Looking Back the Most Beautiful Molecule C60 after Quarter Century of Discovery Insert
On the occasion of silver anniversary of the C60 discovery, the present situation of C60 research is briefly analyzed from three distinct angles: molecule, solid and nanoparticle. With regard to molecular angle, the long pending problem of formation mechanism is almost solved by molecular dynamics a...
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| Cite this: | Looking Back the Most Beautiful Molecule C60 after Quarter Century of Discovery Insert / Eiji Ōsawa // Вісн. НАН України. — 2012. — № 9. — С. 30-38. — Бібліогр.: 34 назв. — англ. |
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| citation_txt | Looking Back the Most Beautiful Molecule C60 after Quarter Century of Discovery Insert / Eiji Ōsawa // Вісн. НАН України. — 2012. — № 9. — С. 30-38. — Бібліогр.: 34 назв. — англ. |
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| description | On the occasion of silver anniversary of the C60 discovery, the present situation of C60 research is briefly analyzed from three distinct angles: molecule, solid and nanoparticle. With regard to molecular angle, the long pending problem of formation mechanism is almost solved by molecular dynamics approach hinted by Prigogine’s nonequilibrium thermodynamics. The C60 research is at the moment most active in chemistry, and some of the recent results are discussed here. Though C60 is closer to molecule than to the smallest nanoparticle in its outlook, a big future seems hidden in its application in nanotechnology.
З нагоди срібної річниці з часу відкриття фулеренів коротко проаналізовано нинішню ситуацію з їх дослідженням. C60 розглянуто в трьох різних аспектах — молекула, тверде тіло та наночастинка. Стосовно молекулярного аспекту варто зазначити, що давню проблему механізму утворення фулеренів майже розв’язано за допомогою молекулярно-динамічного підходу, підказаного нерівноважною термодинамікою І. Пригожина. Нині найактивніше досліджують хімію C60. У статті розглянуто деякі з нещодавніх результатів у цій галузі. Хоча за своїми характеристиками C60 ближчий до молекул, ніж до найдрібніших наночастинок, його застосування в нанотехнологіях, схоже, таїть у собі великі перспективи.
По случаю серебряной годовщины со времени открытия фуллеренов кратко проанализирована нынешняя ситуация с их исследованием. C60 рассматривается в трех различных аспектах — молекула, твердое тело и наночастица. Касательно молекулярного аспекта нельзя не отметить, что давно занимавшая умы ученых проблема механизма образования фуллеренов почти решена с помощью молекулярно-динамического подхода, подсказанного неравновесной термодинамикой И. Пригожина. Сегодня наиболее активно изучаются химические свойства C60. В статье обсуждаются некоторые последние результаты в этой области. Хотя по своим характеристикам C60 ближе к молекулам, чем к мельчайшим наночастицам, его применение в нанотехнологиях, похоже, таит в себе большие перспективы.
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30 ISSN 0372-6436. Вісн. НАН України, 2012, № 9
СТАТТІ ТА ОГЛЯДИ
On the occasion of silver anniversary of the C60 discovery, the present situation of C60 research is briefly analyzed from
three distinct angles: molecule, solid and nanoparticle. With regard to molecular angle, the long pending problem of forma-
tion mechanism is almost solved by molecular dynamics approach hinted by Prigogine’s nonequilibrium thermodynamics.
The C60 research is at the moment most active in chemistry, and some of the recent results are discussed here. Though C60 is
closer to molecule than to the smallest nanoparticle in its outlook, a big future seems hidden in its application in nanotech-
nology.
Keywords: buckminsterfullerene, formation mechanism, dyadic electronic system, fullerenol polisher, elixir.
UDC 546.26
EIJI ŌSAWA
NanoCarbon Research Institute Limited
Ueda, Nagano, 386-8567, Japan, osawaeiji@aol.com
LOOKING BACK THE MOST BEAUTIFUL MOLECULE C60
AFTER QUARTER CENTURY OF DISCOVERY
© Eiji Ōsawa, 2012
INTRODUCTION
C60 (Fig. 1, see insert) was first found in 1985
[1] and then isolated in 1990 [2] as a new mol-
ecule and aroused tremendous interests from
chemists. Next year, physicists found super-
conductivity in alkali-doped C60 films [3]. Ex-
citement quickly spread to engulf scientists
and engineers of all disciplines, and enormous
surge of research on buckminsterfullerene be-
gan. In addition to the scientific novelty, C60 is
also called as the most beautiful molecule [4]
with perfect symmetry [5]. Everyone seemed
to like it. The fever continued to about 1996,
when the discoverers were awarded Nobel
Prize for Chemistry. Then, all of sudden inter-
ests of scientists shifted to carbon nanotubes,
the tubular kin of C60. CNT fever continued
somewhat longer, until about 2010, but then
graphene took over the leading position of in-
ternational scientific race, after Nobel Prize for
Physics went to the re-discoverers of graphene.
Graphene is a lengthwise opened and extended
carbon nanotube. Where do we go after graph-
ene in the journey on sp2-networks?
Clearly, carbon research is undergoing Sturm
und Drang period in the past 20 years. For just
an example of the intensity of impact, the Na-
ture paper by Kroto and others [1] that started
all these research activities has been cited
about 8,800 times by June 2012 according to
Google Scholar statistics. Iijima’s first paper on
CNT [6] obtained still higher citations of about
24,900! Scientists are working hard every-
where as if they are driven by strong force, and
with high enthusiasm in one or the others of
these new carbons. We would like to know why
the popular targets of carbon research change
so quickly. What would be the next target?
Will any of the recognized targets produce use-
ful products some day?
In this short review, we will try to answer at
least some of the above questions. For personal
reason, we will limit our discussion to C60, and
analyze the reason for its rise and fall. We hope
that the fall in the number of research outputs
of fullerene is temporary and will recover in
due time.
FORMATION MECHANISM
A persistent weak point of C60 as the raw in-
dustrial material is the high production cost
(end price = ¥30,000/2.5 g). Actually not only
C60 but also all the breeds of new carbon net-
works including single-walled carbon nano-
tubes and graphenes have the same problem of
forbiddingly high price. In order to bring down
price, we must improve the production method.
These are new carbons are being produced by
one or the other variations of bottom-up me-
thods that involve generation of carbon plasma
at extremely high temperatures like 5000 K.
31ISSN 0372-6436. Вісн. НАН України, 2012, № 9
СТАТТІ ТА ОГЛЯДИ
These conditions are different from those
which chemists used to work in the past two-
centuries, thus posing us an entirely new and
difficult task when we want to probe into their
formation mechanism. In spite of hard work
for a quarter of century, none of the known
bottom-up nanocarbons has yielded atomistic
details in the formation mechanism. If we do
not know the mechanism of formation, we
cannot improve the production process. Let
us start looking at the formation mechanism
of C60.
In the beginning only the traditional, deter-
ministic, equilibrium and multi-step approach
was earnestly followed [7, 8]. This approach as-
sumes that nature knows the shortest possible
but energetically most economical pathway of
building up carbon atoms step by step to C60
with eicosahedral symmetry, where the surface
pattern of soccer ball or truncated dodecahe-
drane is reproduced with a bewildering net-
work of 12 pentagons and 20 hexagons. In the
absence of techniques to study phenomena oc-
curring at 5000 K, we had to guess what nature
knows and confirm the guess by some objective
means. Many people including ourselves felt
challenged and were adsorbed in the puzzle
(Fig. 2), but this traditional approach turned
out to be surprisingly futile: about a dozen of
seemingly reasonable mechanisms have been
suggested but neither experimental nor com-
putational support could be obtained [9].
Then the second, non-traditional approach
surfaced from about the turn of century. This
method is essentially non-empirical simulation
with the help of molecular dynamics algorithm
as the basic tool. Namely a few hundreds of C1
or C2 species are confined in a small space of
nanometer size, and heated at 2000–3000 K as
long as one can afford, generally up to pico se-
conds, to see what happens in computer. As the
number of carbon atoms must be large enough
so as to reproduce real phenomena, the load of
computation became quite large, hence ener-
gies were at first calculated by fast empirical
potential functions like Brenner’s reactive
bond order types [10]. However, no C60 was
formed. It was finally felt that energy must be
evaluated by quantum chemical method. At
this point, Irle – Morokuma group began using
NCC-DFTB level of theory in 2003 [10]. Even
with this lowest possible level, they succeeded
to observe hot C2 species self-assemble into a
hot giant fullerene consisting of 100 to 200 car-
bon atoms, which then releases C2 species to
shrink close to C60 [7].
However, this remarkable breakthrough is
still incomplete as they have hardly reached
C60 itself. It seems that some unknown but cru-
cial condition is missing to accelerate the
strongly endothermic shrinking step. Addition
of helium, carbon monoxide and oxygen did
not work, even though He did occasionally
lead to C60 but not so often as to reproduce the
Fig. 2. An example of traditional mechanistic pathway from an arbitrary C60 isomer (2) to buckminsterfullerene (1)
as obtained by a combined topological and semi-empirical quantum mechanical approach using only Stone — Wales
rearrangement as the elementary step. Four integers above arrow indicate the four adjacent rings participating in the
rearrangement, wherein the central C–C bond (bold) formally rotates by a right angle. Taken from [4]
32 ISSN 0372-6436. Вісн. НАН України, 2012, № 9
СТАТТІ ТА ОГЛЯДИ
high yields observed in experiments, ca 20%
in arc discharge and 100% in combustion
methods [12, 13].
Nevertheless, their Shrinking Hot Giant
Fullerene Road avoids difficulties in the tradi-
tional approach, like including a number of un-
stable intermediates, passing through high tran-
sition states of Stone — Wales rearrangements
and compensating large entropy loss in forming
closed systems. We believe that the SHGFR
theo ry is the most likely among all the other the-
ories of C60 formation. When eventually com-
pleted, the mechanism will be the most re ma r k-
able examples of Prigogine’s non-equilibrium
and irreversible physics, where a highly orde red
structure like C60 emerges from completely
disordered starting mixture by dynamic self-
assembling process at very high temperature.
The Irle — Morokuma theory explains at
least one well-observed but so far enigmatic
experimental observation: initial formation of
large amounts of high-mass peaks and their
subsequent disappearance in MS. Their simu-
lation results strongly support a long-held in-
terpretation that each of the large cluster peaks
represents a giant fullerene. Giant fullerenes
should be practically strain-free but kinetically
highly unstable at such high temperatures of
2,000 to 3,000 K, hence it is perfectly reason-
able that they release C2 to shrink into smaller
and smaller fullerenes until it reaches the dis-
tinguished kinetic energy minimum of C60. This
picture fits to the absence of mass peaks below
C58 fullerenes and appearance of several inter-
mediates below C100 like C70. If closed network
growth mechanism holds, the distribution pat-
tern around C60 must be the other way around.
The most likely places of C2 expulsion will be
the central bond of abutting pentagons, or the
places with high curvatures in very large giant
fullerenes.
Failure to reproduce the shrinking process
by computer simulation is likely caused by
the neglect of vibronic coupling outside the
Born — Oppenheimer approximation. Elec-
tronic states of giant fullerenes in very high
vibrational excited states must be greatly in-
fluenced by non-adiabatic nuclear movements.
Accordingly bonds are the more readily broken
as the curvature of surface increases. In other
words, C2 expulsion will become faster and
faster as the fullerene shell shrinks smaller and
smaller towards C60, which is an outstanding
kinetic energy minimum.
If we assume that the Irle – Morokuma the-
ory will be sooner or later completed along the
direction they proposed, we can then proceed
to improve the yield of C60 production. Some
more details of the production process will be
given later in this review.
MOLECULE OR NANOPARTICLE?
C60 is often referred as the first member of
nanoparticles. However, this statement should
be taken with some reservation. According to
the formal definition of nanoparticle (1–100 nm
in diameter), C60 with its nuclear-nuclear dis-
tance of 0.71 nm, or van der Waals diameter of
1.0 nm, only marginally qualifies as the small-
est nanoparticle. In more general terms like
amenability to purification (Table I, see insert),
C60 is closer to molecule rather than nanoparti-
cle. It would be more appropriate to categorize
C60 as a borderline case between molecule and
nanoparticle.
Mass production and cost reduction of ma-
terial are not necessarily as important in nano-
technology as in modern chemical technology.
This assessment came out in the course of com-
parison between the two technologies (Table I).
As far as the classification of a material to ei-
ther molecule or nanoparticle is concerned, the
most pertinent criteria would be the ways of
application (origin of function) and the units
used (the lowest two lines in Table I). Nano-
particles are generally used as individual par-
ticles, hence counted by the number, whereas
chemical substances are treated as a collection
of molecules and counted by the weight (actu-
ally in terms of mole numbers). C60 may be
used, if used at all, either as individual particle
or as a mass of molecules depending on the pur-
pose due to its border-line nature. In the latter
case, mass production and low cost is certainly
an important asset. In that case, combustion
method is by far the most advantageous.
33ISSN 0372-6436. Вісн. НАН України, 2012, № 9
СТАТТІ ТА ОГЛЯДИ
Production of C60 by combustion. Forma-
tion of C60 in the flame of hydrocarbon com-
bustion was discovered by J. Howard of MIT
[14] and K.-H. Homann of Darmstadt TH [15]
immediately after the first isolation of C60 from
carbon vapor by Krätchmer et al. [2]. It has
long been considered that the two methods fol-
low different mechanisms. However, Homann
and his coworkers have long recognized the
formation of large variety of giant carbon clus-
ters just below fullerene formation zone in
flame, and named it as aromers for aromatic
oligomers and thought the smaller of them as
fullerene precursors (Fig. 3, see insert) [15]. In
the light of Irle – Morokuma theory, aromers
could well be giant fullerenes. Then an inevita-
ble conclusion is that the two C60 syntheses,
arc discharge and combustion, follow the same
mechanism.
Independently, Howard continued to im-
prove the combustion synthesis of C60, almost
single-handedly after Homann retired. The
yield of C60 in the solid black product from
combustion increased from 1% in the earliest
period, to 20% by the effort of Mitsui Chem.
Co., which built a plant with this yield level,
then Howard reached 100% before 2003. By
this time Howard had set up a venture compa-
ny and stopped publishing his results even
though he continued to keep his teaching post
at MIT. Unfortunately, he suffered from brain
cancer and died on July 7, 2008. Thus, the most
precious records on the optimum conditions of
combustion synthesis of C60 remained in secre-
cy and will never be published. Nevertheless, it
would be challenging for us to take the best ad-
vantage of Irle – Morokuma mechanism and to
reproduce the Howard conditions posthu-
mously. It appears important to keep the flame
temperature very high near 3000 K even at the
end of long flame. External heating may be
necessary.
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS
On the industrial sector and investment
market, activities around C60 have long dimin-
ished. Some of the continuing moves in the
commercial sector will be briefly touched at
the end of this section. However, in the
academia, C60 research is still going on rather
strong. Here again we need a small remark on
its relation to the fullerene fever. As a molecule,
or chemical reagent, C60 is definitely one of the
most favored companions among chemists. Its
outstanding chemical features include strong
electron-withdrawing property, high reactivity
to addition reactions, and high symmetry. For
this reason, C60 is still a very popular topic in
chemistry.
Electron acceptors in dyadic systems.
One of the most favored strategies in current
scenes of green energy is to arrange a pair of
electropositive and electronegative molecules
or their fragments in nano-vicinity, let light
absorbed by the former to excite its frontier
electrons, to migrate them to the latter by or-
bital interactions through bonds (OITB) or
through space (OITS), and to take them out
as electric current. Here skill in the organic
synthesis is required in order to construct
elaborate molecular architecture. Graphene
is a classical electron acceptor but C60, which
is a spherical graphene, is preferred due to
high electronegativity (the low energy va-
cant molecular orbitals are in the bonding en-
ergy levels), and reactivity. For these reasons,
C60 and a simple derivative [6,6]PCBM (phe-
nyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester) has been
the best-used electron acceptors (or n-type
semiconductor as physicists prefer to call) in
the research of photosynthesis and photo-
voltaic cells [16, 17]. About the turn of cen-
tury, porphyrin-fullerene dyad systems have
been extensively studied, but the light-har-
vesting efficiency still cannot compete with
natural systems [18].
34 ISSN 0372-6436. Вісн. НАН України, 2012, № 9
СТАТТІ ТА ОГЛЯДИ
Designer syntheses. Due to its high symme-
try (Ih, next only to sphere), C60 can be deriva-
tized to novel polyfunctional structures while
still retaining many of its symmetry elements
[19, 20]. These novel structures are at the mo-
ment one of the attractive playgrounds of syn-
thetic organic chemists. It is fascinating to see
that such a large and complicated structure
like C60 are incorporated at will into intricate
molecular architectures like fashion designers
creating original costumes one after the other.
Interested readers are referred to the original
publications.
Surgery on C60 cage. The C60 cage is large
enough to cut open, place foreign atoms or even
a molecule into the inside of cage, then close
the opened mouth by stitching together by
means of chemical bonds. Komatsu and Murata
succeeded in encapsulating a H2 molecule in-
side C60 through a 13-membered ring orifice
and then closing it again [21]. In reality, the
opening and closing of cage involve many steps
of elaborate chemical transformations and it
will need a lot more work to simplify and ge-
neralize the technique. Nevertheless, this is a
flexible and valuable approach to the novel en-
dohedral C60 derivatives.
Endohedral metallofullerenes. An alterna-
tive physical method of encapsulation of fo-
reign matters in C60 cage structure has been
explored since soon after the discovery of C60.
Still now, synthesis of M@C60 (M = metal
atoms or ions) is achieved only with extremely
low yields, and the type of M strictly limited
(Fig. 4, see insert) [22]. Clearly metal encapsu-
lation into C60 comprises one of the most chal-
lenging subjects in the C60 research. It is hoped
that QM/MD simulation will be able to solve
many mysteries in M@C60 that cannot be
solved by experimental approaches.
Fullerenols. One other type of fullerene de-
rivatives of C60 that has attracted much atten-
tion of chemists is those exhaustively substitut-
ed with small heteroatoms like C60H60 and C60F60,
wherein cage skeleton will be still a perfect
sphere but inflated due to sp3 hybridization,
with longer and equal C–C bonds and smaller
angle strain. However, the reaction stopped af-
ter 44 substituents have entered, due to steric
crowding. Beyond this limit, the cage skeleton
starts to break apart [23]. Exactly the same situ-
ation was observed when OH radicals were
forced to add to C60 as many as possible [24]. In
these C60X60 systems, C–X bonds are supposed
to be considerably elongated due to severe steric
crowding with the neighboring X atoms. Thus,
there will be a hard and rigid spherical shell
consisting of spherically aligned, non-bonded
X-atoms concentrically enclosing above the
spherical C60. Thus, from the outside the C60X60
molecule will look like a very hard sphere filled
with X atoms on the surface. Such a molecule
must be very unique and new, chemically inert
and show highly positive surface potential.
Originally, the synthesis of C60X60 was sug-
gested by Kroto as ideal nanolubricants in
analogy with the known lubrication proper-
ty of poly(tetrafluoroethylene). No frictional
constant has been reported for C60X44 (X = H,
F, OH) so far, but we can easily guess that these
are too small for solid spacers with approxi-
mate diameter of only about 1 nm to perform
effective lubrication for usual surfaces. Perhaps
super-lubrication may be realized for the
C60X44/PTFE systems. However, this is not the
whole story.
Surprisingly enough, C60(OH)44 (and C60(OH)36
as well) proved to be an excellent and practi-
cable polisher for copper surface of multi-lay-
ered integrated circuits [25, 26]. Fullerenol is
dissolved in water and the copper device is
treated in agitating fullerenol solution only
for a few minutes to achieve the novel me-
chano-chemical polishing. Mechanism of the
MCP action is still not well understood. Al-
though vicinal surface OH groups may act
like ethylene glycol to form pentagonal
chelate ring, a chelating agent is already ad-
ded in the polishing liquid from the begin-
ning. We imagine that hard and rigid ball of
C60(OH)44 plays some unknown but critical
role to smooth out the copper surface by
chopping off tiny asperities only one or two
atomic layers thick. We imagine that this ful-
lerenol/copper polishing system will be the
beginning of polishing in the atomic scale.
35ISSN 0372-6436. Вісн. НАН України, 2012, № 9
СТАТТІ ТА ОГЛЯДИ
Radical sponge for elixir. Remarkable suc-
cess in polyhydroxylation of C60 confirms its
high capacity to absorb radicals. The «radical
sponge» characteristics of C60 have been used
for photodynamic therapy of skin cancer and
for scavenging harmful singlet oxygen [27].
For the same reason, when a French research
group found that olive oil dissolves small but
certain amount of C60, they tested the effect of
daily dose of 1.2 mg C60/kg·day to mice upon
their life [28]. Astonishingly the life-length of
C60-treated group proved almost doubled than
that of un-treated group. On the other hand,
Cataldo and Braun [29] have already reported
that C60 could be dissolved in many kinds of
unsaturated plant oils but only to much smal l-
er saturation concentrations. Damage of cells
by C60 is also known to occur in vivo [cited
in 29].
PERSPECTIVES
AND CONCLUDING REMARKS
The result of explosive expansion of C60 re-
search on unprecedented scale produced thou-
sands of publications, which led to a new prob-
lem: it is impossible to write a comprehensive
review or book, simply because the volume of
literature on C60 grew too large to be handled
by a single person or even by a small group of
authors. The same remark will also apply to
carbon nanotubes. For this reason I picked up
the topics in the foregoing section from among
those papers which I happened to come across.
Hence this and the preceding sections must be
taken as very subjective and intuitive, but here
I have to answer the questions I posed to myself
at the outset.
I better start with an interpretation of a new
social phenomenon called «research fever».
This interpretation may be already obvious to
many, but quite fast propagation of news by in-
ternet, e-mails and on-line publications must
be largely responsible to the sudden breakout
of feverish research activities. Nowadays big
scientific discoveries propagate almost instant-
ly around the earth. An inevitable consequence
of such efficient information flow is that we are
always chased by the news, but not the other
way around as it used to be. Life and time are
moving faster and faster. It is partly true that
one research topic will be soon digested and
overworked in a matter of few months.
In the case of C60, it has three faces due to of
its special shape and functions. One is the face
of a molecule for chemists, the second one the
face of a solid for physicists, and the last one
that of a nanoparticle for material scientists.
Molecular face is still being explored among
chemists as shown above [30]. Solid face is al-
most lost as exemplified by the disappointingly
small increase in the superconductive transi-
tion temperature by only 2 K in 20 years [31].
However, nano face is still mostly hidden as il-
lustrated by the less well-known case of unique
polishing ability of fullerenol with atomic pre-
cision.
It is hoped that more and more examples of
C60’s performance as the smallest nanoparticle
will appear, but the development is still slow.
Once the basic rules and concepts of nano-sci-
ence and technology are better understood
[32–34], we are sure C60 will come back to the
front scene. Large specific number density and
surface area are the definitive advantages of
C60 like the primary particles of detonation
nanodiamond, other typical smaller nanopar-
ticle (Table II, the lowest two lines). Perhaps a
quarter of century is too short to complete the
whole story of truncated eicosahedrane which
began about 2200 years ago by Archimedes
(Fig. 5, see insert).
REFERENCES
1. Kroto H.W., Heath J.R., O’Brien S.C. et al. C60: Buck-
minsterfullerene // Nature. — 1985. — V. 318. —
P. 162–163.
2. Krätchmer W., Lamb L.D., Fostiropoulos K., Huffman D.R.
Solid C60: a new form of carbon // Nature. — 1990. —
V. 347. — P. 354–358.
3. Haddon R.C., Hebard A.F., Rosseinsky M.J. et al. Con-
ducting films of C60 and C70 by alkali-metal doping //
Nature. — 1991. — V. 350. — P. 320–322.
4. Aldersey-Williams H. The Most Beautiful Molecule:
An Adventure in Chemistry. — London: Aurum Press,
1995. — 340 p.
5. Baggott J. Perfect Symmetry: The Accidental Discov-
ery of Buckminsterfullerene. — Oxford: Oxford Uni-
versity Press, 1994. — 315 p.
36 ISSN 0372-6436. Вісн. НАН України, 2012, № 9
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Received 02.07.2012
37ISSN 0372-6436. Вісн. НАН України, 2012, № 9
СТАТТІ ТА ОГЛЯДИ
Ейджі Осава
NanoCarbon Research Institute Limited
Ueda, Nagano, 386-8567, Japan, osawaeiji@aol.com
ПОГЛЯД НА НАЙКРАСИВІШУ МОЛЕКУЛУ C60
ЧЕРЕЗ ЧВЕРТЬ СТОЛІТТЯ ПІСЛЯ ВІДКРИТТЯ
З нагоди срібної річниці з часу відкриття фулеренів
коротко проаналізовано нинішню ситуацію з їх дослі-
дженням. C60 розглянуто в трьох різних аспектах —
молекула, тверде тіло та наночастинка. Стосовно
молекулярного аспекту варто зазначити, що давню
проблему механізму утворення фулеренів майже
розв’язано за допомогою молекулярно-динамічного
підходу, підказаного нерівноважною термодинамікою
І. Пригожина. Нині найактивніше досліджують хімію
C60. У статті розглянуто деякі з нещодавніх результа-
тів у цій галузі. Хоча за своїми характеристиками C60
ближчий до молекул, ніж до найдрібніших наночасти-
нок, його застосування в нанотехнологіях, схоже, та-
їть у собі великі перспективи.
Ключові слова: бакмінстерфулерен, механізм
утворення, діадна електронна система, полі ру валь-
ний фулеренол, еліксир життя.
Эйджи Осава
NanoCarbon Research Institute Limited
Ueda, Nagano, 386-8567, Japan, osawaeiji@aol.com
ВЗГЛЯД НА САМУЮ КРАСИВУЮ МОЛЕКУЛУ C60
ЧЕРЕЗ ЧЕТВЕРТЬ ВЕКА ПОСЛЕ ОТКРЫТИЯ
По случаю серебряной годовщины со времени от-
крытия фуллеренов кратко проанализирована нынеш-
няя ситуация с их исследованием. C60 рассматривается
в трех различных аспектах — молекула, твердое тело и
наночастица. Касательно молекулярного аспекта нель-
зя не отметить, что давно занимавшая умы ученых
проблема механизма образования фуллеренов почти
решена с помощью молекулярно-динамического под-
хода, подсказанного неравновесной термодинамикой
И. Пригожина. Сегодня наиболее активно изучаются
химические свойства C60. В статье обсуждаются неко-
торые последние результаты в этой области. Хотя по
своим характеристикам C60 ближе к молекулам, чем к
мельчайшим наночастицам, его применение в нанотех-
нологиях, похоже, таит в себе большие перспективы.
Ключевые слова: бакминстерфуллерен, механизм
образования, диадная электронная система, полиро-
вочный фуллеренол, эликсир жизни.
38 ISSN 0372-6436. Вісн. НАН України, 2012, № 9
СТАТТІ ТА ОГЛЯДИ
Я народився в місті Тояма в Японії в 1935 році.
1960 року на факультеті промислової хімії в Уні-
верситеті Кіото здобув ступінь магістра за спеці-
альністю «промислова хімія». Кілька років пра-
цював інженером на виробництві.
Щасливий для мене збіг обставин стався в
1961 році — Радянський Союз запустив перший
космічний корабель «Восток», пілотований Юрі-
єм Гагаріним. Він здійснив виток навколо Землі і
благополучно приземлився. Ця подія спровоку-
вала посилення холодної війни між СРСР і США,
причому останні явно програвали в ній. Незаба-
ром США і Японія подвоїли кількість студентів
природничих спеціальностей у великих універ-
ситетах. У результаті виникла гостра нестача ви-
кладачів природничих наук. У такий спосіб я діс-
тав можливість повернутися в академічний світ.
Проте невдовзі я зрозумів, що експериментальні
дослідження — це не моя стезя.
Хоча пошук свого місця в науці був для мене
досить складним, інший щасливий випадок до-
поміг мені: у 1985 році Г. Крото, Р. Смоллі і Р. Керл
відкрили фулерен C60. З цього моменту я усвідо-
мив себе як ученого і творчу особистість, оскіль-
ки ще в 1970 році я передбачив можливість існу-
вання молекули C60 та її високу стабільність.
Удача ще раз усміхнулася мені в 2002 році —
врешті-решт було виділено первинні частинки
наноалмазів, отримані детонаційним способом.
Цей об’єкт виявився «найтвердішим горішком»,
з яким я будь-коли мав справу в своєму житті. З
цієї причини я все ще продовжую працювати над
цією темою.
Науковий шлях
1960–1964 — науковий співробітник Teijin Co.
Ltd., Осака
1964–1967 — асистент кафедри синтетичної
хімії, Університет Кіото, Кіото
1966–1967 — докторантура Університету Віс-
консина (професор R. West)
1967–1969 — докторантура Принстонського
університету (професор P.v.R. Schleyer)
1970–1990 — доцент кафедри хімії Університе-
ту Хоккайдо, Саппоро
1990–2001 — професор кафедри Knowledge-
Based Information, Технологічний університет
Тойохасі
2001 — донині — президент NanoCarbon Re-
search Institute Limited, Уеда, Нагано
Наукові інтереси
Останнім часом: дисперсні наноалмази (діа-
метром 3,7±0,6 нм) та їх застосування.
Раніше: наука і технології нановуглецевих
сполук, у тому числі С60 та інших фулеренів, на-
но цибулинки (nano-onions), Маккей-кристали
(McKay crystals) та детонаційні наноалмази.
У минулому: хімія вуглеводнів, обчислюваль-
на хімія.
Публікації
336 наукових статей у журналах з імпакт-фак-
тором, 71 книг/розділів у книгах; 108 публікацій
за матеріалами міжнародних конференцій, 24 па-
тенти і патентні заявки, 208 статей у науково-
популярних журналах (станом на липень 2010).
h-індекс — 35.
ЕЙДЖІ ОСАВА
МОЯ КОРОТКА НАУКОВА БІОГРАФІЯ
|
| id | nasplib_isofts_kiev_ua-123456789-38963 |
| institution | Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| issn | 0372-6436 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-11-24T11:50:33Z |
| publishDate | 2012 |
| publisher | Видавничий дім "Академперіодика" НАН України |
| record_format | dspace |
| spelling | Ōsawa, Eiji 2012-11-26T15:32:28Z 2012-11-26T15:32:28Z 2012 Looking Back the Most Beautiful Molecule C60 after Quarter Century of Discovery Insert / Eiji Ōsawa // Вісн. НАН України. — 2012. — № 9. — С. 30-38. — Бібліогр.: 34 назв. — англ. 0372-6436 https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/38963 546.26 On the occasion of silver anniversary of the C60 discovery, the present situation of C60 research is briefly analyzed from three distinct angles: molecule, solid and nanoparticle. With regard to molecular angle, the long pending problem of formation mechanism is almost solved by molecular dynamics approach hinted by Prigogine’s nonequilibrium thermodynamics. The C60 research is at the moment most active in chemistry, and some of the recent results are discussed here. Though C60 is closer to molecule than to the smallest nanoparticle in its outlook, a big future seems hidden in its application in nanotechnology. З нагоди срібної річниці з часу відкриття фулеренів коротко проаналізовано нинішню ситуацію з їх дослідженням. C60 розглянуто в трьох різних аспектах — молекула, тверде тіло та наночастинка. Стосовно молекулярного аспекту варто зазначити, що давню проблему механізму утворення фулеренів майже розв’язано за допомогою молекулярно-динамічного підходу, підказаного нерівноважною термодинамікою І. Пригожина. Нині найактивніше досліджують хімію C60. У статті розглянуто деякі з нещодавніх результатів у цій галузі. Хоча за своїми характеристиками C60 ближчий до молекул, ніж до найдрібніших наночастинок, його застосування в нанотехнологіях, схоже, таїть у собі великі перспективи. По случаю серебряной годовщины со времени открытия фуллеренов кратко проанализирована нынешняя ситуация с их исследованием. C60 рассматривается в трех различных аспектах — молекула, твердое тело и наночастица. Касательно молекулярного аспекта нельзя не отметить, что давно занимавшая умы ученых проблема механизма образования фуллеренов почти решена с помощью молекулярно-динамического подхода, подсказанного неравновесной термодинамикой И. Пригожина. Сегодня наиболее активно изучаются химические свойства C60. В статье обсуждаются некоторые последние результаты в этой области. Хотя по своим характеристикам C60 ближе к молекулам, чем к мельчайшим наночастицам, его применение в нанотехнологиях, похоже, таит в себе большие перспективы. en Видавничий дім "Академперіодика" НАН України Вісник НАН України Статті та огляди Looking Back the Most Beautiful Molecule C60 after Quarter Century of Discovery Insert Погляд на найкрасивішу молекулу С60 через чверть століття після відкриття Взгляд на самую красивую молекулу C60 через четверть века после открытия Article published earlier |
| spellingShingle | Looking Back the Most Beautiful Molecule C60 after Quarter Century of Discovery Insert Ōsawa, Eiji Статті та огляди |
| title | Looking Back the Most Beautiful Molecule C60 after Quarter Century of Discovery Insert |
| title_alt | Погляд на найкрасивішу молекулу С60 через чверть століття після відкриття Взгляд на самую красивую молекулу C60 через четверть века после открытия |
| title_full | Looking Back the Most Beautiful Molecule C60 after Quarter Century of Discovery Insert |
| title_fullStr | Looking Back the Most Beautiful Molecule C60 after Quarter Century of Discovery Insert |
| title_full_unstemmed | Looking Back the Most Beautiful Molecule C60 after Quarter Century of Discovery Insert |
| title_short | Looking Back the Most Beautiful Molecule C60 after Quarter Century of Discovery Insert |
| title_sort | looking back the most beautiful molecule c60 after quarter century of discovery insert |
| topic | Статті та огляди |
| topic_facet | Статті та огляди |
| url | https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/38963 |
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