�né
Katarínska Huta
Kokava nad Rimavicou
Krokava
Rochovce
Gemerská Poloma
Smolník and Úhorná
Veins of milky quartz in granitoides
Veins in migmatites, gneisses
Magnesite;talc lenses in mica;schists
Hydrothermalites in granite, alter;
nating sondstones, phylitic schists
Disseminated impregnation in phy;
llites, mica schists, quartzites
Quartz veins in gneisses
Gold;bearing veins in migmatites,
gneisses and amphibolites
Quartz veins in phyllites
Magnetite;garnet;pyroxenic skarns
Siderite and quartz;sulphidic veins in
rocks of greenschist facies
Joseite;A, Bi2TeS2 (S;skippenite), bismuthinite, bismuth
Тellurobismuthite, tellurantimony, joseite;B, tsumoite,
pilsenite, tetradymite
Bismuthinite, hessite, pilsenite, tsumoite, laitakarite,
bismuth, Se;gustavite (PbAgBi3S6)
Baksanite, joséite;A, joséite;B
Tetradymite
Tellurobismuthite, tetradymite, montanite
Tetradymite (?)
Bismuthinite, bismuth, ikunolite
Bismuthinite, tetradymite, joseite;B, joseite;A, ingodite,
sulfotsumoite, galenobismuthite, gladite
Tetradymite, tsumoite (?), ikunolite; laitakarite, phase
(Bi, Sb, Cu)3S4, hedleyite and Se;hedleyite (Bi7Te2Se)
Central Slovakian Neovolcanics
Kremnica
�upkov
Banská Štiavnica
and Hodruša ore field
Epithermal Au;Ag quartz ± carbonate
veins in hydrothermal altered andesite
Hydrothermal altered andesitic tuffs
Epithermal Au;Ag;base metal quartz ±
± carbonate veins in hydrothermal
altered andesite
Hessite, altaite, petzite, stützite, native tellurium
Tetradymite, montanite
Hessite, tetradymite, petzite, tellurobismuthite
East Slovakian Neovolcanics
Zlatá Ban
v
a
Byšta
Poruba pod Vigorlatom
and Remetské Hámre
Epithermal precious and base metal
veins and veinlets
Mineralized zones in hydrothermal
altered neogene sediments, gneisses
and mica schists of crystalline complex
Secondary quartzites and argillites in
volcanic rocks
Hessite, altaite, petzite, sylvanite, weissite, rickardite
Stützite
Tetradymite, telluronevskite, vihorlatite
M. Ragan described tetradymite in this deposit
[35]. S. Ferenc confirmed the presence of tet;
radymite and described some other Ag; and Bi;
tellurides (hessite, pilsenite, tsumoite) [12].
Pilsenite and tsumoite occur in assemblage with
chalcopyrite, pyrrhotite and sphalerite in magne;
site. Locally was observed intergrowing of hessite
with tsumoite and pilsenite;pyrrhotite myrme;
kitic intergrowths. Se;gustavite (Se content about
2 wt. %) is associated with chalcopyrite, bismuth
and bismuthinite.
Chy�né. T. Bálintová and D. Ozdín described
accessory occurrence of Bi;Te minerals on stib;
nite;tungsten locality of Herichová near village
Chy�né in central part of Slovak Republic [4]. The
locality is situated in the western part of the
Spišsko;gemerské rudohorie Mts. near the contact
zone of two significant tectonic units of the
Western Carpathians — Gemericum and Veporic
Unit. The host rocks that comprise hydrothermal
mineralization are Carboniferous granite and
metamorphosed fine;grained sandstones cyclically
alternating with phyllite schists. Bi;tellurides
found in final stage of mineralization after preci;
pitation of arsenopyrite;pyrite, stibnite and car;
bonates. Joséite;A, joséite;B and baksanite occur
in association with bismuth, bismuthinite and Ag;
Pb;Bi;(Sb) sulphosalts in galena. Content of Se in
these tellurides is very low. Content of tellurium
varies (a. p. f. u.): 1.23—1.36 for joséite;A; 1.49—
1.54 for joséite;B and 1.82—2.02 for baksanite.
Katar ínska Huta. By studying borehole KH;1 at
Katarínska Huta S. Ferenc described mostly dis;
seminated type of mineralization of Alpine age
[12]. Host rocks are represented by phyllites, mica
schist and quartzites. Sulphidic mineralization
represents arsenopyrite, pyrite, pyrhotite, molyb;
denite, marcasite, ullmannite, chalcopyrite, tetra;
hedrite, sphalerite, galena, jamesonite and bou;
langerite. Tetradymite forms short veins and grains
in quartz and tetrahedrite.
Kokava nad Rimavicou. Quartz veins with tel;
lurides probably of Alpine age occur in gneisses
near the Kokava nad Rimavicou in Veporic Unit.
Old mines are situated at Bohaté, Bohaté;východ
and Sinec;Strieborná Studniс
v
ka localities. Layered
tellurobismuthite crystal up to 0.6 mm in size was
identified at the locality Sinec;Strieborná stud;
niс
v
ka in eluvial;deluvial placers in aggregates with
gold. Tetradymite forms irregular aggregates of lay;
ered crystals of up to 6 mm in quartz with dravite,
clinochlore and gold. Tetradymite is homogenous
and sulphur content is little increased. Montanite
is abundant product of hypergene conditions and
intensively replace tetradymite. Sometimes it forms
entire pseudomorphoses after tetradymite [13].
Krokava. Hydrothermal gold;bearing veins
described by Bakos et al. [3] are situated near
Krokava in the Central Slovakia. Mineralization is
represented by quartz with gold, pyrite, galena,
bismuth, Bi;Te minerals, rutile and tourmaline in
migmatites, gneisses and amphibolites of crys;
talline basement of Veporic Unit. Unknown very
small tellurides of bismuth (tetradymite ?) were
identified by EDS method.
Rochovce. At the village Rochovce quartz veins
with sulphidic mineralization were found in bore;
hole RO;9. Mineralization is confined to fine
grained Paleozoic phyllites, occured at hanging
wall of the Rochovce granitoid intrusion. Jelen
v
[15] in Pauliš et al. [32] described quartz veins
containing joseite;B in assemblage with chalcopy;
rite, bismuthinite, bismuth and Bi;ullmannite.
Pauliš et al. [31] mentioned about finding in this
occurrence of ikunolite and Jelen
v
[15] about
sulphosalt with Se;wittite.
Gemerská Poloma. In the Gemeric Unit
sulphotellurides were occasionallly identified in
boreholes at Dlhá dolina Valley where small grains
of joseite;A, joseite;B, ingodite and sulfotsumoite
occur rarely in magnetite; or garnet;pyroxenic
skarns. Skarns represent products of contact;
metasomatic metamorphosis caused by granite.
Sulphotellurides were found in assemblage with
bismuthinite, chalcopyrite and Bi;Pb sulfosalts or
sphalerite, galena. Sometimes tellurides are found
inclosed in gersdorffite. Recently we identified in
bismuthinite small crystals of tetradymite and
joseite;B in assemblage with galenobismuthite
(PbBiS4) and gladite (PbCuBi5S9) (D. Ozdín,
unpubl. data).
Smolník and Úhorná. Unknown Bi;Se;Te min;
erals with crystallochemical formula (Bi1.77Cu0.16×
× Pb0.09)2.02 (Te0.89Se0.72S0.37)1.98 are described by
D. Peterec [33] from hydrothermal siderite and
quartz;sulphidic veins between villages Smolník
and Úhorná. Vein type mineralization occur in
metamorphic rocks of Gemeric Unit metamor;
phosed in greenschist facies. Dominant minerals
of these veins are siderite and quartz, from sul;
phides are most abundant pyrite, chalcopyrite and
tetrahedrite. As less abundant occur pyrhotite,
arsenopyrite, ullmanite, gersdorffite, galena and
other minerals. Bi;Se;(Te) phases were precipited
in final stages of mineralization. Selenium enter
into structure of sulphosalts. Se;content in
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF Bi�Te�Se�S MINERALIZATIONS IN SLOVAK REPUBLIC
ISSN 0204�3548. Мінерал. журн. 2009. 31, № 4 41
V. MELNIKOV, S. JELEN
v
, S. BONDARENKO et al.
42 ISSN 0204�3548. Mineral. Journ. (Ukraine). 2009. 31, No 4
sulphosalts (jamesonite, stibnite var. horobetsuite
and pekoite) reaches up to ~2.5 wt. %. Most abun;
dant Bi;Se;(Te) sulphides are from series ikuno;
lite;laitakarite. In assemblage with unknown Bi;
Se;Te phase and Se;minerals occur bismuth and
Te;rich galena. Bi;Se;(Te) minerals form small
myrmekite overgrowths. The most recent investi;
gation of this mineralization was made J. Pršek
and D. Peterec [34] who discovered Bi;Se; and
Te;minerals in chalcopyrite and tetrahedrite. Se;
bearing sulphosalts (jamesonite, tintinaite,
bournonite), tetradymite, ikunolite, laitakarite,
hedleyite and Se;rich analogue of hedleyite
(Bi7Te2Se) were identified in association with bis;
muth and unknown phase ((Bi, Sb, Cu)3S4. Bi;Se;
Te minerals and bismuth form both complex
decomposition products of pre;existing unknown
phase and small (<50 μm) needles or laths
enclosed in tetrahedrite, jamesonite and tintinaite.
Central Slovakian Neovolcanics. Neogene vol;
canic rocks in Slovakia host numerous precious;
metal and base metal epithermal mineralizations,
both of low;sulfidation and high;sulfidation type.
The mineralizations mostly occur in the central
zones of andesite stratovolcanoes, located in the
central and eastern Slovakia, being a part of an
extensive volcanic region of the Carpathian arc
and the Pannonian Basin (Table 1). The origin of
the hosting volcanic rocks is related to subduction
and back;arc extension, associated with develop;
ment of the Carpathian arc during Neogene. Some
of the Au;Ag epithermal deposits belong to the
largest ore districts in the Carpathian arc and are
famous for its long silver and gold mining history
since at least the early Middle Ages.
Kremnica. Au;Ag epithermal deposit is the only
locality in Slovakia with a significant presence and
the largest amount of Se;Te minerals. The deposit
is associated with marginal faults of a young resur;
gent horst in the Kremnica volcanotectonic graben
within the central zone of an older stratovolcano.
Kremnica is a typical low;sulfidation deposit,
associated with late stage rhyolite magmatism. The
Au;Ag vein mineralization is represented here by
microscopic gold (electrum) in pyrite and quartz
with minor Ag;sulfosalts and base metal sulphides
(1st vein system). Visible (bonanza;type) gold is
also present here in cavernous quartz;carbonate
gangue, accompanied by minor Ag;sulfosalts (2nd
vein system). Ag;, Au; and Pb;tellurides (hessite,
altaite, petzite, stützite, goldfieldite, Te;tetra;
hedrite, Te;tennantite, benleonardite and native
tellurium) have been identified especially in deep;
er parts of the 1st vein system (250—1000 m)
together with sulfides and gold of high fineness
(>800). The highest content of Te is in the depth
of 300—500 m, where the veins are enriched by
galena (average Te content >10 g/t). In selected
parts of the veins Te content reached up to 58 g/t
Te and 27 g/t Se. Many minerals contain here
increased amount of isomorphic Se (in wt. %): up
to 5.3 in acanthite, 2.1 in miargyrite, 1.2 in pyrar;
gyrite, 4.8 in pearceite, 2.6 in polybasite, 1.6 in
tetrahedrite and 2.9 in galena [16].
Z
v
upkov. The occurrence of Bi;Te mineraliza;
tion bonded to strongly altered andesite near
Z
v
upkov (Vtáсvnik Mts., Slovak Republic) is known
for a long time (1830—1831) and represents a type
locality for Bi;sulfotellurides [14, 37]. The Te;Bi
mineralization is represented by relatively abun;
dant occurrence of tetradymite and supergene Bi;
tellurate — montanite (Fig. 2). Tetradymite forms
well;formed trigonal crystals 0.1—7.0 mm in size,
some skeletal or with striated crystal faces. The
electron microprobe chemical analysis gave Bi —
58.10, As — 0.08, Cd — 0.06, Au — 0.04, Te —
36.00, S — 4.33, Se — 0.68, Cl — 0.02, total sum —
99.29 wt. %.
Banská Štiavnica and Hodruša. The Štiavnica;
Hodruša ore district also contains a number of Te;
Se bearing minerals. This large ore district is locat;
ed in the central zone of the extensive Štiavnica
stratovolcano, the largest volcano in the whole
Carphatho;Pannonian area. Epithermal minera;
lization of low;sulfidation type is related to struc;
tures resulting from caldera subsidence (the
Rozália mine Au deposit) and from long;lasting
resurgent horst uplift in the center of caldera,
Fig. 2. Laminar tetradymite crystal covered by montanite
(Z
v
upkov)
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF Bi�Te�Se�S MINERALIZATIONS IN SLOVAK REPUBLIC
ISSN 0204�3548. Мінерал. журн. 2009. 31, № 4 43
accompanied by rhyolite volcanic activity (zoned
system of precious; and base metal veins covering
an area of 100 km2). The Rozália mine Au mine;
ralization is represented by banded veins with gold
(81—96 % Au) in the form of inclusions in base
metal sulfides and less commonly disseminated in
quartz and carbonates. Rare telluride minerals
(hessite, petzite and altaite) occur here in the latest
stage of mineralization, accompanied by gold of
lower fineness (74—79 % Au), base;metal mine;
rals and rare Ag;sulfosalts. Within the large system
of horst uplift;related veins three types of veins
are distinguished: (1) sulfide;rich base metal veins
in the eastern part of the horst ("Štiavnica type"),
(2) silver ± base;metal veins in central and eastern
part of the horst ("Hodruša type"), (3) precious;
metal veins in marginal parts of the horst
("Kremnica type"). In the Štiavnica type veins,
rare Te;Se minerals occur in deep, Cu;enriched,
parts of veins (hessite, naumannite), associated
with base;metal minerals and accessory native
gold (72—74 % Au). Naumanite contains here iso;
morphic Te (up to 2.8 wt. %), while Se is included
also in galena (up to 3.5 wt. %), chalcopyrite
(0.63 wt. %), bornite (0.59 wt. %), acanthite
(1.2 wt. %), stefanite (0.9 wt. %). Various Ag;Bi,
Cu;Bi and Cu;Pb;Bi sulfosalts very often contain
here increased concentrations of Se (1—1.5 wt. %
in average), e. g. in wittichenite (up to 3.2 wt. %)
and bismuthine (1.7 wt. %). In the Hodruša;type
veins rare Te;bearing minerals (hessite, Ag;ben;
leonardite, petzite, tellurobismuthite and some
Ag;Bi sulphotelluride) accompany base;metal
minerals, electrum, native gold and Ag;sulfosalts
in upper parts of veins. In deep parts of the
Kremnica;type veins tetradymite and hessite have
been identified associated with Bi and Mo;bearing
minerals and with base metals. Rare grains of
tetradymite and ingodite have been discovered also
in precious;metal replacement mineralizations
in carbonate sediments (locality Bukovec), asso;
ciated with native gold and Bi minerals. Te;Se
minerals have been also identified at some other
localities within Neogene volcanic rocks. They
include the type locality of tetradymite �upkov
[14] also with secondary montanite and repre;
sent low;sulfidation precious;metal minerali;
zations [16].
The K;Ar data of illite from various vein zones
of the Kremnica deposit lies in the interval of va;
lues 10.1—11.7 Ma. Rb;Sr isochron age of the
same samples is equal to 11.1 ± 0.6 Ma. For the
Rozália mine in the Hodruša deposit the K;Ar age
values of 2 illite samples are 11.9 ± 0.3 and 11.5 ±
± 0.3 Ma. The Rb;Sr dating of these samples
yields value 12.8 ± 0.6 Ma. The assumed age of the
mineralization from Banská Štiavnica deposit is
12.1—11.2 Ma (K;Ar), and 12.8—11.2 Ma (Rb;Sr),
respectively [24].
East Slovakian Neovolcanics. Zlatá Ban
v
a. Zlatá
Ban
v
a deposit is situated in north part of the
Slanské vrchy Mts. in central part of Zlatá Ban
v
a
stratovolcano and represents a zoned system of
epithermal veins and veinlets with assumed gene;
tic link to diorite porphyry intrusion. Te;minera;
lization was identified in borehole KS;2. Minera;
lization is bond on the stockwork zone of base
metal ores. Rare telluride minerals (petzite [19],
altaite [10], sylvanite, hessite, rickardite, weissite
[11], cervelleite [31] occur both in upper and
deeper parts of veins and are accompanied by
native gold, silver and Ag;sulfosalts. Te;phases
created microscopic inclusions in galena and rare
in pyrite.
Byšta. In near Byšta were identified base;metal
mineralization in the Byšta formation in high;
metamorphic gneisses and mica schists of
Proterozoic crystalline basement of Zemplín Unit.
Mineralizations represent fossil hydrothermal sys;
tem of Neogene Age. Base metal veins and veinlets
transect rocks of Proterozoic Age of Zemplín
Unit to the Middle Badenian claystones. Stützite
creates microscopic inclusions in association with
galena [17]. Fragment of mineralization was found
at the surface in lithogeochemical sample. These
samples contain only one Te;phases, stützite
which created microscopic inclusions in associa;
tion with galena [17].
Poruba pod Vihorlatom and Remetské Hámre.
Bi;Se;Te mineralization related with magmatic
and later hydrothermal processes were described
near Poruba pod Vihorlatom in the Vihorlat Vrchy
Mts. Mineralization is joined with bodies of secon;
dary quartzites of the Central volcanic zone in the
Porubský Potok valley. Theses metasomatic bodies
are strongly argillitized and partially silicified.
Massive white to grey secondary quartzites are
composed of quartz, opal, kaolinite, tridymite,
boehmite, diaspore, topaz, andalusite, mullite,
dumortierite, dickite, fluorite, zunyite, hematite
and corundum [1]. Bi;Se;Te phases occur as flaky
to granular aggregates in quartz;opal veinlets
(Fig. 3). Main Bi;Se;Te minerals identified on
these localities are telluronevskite (Fig. 4, 5) and
vihorlatite in association with tetradymite, schee;
lite and stannite [36].
V. MELNIKOV, S. JELEN
v
, S. BONDARENKO et al.
44 ISSN 0204�3548. Mineral. Journ. (Ukraine). 2009. 31, No 4
Bi�Te mineralization of Transcarpathian region
of Ukraine. The number of tellurides in Transcar;
pathian region of Ukraine is much less in compa;
rison with their numerous varieties, which have
been found in Slovakia region. This fact is possible
to be explained by much thorough level of mine;
ralogical investigations carried out in Slovakia. But
at the same time, telluride mineralization shows
common association with gold occurrences, a lot
of which have been found, within the territory of
Slovakia [2]. As to the tellurides of Transcar;
pathian gold deposits of Ukraine they are either
extremely rare minerals in it (Sauliak) or even
absent as a whole (Beregovo). This phenomenon
demands more careful study. Among known tel;
lurides established within Transcarpathian region
of Ukraine there are mostly bismuth tellurides
associated with metasomatites of the Vyghorlat;
Guta ridge [21, 22, 25, 26]. This mineralization
has some similarities to occurrences of Bi;tel;
lurides well;known in neovolcanites of Slovakia
(Poruba pod Vigorlatom, Remetska Hamra).
Some characteristic features of the two types of Bi;
telluride occurrences found in Transcarpathian
region of Ukraine is followed below (Table 2).
Gold deposit Sauliak. This deposit is localised
within Rahovsk and Chivchinsk areas of
Transcarpathian region of Ukraine, on the right
bank of the river Tisa. Structurally it is localised in
the northwest part of the Marmaroshsk allochthon
of the Carpathian Ridge. Endogenic gold occurred
only in rocks of greenshist facies metamorphism,
namely Delovetsk and Belopotoksk suites. Ore
bodies are represented by gold;bearing quartz;car;
bonate veins and zones of quartz and carbonate
lead veins. Free gold of 0.01—0.1 mm prevails in
ore, occasionally reaching 2—4 mm in size. Such
minerals as galena, pyrrhotite and sphalerite show
the presence of gold as microinclusions. Here tel;
lurides form complex intergrowths with native
gold. The number of telluride species is limited to
altaite, hessite and tellurobismuthite [7]. Here
altaite is the predominate telluride, with hessite
and tellurobismuthite being rarely found. Altaite
forms microscopic (10—200 mc) segregations in
galena. The morphology of these segregations
indicates their possible formation during decom;
position of Pb(S, Te) solid solution. Microprobe
investigations gives the following values of compo;
Fig. 3. Chemical homogeneous unknown Bi;Te;Se phase
(grey) together with Bi;phases (white) (native bismuth,
bismuthinite (?), bismuth telluride) and montanite (dark
grey) (Poruba pod Vihorlatom)
Fig. 4. Layered crystal of telluronevskite in secondary
quartzite; size of specimen ~5.5 cm (Poruba pod
Vihorlatom)
Fig. 5. White layered crystal of tellurunevskite with se;
condary mineral related to montanite (?) (Poruba pod
Vihorlatom)
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF Bi�Te�Se�S MINERALIZATIONS IN SLOVAK REPUBLIC
ISSN 0204�3548. Мінерал. журн. 2009. 31, № 4 45
sition for this mineral (wt. %): Pb — 58.89, Te —
38.10, Sb — 1.3, Ag — 0.45, Bi — 0.56, S — 0.06,
with total sum — 93.36 %. Its structural formula is
similar to stoichiometric one: (Pb0.95Bi0.01×
×Ag0.01)0.97 (Те0.99Sb0.04)1.03. Hessite, like altaite,
forms microscopic inclusions in galena with which
gold and altaite are associated. The hessite from
rich ores has the following values of composition
(wt. %): Ag — 61.84, Te — 37.06, Au — 0.14, Fe —
0.07, total sum — 99.11. Tellurobismuthite was
found in the form of single grains in ore;quartz but
any interrelations of it with other tellurides have
not been distinguished yet. The results obtained
on single grain analysis of this mineral indicates
for its possible formula as (Bi1.53Pb0.54)2.07×
×(Te2.51Sb0.42)2.93. So, this mineral can be inter;
preted as species of tellurobismuthite that is highly
enriched in lead and antimony up to ~0.5 a. p. f. u.
Metasomatites of Vyghorlat�Guta Ridge. Neovol;
canites of the Vyghorlat;Guta ridge show the
presence of tellurides only in metasomatically
altered rocks (mainly in andesites and their tuffs).
Unlike telluride occurrences of Slovakia and
Sauliak deposit, tellurides of the Vyghorlat;Guta
ridge are represented by exclusively bismuth tel;
lurides. Metasomatites such as argillizites and
secondary quartzites are the most widespread here.
They are confined to the centres of eruptions with
intensive process of fumarolic;solfataric activity.
Wide fields of metasomatites have been found
at mount Syniak, Podulki tract and village
Il'kivtsy areas.
Table 2. Tellurides of Transcarpathian region of Ukraine
Location Host rocks Minerals
North�Eastern part of Marmarosh massif
Sauliak Quartz;carbonate veins and lenses in crystalloshists Altaite, hessite, tellurobismuthite
Vyghorlat�Guta ridge
Podulky
Il'kivtsy
Smerekiv Kamin'
Quartz;turmaline "stockworks" in kaolinite;hydro;
mica metasomatites; quartz;topaz — montmoril;
lonite metasomatites
Hydromica;montmorillonite metasomatites
Hydromica;montmorillonite metasomatites with
lenses of secondary quartzites
Tsumoite, Ag;tsumoite, pilsenite
Pilsenite, tsumoite, bismuth, phase Bi2Te
Bismuthinite, varieties of tsumoite, Te;sulfonev;
skite, joseite;А, pilsenite, phase Bi3Te1.5S0.5 and
Bi2Te0.5S0.5
Fig. 6. Globule of native bismuth containing bismuth tel;
lurides — Se;tsumoite, joseite;А, joseite;B (Smerekiv
Kamin')
Fig. 7. Crystal of joseite;А in native bismuth (Smerekiv
Kamin')
V. MELNIKOV, S. JELEN
v
, S. BONDARENKO et al.
46 ISSN 0204�3548. Mineral. Journ. (Ukraine). 2009. 31, No 4
First findings of bismuth tellurides in Trans;
carpathian region have been described as mineral
"vehrlite" [20, 23]. But multi;phase nature of this
mineral composition has been established much
later [28, 29, 38], so the term "vehrlite" is used as
collective term for layered bismuth tellurides of
unknown composition. Geologists that work in
Transcarpathian region used term "vehrlite", at the
case when the nature of telluride is difficult to
establish completely, for example, at the stage of
field;work.
"Vehrlite" can be occasionally found in the form
of crystals, but more often it forms hexagonal or oval
plates. It is not clear, whether the lamellar shape is
its natural shape of growth, or it obtains this shape
as a result of splitting crystals on cleavage plane.
Most often Bi;Te;mineralization (vehrlite and
occasionally bismuth) is associated with quartz;
tourmaline metasomatites. Large assemblages of
"vehrlite" are found at apical part of quartz;tour;
maline "stockworks" localised in kaolinite;
hydromica metasomatites [21, 22]. Such type of
mineralization is established in the northern part
of Podulky tract. The following investigations
showed that among Bi;tellurides the tsumoite is
prevailing species, with pilsenite and their mix;
tures being found less often. Plates of bismuth tel;
lurides (up to 5 mm in size), thin;needled turma;
line and small crystals of pyrite were found in the
mass of amorphous silicate that fills cavities within
thin veins (3—5 сm). The content of Bi;tellurides
reaches some percent as compared to the mass of
amorphous substance. In quartz;topaz metaso;
matites, secondary quartzite zone is preceded by
hydromica one. Bismuth tellurides in association
with galena, sphalerite, sometimes arsenopyrite fill
thin cracks in the rock, which formed before their
replacement by hydromica. Quartz;fluorite and
quartz;dumortierite metasomatites are represen;
ted mainly by montmorillonite. The sphalerite and
single plates of "vehrlite" are found in quartz;fluo;
rite veins formed before the m e t a s o m a t i c
p r o c e s s e s . Lenses of fine;grained quartz and
opal with some small crystal of metacinnabar and
"vehrlite" among quartz;kaoline metasomatites
have been found at tract Podulki area. Pilsenite is
predominant, with tsumoite and native bismuth
being present at much smaller amount in hydromi;
ca;montmorillonite metasomatites of village
Il'kіvtsy [25, 26].
Montmorillonite metasomatites of Smerekiv
Kamin' are characterised by the presence of ab;
solutely different type of bismuth;telluride mine;
ralization. Here lamellar shapes of tellurides are
almost absent and spherical segregations from 0.1
to 1—3 mm in the size are predominant (Fig. 6).
Sometimes spheres show the presence of flat sur;
faces ("faces") and as a result the globule gets poly;
hedral shape. These globules are comprised on 50—
80 % by native bismuth with remained volume
occupied by segregations of bismuthinite, tsumoite,
joseite and other tellurides [25, 26]. They also show
significant content of sulfur and selenium (10—
13 wt. %) that distinguish them from tellurides of
Il'kіvtsy;Podulky area. The smallest segregations
of pyrite and pyrrhotite are rarely found inside
these globules. The plate crystals of joseite are
found in intergrowths with native bismuth (Fig. 7).
Conclusions. About 25 mineral species of tel;
lurides and sulfo;tellurides are established in the
territory of Slovakia. And only 8 mineral species are
found in the Transcarpathian region of Ukraine.
Comparative mineralogical investigation car;
ried out on tellurides from Slovakia and Ukrainian
Transcarpathians has shown, that there are some
differences and similarities as well, manifested in
character of Au;Ag;Bi;Te;Se mineralization
occurred in these regions.
The number of tellurides in Transcarpathian
region of Ukraine is much less in comparison with
their numerous varieties, which have been found in
Slovakia region. But at the same time, telluride mi;
neralization shows common association with gold
occurrences, a lot of which have been found, with;
in the territory of Slovakia [2]. As to the tellurides
of Transcarpathian gold deposits of Ukraine they
are either extremely rare minerals in it (Sauliak) or
even absent as a whole (Beregovo). Among known
tellurides established within Transcarpathian re;
gion of Ukraine there are mostly bismuth tellurides
associated with metasomatites of the Vyghorlat;
Guta ridge [21, 22, 25, 26]. This mineralization
has some similarities to occurrences of Bi;tel;
lurides well known in neovolcanites of Slovakia
(Poruba pod Vigorlatom, Remetska Hamra).
Acknowledgements. This paper has been pre;
pared according to the project of international co;
operation between M.P. Semenenko Institute of
Geochemistry, Mineralogy and Ore Formation,
NAS of Ukraine and Geological Institute of
Slovak Academy of Sciences. The title of the proj;
ect is "Comparative mineralogical;geochemical
analysis of Au;Ag;Bi;Te;Se neovolcanic minera;
lization of Ukraine and Slovakia (Carpathian
region)". This study was supported by of VEGA
grant UK/231/2009.
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF Bi�Te�Se�S MINERALIZATIONS IN SLOVAK REPUBLIC
ISSN 0204�3548. Мінерал. журн. 2009. 31, № 4 47
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M.P. Semenenko Inst. of Geochemistry, Mineralogy and Ore Formation Received 14.09.2009
of the NAS of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
Geol. Inst. of Slovak Acad. of Sci., Bratislava, Slovak Rep.
Comenius Univ., Faculty of Natural Sci., Dep. of Mineralogy
and Petrology, Bratislava, Slovak Rep.
Taras Shevchenko Kyiv Nat. Univ., Kyiv, Ukraine
РЕЗЮМЕ. Порівняльний аналіз проявів телуридів на території Словаччини і Закарпаття (Україна) показав, що
існує помітна відмінність в характері Au;Ag;Bi;Te;Se мінералізації цих регіонів. Але в областях розвитку неовул;
канітів Bi;Te;Se;S мінералізація представлена в основному аналогічними мінеральними фазами. Телуриди вісму;
ту (цумоїт, пильзеніт, жозеїти, самородний бісмут і маловивчені сульфо;селено;телуриди бісмуту) знайдені на те;
риторії Закарпаття тільки в метасоматитах типу вторинних кварцитів Вигорлат;Гутинського пасма (Ільківці, По;
дулки, Смереків Камінь). Подібна мінералізація встановлена в деяких неовулканітах Словаччини (Poruba роd
Vigorlatom, Remetska Hamra).
РЕЗЮМЕ. Сравнительный анализ проявлений теллуридов на территории Словакии и Закарпатья (Украина) по;
казал, что существует заметное различие в характере Au;Ag;Bi;Te;Se минерализации этих регионов. Но в облас;
тях развития неовулканитов Bi;Te;Se;S минерализация представлена в основном аналогичными минеральными
фазами. Теллуриды висмута (цумоит, пильзенит, жозеиты, самородный висмут и малоизученные сульфо;селено;
теллуриды висмута) найдены на территории Закарпатья только в метасоматитах типа вторичных кварцитов Вы;
горлат;Гутинской гряды (Ильковцы, Подулки, Смерекив Каминь). Подобная минерализация установлена в не;
которых неовулканитах Словакии (Poruba pod Vigorlatom, Remetska Hamra).
|
| id | nasplib_isofts_kiev_ua-123456789-30918 |
| institution | Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| issn | 0204-3548 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-12-07T18:18:06Z |
| publishDate | 2009 |
| publisher | Інститут геохімії, мінералогії та рудоутворення ім. М.П. Семененка НАН України |
| record_format | dspace |
| spelling | Melnikov, V. Jelen, S. Bondarenko, S. Balintova, T. Ozdin, D. Grinchenko, A. 2012-02-17T14:33:39Z 2012-02-17T14:33:39Z 2009 Comparative Study of Bi-Te-Se-S Mineralizations in Slovak Republic and Transcarpathian Region of Ukraine. Part 1. Localities, Geological Situation and Mineral Associations / V. Melnikov, S. Jelen, S. Bondarenko, T. Balintova, D. Ozdin, A. Grinchenko // Мінералогічний журнал. — 2009. — Т. 31, № 4. — С. 38-48. — Бібліогр.: 38 назв. — англ. 0204-3548 https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/30918 549.328/.334 (437.6+477) Comparative analysis of telluride occurrences found in the territory of Slovakia and Transcarpathians (Ukraine) has shown that there is distinct difference between the mode of Au-Ag-Bi-Te-Se mineralization of these regions. But within the area of distribution of neovolcanites Bi-Te-Se-S mineralization is generally represented by similar mineralogical phases. In the Transcarpathian region bismuth tellurides (tsumoite, pilsenite, joseites, native bismuth and poorly studied sulpho-selenotellurides of bismuth) were found only in metasomatites as secondary quartzites of the Vyghorlat-Guta ridge area. (Il'kivtsy, Podulky, Smerekiv Kamin'). The similar mineralization have been also found in some neovolcanites of Slovakia (Poruba pod Vigorlatom, Remetska Hamra). Порівняльний аналіз проявів телуридів на території Словаччини і Закарпаття (Україна) показав, що існує помітна відмінність в характері Au-Ag-Bi-Te-Se мінералізації цих регіонів. Але в областях розвитку неовулканітів Bi-Te-Se-S мінералізація представлена в основному аналогічними мінеральними фазами. Телуриди вісмуту (цумоїт, пильзеніт, жозеїти, самородний бісмут і маловивчені сульфо-селено-телуриди бісмуту) знайдені на території Закарпаття тільки в метасоматитах типу вторинних кварцитів Вигорлат-Гутинського пасма (Ільківці, Подулки, Смереків Камінь). Подібна мінералізація встановлена в деяких неовулканітах Словаччини (Poruba роd Vigorlatom, Remetska Hamra). Сравнительный анализ проявлений теллуридов на территории Словакии и Закарпатья (Украина) показал, что существует заметное различие в характере Au-Ag-Bi-Te-Se минерализации этих регионов. Но в областях развития неовулканитов Bi-Te-Se-S минерализация представлена в основном аналогичными минеральными фазами. Теллуриды висмута (цумоит, пильзенит, жозеиты, самородный висмут и малоизученные сульфо-селенотеллуриды висмута) найдены на территории Закарпатья только в метасоматитах типа вторичных кварцитов Выгорлат-Гутинской гряды (Ильковцы, Подулки, Смерекив Каминь). Подобная минерализация установлена в некоторых неовулканитах Словакии (Poruba pod Vigorlatom, Remetska Hamra). This paper has been prepared according to the project of international cooperation between M.P. Semenenko Institute of Geochemistry, Mineralogy and Ore Formation, NAS of Ukraine and Geological Institute of Slovak Academy of Sciences. The title of the project is "Comparative mineralogical-geochemical analysis of Au-Ag-Bi-Te-Se neovolcanic mineralization of Ukraine and Slovakia (Carpathian region)". This study was supported by of VEGA grant UK/231/2009. en Інститут геохімії, мінералогії та рудоутворення ім. М.П. Семененка НАН України Мінералогічний журнал Мінералогія Comparative Study of Bi-Te-Se-S Mineralizations in Slovak Republic and Transcarpathian Region of Ukraine. Part 1. Localities, Geological Situation and Mineral Associations Article published earlier |
| spellingShingle | Comparative Study of Bi-Te-Se-S Mineralizations in Slovak Republic and Transcarpathian Region of Ukraine. Part 1. Localities, Geological Situation and Mineral Associations Melnikov, V. Jelen, S. Bondarenko, S. Balintova, T. Ozdin, D. Grinchenko, A. Мінералогія |
| title | Comparative Study of Bi-Te-Se-S Mineralizations in Slovak Republic and Transcarpathian Region of Ukraine. Part 1. Localities, Geological Situation and Mineral Associations |
| title_full | Comparative Study of Bi-Te-Se-S Mineralizations in Slovak Republic and Transcarpathian Region of Ukraine. Part 1. Localities, Geological Situation and Mineral Associations |
| title_fullStr | Comparative Study of Bi-Te-Se-S Mineralizations in Slovak Republic and Transcarpathian Region of Ukraine. Part 1. Localities, Geological Situation and Mineral Associations |
| title_full_unstemmed | Comparative Study of Bi-Te-Se-S Mineralizations in Slovak Republic and Transcarpathian Region of Ukraine. Part 1. Localities, Geological Situation and Mineral Associations |
| title_short | Comparative Study of Bi-Te-Se-S Mineralizations in Slovak Republic and Transcarpathian Region of Ukraine. Part 1. Localities, Geological Situation and Mineral Associations |
| title_sort | comparative study of bi-te-se-s mineralizations in slovak republic and transcarpathian region of ukraine. part 1. localities, geological situation and mineral associations |
| topic | Мінералогія |
| topic_facet | Мінералогія |
| url | https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/30918 |
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