The evaluation of prooxidant and antioxidant state of two variants of lewis lung carcinoma: a comparative study
The aim of this paper is to study the functional activity of enzymatic component of antioxidant system and to evaluate an intensity of prooxidative processes in Lewis lung carcinoma variants (LLC and LLC/R9).
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| Опубліковано в: : | Experimental Oncology |
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| Дата: | 2010 |
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Інститут експериментальної патології, онкології і радіобіології ім. Р.Є. Кавецького НАН України
2010
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| Цитувати: | The evaluation of prooxidant and antioxidant state of two variants of lewis lung carcinoma: a comparative study / L.V. Sorokina, G.I. Solyanik, T.V. Pyatchanina // Experimental Oncology. — 2010. — Т. 32, № 4. — С. 249–253. — Біліогр.: 31 назв. — англ. |
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Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine| _version_ | 1859713453357268992 |
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| author | Sorokina, L.V. Solyanik, G.I. Pyatchanina, T.V. |
| author_facet | Sorokina, L.V. Solyanik, G.I. Pyatchanina, T.V. |
| citation_txt | The evaluation of prooxidant and antioxidant state of two variants of lewis lung carcinoma: a comparative study / L.V. Sorokina, G.I. Solyanik, T.V. Pyatchanina // Experimental Oncology. — 2010. — Т. 32, № 4. — С. 249–253. — Біліогр.: 31 назв. — англ. |
| collection | DSpace DC |
| container_title | Experimental Oncology |
| description | The aim of this paper is to study the functional activity of enzymatic component of antioxidant system and to evaluate an intensity of prooxidative processes in Lewis lung carcinoma variants (LLC and LLC/R9).
|
| first_indexed | 2025-12-01T06:54:31Z |
| format | Article |
| fulltext |
Experimental Oncology 32, 249–253, 2010 (December) 249
In contrast to untransformed cells the microenvi-
ronment of malignant cells in tumor is characterized
by the deficiency of nutrient substrates (oxygen, glu-
cose, amino acids etc.) and by accumulation of waste
products of tumor cells. Arising in the conditions of
oxygen deficiency in tumor due to the insufficient level
of vascularity the metabolic stress is followed by the
accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that
display the damaging activity towards macromolecules
and biological membranes, from the one hand, and
stand as the regulatory components of signal pathways
that regulate proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis,
autophagy and neoangiogenesis etc., from the other
hand [1–3, 6, 8, 10, 21]. Thereby on the background of
metabolic stress the survival of tumor cells substantion-
ally depends on the functioning of antioxidant system
involved in the regulation of prooxidant processes
intensity. The maintenance of the prooxidant–anti-
oxidant balance and the regulation of ROS content is
realized in the cell in response to metabolic stress by
the functioning of multi-level systems of enzymatic and
non-enzymatic antioxidant defenses [9]. Glutathione-
dependent system belongs to the key components
of antioxidant defense system that take part not only
in neutralization of lipoperoxides but also play an im-
portant role in the regulation of functional activity of
mitochondrial antiapoptotic proteins (Bcl-2 family) and
in irreversible inactivation of protein kinase C [27, 29].
The key constituent of glutathione system is glutathione
(γ-glutamil-L-cysteinyl-glycine), the intracellular pool of
which includes the reduced (GSH) and oxidized (GSSG)
forms, compound bisulfides (GS-S) and thioesters [7,
23]. GSH/GSSG ratio maintained due to the activity
of these enzymes is accepted to be considered as an
important index of intracellular redox-state. The avoid-
ance of redundant ROS accumulation in the cells oc-
curs owing to the functioning of selenium-dependent
(for H2O2) and selenium-independent (for organic
peroxides) glutathione peroxidases [17]. Glutathione
reductase provides the reduction of GSSG using
NADPH and regulates the amount of substrate acces-
sible for gluthatione-S-transferase and glutathione
peroxidase [15]. Catalase (E. C. 1.11.1.6) possesses
the similar to glutathione peroxidase functional activity
and is localized in peroxysomes in the form of tetrameric
haemoprotein decomposing hydrogen peroxide that
is known to cause the direct induction of Atg proteins
expression and to stimulate the autophagic cell death
[11, 13, 30]. The regulation of this enzyme’s activity by
the modifications of the active or regulatory sites and
by the selective degradation of catalase is pivotal in
autophagy induction as one of the adaptive mecha-
nisms in response to the nutrients deficiency at the
high requirements in the energy supply of vital functions
[30]. In this connection, the study of functional activity
of antioxidant system is important for the establishment
of the possible mechanisms of adaptation and survival
of tumor cells in the conditions of permanent hypoxia
and nutrients deficiency.
The aim of our study was to evaluate the connection
between the indices of functional activity of glutathi-
one-dependent enzymes in tumors of two Lewis lung
carcinoma variants and the sensitivity of these tumors
to metabolic stress.
THE EVALUATION OF PROOXIDANT AND ANTIOXIDANT STATE OF TWO
VARIANTS OF LEWIS LUNG CARCINOMA: A COMPARATIVE STUDY
L.V. Sorokina*, G.I. Solyanik, T.V. Pyatchanina
R.E. Kavetsky Institute of Experimental Pathology, Oncology and Radiobiology, NAS of Ukraine,
Vasylkivska str. 45, Kyiv 03022, Ukraine
Aim: To study the functional activity of enzymatic component of antioxidant system and to evaluate an intensity of prooxidative
processes in Lewis lung carcinoma variants (LLC and LLC/R9). Methods: Activity of glutathione-S-transferase (GST), glutathi-
one peroxidase (GP), glutathione reductase (GR), catаlase (Cat), content of lipid peroxidation (LP) byproducts were analyzed in
tumor extracts at the 24th day after tumor transplantation, extracts of muscle tissues of tumor-bearing mice and intact mice using
the method of optic spectrometry. Results: It was revealed higher level of GST and GR activities, and lower level of GP activity,
and a tendency for decrease of Cat activity level in LLC/R9 tumors compared to LLC tumors. The content of primary LP products
was higher in LLC/R9 tumors while two tumor variants didn’t differ significantly by the content of tiobarbiturate-active products.
Conclusion: The pool of reduced glutathione in LLC/R9 tumors is more effectively replenished with GP involvement and is used
by GST for detoxification of exogenous xenobiotics compared with LLC. Lower GP activity and the tendency to decreased Cat
activity is characteristic property for LLC/R9 tumors compared to LLC.
Key Words: Lewis lung carcinoma, antioxidant enzymes, lipid peroxidation, metabolic stress, resistance to cisplatin, glutathione-
dependent enzymes.
Received: April 26, 2010.
*Correspondence: E-mail: sorokina_molbiol@mail.ru;
Fax: +380442581656
Abbreviations used: Cat — catаlase; CMT— control muscle tissue;
EFS — embryonal fetal serum; GDNB — glutathione-S-2,4-dini-
trobenzene; GP — glutathione peroxidase; GR — glutathione
reductase; GSH — reduced glutathione; GSSG — oxidized glutathi-
one; GST — glutathione-S-transferase; IMT — intact muscle tis-
sue; LLC — Lewis lung carcinoma; LLC/R9 — modified variant
of Lewis lung carcinoma; LP — lipid peroxidation; ROS — reac-
tive oxygen species; TBAP — tiobarbiturate-active products.
Exp Oncol 2010
32, 4, 249–253
250 Experimental Oncology 32, 249–253, 2010 (December)
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The experiments were performed using 20 males
of mice in the age of 2–2.5 months with the weight of
18–23 g. All experimental procedures were conducted
following the normative rules of bioethics. In the study
the tumor cells of two variants of Lewis lung carcinoma
were used. The variants differ in the sensitivity to the
deficiency of nutritive substrates: (i) the cells of the
wild-type of Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) are resistant
to the metabolic stress; (ii) the cells of modified variant
of carcinoma (LLC/R9) display the higher sensitivity to
low level of nutrients (in comparison with LLC) [18, 24].
Tumor cells were cultivated in RPMI-1640 (“Sigma”,
USA) with addition of 10% EFS (“Sigma”, USA), 2 mM
L-glutamine and 40 μg/ml gentamycin at +37 °C in hu-
mid conditions with 5% CO2. Then cells were inoculated
to mice in the muscle of dextra thigh in the amount of
1·106 cells in 0.1 ml of Haenks’ solution per animal.
On the 24th day after tumor transplantation the
euthanasia of animals under the light ester anes-
thetic was performed. Tumors and thigh muscles
(CMT — control muscle tissue) were removed. Since
tumor cells were transplanted into thigh muscle of the
analogous tissue without tumor was considered as the
control tissue. As the control tissue the muscle tissue
from the thigh of intact mice was used (IMT — intact
muscle tissue). Tumors and muscle tissues were ho-
mogenized and the samples of tissue extracts were
obtained by the centrifugation (16000 rpm, +4 °C).
The content of protein was determined with the
technique developed by Greenberg [4]. In the tissue
extracts the activity of antioxidant enzymes and the
level of primary and secondary products of lipid per-
oxidation were evaluated.
The activity of glutathione peroxidase (GP) was
determined using the method described in [28] and
based on the determination of accumulated oxidized
glutathione level.
The activity of glutathione reductase (GR) was
evaluated in the reaction of reduction of oxidized glu-
tathione [28] by the determining the rates of NADPH
decrease.
The activity of total glutathione-S-transpher-
ase (GST) was assessed using the kit (“Sigma”, USA)
in the reaction of reduced glutathione with 1-chloro-2,
4-dinitrobenzene by the measurement of rate of
glutathione-S-2, 4-dinitrobenzene (GDNB) generation
that is characterized with the absorbance maximum
at 340 nm [14].
Activity of catalase (Cat) in tumors and muscle
tissues was evaluated by the method [12] based on
measurement of decrease of the complexes of am-
monium molibdate and hydrogen peroxide.
The determination of lipid peroxidation (LP)
byproducts. The level of diene conjugates (DC) was
determined by the rate of appearance of new maximum
(233 nm) in the absorbance spectrum of polyunsatu-
rated fatty acids after the diene conjugation in the pro-
cedure described in [25]. The content of tiobarbiturate-
active products (TBAP) was evaluated accordingly to
[26] in the reaction with tiobarbituric acid.
Statistical analysis. The results of investigations
were analyzed using the common approaches of varia-
tion statistics. The level of significance of the differ-
ences between the groups was evaluated by the use
of non-parametric Mann — Whitney U-test (р < 0.05).
RESULTS
Glutathione-dependent activities in LLC and LLC/
R9 tumors, in CMT and IMT of mice are represented
in Tables 1, 2, respectively. The results represented on
Fig. 1 point out the absence of significant changes in the
activity of GP in CMT of mice with LLC/R9 tumors com-
paratively to the CMT of mice with LLC tumors and to IMT.
Таble 1. Activity of antioxidant enzymes in control muscle tissues of mice
with transplanted tumors LLC and LLC/R9 and in muscle tissue of intact mice
Object
Characteristics
Activity of
GSТ, micromol
GDNB/mg of
protein per min
Activi-
ty of GP,
micromol
GSSG/mg
of protein
per min
Activity of Cat,
U/mg of pro-
tein per min
Activity of
GR, micro-
mol NADPH/
mg of pro-
tein per min
Control mus-
cle tissue of
mice with LLC
1204.1 ±
570.3*
97.8 ± 17.0 7.6 ± 1.4* 1.8 ± 0.8*
Control muscle
tissue of mice
with LLC/R9
1994.1 ± 656.8 71.7±22.5 26.8 ± 3.9*,** 16.9 ± 11.3**
Muscle tissue
of intact mice
3938.7 ± 672.2 80.5±16.5 193.5 ± 15.5 23.8 ± 12.8
Note: *differences are significant in comparison with the values of charac-
teristics for IMT (p < 0.05); **differences are significant in comparison with
the values of characteristics for LLC (p < 0.05).
Таble 2. Activity of antioxidant enzymes in LLC and LLC/R9 tumors and in
muscle tissue of intact mice
Object
Characteristics
Activity of GSТ,
micromol GDNB/
mg of protein
per min
Activity of
GP, micro-
mol GSSG/
mg of protein
per min
Activity of
Cat, U/ mg
of protein
per min
Activity of
GR, mi-
cromol
NADPH/mg
of protein
per min
LLC tumors 840.2 ± 153.3* 191.4 ± 28.2* 35.6 ± 15.9* 0.75 ± 0.3*
LLC/R9 tumors 2241.5 ± 656.0** 67.2 ± 22.0** 18.8 ± 3.7* 7.9 ± 2.6**
Muscle tissue
of intact mice
3938.7 ± 672.2 80.5 ± 16.5 193.5 ± 15.5 23.8 ± 12.8
Note: *differences are significant in comparison with the values of charac-
teristics for IMT (p < 0.05); **differences are significant in comparison with
the values of characteristics for LLC (p < 0.05).
0
50
100
150
200
250
1 2 3
CMT
Tumor
Fig. 1. The activity of glutathione peroxidase in tumors and
control muscle tissue of tumor bearing mice (2 — LLC; 3 — LLC/
R9) and in muscle tissue of intact mice (1)
Experimental Oncology 32, 249–253, 2010 (December) 251
However, the decrease in the value of this enzyme
activity by 41% (р < 0.05) is observed in LLC/R9 tu-
mors in contrast to LLC tumors (Table 2).
In contrary to GP, the level of Cat activity which is
mostly localized in peroxysomes (but acts synergis-
tically with GP towards transformation of hydrogen
peroxide) was significantly decreased, as compared
to IMT, in tumors of both types (original and modi-
fied variants of Lewis lung carcinoma) (Table 2). The
level of Cat activity in CMT of LLC-bearing mice was
equal to that of LLC tumors while the level of this
enzyme activity was low, what was not characteristic
for LLC/R9 tumors, compared to respective CMT
(Table 1). Meanwhile Cat activity in the tumors didn’t
differ significantly along with observed tendency
toward the decrease of this index in LLC/R9 tumors
compared to LLC tumors (Table 2).
As an indicator of prooxidative processes inten-
sity that is in relationship with the level of functioning
of peroxidase chain in cells, the indexes reflecting
LP intensity have been used. In LLC/R9 tumors and
in CMT of these animals, a significant (p < 0.05)
elevation of content of primary LP products com-
pared to respective studied objects of mice with
transplanted LLС cells has been observed, while
the tissues didn’t differ significantly by TBAP con-
tent (Fig. 2, 3). Comparative analysis of LP intensity
indexes in tissues of mice with transplanted tumors
and in IMT has evidenced on the increase (p < 0.05)
of content of the products of diene conjugation of
fatty acids in LLC/R9 tumors and in CMT of the mice,
and on increase (p < 0.05) of content of secondary
LP products in CMT of mice with LLС tumors com-
pared with IMT, that could point on intensification of
free radical oxidation of lipid components in organi-
sm of animals with transplanted tumors [1, 23].
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
200
180
1 2 3
DC
c
on
te
nt
, n
m
ol
/m
g
CMT
Tumor
Fig. 2. The content of diene conjugates in tumors and control
muscle tissues of tumor bearing mice (2 — LLC; 3 — LLC/R9)
and in muscle tissue of intact mice (1)
In the studied tissues of mice with transplanted
tumors the decrease of GP level compared to IMT,
has been detected. However, the enzyme activity in
LLC/R9 tumors and in CMT of the mice compared
to respective tissues of mice with transplanted LLС
cells, was significantly (p < 0.05) increased and
nearly reached the activity level in IMT (Table 1,
Table 2). An activity of total pool of glutathione-S-
transferase in CMT of all tumor-bearing animals
didn’t differ, and was decreased compared with
its activity in IMT (Fig. 4). In LLC/R9 tumors, GST
activi ty was elevated (p < 0.05) compared to the
tumors of original variant LLC.
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1 2 3
ТВ
АР
c
on
te
nt
, n
m
ol
/m
g
CMT
Tumor
Fig. 3. The content of tiobarbiturate-active products in tumors
and control muscle tissues of tumor bearing mice (2 — LLC;
3 — LLC/R9) and in muscle tissue of intact mice (1)
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
1 2 3
CMT
Tumor
Fig. 4. The activity of total glutathione-S-transpherase in tumors
and control muscle tissue of tumor bearing mice (2 — LLC; 3 —
LLC/R9) and in muscle tissue of intact mice (1)
DISCUSSION
The scheme presented on Fig. 5 reflects the rela-
tion and contingence of functioning of glutathione-
dependent enzymes, catalase, and superoxide
dismutase for maintenance of prooxidant-antioxi-
dant balance of cell. The scheme demonstrates
that for enzymatic activity, glutathione peroxidase
and glutathione-S-transferase use the same sub-
strate — reduced glutathione (GSН), the pool of
which is renewed via activity of NADPH-dependent
glutathione reductase. Due to the action of glu-
tathione peroxidase, that is a key component of
deactivation of cytotoxic hydroperoxides, the
oxidation of reduced glutathione occurs, and this
process is accompanied by reduction of cytotoxic
peroxide compounds, while at the II-nd stage of
cell detoxication glutathione-S-transferase utilizes
reduced glutathione in the reactions of conjugation
of xenobiotics of exogenous and endogenous origin
metabolized on endoplasmic reticulum membranes
with the involvement of cytochrome Р-450.
Taking into account the contingency of functioning
of glutathione-dependent — GP and GST that use the
same substrate — reduced glutathione, and also GR,
with the involvement of which the pool of the latest is
replenished (Fig. 5), the revealed differences between
the indexes of enzymatic activities of glutathione
252 Experimental Oncology 32, 249–253, 2010 (December)
system in LLC/R9 tumors and in CMT of the mice and
respective tissues of mice with LLC tumors (Table 1, 2),
evidence on more effective functioning of GST in LLC/
R9 tumors; at the II-nd stage of detoxication GST is
able to provide conjugation of xenobiotics, including
medicinal means with the use of reduced glutathione,
therefore providing the formation of mechanisms of
drug resistance [27]. In CMT of mice with transplanted
LLC/R9 tumors reduced GSН is used more effectively
for oxidation of hydroperoxides of fatty acids, and
hydrogen peroxide with the involvement of GP. Higher
level of functional activity of GP in LLC/R9 tumors
compared to studied tissues of mice with LLC tumors,
evidences on effective renewal of oxidized glutathione
form in tissues of LLC/R9 mice and supplement of
substrate pool of GP and GST [15].
Lipid
peroxidation
Metabolized
xenobiotics
Metabolized xenobiotics
conjugated with glutathione
NADPH
CATALASE
SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE
GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE
Hydroperoxides
of lipids and
fatty acids
GLUTATHIONE REDUCTASE
GLUTATHIONE-S-TRANSFERASE
GSSG
Oxidized
glutathione
GSH
Reduced
glutathione
Н2О2+О2 О2 Н2О2
The products
of peroxides
reduction
Н2О, fatty alcohols
Peroxides
Fig. 5. The interrelation of functional activity of the key antioxi-
dant enzymes
The presented results may be explained, among
other reasons, by biological properties of LLC/R9 cell
subline generated by experimental progression of LLC
in the direction of formation of the resistance to cis-
dichlorodiaminoplatine. Possibly, the formation of drug
resistance in LLC/R9 tumors may be a consequence
of induction of GST isoform that differs (in particular,
by substrate specificity) from the molecular form
expressed constitutively in tissues of intact animals.
Also, it is possible that in tumors and in tissues of
tumor-bearing mice the suppression of expression/
activity of constitutively expressed form may occur
as well [31]. The decrease or sometimes stable level
of GST activity in CMT of mice with transplanted LLC
tumors compared to IMT of mice could be explained
by manifestation of tumor influence on organism.
The decrease (p < 0.05) of GP activity level in LLC/
R9 tumors compared with LLC tumors (Fig. 1), may
occur via depletion of reaction substrate — GSН, and
also potential impact of accumulated ROS into the
process of oxidative modification of active site and its
allosteric regulatory centers could not be excluded
[16], and this is in accordance with significantly higher
DC level (Fig. 2) in CMT of mice with LLC/R9 tumors
and in LLC/R9 tumors. However, elevation of functional
activity of GP excludes the possibility of suppression
of its activity via the shift of GSH/GSSG ratio in cell
toward increased content of oxidized GSSG form that
couldn’t be used effectively by enzyme. GP activity in
CMT preparations of mice with LLC/R9 tumors didn’t
differ significantly from the intensity of this index in IMT.
However, in LLC/R9 tumors GP activity was by 41%
lower (p < 0.05) than that in LLC tumors (Table 1). This
could point on the fact that utilization of reduced
glutathione in LLC tumors occurs at larger extent for
detoxification of endogenous peroxides by glutathione
peroxidase, what in turn may lead to lower sensitivity
of LLC cells to metabolic stress.
The decrease of Cat activity in mice with LLC tu-
mors and in tumors of both variants compared to IMT
(Table 1, 2) evidences on depletion of the enzyme
activity in tissue of mice with LLC tumors; among pos-
sible reasons, oxidative modification of enzyme active
site could be considered [16], what is in accordance
with higher level of LP intensity (Fig. 3). Higher level of
Cat activity (p < 0.05) that is a characteristic for LLC
tumors in comparison with respective CMT has not
been detected in LLC/R9 tumors in comparison with
the respective CMT. Taking into account the data on
more expressed level of autophagy-associated death
for LLC/R9 tumor cells in vitro compared to wild-type
LLC cells, one may suppose that the compensatory in-
crease of Cat activity (p < 0.05), that has been observed
in LLC tumors versus respective CMT, has been leveled
down in LLC/R9 tumors by processes of selective Cat
degradation, a key initial step of autophagy [22, 29].
The registered decrease of Cat activity is in accordance
with the data of other authors who have detected such
patterns: the drop of the enzyme activity by 75–90% in
malignant transformed keratinocytes correlated with
manifestations of malignant phenotype of these cells
[19]; negative transcription regulation of catalase gene
in human hepatoma cells has been revealed, and this
may point on possible role of regulatory mechanisms
on transcription level [20]; Cat activity is significantly
decreased in liver tissue of tumor-bearing rats, but after
tumor removal returns to normal level [5].
The detected increase (p < 0.05) of DC content in
CMT and LLC/R9 tumors versus CMT of mice with LLC
tumors evidences on intensified primary LP reactions
compared with secondary ones, due to elevation of the
quantity of radicals able initiate conversion of fatty acids
in the content of membrane lipids in LLC/R9 tumors.
As far as we have studied the tumors developed after
transplantation of LLC and LLC/R9 variants — the cells
of the same tissue origin and genotype, but differing by
a number of phenotypic patterns, it seems to be cor-
rect to establish a relation between antioxidant enzyme
activity and biological properties of the tumors.
So, the tumors developed after transplantation
of wild-type strain of Lewis lung carcinoma that are
chara cterized by tolerance for metabolic stress and
high metastatic potential [18, 24], are also charac-
terized by higher level of functioning of peroxidase
enzymes (GP and Cat) at the background of higher LP
intensity, associated with accumulation of secondary
lipid peroxidation products, but lower levels of GST
and GR activities in comparison with LLC/R9 tumors.
Experimental Oncology 32, 249–253, 2010 (December) 253
The sensitivity of LLC/R9 cells to deficiency of nutri-
ent substrates is correlated with high GSТ activity level,
higher GR activity, and higher intensity of primary LP
processes. The latest is related to the lower volume of
pool of free radical molecules able initiate chain reac-
tions of oxidation at the background of lower level of
functional activity of peroxidase enzymes.
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Copyright © Experimental Oncology, 2010
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| id | nasplib_isofts_kiev_ua-123456789-32304 |
| institution | Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| issn | 1812-9269 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-12-01T06:54:31Z |
| publishDate | 2010 |
| publisher | Інститут експериментальної патології, онкології і радіобіології ім. Р.Є. Кавецького НАН України |
| record_format | dspace |
| spelling | Sorokina, L.V. Solyanik, G.I. Pyatchanina, T.V. 2012-04-16T16:49:54Z 2012-04-16T16:49:54Z 2010 The evaluation of prooxidant and antioxidant state of two variants of lewis lung carcinoma: a comparative study / L.V. Sorokina, G.I. Solyanik, T.V. Pyatchanina // Experimental Oncology. — 2010. — Т. 32, № 4. — С. 249–253. — Біліогр.: 31 назв. — англ. 1812-9269 https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/32304 The aim of this paper is to study the functional activity of enzymatic component of antioxidant system and to evaluate an intensity of prooxidative processes in Lewis lung carcinoma variants (LLC and LLC/R9). en Інститут експериментальної патології, онкології і радіобіології ім. Р.Є. Кавецького НАН України Experimental Oncology Original contributions The evaluation of prooxidant and antioxidant state of two variants of lewis lung carcinoma: a comparative study Article published earlier |
| spellingShingle | The evaluation of prooxidant and antioxidant state of two variants of lewis lung carcinoma: a comparative study Sorokina, L.V. Solyanik, G.I. Pyatchanina, T.V. Original contributions |
| title | The evaluation of prooxidant and antioxidant state of two variants of lewis lung carcinoma: a comparative study |
| title_full | The evaluation of prooxidant and antioxidant state of two variants of lewis lung carcinoma: a comparative study |
| title_fullStr | The evaluation of prooxidant and antioxidant state of two variants of lewis lung carcinoma: a comparative study |
| title_full_unstemmed | The evaluation of prooxidant and antioxidant state of two variants of lewis lung carcinoma: a comparative study |
| title_short | The evaluation of prooxidant and antioxidant state of two variants of lewis lung carcinoma: a comparative study |
| title_sort | evaluation of prooxidant and antioxidant state of two variants of lewis lung carcinoma: a comparative study |
| topic | Original contributions |
| topic_facet | Original contributions |
| url | https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/32304 |
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