Геотехнологические опасности при поисках, разведке и эксплуатации месторождений природных газовых гидратов
Процессы, вызывающие нарушение естественного состояния залежи гидратов, имеют экологические последствия: выделение свободного газа в атмосферу в больших количествах может иметь сопоставимое с СО2 влияние на климат на морском дне в результате уменьшения прочностных свойств пород могут образоваться оп...
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| Date: | 2008 |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | Russian |
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Відділення морської геології та осадочного рудоутворення НАН України
2008
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| Online Access: | https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/5317 |
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| Journal Title: | Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| Cite this: | Геотехнологические опасности при поисках, разведке и эксплуатации месторождений природных газовых гидратов / В.К. Чистяков // Геология и полезные ископаемые Мирового океана. — 2008. — № 3. — С. 103-112. — Бібліогр.: 14 назв. — рос. |
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Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine| _version_ | 1859824378754105344 |
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| author | Чистяков, В.К. |
| author_facet | Чистяков, В.К. |
| citation_txt | Геотехнологические опасности при поисках, разведке и эксплуатации месторождений природных газовых гидратов / В.К. Чистяков // Геология и полезные ископаемые Мирового океана. — 2008. — № 3. — С. 103-112. — Бібліогр.: 14 назв. — рос. |
| collection | DSpace DC |
| description | Процессы, вызывающие нарушение естественного состояния залежи гидратов, имеют экологические последствия: выделение свободного газа в атмосферу в больших количествах может иметь сопоставимое с СО2 влияние на климат на морском дне в результате уменьшения прочностных свойств пород могут образоваться оползни.
Процеси, які зумовлюють порушення природного стану покладу гідратів, мають екологічні наслідки: виділення вільного газу в атмосферу в великих кількостях може мати співставний з СО2 вплив на клімат, на морському дні в результаті зменшення тривких характеристик порід можуть виникнути зсуви.
The gas hydrates are a safety hazard to drilling operation, as they could become unstable under typical wellborn conditions and produce large quantities of gas. The decomposition of natural gas hydrates in porous medium could also imduce the subsea landslides and global weather changes. Recent studies show that they might provide an opportunity for CO2 sequestering. Scales of arising problems can change from local up to regional and even global.
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| first_indexed | 2025-12-07T15:28:15Z |
| format | Article |
| fulltext |
ISSN 1999-7566 Ãåîëîãèÿ è ïîëåçíûå èñêîïàåìûå Ìèðîâîãî îêåàíà 103
© Â.Ê. ×èñòÿêîâ, 2008
Ñ.-Ïåòåðáóðãñêèé ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé ãîðíûé èíñòèòóò (òåõíè÷åñêèé óíè-
âåðñèòåò), Ðîññèÿ
ÃÅÎÒÅÕÍÎËÎÃÈ×ÅÑÊÈÅ ÎÏÀÑÍÎÑÒÈ
ÏÐÈ ÏÎÈÑÊÀÕ, ÐÀÇÂÅÄÊÅ È ÝÊÑÏËÓÀÒÀÖÈÈ
ÌÅÑÒÎÐÎÆÄÅÍÈÉ ÏÐÈÐÎÄÍÛÕ
ÃÀÇÎÂÛÕ ÃÈÄÐÀÒÎÂ
Ïðîöåññû, âûçûâàþùèå íàðóøåíèå åñòåñòâåííîãî ñîñòîÿíèÿ çàëå-
æè ãèäðàòîâ, èìåþò ýêîëîãè÷åñêèå ïîñëåäñòâèÿ: âûäåëåíèå ñâîáîäíîãî ãàçà
â àòìîñôåðó â áîëüøèõ êîëè÷åñòâàõ ìîæåò èìåòü ñîïîñòàâèìîå ñ ÑÎ2
âëèÿíèå íà êëèìàò; íà ìîðñêîì äíå â ðåçóëüòàòå óìåíüøåíèÿ ïðî÷íîñò-
íûõ ñâîéñòâ ïîðîä ìîãóò îáðàçîâàòüñÿ îïîëçíè.
Ïðèðîäíûå ãàçîâûå ãèäðàòû ÿâëÿþòñÿ åäèíñòâåííûì åùå íå ðàçðàáà-
òûâàåìûì èñòî÷íèêîì ïðèðîäíîãî ãàçà íà Çåìëå, êîòîðûé â ñèëó îãðîì-
íûõ ðåñóðñîâ è øèðîêîãî ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ ìîæåò â íåäàëåêîì áóäóùåì
ñîñòàâèòü ðåàëüíóþ êîíêóðåíöèþ òðàäèöèîííûì ìåñòîðîæäåíèÿì.
Ãàçîâûå ãèäðàòû — òâåðäûå êðèñòàëëè÷åñêèå ñîåäèíåíèÿ òèïà
Ì·nH2O, â êîòîðûõ íèçêîìîëåêóëÿðíûé ãèäðîôîáíûé ãàç ñ ìîëåêóëÿðíîé
ìàññîé Ì óäåðæèâàåòñÿ âíóòðè n ìîëåêóë âîäû ñ ïîìîùüþ âîäîðîäíûõ
ñâÿçåé ïðè îïðåäåëåííûõ òåðìîáàðè÷åñêèõ óñëîâèÿõ: òåìïåðàòóðà íèæå
ïåðâûõ äåñÿòêîâ ãðàäóñîâ è äàâëåíèå äî 40 ÌÏà. Â ïðèðîäíûõ ãàçîâûõ
ãèäðàòàõ 98% ãàçà ïðåäñòàâëåíî ìåòàíîì, â 1 ì3 ãèäðàòà êîòîðîãî ìîæåò
ñîäåðæàòüñÿ äî 160 ì3 ãàçà ïðè íîðìàëüíûõ óñëîâèÿõ.
Ïðèîðèòåò â îòêðûòèè ïðèðîäíûõ ãèäðàòîâ óãëåâîäîðîäíûõ ãàçîâ
ïðèíàäëåæèò ðîññèéñêèì ó÷åíûì: ðîññèéñêèé ñïåöèàëèñò-íåôòÿíèê È.Í.
Ñòðåæåíîâ â 1946 ã. âûñêàçàë ïðåäïîëîæåíèå î ñóùåñòâîâàíèè ãàçîâûõ
ãèäðàòîâ â ïðèðîäíûõ óñëîâèÿõ [5]. Ñ ñåðåäèíû 60-õ ãîäîâ ñòàëè øèðîêî
ðàçâèâàòüñÿ ãåîëîãè÷åñêèå àñïåêòû ïðîáëåìû ïðèðîäíûõ ãèäðàòîâ, ñóùå-
ñòâóþùèõ êàê íà ñóøå, òàê è íà äíå îêåàíîâ è ìîðåé. Â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ
ðåñóðñû ìåòàíà â ãàçîãèäðàòíîì âèäå îöåíèâàþòñÿ â 2*1016 ì3, ÷òî ïðè-
áëèçèòåëüíî â 2 ðàçà ïðåâûøàåò çàïàñû âñåõ îñòàëüíûõ èñòî÷íèêîâ îðãà-
íè÷åñêîãî óãëåâîäîðîäà íà Çåìëå [12].
Âïåðâûå ïðîìûøëåííàÿ ãàçîãèäðàòíàÿ çàëåæü áûëà îòêðûòà â 1964
ãîäó â Ðîññèè íà Ìåññîÿõñêîì ãàçîâîì ìåñòîðîæäåíèè â Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè
(Íîðèëüñêèé ïðîìûøëåííûé ðàéîí) [7]. Çàëåæü ðàñïîëîæåíà íà ãëóáèíàõ
îêîëî 800 ì â ñåíîìàíñêèõ (K2s) ïåñ÷àíèêàõ, ãäå ãàçîâûå ãèäðàòû ñîñòàâ-
ëÿþò ïîðÿäêà 75% âñåãî ïðèðîäíîãî ãàçà ïðè ïëàñòîâûõ òåìïåðàòóðàõ
8,4°Ñ — 12,5°Ñ è äàâëåíèÿõ 7,5 — 8,5 ÌÏà.
Òàì æå íà ïðîòÿæåíèè ïåðâîé ïîëîâèíû 70-õ ãîäîâ ïðîâîäèëàñü è
ïåðâàÿ â ìèðå îïûòíàÿ äîáû÷à. Òîëüêî ïðè ïðîñòîé ðàçãðóçêå äîáû÷íûìè
ñêâàæèíàìè îêîëîñòâîëüíîé çîíû çàëåæè äî 6,2 ÌÏà èõ äåáèò ñîñòàâëÿë
×èñòÿêîâ Â. Ê.
104 ISSN 1999-7566 Ãåîëîãèÿ è ïîëåçíûå èñêîïàåìûå Ìèðîâîãî îêåàíà
100 — 150 òûñ. ì3 ãàçà â ñóòêè. Çàïàñû Ìåññîÿõñêîãî ìåñòîðîæäåíèÿ îöå-
íèâàþòñÿ â 30 ìëðä. ì3. Íà ìåñòîðîæäåíèè óæå äîáûòî 14 ìëðä. ì3 ïðè-
ðîäíîãî ãàçà, èç êîòîðîãî îäíà òðåòü — èç ãèäðàòíîãî ñëîÿ.
Èññëåäîâàíèÿìè ïîñëåäíåé òðåòè ÕÕ âåêà íà ñóøå Ðîññèè âûÿâëåíû
ãèäðàòîïðîÿâëåíèÿ íà ßìáóðãñêîì è Áîâàíåíêîâñêîì ãàçîêîíäåíñàòíûõ
ìåñòîðîæäåíèÿõ (Òþìåíñêàÿ îáë.), â ðàéîíàõ Óëàí-Þðÿõñêîé àíòèêëèíà-
ëè è àëìàçîíîñíîé òðóáêè Óäà÷íàÿ (ßêóòèÿ), à òàêæå íà çîëîòîíîñíûõ
ðîññûïÿõ Êîëûìû è ×óêîòêè (ðèñ. 1) [8].
Ðèñ. 1. Ðàéîíû êîíòèíåíòàëüíûõ ãàçîãèäðàòíûõ ïðîÿâëåíèé â Ðîññèè [8]. 1. Áîâàíåíêîâñêîå ãàçî-
êîíäåíñàòíîå ì-å. 2. ßìáóðãñêîå ãàçîêîíäåíñàòíîå ì-å. 3. Ìåññîÿõñêîå ãàçîâîå ì-å. 4. Óñòüå ð. Îëå-
íåê. 5. Çàïàäíàÿ ßêóòèÿ. 6. Êîëûìî-Èíäèãèðñêàÿ íèçìåííîñòü. 7. Ñåâåð ï-îâà ×óêîòêà
Ê íà÷àëó ÕÕI â. áûëè îáíàðóæåíû çàëåæè ãàçîâûõ ãèäðàòîâ â äîí-
íûõ îòëîæåíèÿõ Îõîòñêîãî, Êàñïèéñêîãî è ×åðíîãî ìîðåé, à òàêæå îçåðà
Áàéêàë íà ãëóáèíå íåñêîëüêèõ ñîòåí ìåòðîâ îò ïîâåðõíîñòè âîäû. Ïî äàí-
íûì ÂÍÈÈãàçà [8] ðåñóðñû ïðèðîäíîãî ãàçà â ãèäðàòàõ êîíòèíåíòàëüíîé è
øåëüôîâîé ÷àñòè Ðîññèè îöåíèâàþòñÿ â 100-1000 òðëí. ì3.
Íà÷èíàÿ ñ 1995 ã. â ðàìêàõ âûïîëíåíèÿ ðàçëè÷íûõ íàöèîíàëüíûõ è
ìåæäóíàðîäíûõ ïðîãðàìì â Âåëèêîáðèòàíèè, Ãåðìàíèè, Êàíàäå, Êèòàå,
Èíäèè, Ðîññèè, ÑØÀ, Þæíîé Êîðåå, ßïîíèè è äð. áûëî îòêðûòî ôèíàí-
ñèðîâàíèå íàó÷íî-òåõíè÷åñêèõ èññëåäîâàíèé ïî ðàçâåäêå è îñâîåíèþ ðå-
ñóðñîâ ïðèðîäíûõ ãàçîãèäðàòîâ.
 åñòåñòâåííûõ ïðèðîäíûõ óñëîâèÿõ ãàçîâûå ãèäðàòû ñîõðàíÿþò ñâîþ
àãðåãàòíóþ ñòàáèëüíîñòü èëè ïðè î÷åíü íèçêèõ òåìïåðàòóðàõ â óñëîâèÿõ
âå÷íîìåðçëûõ ïîðîä íà ñóøå, èëè â ðåæèìå ñî÷åòàíèÿ íèçêîé òåìïåðàòó-
ðû è âûñîêîãî äàâëåíèÿ. Ýòè óñëîâèÿ îïðåäåëÿþò çîíû ñòàáèëüíîñòè ãàçî-
ãèäðàòîâ (ÇÑÃ), ïðåäñòàâëÿþùèå ñîáîé ÷àñòü ëèòîñôåðû è ãèäðîñôåðû Çåì-
ëè, òåðìîáàðè÷åñêèé è ãåîõèìè÷åñêèé ðåæèì êîòîðîé ñîîòâåòñòâóþò óñëî-
âèÿì èõ óñòîé÷èâîãî ñóùåñòâîâàíèÿ. Ïîýòîìó ñêîïëåíèÿ ïðèðîäíûõ ãàçî-
ãèäðàòîâ ðàñïîëàãàþòñÿ â ðàéîíàõ ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ ìíîãîëåòíåìåðçëûõ
ïîðîä, â òîëùàõ ëåäíèêîâ è ëåäíèêîâûõ ïîêðîâîâ, â ïîäëåäíèêîâûõ îòëî-
Ãåîòåõíîëîãè÷åñêèå îïàñíîñòè ïðè ïîèñêàõ, ðàçâåäêå è ýêñïëóàòàöèè ìåñòîðîæäåíèé...
ISSN 1999-7566 Ãåîëîãèÿ è ïîëåçíûå èñêîïàåìûå Ìèðîâîãî îêåàíà 105
æåíèÿõ, â ïðèäîííîé ÷àñòè îñàäî÷íûõ òîëù ïðèïîëÿðíûõ áàññåéíîâ, à
òàêæå íà ìàòåðèêîâîì ñêëîíå è â ãëóáîêîâîäíûõ ðàéîíàõ Ìèðîâîãî îêåàíà.
 ðàéîíàõ ìíîãîëåòíåé ìåðçëîòû òîëùà ïîðîä, â êîòîðîé ñóùåñòâóþò
ãàçîãèäðàòíûå çàëåæè, ìîæåò äîñòèãàòü 400-800, à â íåêîòîðûõ ñëó÷àÿõ
ïðåâûøàåò 1000 ì.  Ìèðîâîì îêåàíå çîíà ãèäðàòîîáðàçîâàíèÿ íà÷èíàåò-
ñÿ îò äíà è äîñòèãàåò íåñêîëüêèõ ñîòåí ìåòðîâ. Ñóáìàðèííûå çàëåæè ðàç-
âåäûâàþòñÿ íà ãëóáîêîâîäíîì øåëüôå è êîíòèíåíòàëüíîì ñêëîíå (ðèñ 2).
Ðèñ. 2. Ìåñòîðîæäåíèÿ ãàçîâûõ ãèäðàòîâ äîêàçàííûå áóðåíèåì è ïðîãíîçíûå [10]
Íèçêàÿ ïðîíèöàåìîñòü ãèäðàòîñîäåðæàùèõ ïîðîä äëÿ ìîëåêóë âîäû
è ãàçà (íèæå ïðîíèöàåìîñòè âîäîíàñûùåííîñòè ãëèí) äåëàåò èõ åñòåñòâåí-
íûìè ôëþèäîóïîðàìè äëÿ áîëüøèíñòâà êðóïíûõ ãàçîâûõ ñêîïëåíèé, îá-
íàðóæåííûõ â Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè è íà ñåâåðå Êàíàäû. Áîëåå äåòàëüíûå èñ-
ñëåäîâàíèÿ ïîñëåäíèõ ëåò ïîçâîëèëè ñâÿçàòü øèðîêî ðàñïðîñòðàíåííûå
ãàçîïðîÿâëåíèÿ ïðè áóðåíèè ñêâàæèí íà àðêòè÷åñêîì ïîáåðåæüå Êàíàäû
è Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè, íà Àëÿñêå, â Ñðåäíåé Ñèáèðè è äð. ñ íàëè÷èåì ãàçî-
âûõ ãèäðàòîâ âûøå êðîâëè çîíû ñòàáèëüíîñòè ãèäðàòîâ. Âûáðîñû ãàçà ïðè
ðàçáóðèâàíèè òîëù ìåðçëûõ ïîðîä èíîãäà îòëè÷àþòñÿ âûñîêîé èíòåíñèâ-
íîñòüþ è áîëüøèìè äåáèòàìè, áëèçêèìè ê ïðîìûøëåííûì. Ïîñëå èñïûòà-
íèé ñêâàæèí àêòèâíûå ãàçîâûäåëåíèÿ ñî ñòàáèëüíûì äåáèòîì ìîãóò ïðî-
äîëæàòüñÿ â òå÷åíèå íåñêîëüêèõ ìåñÿöåâ. Ýòî ïîçâîëèëî äîêàçàòü ñóùå-
ñòâîâàíèå ðåëèêòîâûõ ãàçîãèäðàòîâ â ìíîãîëåòíåìåðçëûõ îòëîæåíèÿõ, çà-
ëåãàþùèõ ñóùåñòâåííî âûøå êðîâëè ñîâðåìåííîé çîíû ñòàáèëüíîñòè ãèä-
ðàòîâ. Ýòà ÷àñòü ðàçðåçà ìíîãîëåòíåìåðçëûõ ïîðîä, íàõîäÿùàÿñÿ âûøå
êðîâëè çîíû ñòàáèëüíîñòè ãèäðàòîâ, â êîòîðîé òåìïåðàòóðíûé ðåæèì ïî-
ðîä ñîîòâåòñòâóåò óñëîâèÿì ñóùåñòâîâàíèÿ ýôôåêòà ñàìîêîíñåðâàöèè ãà-
çîâûõ ãèäðàòîâ ïðè îòðèöàòåëüíûõ òåìïåðàòóðàõ, ïîëó÷èëà íàçâàíèå çîíà
ìåòàñòàáèëüíîñòè ãàçîãèäðàòîâ (ðèñ. 3) [8].
Çîíà ìåòàñòàáèëüíîñòè, â îòëè÷èå îò çîíû ñòàáèëüíîñòè, ÿâëÿåòñÿ íå
òåðìîäèíàìè÷åñêîé, à ãåîëîãè÷åñêîé çîíîé, ãäå ãàçîâûå ãèäðàòû íå îáðà-
×èñòÿêîâ Â. Ê.
106 ISSN 1999-7566 Ãåîëîãèÿ è ïîëåçíûå èñêîïàåìûå Ìèðîâîãî îêåàíà
çóþòñÿ, íî ìîãóò ñóùåñòâîâàòü ïðè ñîõðàíåíèè ëüäà â ðàçðåçå â çàêîíñåð-
âèðîâàííîì ñîñòîÿíèè ãåîëîãè÷åñêè äëèòåëüíîå âðåìÿ. Òàêèì îáðàçîì,
ìîùíàÿ êðèîëèòîçîíà íå òîëüêî ðàñøèðÿåò çîíó ñòàáèëüíîñòè ãèäðàòîâ â
ãåîëîãè÷åñêîì ðàçðåçå, íî è ðàñøèðÿåò âîçìîæíîñòü ñóùåñòâîâàíèÿ ðå-
ëèêòîâûõ ãèäðàòîâ ïðèðîäíûõ ãàçîâ â âåðõíèõ ãîðèçîíòàõ íà ãëóáèíàõ äî
100-150 ì.
Ðèñ. 3. Ãðàôîàíàëèòè÷åñêèé ìåòîä âûäåëåíèÿ
çîíû ñòàáèëüíîñòè è çîíû ìåòàñòàáèëüíîñòè ãà-
çîâûõ ãèäðàòîâ â êîíòèíåíòàëüíûõ óñëîâèÿõ [8]:
1 — êðèâàÿ ðàâíîâåñíûõ óñëîâèé ãèäðàòîîáðàçî-
âàíèÿ ìåòàíà; 2 — ðàñïðåäåëåíèå òåìïåðàòóð ïî
ðàçðåçó; ÇÑÃ — çîíà ñòàáèëüíîñòè ãàçîâûõ ãèä-
ðàòîâ; ÇÌÃ — çîíà ìåòàñòàáèëüíîñòè ãàçîâûõ ãèä-
ðàòîâ; ⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥ — ïîäîøâà ìíîãîëåòíåìåðçëûõ ïîðîä;
~ — ïîäîøâà êðèîëèòîçîíû
Êàê óñòàíîâëåíî ìíîãî÷èñëåííûìè áóðîâûìè è ñåéñìîðàçâåäî÷íûìè
ðàáîòàìè â ðàçëè÷íûõ ÷àñòÿõ ìèðà, ãàçîâûå ãèäðàòû îáðàçóþò ñêîïëåíèÿ
òîëüêî â îñàäî÷íûõ òîëùàõ, ïðåäñòàâëåííûõ êàê ïîðîäàìè ñ õîðîøèìè
ôèëüòðàöèîííî-åìêîñòíûìè ñâîéñòâàìè (ïåñêè, ïåñ÷àíèêè, òðåùèíîâàòûå
è ïîðèñòûå êàðáîíàòíûå è äð.), òàê è ñëàáîïðîíèöàåìûìè îòëîæåíèÿìè
(ãëèíû, èëû, àëåâðîëèòû, àðãèëëèòû). Â âûñîêîïðîíèöàåìûõ ïîðîäàõ ãèä-
ðàòû ñêàïëèâàþòñÿ â ïîðîâîì ïðîñòðàíñòâå, à â ñëàáîëèòèôèöèðîâàííûõ
è íèçêîïðîíèöàåìûõ îíè îáðàçóþò ãèäðàòíûå âêëþ÷åíèÿ ðàçëè÷íîé ôîð-
ìû. Ïðè ýòîì óäåëüíîå ãèäðàòîñîäåðæàíèå ñëàáîïðîíèöàåìûõ ïîðîä ìî-
æåò áûòü çíà÷èòåëüíî âûøå, ÷åì ó âûñîêîïðîíèöàåìûõ.
Íåñìîòðÿ íà ïðèâëåêàòåëüíîñòü èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ ãàçîãèäðàòîâ â êà÷å-
ñòâå ïåðñïåêòèâíîãî è ýêîëîãè÷åñêè ÷èñòîãî òîïëèâà, îáëàäàþùåãî îãðîì-
íûìè ðåñóðñàìè, ïîèñêè, ðàçâåäêà è ðàçðàáîòêà èõ ìåñòîðîæäåíèé ñîïðÿ-
æåíû ñ òðóäíîñòÿìè, âîçíèêàþùèìè ïðè îáåñïå÷åíèè òåõíè÷åñêîé è ýêî-
ëîãè÷åñêîé áåçîïàñíîñòè ïðîâåäåíèÿ ðàáîò. Ìàñøòàáû âîçíèêàþùèõ ïðî-
áëåì ìîãóò èçìåíÿòüñÿ îò ëîêàëüíûõ äî ðåãèîíàëüíûõ è äàæå ãëîáàëü-
íûõ. Ïîýòîìó îñâîåíèå ãàçîãèäðàòíûõ ðåñóðñîâ òðåáóåò ðàçðàáîòêè íîâûõ,
ãîðàçäî áîëåå ýôôåêòèâíûõ ïî ñðàâíåíèþ ñ ñóùåñòâóþùèìè, òåõíîëîãèé
ðàçâåäêè, äîáû÷è, òðàíñïîðòèðîâêè è õðàíåíèÿ ãàçà. Ýòè òåõíîëîãèè ìî-
ãóò ýôôåêòèâíî èñïîëüçîâàòüñÿ è íà òðàäèöèîííûõ ãàçîâûõ ìåñòîðîæäå-
íèÿõ, â òîì ÷èñëå íà òåõ, îòðàáîòêà êîòîðûõ ñåé÷àñ ïðåäñòàâëÿåò çíà÷è-
òåëüíûå òðóäíîñòè è íå ðåíòàáåëüíà.
Íåèçáåæíîå èçìåíåíèå òåðìîáàðè÷åñêèõ è ãåîëîãî-òåõíè÷åñêèõ óñ-
ëîâèé â ãîðíûõ ïîðîäàõ è îòëîæåíèÿõ, à òàêæå â òåõíè÷åñêèõ ñèñòåìàõ
(ñêâàæèíû, òðóáîïðîâîäû, òåõíîëîãè÷åñêèå öèðêóëÿöèîííûå ñèñòåìû è
ïð.) âûçûâàåò èëè îáðàçîâàíèå òàê íàçûâàåìûõ òåõíîãåííûõ ãèäðàòîâ, èëè
äèññîöèàöèþ ñóùåñòâóþùèõ ïðèðîäíûõ ãàçîãèäðàòîâ. È â òîì, è â äðóãîì
Ãåîòåõíîëîãè÷åñêèå îïàñíîñòè ïðè ïîèñêàõ, ðàçâåäêå è ýêñïëóàòàöèè ìåñòîðîæäåíèé...
ISSN 1999-7566 Ãåîëîãèÿ è ïîëåçíûå èñêîïàåìûå Ìèðîâîãî îêåàíà 107
ñëó÷àÿõ õàðàêòåð âîçíèêàþùèõ îñëîæíåíèé èìååò ìíîãî îáùåãî ñ òåìè, ñ
êîòîðûìè ñòàëêèâàþòñÿ íåôòÿíèêè è ãàçîâèêè ïðè ïðîâåäåíèè ðàçâåäî÷-
íûõ è äîáû÷íûõ ðàáîò â ðàéîíàõ ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ ìíîãîëåòíåìåðçëûõ ïîðîä
[4]. Îäíàêî èíòåíñèâíîñòü è ìàñøòàáû ïðîÿâëåíèÿ ýòèõ îñëîæíåíèé è èõ
âîçìîæíûõ àâàðèéíûõ ïîñëåäñòâèé íåñðàâíåííî âûøå.
Òåõíè÷åñêèå ïðîáëåìû ïðè áóðåíèè, èññëåäîâàíèè è ýêñïëóàòàöèè
ñêâàæèí, à òàêæå ïðè ïîäãîòîâêå, òðàíñïîðòèðîâêå è õðàíåíèè óãëåâîäî-
ðîäîâ: îáðàçîâàíèå òåõíîãåííûõ ãàçîãèäðàòîâ; äèññîöèàöèÿ ïðèðîäíûõ
ãàçîãèäðàòîâ.
Ýêîëîãè÷åñêèå ïðîáëåìû â ïðîöåññå îñâîåíèÿ èõ ðåñóðñîâ: äèññîöèà-
öèÿ ïðèðîäíûõ ãàçîãèäðàòîâ.
Ñ ïðîáëåìîé îáðàçîâàíèÿ òåõíîãåííûõ ãèäðàòîâ â òåõíîëîãè÷åñêèõ
ïðîöåññàõ âïåðâûå ñòîëêíóëèñü íåôòÿíèêè è ãàçîâèêè â 30-õ ãîäàõ ïðî-
øëîãî ñòîëåòèÿ â Ðîññèè, êîãäà îñíîâíûå îáúåìû ðàáîò ñòàëè íåóêëîííî
ïåðåìåùàòüñÿ íà Ñåâåð. Îáðàçóþùèåñÿ â áëàãîïðèÿòíûõ òåðìîáàðè÷åñêèõ
óñëîâèÿõ (íèçêàÿ òåìïåðàòóðà è âûñîêîå äàâëåíèå) â ïðèçàáîéíîé çîíå è
ñòâîëàõ ñêâàæèí, â øëåéôîâûõ è âíóòðèïðîìûñëîâûõ êîëëåêòîðàõ, â ñè-
ñòåìàõ ïðîìûñëîâîé è çàâîäñêîé ïîäãîòîâêè ãàçà, à òàêæå â ìàãèñòðàëü-
íûõ ãàçîòðàíñïîðòíûõ ñèñòåìàõ òåõíîãåííûå ãàçîâûå ãèäðàòû ñîçäàþò
äîïîëíèòåëüíûå ñîïðîòèâëåíèÿ è ïðîáêè ïðè äâèæåíèè íåôòè è ãàçà. Ýòî
ñíèæàåò ïðîíèöàåìîñòü îêîëîñòâîëüíîé çîíû ñêâàæèí â èíòåðâàëå ïðî-
äóêòèâíîãî ïëàñòà, ïðåïÿòñòâóåò ïðîâåäåíèþ êà÷åñòâåííîé öåìåíòàöèè
îáñàäíûõ êîëîíí, âûâîäèò èç ñòðîÿ îòäåëüíûå ýëåìåíòû òåõíîëîãè÷åñêèõ
öèðêóëÿöèîííûõ ñèñòåì è ïð.
Ïðè óâåëè÷åíèè ãëóáèí áóðåíèÿ, îñîáåííî ìîðñêèõ ñêâàæèí, îïàñ-
íîñòü îáðàçîâàíèÿ òåõíîãåííûõ ãèäðàòîâ ñóùåñòâåííî âîçðàñòàåò â óñëîâè-
ÿõ âîçìîæíîãî ñìåøèâàíèÿ ãàçà, ïîñòóïàþùåãî â ñêâàæèíó, ñ âîäíîé ñðå-
äîé èëè âîäíîé ôàçîé ðàçíîîáðàçíûõ ïî ñîñòàâó áóðîâûõ ðàñòâîðîâ. Íàè-
áîëåå âåðîÿòíûå è îïàñíûå îñëîæíåíèÿ ñâÿçàíû çäåñü ñ ýëåìåíòàìè, ðàñ-
ïîëîæåííûìè â ìåñòàõ ñ ñàìîé íèçêîé òåìïåðàòóðîé è â óñëîâèÿõ áûñòðî-
ãî îõëàæäåíèÿ ïðè ïðåêðàùåíèè öèðêóëÿöèè: ñ ëèíèÿìè äðîññåëüíûìè,
ãëóøåíèÿ ñêâàæèíû è îáâÿçêîé ïðåâåíòîðà. Â íàçåìíûõ òðóáîïðîâîäíûõ
ñèñòåìàõ äëÿ ðàçðóøåíèÿ ãèäðàòíûõ ïðîáîê â öèðêóëÿöèîííûõ ñèñòåìàõ
ñîçäàâàëèñü áîëüøèå ïåðåïàäû äàâëåíèÿ.
Ïðè ýòîì âîçíèêàëà ðåàëüíàÿ îïàñíîñòü äëÿ ðàáîòû îáñëóæèâàþùåãî
ïåðñîíàëà. Âûõîä ýòèõ ñèñòåì èç ñòðîÿ ÷àñòî ïðèâîäèë ê ñåðüåçíûì àâàðè-
ÿì è äàæå ê ïîòåðå ñêâàæèíû. Ëèêâèäàöèÿ òàêèõ àâàðèé — äàëåêî íå
áåçîïàñíîå ìåðîïðèÿòèå, îíà òðåáóåò áîëüøèõ ìàòåðèàëüíûõ è âðåìåííûõ
çàòðàò è, êàê ïðàâèëî, ñîïðîâîæäàåòñÿ ñåðüåçíûì óõóäøåíèåì ýêîëîãè-
÷åñêîé îáñòàíîâêè íà ìåñòå ïðîâåäåíèÿ ðàáîò.
Äëÿ ïðåäóïðåæäåíèÿ îáðàçîâàíèÿ òåõíîãåííûõ ãèäðàòîâ â íàñòîÿùåå
âðåìÿ ïðèìåíÿþòñÿ ðàçíîîáðàçíûå õèìè÷åñêèå, ôèçè÷åñêèå è òåõíîëîãè-
÷åñêèå ìåòîäû, ñðåäè êîòîðûõ â îòå÷åñòâåííîé ïðîìûñëîâîé ïðàêòèêå íàè-
áîëåå øèðîêî èñïîëüçóþòñÿ õèìè÷åñêèå ðåàãåíòû — èíãèáèòîðû ãèäðàòî-
îáðàçîâàíèÿ, ñðåäè êîòîðûõ èñêëþ÷èòåëüíîå ìåñòî çàíèìàåò ìåòàíîë. Îáúåì
×èñòÿêîâ Â. Ê.
108 ISSN 1999-7566 Ãåîëîãèÿ è ïîëåçíûå èñêîïàåìûå Ìèðîâîãî îêåàíà
ïîòðåáëåíèÿ ìåòàíîëà â íåôòåãàçîâîì ïðîèçâîäñòâå Ðîññèè ïî îöåíêå ÂÍÈ-
ÈÃàç â 2030 ãîäó ìîæåò ñîñòàâèòü 1 ìëí. òîíí â ãîä [3].
Íåñìîòðÿ íà çíà÷èòåëüíûå òåõíîëîãè÷åñêèå ïðåèìóùåñòâà, ìåòàíîë
îáëàäàåò ñóùåñòâåííûìè íåäîñòàòêàìè: ÿäîâèòîñòü, ïîæàðîîïàñíîñòü è
âûñîêàÿ ñòîèìîñòü óòèëèçàöèè îòõîäîâ.
Òàêèì îáðàçîì, ñóùåñòâóþùèå ìåòîäû ïðåäóïðåæäåíèÿ òåõíîãåííî-
ãî ãèäðàòîîáðàçîâàíèÿ ñâÿçàíû ñ âîçíèêíîâåíèåì íîâûõ òåõíîëîãè÷åñêèõ
îïàñíîñòåé, äëÿ óñïåøíîé áîðüáû ñ êîòîðûìè òðåáóåòñÿ ðàçðàáîòêà áîëåå
ýôôåêòèâíûõ òåõíîëîãèé ïðîìûñëîâîé è çàâîäñêîé îáðàáîòêè ïðèðîäíûõ
ãàçîâ.
Áóðåíèå ðàçâåäî÷íûõ è ýêñïëóàòàöèîííûõ ñêâàæèí íà ìåñòîðîæäå-
íèÿõ ïðèðîäíûõ ãàçîãèäðàòîâ, êàê ïðàâèëî, ñîïðîâîæäàåòñÿ ïîâûøåííû-
ìè ãàçîïðîÿâëåíèÿìè, âûçâàííûìè ïëàâëåíèåì ãèäðàòîâ (ëåäÿíûõ êàðêà-
ñîâ) è ðàñïàäîì òâåðäîãî ãàçîâîãî ãèäðàòà íà ãàç è âîäó. Äàæå íåáîëüøèå
èçìåíåíèÿ äàâëåíèÿ è òåìïåðàòóðû âåäóò ê áûñòðîé ôàçîâîé òðàíñôîðìà-
öèè âîäíî-ãàçîâîé ñìåñè, ÷òî âûçûâàåò â çàìêíóòîì ïðîñòðàíñòâå (îêîëî-
ñòâîëüíàÿ çîíà ñêâàæèíû) ðåçêîå ïîâûøåíèå ïëàñòîâîãî äàâëåíèÿ, à â
ïðîíèöàåìûõ èëè ñâîáîäíî ïåðåìåùàþùèõñÿ ñðåäàõ — èíòåíñèâíîå ãàçî-
ïðîÿâëåíèå è äàæå îáðàçîâàíèå ãàçîâîãî ïóçûðÿ, îáúåì êîòîðîãî ìîæåò â
äåñÿòêè ðàç ïðåâûøàòü ïåðâîíà÷àëüíûé îáúåì ãàçîâûõ ãèäðàòîâ.
Ðàçëîæåíèå ãèäðàòîâ â îêîëîñòâîëüíîì ïðîñòðàíñòâå ñêâàæèíû ñó-
ùåñòâåííî ñíèæàåò ïðî÷íîñòíûå ñâîéñòâà ãîðíûõ ïîðîä, è ýòî â çíà÷è-
òåëüíîé ìåðå îñëàáëÿåò åå êîíñòðóêöèþ è ãåðìåòè÷íîñòü çàêîëîííîãî ïðî-
ñòðàíñòâà. Òèïè÷íûå îñëîæíåíèÿ, ñâÿçàííûå ñ ýòèì: ñìÿòèå è ðàçðóøåíèå
îáñàäíûõ êîëîíí, çàòðóäíåíèÿ â ïðîâåäåíèè êà÷åñòâåííîé öåìåíòàöèè,
ìåæêîëîííûå è çàêîëîííûå ïåðåòîêè, îáðàçîâàíèå ãàçîâûõ ãðèôîíîâ, ïðî-
ñåäàíèå êîëîíí è ïð. Èõ ïðåäîòâðàùåíèå è ëèêâèäàöèÿ òðåáóþò äîïîëíè-
òåëüíûõ çàòðàò ñðåäñòâ è âðåìåíè, ñîïðîâîæäàþòñÿ óõóäøåíèåì óñëîâèé
òåõíè÷åñêîé è ýêîëîãè÷åñêîé áåçîïàñíîñòè ïðîâåäåíèÿ ðàáîò.
Îñâîåíèå ìåñòîðîæäåíèé ñåâåðà Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè ñòîëêíóëîñü ñ ïðî-
áëåìîé èíòåíñèâíîãî ãàçîïðîÿâëåíèÿ è âíåçàïíûõ âûáðîñîâ ãàçà èç íåãëó-
áîêèõ èíòåðâàëîâ êðèîëèòîçîíû. Ýòè âûáðîñû ÷àñòî ïðèâîäÿò ê ðàçëè÷-
íûì àâàðèéíûì ñèòóàöèÿì íà ñêâàæèíàõ, âêëþ÷àÿ âûáðîñû áóðîâîãî ðà-
ñòâîðà è øëàìà, ïðèõâàòû áóðîâîãî ñíàðÿäà è äàæå ïîæàðû. Òàê, íàïðè-
ìåð, íà Áîâàíåíêîâñêîì ãàçîêîíäåíñàòíîì ìåñòîðîæäåíèè ïîñëå èñïûòà-
íèÿ ñêâàæèí âíóòðèìåðçëîòíûå ãàçîâûäåëåíèÿ ñî ñòàáèëüíûì äåáèòîì
ìîãëè ïðîäîëæàòüñÿ â òå÷åíèå íåñêîëüêèõ ìåñÿöåâ, à èíòåíñèâíîñòü ãàçî-
âûõ ïîòîêîâ äîñòèãàëà 14000 ì3/ñóò.
Ïðîâåäåííûå èññëåäîâàíèÿ ïîäòâåðäèëè ñâÿçü èíòåíñèâíûõ ãàçîïðî-
ÿâëåíèé ñ åãî ãàçîãèäðàòíîé ôîðìîé íàõîæäåíèÿ â òîëùå ìåðçëûõ ïîðîä
êàê â çîíå ñòàáèëüíîñòè ñóùåñòâîâàíèÿ ãàçîâûõ ãèäðàòîâ (ãëóáèíû íèæå
200 ì), òàê è ïðè çíà÷èòåëüíî ìåíüøèõ ãëóáèíàõ â çîíàõ ìåòàñòàáèëüíîãî
ñîñòîÿíèÿ ãàçîâûõ ãèäðàòîâ çà ñ÷åò ýôôåêòà ñàìîêîíñåðâàöèè ïðè îòðèöà-
òåëüíûõ òåìïåðàòóðàõ [8].
 ïîäîáíûõ óñëîâèÿõ íà ïåðâîì ýòàïå ïîèñêîâî-ðàçâåäî÷íûõ ðàáîò â
äåëüòå ðåêè Ìàêåíçè (Êàíàäà) ïðè âñêðûòèè ñêâàæèíîé ãèäðàòîñîäåðæà-
Ãåîòåõíîëîãè÷åñêèå îïàñíîñòè ïðè ïîèñêàõ, ðàçâåäêå è ýêñïëóàòàöèè ìåñòîðîæäåíèé...
ISSN 1999-7566 Ãåîëîãèÿ è ïîëåçíûå èñêîïàåìûå Ìèðîâîãî îêåàíà 109
ùèõ îòëîæåíèé â ðåçóëüòàòå âíåçàïíîãî âûáðîñà ãàçà ïîãèáëè 2 êàíàäñêèõ
áóðîâèêà [13].
Ïðîìûøëåííîå îñâîåíèå øåëüôîâîé çîíû, ñâÿçàííîå ñ äîáû÷åé ïî-
ëåçíûõ èñêîïàåìûõ è ñòðîèòåëüñòâîì ïîäâîäíûõ ñîîðóæåíèé, äåëàåò àê-
òóàëüíîé ïðîáëåìó óñòîé÷èâîñòè ïîäâîäíûõ ñêëîíîâ. Øèðîêîå ðàñïðîñò-
ðàíåíèå ãàçîâûõ ãèäðàòîâ â äîííûõ îòëîæåíèÿõ ìîðåé è îêåàíîâ òðåáóåò
ðàññìîòðåíèÿ ïðîáëåìû ìåòàñòàáèëüíîñòè ãèäðàòîñîäåðæàùèõ îòëîæåíèé
êàê ãðóíòîâ îñíîâàíèÿ ïðè îáóñòðîéñòâå è ýêñïëóàòàöèè ìîðñêèõ ìåñòî-
ðîæäåíèé. Êàê ïðàâèëî, ïðèñóòñòâèå ãàçîãèäðàòîâ â äîííûõ îòëîæåíèÿõ
ïîâûøàåò èõ ìåõàíè÷åñêóþ ïðî÷íîñòü ïî ñðàâíåíèþ ñ ïîäñòèëàþùèìè
ïîðîäàìè, íå ñîäåðæàùèìè ãèäðàòîâ. Òàê êàê ãàçîãèäðàòû îòíîñÿòñÿ ê
ìåòàñòàáèëüíûì îáðàçîâàíèÿì è ñóùåñòâóþò â ïðèðîäå â óñëîâèÿõ, áëèç-
êèõ ê ãðàíèöå èõ ôàçîâîé óñòîé÷èâîñòè, òî äàæå ïðè íåáîëüøèõ èçìåíå-
íèÿõ âíåøíèõ óñëîâèé (òåìïåðàòóðû è äàâëåíèÿ), ñâÿçàííûõ ñ ãåîëîãè-
÷åñêîé èëè ÷åëîâå÷åñêîé äåÿòåëüíîñòüþ, â íèõ âîçíèêàþò íåîáðàòèìûå
ïðîöåññû ðàçëîæåíèÿ ñ îñâîáîæäåíèåì îãðîìíîãî êîëè÷åñòâà ãàçà è áîëü-
øîé ìàññû âîäû. Ýòîò ïðîöåññ ñóùåñòâåííî ñíèæàåò ïðî÷íîñòíûå õàðàêòå-
ðèñòèêè ñàìèõ ãèäðàòîñîäåðæàùèõ îòëîæåíèé, ÷òî ìîæåò âûçâàòü èõ âíóò-
ðåííþþ íåóñòîé÷èâîñòü.
Ïðîõîäêà íåôòÿíûõ è ãàçîâûõ ñêâàæèí ÷åðåç ãèäðàòîñîäåðæàùèå
ñëîè ïîä ìîðñêèì äíîì ìîæåò âûçâàòü îòòàèâàíèå ãèäðàòîâ è äåôîðìàöèþ
ñòâîëîâ ñêâàæèí, ÷òî ïîâûøàåò ðèñê àâàðèéíûõ ñèòóàöèé íà ïëàòôîðìàõ.
 ðåçóëüòàòå ðàçóïðî÷íåíèÿ ãðóíòîâ ïðè èçìåíåíèè íàïðÿæåííî-äåôîð-
ìèðîâàííîãî ñîñòîÿíèÿ ïîäâîäíîãî ñêëîíà ïîÿâëÿåòñÿ âîçìîæíîñòü ôîð-
ìèðîâàíèÿ ïîëîñû ñêîëüæåíèÿ è áûñòðîãî ðàçâèòèÿ îïîëçíåâîãî ïðîöåññà
êàê â òîëùå ñàìèõ ãèäðàòîñîäåðæàùèõ îòëîæåíèé, òàê è ïî ïîâåðõíîñòè
èõ êîíòàêòà ñ ïîäãèäðàòíûìè îòëîæåíèÿìè, ñ âîçíèêíîâåíèåì êðóïíûõ
ïîäâîäíûõ îïîëçíåé, îñàäî÷íûõ áëîêîâ è îáâàëîâ.
Ñëåäóåò îòìåòèòü, ÷òî ýòè ïðîöåññû ìîãóò èìåòü ðàçëè÷íûå ìàñø-
òàáû — îò ëîêàëüíûõ äî ðåãèîíàëüíûõ. Îíè ìîãóò âîçíèêàòü äàæå íà
ñêëîíàõ ñ óãëàìè íàêëîíà ìåíåå 5 ãðàä. è óãðîæàþò íå òîëüêî ëþáîìó
ñîîðóæåíèþ, ðàñïîëîæåííîìó íà ìîðñêîì äíå, íî è ìîãóò âûçûâàòü êàòà-
ñòðîôû, ñâÿçàííûå ñ âîçìîæíîñòüþ âîçíèêíîâåíèÿ öóíàìè ïðè ïåðåìåùå-
íèè ìàññèâà ïîðîä. Íà îïàñíîñòü ðàçâèòèÿ îïîëçíåé çíà÷èòåëüíîå âëèÿíèå
îêàçûâàþò ðàçíîîáðàçíûå ãåîëîãè÷åñêèå ïðîöåññû: çåìëåòðÿñåíèÿ, âóëêà-
íè÷åñêàÿ äåÿòåëüíîñòü, ïîíèæåíèå óðîâíÿ Ìèðîâîãî îêåàíà, ïîâûøåíèå
òåìïåðàòóðû ó îñíîâàíèÿ çîíû ñòàáèëüíîñòè çà ñ÷åò ïðîäîëæàþùåãîñÿ
ïðîöåññà ñåäèìåíòàöèè è, íàêîíåö, äåÿòåëüíîñòü ÷åëîâåêà. Âñå ýòî ïðîèñ-
õîäèò îäíîâðåìåííî ñ äèññîöèàöèåé ãàçîâ ïðè ðàçëîæåíèè ñêîïëåíèÿ ãèä-
ðàòîâ â ìîðñêèõ äîííûõ îòëîæåíèÿõ è ìîæåò ñïðîâîöèðîâàòü îáðàçîâàíèå
è ðàçâèòèå îïîëçíåé â øåëüôîâîé çîíå. Ìíîãèå èññëåäîâàòåëè ê òàêîìó
ìåõàíèçìó îáðàçîâàíèÿ îïîëçíåé îòíîñÿò îïîëçíè â Íîðâåæñêîì ìîðå
(ðèñ. 4) [11].
Ýêñïëóàòàöèÿ â ðàéîíàõ ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ ïîäâîäíûõ ãàçîãèäðàòíûõ
çàëåæåé, ãäå èìååòñÿ óêëîí ìîðñêîãî äíà, ÷ðåâàòî îáðàçîâàíèåì ïîäâîä-
íûõ îïîëçíåé, êîòîðûå ìîãóò óíè÷òîæèòü ãëóáîêîâîäíóþ äîáûâàþùóþ
×èñòÿêîâ Â. Ê.
110 ISSN 1999-7566 Ãåîëîãèÿ è ïîëåçíûå èñêîïàåìûå Ìèðîâîãî îêåàíà
ïëàòôîðìó. Ïðèìåðîì ïîñëåäñòâèé âìåøàòåëüñòâà ÷åëîâåêà â ìèð ïðèðîä-
íûõ ãèäðàòîâ ñëóæàò êðóïíåéøèå àâàðèè â õîäå íàó÷íî-èññëåäîâàòåëüñ-
êèõ ýêñïåäèöèé. Òàê, íàïðèìåð, â 1989 ãîäó êîìïàíèÿ “Ñàãà ïåòðîëåóì
ÀÑ” ïðè áóðåíèè ñêâàæèíû íà ñåâåðå Íîðâåæñêîãî ìîðÿ ïî ýòîé ïðè÷èíå
ïîíåñëà óáûòêè â ðàçìåðå 90 ìëí. äîëëàðîâ [2]. Èìåííî âûñâîáîæäåíèå
áîëüøîãî êîëè÷åñòâà ãàçà èç ñêîïëåíèÿ ãàçîãèäðàòîâ â ìîðñêèõ äîííûõ
îñàäêàõ, ïî ìíåíèþ ðÿäà èññëåäîâàòåëåé, ïðèâåëî â ñâîå âðåìÿ ê ðàçðóøå-
íèþ äîáûâàþùèõ ïëàòôîðì â Ñåâåðíîì è Êàñïèéñêîì ìîðÿõ. Öåëûé ðÿä
àíîìàëüíûõ ÿâëåíèé òèïà “Áåðìóäñêîãî òðåóãîëüíèêà” è äð. òàêæå ìîæåò
áûòü ñâÿçàí ñ äåñòàáèëèçàöèåé ìîðñêèõ ãàçîãèäðàòîâ [11].
Êðîìå òîãî, ìåòàí, ÿâëÿþùèéñÿ îñíîâíûì êîìïîíåíòîì ïðèðîäíûõ
ãàçîâûõ ãèäðàòîâ, ïðåäñòàâëÿåò ñîáîé îïàñíîñòü äëÿ Çåìíîé àòìîñôåðû
êàê îäèí èç ýôôåêòèâíåéøèõ òàê íàçûâàåìûõ ïàðíèêîâûõ ãàçîâ, èçìåíå-
íèå êîíöåíòðàöèé êîòîðûõ â àòìîñôåðå ìîæåò âûçâàòü ñåðüåçíûå êëèìà-
òè÷åñêèå ïðîáëåìû. Ïî ñâîåìó âîçäåéñòâèþ íà ïîâûøåíèå òåìïåðàòóðû
àòìîñôåðû îí ïðèáëèçèòåëüíî â 30 ðàç îïàñíåå óãëåêèñëîãî ãàçà. Ñóùå-
ñòâóþò ãèïîòåçû, êîòîðûå ñâÿçûâàþò êëèìàòè÷åñêèå èçìåíåíèÿ â ëåäíè-
êîâûå ïåðèîäû ñ ðàçëîæåíèåì è îáðàçîâàíèåì ãàçîãèäðàòîâ [2].
Ðèñ. 4. Îïîëçíè ëåäíèêîâîãî è ïîñëåëåäíèêîâîãî ïåðèîäîâ â Íîðâåæñêîì ìîðå [11]
Ãåîòåõíîëîãè÷åñêèå îïàñíîñòè ïðè ïîèñêàõ, ðàçâåäêå è ýêñïëóàòàöèè ìåñòîðîæäåíèé...
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Ïîýòîìó â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ çà ðóáåæîì óäåëÿåòñÿ áîëüøîå âíèìàíèå
èçó÷åíèþ ïðèðîäíûõ ãàçîâûõ ãèäðàòîâ — è êàê ïåðñïåêòèâíûõ èñòî÷íè-
êîâ ãàçà, è êàê ôàêòîðà, îñëîæíÿþùåãî ðàçâåäêó è äîáû÷ó íåôòè è ãàçà â
ðåçóëüòàòå èõ äèññîöèàöèè ïðè èçìåíåíèè åñòåñòâåííûõ òåðìîáàðè÷åñêèõ
è ãåîëîãî-òåõíè÷åñêèõ óñëîâèé ñòàáèëüíîãî èõ ñóùåñòâîâàíèÿ ïðè ïðîâå-
äåíèè ðàçíîîáðàçíûõ òåõíîëîãè÷åñêèõ îïåðàöèé.
Äàëüíåéøåå èñïîëüçîâàíèå ðåñóðñîâ ãèäðàòîñîäåðæàùèõ îòëîæåíèé
â çíà÷èòåëüíîé ñòåïåíè çàâèñèò îò ýôôåêòèâíîãî ðåøåíèÿ íå òîëüêî ïðî-
áëåì ýêîëîãè÷åñêîé è òåõíè÷åñêîé áåçîïàñíîñòè ïðîâåäåíèÿ ðàçâåäî÷íûõ
è ýêñïëóàòàöèîííûõ ðàáîò, íî è öåëîãî ðÿäà ñâÿçàííûõ ñ îñâîåíèåì íîâûõ
ýíåðãåòè÷åñêèõ ðåñóðñîâ ãåîýòè÷åñêèõ ïðîáëåì. Ïðèðîäíûå ãàçîãèäðàòû,
ðàñïîëàãàÿñü â ïðèïîâåðõíîñòíîé ãåîñôåðå, â îòëè÷èå îò äðóãèõ ðåñóðñîâ
êðàéíå ÷óâñòâèòåëüíû ê èçìåíåíèÿì âíåøíèõ ïàðàìåòðîâ ñðåäû, èíèöèà-
òîðîì êîòîðûõ, ïîìèìî ðàçíîîáðàçíûõ ïðèðîäíûõ ôàêòîðîâ, ñòàíîâèòñÿ
äåÿòåëüíîñòü ÷åëîâåêà.
Îñâîåíèå ãàçîãèäðàòíûõ ðåñóðñîâ, êàê è äðóãèõ ñëîæíûõ ïðèðîäíûõ
êîìïëåêñîâ, òðåáóåò ïðîâåäåíèÿ áîëüøîãî îáúåìà èññëåäîâàòåëüñêèõ ðà-
áîò, êîìïëåêñíîãî ïîäõîäà ê îñâàèâàåìîé òåððèòîðèè è, ÷òî îñîáåííî âàæ-
íî, èñïîëíèòåëè äîëæíû ðóêîâîäñòâîâàòüñÿ íå òîëüêî âûñîêèì ïðîôåññè-
îíàëèçìîì, íî è ïðèíöèïàìè ãåîýòèêè.
Îäíà èç îñíîâíûõ ïðîáëåì ãåîýòèêè ñâÿçàíà ñ òåì, ÷òî íûíåøíåå
âìåøàòåëüñòâî ÷åëîâåêà â ïpèpîäíûé ìèp ÷påçìåpíî, è ñèòóàöèÿ áûñòðî
óõóäøàåòñÿ. Øèðîêîå ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå íåóñòîé÷èâûõ è êðàéíå íåóñòîé-
÷èâûõ ïðèðîäíûõ êîìïëåêñîâ îïðåäåëÿåò â ñâÿçè ñ ýòèì íåîáõîäèìîñòü
æåñòêîãî ëèìèòèðîâàíèÿ â èõ ïðåäåëàõ õîçÿéñòâåííîé äåÿòåëüíîñòè. Ãåî-
ýòè÷åñêèé ïîäõîä ïðåäïîëàãàåò èçìåíåíèÿ â ïîëèòèêå ïðîâåäåíèÿ òàêîé
äåÿòåëüíîñòè. Ýòè èçìåíåíèÿ äîëæíû çàäåéñòâîâàòü áàçîâûå ýêîíîìè÷åñ-
êèå, òåõíîëîãè÷åñêèå è èäåîëîãè÷åñêèå ñòpóêòópû. Òîëüêî òîãäà ñèòóàöèÿ
áóäåò ñåðüåçíî îòëè÷àòüñÿ îò ñóùåñòâóþùåé.
Òåîðåòè÷åñêèå è ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíûå èññëåäîâàíèÿ ïî èçó÷åíèþ
ñâîéñòâ è çàêîíîìåðíîñòåé ñòðîåíèÿ, îáðàçîâàíèÿ è ðàçðóøåíèÿ ãàçîâûõ
ãèäðàòîâ, óñëîâèé èõ êîíöåíòðàöèè â çåìíîé êîðå è ôîðìèðîâàíèÿ ðàç-
ëè÷íîãî òèïà ìåñòîðîæäåíèé; ñîâåðøåíñòâîâàíèå ìåòîäîâ ïîèñêà, îöåíêè
è ýôôåêòèâíîé ðàçðàáîòêè ýòèõ ìåñòîðîæäåíèé, ïðîãíîçèðîâàíèå âîçìîæ-
íûõ ýêîëîãè÷åñêèõ è òåõíîãåííûõ îñëîæíåíèé äîëæíû îáåñïå÷èòü ýôôåê-
òèâíîñòü ïðàêòè÷åñêîé äåÿòåëüíîñòè â ýòîì íàïðàâëåíèè.
1. Áàñíèåâ Ê.Ñ. Ïðèðîäíûå ãàçîãèäðàòíûå ðåñóðñû, ïðîáëåìû, ïåðñïåêòèâû. —
Âûï. 28 — Ì.: Íåôòü è ãàç, 2003. — 20 ñ.
2. Äÿäèí Þ.À., Ãóùèí À.Ë. Ãàçîâûå ãèäðàòû. Ñîðîâñêèé îáðàçîâàòåëüíûé æóð-
íàë. 1998, ¹ 3, ñ 55-64.
3. Èñòîìèí À.Í., Êâîí Â.Ã. Ïðåäóïðåæäåíèå è ëèêâèäàöèÿ ãàçîâûõ ãèäðàòîâ â
ñèñòåìàõ äîáû÷è ãàçà. — Ì.: ÎÎÎ “ÈÐÖ ÃÀÇÏÐÎÌ”, 2004.
4. Êóäðÿøîâ Á.Á., ×èñòÿêîâ Â.Ê., Ëèòâèíåíêî Â.Ñ. Áóðåíèå ñêâàæèí â óñëîâèÿõ
èçìåíåíèÿ àãðåãàòíîãî ñîñòîÿíèÿ ãîðíûõ ïîðîä. — Ë.: Íåäðà, 1991. — 295 ñ.
5. Ìàêîãîí Þ.Ô. Ïðèðîäíûå ãèäðàòû: îòêðûòèå è ïåðñïåêòèâû. Ãàçîâàÿ ïðî-
ìûøëåííîñòü, 2001, ¹ 5, ñ.10-16. Ìàêîãîí Þ.Ô. Ïðèðîäíûå ãàçîâûå ãèäðàòû: ðàñ-
×èñòÿêîâ Â. Ê.
112 ISSN 1999-7566 Ãåîëîãèÿ è ïîëåçíûå èñêîïàåìûå Ìèðîâîãî îêåàíà
ïðîñòðàíåíèå, ìîäåëè îáðàçîâàíèÿ, ðåñóðñû. Ðîñ. õèì. æ. (Æ. Ðîñ. õèì. îá-âà èì. Ä.È. Ìåí-
äåëååâà). 2003, ò. XLVII, ¹ 3, ñ 70-79.
6. Ìåëüíèêîâ Â.Ï., Ñïåñèâöåâ Â.È. Êðèîãåííûå îáðàçîâàíèÿ â ëèòîñôåðå Çåìëè.
Íîâîñèáèðñê, ÍÈÖ ÎÈÃÃÌ ÑÎ ÐÀÍ, èçä-âî ÑÎ ÐÀÍ, 2000. 343ñ.
7. ßêóøåâ Â.Ñ., Èñòîìèí Â.À., Ïåðëîâà Å.Â. Ðåñóðñû è ïåðñïåêòèâû îñâîåíèÿ
íåòðàäèöèîííûõ èñòî÷íèêîâ ãàçà â Ðîññèè. — Ì.: ÂÍÈÈÃÀÇ. — 2002. — 86 ñ.
8. ßêóøåâ Â.Ñ., Ïåðëîâà Å.Â., Ìàõîíèíà Í.À. è äð. Ãàçîâûå ãèäðàòû â îòëîæå-
íèÿõ ìàòåðèêîâ è îñòðîâîâ. Ðîñ. õèì. æ. (Æ. Ðîñ. õèì. îá-âà èì. Ä.È. Ìåíäåëååâà).
2003, ò. XLVII, ¹ 3, ñ 80-90.
9. Dallimore, S.R., T. Uchida, and T.S. Collett. Scientific Results from JAPEX/
JNOC/GSC Mallik 2L-38 Gas Hydrate Research Well, Mackenzie Delta, Northwest
Territories, Canada, Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin 544, 1999, 403 p (32 articles).
10. Kvenvolden, K.A., 1993. Gas hydrates — geological perspective and global change.
Reviews of Geophysics, 31, no. 2 (May), 173- 187.
11. Katsube, T.J. Jonasson, I.R. Uchida, T. and Connell-Madore, S., 2004, Possible
seal mechanisms in shallow sediments: and their implication for gas-hydrate accumulation:
In Proceedings of AAPG HEDBERG CONFERENCE “Gas Hydrates: Energy Resource
Potential and Associated Geologic Hazards” (Ed: T. Collette and A. Johnson), September
12-16, 2004, Vancouver, BC, Canada, 4p.
12. Makogon, Y.F., Holditch, S.A., Makogon T.Y. Russian field illustrates gas hydrate
production. Oil&Gas Journal, Feb.7, 2005, vol. 103.5, pp. 43-47.
13. Smith, S.L., and A.S. Judge, 1995. Estimates of methane hydrate volumes in the
Beaufort-Mackenzie region, Northwest Territories, in Current Research, 1995-B, Geological
Survey of Canada, 81-88 (also Geological Survey of Canada Open File 2746, 1993).
14. Takahashi, H., Tsuji, Y. Japan drills, logs gas hydrate wells in the Nankai Trough.
Oil&Gas Journal, Sept.12, 2005, vol. 103.34, pp. 37-42,
Ïðîöåñè, ÿê³ çóìîâëþþòü ïîðóøåííÿ ïðèðîäíîãî ñòàíó ïîêëàäó ã³äðàò³â, ìàþòü
åêîëîã³÷í³ íàñë³äêè: âèä³ëåííÿ â³ëüíîãî ãàçó â àòìîñôåðó â âåëèêèõ ê³ëüêîñòÿõ
ìîæå ìàòè ñï³âñòàâíèé ç ÑÎ
2
âïëèâ íà êë³ìàò, íà ìîðñüêîìó äí³ â ðåçóëüòàò³ çìåí-
øåííÿ òðèâêèõ õàðàêòåðèñòèê ïîð³ä ìîæóòü âèíèêíóòè çñóâè.
The gas hydrates are a safety hazard to drilling operation, as they could become
unstable under typical wellborn conditions and produce large quantities of gas. The
decomposition of natural gas hydrates in porous medium could also imduce the subsea
landslides and global weather changes. Recent studies show that they might provide an
opportunity for CO
2
sequestering. Scales of arising problems can change from local up
to regional and even global.
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| id | nasplib_isofts_kiev_ua-123456789-5317 |
| institution | Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| issn | 1999-7566 |
| language | Russian |
| last_indexed | 2025-12-07T15:28:15Z |
| publishDate | 2008 |
| publisher | Відділення морської геології та осадочного рудоутворення НАН України |
| record_format | dspace |
| spelling | Чистяков, В.К. 2010-01-14T15:27:48Z 2010-01-14T15:27:48Z 2008 Геотехнологические опасности при поисках, разведке и эксплуатации месторождений природных газовых гидратов / В.К. Чистяков // Геология и полезные ископаемые Мирового океана. — 2008. — № 3. — С. 103-112. — Бібліогр.: 14 назв. — рос. 1999-7566 https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/5317 Процессы, вызывающие нарушение естественного состояния залежи гидратов, имеют экологические последствия: выделение свободного газа в атмосферу в больших количествах может иметь сопоставимое с СО2 влияние на климат на морском дне в результате уменьшения прочностных свойств пород могут образоваться оползни. Процеси, які зумовлюють порушення природного стану покладу гідратів, мають екологічні наслідки: виділення вільного газу в атмосферу в великих кількостях може мати співставний з СО2 вплив на клімат, на морському дні в результаті зменшення тривких характеристик порід можуть виникнути зсуви. The gas hydrates are a safety hazard to drilling operation, as they could become unstable under typical wellborn conditions and produce large quantities of gas. The decomposition of natural gas hydrates in porous medium could also imduce the subsea landslides and global weather changes. Recent studies show that they might provide an opportunity for CO2 sequestering. Scales of arising problems can change from local up to regional and even global. ru Відділення морської геології та осадочного рудоутворення НАН України Геотехнологические опасности при поисках, разведке и эксплуатации месторождений природных газовых гидратов Геотехнологічні небезпеки при пошуках, розвідці та експлуатації родовищ природних газових гідратів Geotechnological Hazards in Prospecting, Exploring and Exploiting Deposits of Natural Gas Hydrates Article published earlier |
| spellingShingle | Геотехнологические опасности при поисках, разведке и эксплуатации месторождений природных газовых гидратов Чистяков, В.К. |
| title | Геотехнологические опасности при поисках, разведке и эксплуатации месторождений природных газовых гидратов |
| title_alt | Геотехнологічні небезпеки при пошуках, розвідці та експлуатації родовищ природних газових гідратів Geotechnological Hazards in Prospecting, Exploring and Exploiting Deposits of Natural Gas Hydrates |
| title_full | Геотехнологические опасности при поисках, разведке и эксплуатации месторождений природных газовых гидратов |
| title_fullStr | Геотехнологические опасности при поисках, разведке и эксплуатации месторождений природных газовых гидратов |
| title_full_unstemmed | Геотехнологические опасности при поисках, разведке и эксплуатации месторождений природных газовых гидратов |
| title_short | Геотехнологические опасности при поисках, разведке и эксплуатации месторождений природных газовых гидратов |
| title_sort | геотехнологические опасности при поисках, разведке и эксплуатации месторождений природных газовых гидратов |
| url | https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/5317 |
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