The effects of anthropogenic pollution on the Kanev Reservoir (Ukraine) phytoplankton. 1. Phytoplankton dynamics at stations with different levels of pollution
The aim of the investigation was to compare the phytoplankton structure in two zones of the river part of Kanev Reservoir characterized by different levels of urban pollution. Two stations were selected for this purpose: 1, in a relatively pure area of the the river part of Kanev Reservoir; and 2, a...
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Інститут ботаніки ім. М.Г. Холодного НАН України
2008
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| Cite this: | The effects of anthropogenic pollution on the Kanev Reservoir (Ukraine) phytoplankton. 1. Phytoplankton dynamics at stations with different levels of pollution / T.I. Mikhailyuk, Y. Kamenir, A.F. Popova, R.B. Kemp, Z. Dubinsky // Альгология. — 2008. — Т. 18, № 1. — С.37-50. — Бібліогр.: 22 назв. — англ. |
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Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine| _version_ | 1859739696384442368 |
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| author | Mikhailyuk, T.I. Kamenir, Y. Popova, A.F. Kemp, R.B. Dubinsky, Z. |
| author_facet | Mikhailyuk, T.I. Kamenir, Y. Popova, A.F. Kemp, R.B. Dubinsky, Z. |
| citation_txt | The effects of anthropogenic pollution on the Kanev Reservoir (Ukraine) phytoplankton. 1. Phytoplankton dynamics at stations with different levels of pollution / T.I. Mikhailyuk, Y. Kamenir, A.F. Popova, R.B. Kemp, Z. Dubinsky // Альгология. — 2008. — Т. 18, № 1. — С.37-50. — Бібліогр.: 22 назв. — англ. |
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| description | The aim of the investigation was to compare the phytoplankton structure in two zones of the river part of Kanev Reservoir characterized by different levels of urban pollution. Two stations were selected for this purpose: 1, in a relatively pure area of the the river part of Kanev Reservoir; and 2, at the mouth of the Dneiper tributary, the Syrets River, which has been polluted by mineral and organic substances from urban sewage. The “vibrancy” of the phytoplankton was evaluated by determining their biomass, cell abundance, and cell surface area (denoted as B, N, and S, respectively), achieved on the basis of a routine monitoring dataset collected over 24 months at these stations. The investigated zones were characterized by divergent phytoplankton composition and considerably different annual dynamics. The profiles shown by the B, N and S dynamics of the phytoplankton at station 1 were characterized by regular and predictable peaks in summer, formed by the same complex of algal species. Similar-type graphs for station 2 exhibited 3-4 peaks per year formed by completely different groups of algae during different periods. Furthermore, the saprobic zone indicator species, as well as those characterized by highly specific cell-surface estimates, were often observed at station 2. Such species were absent or developed only to a minor extent in phytoplankton of station 1. These facts can be interpreted as symptoms of ecosystem destabilization at station 2, which could be due to the impact of polluted water from the Syrets River on the phytoplankton of the Kanev Reservoir.
Исследованы структуры фитопланктона двух точек речной части Каневского водохранилища с разным уровнем загрязнения: ст. 1 – в сравнительно чистом районе его русловой части, ст. 2 – в устье притока Днепра, р. Сырец, загрязненной минеральными и органическими веществами с городских стоков. Динамика фитопланктона была оценена посредством определения его биомассы, численности и площади клеточной поверхности (B, N и S соответственно) на основе мониторинга данных, собранных на протяжении 24 мес. с обеих станций. Исследованные точки характеризовались разным видовым составом фитопланктона и существенно различной годовой динамикой. Кривые динамики B, N и S фитопланктона на ст. 1 характеризовались регулярными и предсказуемыми пиками в летний период, сформированными одинаковым комплексом видов водорослей. Такой же тип графиков для ст. 2 демонстрировал 3-4 пика в год, сформированных совершенно разными группами водорослей в течение разных периодов. Кроме того, водоросли-индикаторы высоких зон сапробности, а также характеризующиеся высокой удельной площадью поверхности клеток, часто наблюдались на ст. 2. Эти виды отсутствовали или развивались только в небольших количествах в фитопланктоне ст. 1, что свидетельствует о дестабилизации экосистемы на ст. 2 из-за влияния загрязненной воды из р. Сырец на фитопланктон Каневского водохранилища.
Досліджено структури фітопланктону двох пунктів річкової частини Канівського водосховища з різним рівнем забруднення: ст. 1 – в порівняно чистому районі Дніпра, ст. 2 – в гирлі притоку Дніпра, р. Сирець, забрудненої мінеральними і органічними речовинами з міських стоків. Динаміка фітопланктону була оцінена шляхом визначення його біомаси, чисельності і площі клітинної поверхні (B, N і S відповідно) на основі моніторингу даних, зібраних протягом 24 місяців на обох станціях. Досліджувані пункти характеризувалися різним видовим складом фітопланктону і суттєво різною річною динамікою. Криві динаміки B, N і S фітопланктону на ст. 1 характеризувалися регулярними і передбачуваними піками в літній період, зформованими однаковим комплексом видів водоростей. Такий же тип графіків для ст. 2 демонстрував 3-4 піки на рік, зформовані зовсім різними групами водоростей протягом різних періодів. Крім того, водорості-індикатори високих зон сапробності, а також ті, що характеризуються високою питомою площиною поверхні клітин, часто спостерігалися на ст. 2. Ці види були відсутні або розвивалися в невеликій кількості у фітопланктоні ст. 1, що свідчить про дестабілізацію екосистеми на ст. 2 в результаті впливу забрудненої води з р. Сирець на фітопланктон Канівського водосховища.
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Экология, ценология, охрана и роль
водорослей в природе
ISSN 0868-8540 Альгология. 2008. Т. 18. № 1 Algologia. 2008. V. 18. N 1 37
T.I. MIKHAILYUK1, Y. KAMENIR2, A.F. POPOVA1, R.B. KEMP3 AND Z. DUBINSKY2
1 N.G. Kholodny Institute of Botany, National Academy of Science of Ukraine,
2, Tereschenkovskaya St., 01001, Kiev, Ukraine
2 Marine Ecology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences,
The Mina & Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
3 Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Wales,
Aberystwyth, SY23 3DA, Wales, UK
THE EFFECTS OF ANTHROPOGENIC POLLUTION ON THE KANEV
RESERVOIR (UKRAINE) PHYTOPLANKTON. 1. PHYTOPLANKTON
DYNAMICS AT STATIONS WITH DIFFERENT LEVELS OF
POLLUTION
The aim of the investigation was to compare the phytoplankton structure in two zones of the river part
of Kanev Reservoir characterized by different levels of urban pollution. Two stations were selected for this
purpose: 1, in a relatively pure area of the the river part of Kanev Reservoir; and 2, at the mouth of the Dneiper
tributary, the Syrets River, which has been polluted by mineral and organic substances from urban sewage. The
“vibrancy” of the phytoplankton was evaluated by determining their biomass, cell abundance, and cell surface area
(denoted as B, N, and S, respectively), achieved on the basis of a routine monitoring dataset collected over 24
months at these stations. The investigated zones were characterized by divergent phytoplankton composition and
considerably different annual dynamics. The profiles shown by the B, N and S dynamics of the phytoplankton at
station 1 were characterized by regular and predictable peaks in summer, formed by the same complex of algal
species. Similar-type graphs for station 2 exhibited 3-4 peaks per year formed by completely different groups of
algae during different periods. Furthermore, the saprobic zone indicator species, as well as those characterized by
highly specific cell-surface estimates, were often observed at station 2. Such species were absent or developed
only to a minor extent in phytoplankton of station 1. These facts can be interpreted as symptoms of ecosystem
destabilization at station 2, which could be due to the impact of polluted water from the Syrets River on the
phytoplankton of the Kanev Reservoir.
K e y w o r d s : phytoplankton, taxonomic structure, anthropogenic pollution, spatial-temporal
dynamics.
Introduction
Ecological self-regulation mechanisms, including the structural adaptation of
natural aquatic communities to changes, are very complex. This makes it especially
difficult fully to understand the important empirical problems of water quality management
and surveillance within parts of the aquatic environment vulnerable to intensive
anthropogenic impact. The Kanev Reservoir used for freshwater urban consumption, is
influenced by many anthropogenic factors, including the numerous impacts from the waste
© T.I. Mikhailyuk, Y. Kamenir, A.F. Popova, R.B. Kemp, Z. Dubinsk, 2008
T.I. Mikhailyuk et al.
38
produced by a huge industrial city (the Ukraine capital, Kiev), such as the negative
influences of the Kiev hydroelectric station, water sports, fishing, etc. The plankton in the
reservoir is one of the main natural agents of water-quality regulation and thus plankton
monitoring is one of the central parts of the water-quality management activities. As a
result, the phytoplankton of the riverine part of the Kanev Reservoir, influenced by all the
above-mentioned factors, has been described in many publications (Zhdanova et al., 1986;
Sirenko, 1989; Scherbak, Majstrova, 1996, 2000, 2001; Oksiyuk et al., 1999, 2000, 2005).
The aim of this investigation was to compare the taxonomic structure with the quantitative
variables of biomass (B), cell abundance (N), and cell surface area (S), which constitute the
annual dynamics of the phytoplankton in the two neighbouring parts of the Kanev
Reservoir characterized by different levels of water pollution. In this way, we shall
determine the effect of the urban impact on the reservoir phytoplankton.
Materials and Methods
As part of a routine monitoring programme, freshwater phytoplankton was
sampled monthly over two annual cycles (June 2004 – May 2006) at two stations of the
river part of Kanev Reservoir within the Kiev City region. Station 1 is situated within the
river part of Kanev Reservoir, below bay “Obolon”, facing to the park “Natalka” and
represented relatively pure area; station 2 is located at the mouth of the Syrets River (the
inflow of the River to the bay of reservoir “Volkovatyi”), which is polluted by Kiev’s
drains (Fig. 1).
The two investigated stations were
characterized by different levels of anthropogenic
pollution. It is known that bay “Obolon” and nearest
territories of reservoir (where station 1 is situated) are
represented conditionally pure area where negative
anthropogenic influence are minimal and direct sources
of pollution are absent (Scherbak, Majstrova, 2001).
Syrets River runs on the territory of Kiev city and gets
urban drains of industrial and household origin (Pligin
et al., 1998; Khilchevsky, Boiko, 2000; Kolesnik,
2000). These drains increase quantity of mineral and
organic substances in water, therefore lead to trophic
load on ecosystem. As well as there are cases of
presence in water of Syrets River high concentration of
oil products, phenols, heavy metals, surfactants (Pligin
et al., 1998; Khilchevsky, Boiko, 2000). The data of
hydrochemical analyses, investigations of
phytoplankton, bacterial population and zoobenthic organisms testify about bad water
quality of Syrets River. It is characterized as “polluted” and corresponds to the α-
mesosaprobic zone, according to the ecological sanitary classification of surface waters
(Khilchevsky, Boiko, 2000). It is noted in this and other papers (Scherbak, Majstrova,
2001) that bay of reservoir “Volkovatyi” (in which Syrets River is flowed – station 2) is
Fig. 1. Scheme of the Kanev Reservoir
river part within the administrative limits
of the city Kiev.
The effects of anthropogenic pollution
39
area with considerable anthropogenic impact; water and benthic deposits of the bay
accumulate all spectra of pollutants of industrial and household origin. As a result, typical
average summer-autumn (July-September 2005) concentrations of PO43– were 50 times
higher in water of station 2 than in station 1, i.e., 0.129 and 0.0025 mg/dm3, respectively1.
Less pronounced but also very large differences were evidenced for NH4+, NO3–, SiO3
2–,
and other hydrochemical components1.
These stations differ also by some peculiarities of hydrological regime. Station 1,
situated within the reservoir river part, is characterized by a fast stream, about 0.4 m/s.
Station 2, situated near the mouth of the Syrets, which is a small river, is characterized by a
slower stream (0.2 m/s) and, therefore, this part of the reservoir is characterized by slightly
stagnant conditions.
A total of 48 algal samples were collected and examined in 2 years. The samples
were collected from both stations at the same time of day, about 12 a.m. The depth of
investigated stations was to 2 m. The 1.8 L samples were collected from subsurface water
layer (to 0.5m) by a bathometer, fixed by formalin, and concentrated by the sedimentation
method (Scherbak et al., 2002). Then, the samples were investigated under the light
microscope (Mikmed-2, “LOMO” Russia).
The meanings of numbers, biomass and cell surface area were used for description
of phytoplankton of investigated stations as well as for determination of peculiarities of its
dynamics and role of some algal species. These indicators are widely used in
hydrobiological practice (Sirenko et al., 1989; Scherbak, Majstrova, 1996; Oksiyuk et al.,
2000, 2005; Nesterova, 2003 and others). The numbers (N) of algal cells (or filaments for
cyanoprokaryotes) were determined in triplicate using a Goryaev camera with 9 mm³
volume. The algal biomass (B) and cell surface area (S) were evaluated by a volumetric
method (Scherbak et al., 2002; Bryantseva et al., 2005). The index of taxonomic (species)
composition similarity for samples at each of the two stations under investigation was
determined using the Sørensen index (Shmidt, 1980) and the “measure of inclusion”
method (Syomkin, Komarova, 1977). The latter can be applied to compare lists of species
distinguished by great differences in their number. The estimates of similarity between two
lists are calculated for each pair of them using the formula 2c/(a+b), where a is the number
of species on the first list, b – the number of species on the second list, and c – the number
of species on both lists (Syomkin, Komarova, 1977). Saprobiological analysis was provided
on the basis of Pantle-Buck scale using the modification by Sladeček (Barinova et al.,
2000). The systematic determination of algae was done on the basis of the known guides
“Diversity … 2000” and “Algae … 2006”.
Results
As seen in Table, a total of 202 species of algae (213 varieties) were found at the
two stations. They belonged to the following divisions: Cyanoprokaryota – 18 species (20
varieties), Euglenophyta – 7(9), Chlorophyta – 91(96), Bacillariophyta – 52(53), Dinophyta –
8, Cryptophyta – 10, Chrysophyta – 15, Xanthophyta – 1(2). At the level of the divisions in
1 We are deeply grateful to A.C. Romanov (Hydrophysical Institute of NAS of Ukraine, Sevastopol) for providing
chemical analysis of the water.
T.I. Mikhailyuk et al.
40
the phytoplankton, the taxonomic spectra of both investigated stations were rather similar
(Fig. 2), but the phytoplankton at station 1 was characterized by a greater diversity of
diatom algae, which is typical for water bodies with fast streams (Barinova et al., 2000). At
the same time, the phytoplankton collected at station 2 had a greater number of green and
euglenophytic species. Such type of spectra, on the one hand, is characteristic for the water
bodies with slow stream (Barinova et al., 2000) that usual for the Syrets River mouth; on
the other hand, development of green and euglenophytic algae may be caused by high
concentration of biogenic elements in water. Taken as a whole, the phytoplankton of the
two locations was characterized as the diatom-green with an enhanced presence of
cyanoprokaryotes during the summer-autumn period and of diatoms and chrysophytes
during the later autumn-winter-spring period. On the other hand, the phytoplankton of both
stations was differentiated by different spatial-temporal structures.
T a b l e 1 . The seasonal distributions of phytoplankton species taxonomic diversity, described at the
divisional level, for the two investigated stations
The station 1 phytoplankton was marked by high taxonomic richness and diversity:
141 species (149 varieties) were found, including Cyanoprokaryota – 10 species (12
varieties), Euglenophyta – 1, Chlorophyta – 62(65), Bacillariophyta – 41(43), Dinophyta –
4, Cryptophyta – 9, Chrysophyta – 13, and Xanthophyta – 1(2). The peaks of biomass (Fig. 3),
cell number (Fig. 4), as well as cell surface area (Fig. 5) and species diversity (Table) of
plankton of station 1 observed in the summer periods were due to the intensive develop-
ment of a diatom complex of algae (Aulacoseira granulata (Ehr.) Sim. var. angustissima
(O. Müll.) Hust. – 0.1-0.16 mg/dm3, A. italica (Ehr.) Sim. – 0.02-0.04 mg/dm3,
Stephanodiscus hantzschii Grun. in Cl. et Grun. – 0.17-1.57 mg/dm3, and S. minutulus
(Kütz.) Cl. et Möll. – 0.01-0.06 mg/dm3), as well as planktonic cyanoprokaryotes
(Microcystis aeruginosa (Kütz.) Kütz. – 0.08-0.37 mg/dm3, M. wesenbergii (Komárek)
Number of species (varieties)
Station 1 Station 2Division
winter spring summer autumn winter spring summer autumn
Total
Cyanopro-
karyota
– – 9 10 6 – 8 14 18(20)
Euglenophyta – – 1 – 1 1 1 7 7(9)
Chlorophyta 10 16 55(57) 16(17) 24(27) 29(30) 53(56) 46(48) 91(96)
Bacillariophyta 22 27(28) 35 27 34(35) 29 42(43) 30 52(53)
Dinophyta – 2 3 1 1 2 3 4 8
Cryptophyta 1 6 7 5 6 6 7 5 10
Chrysophyta 7 10 7 3 6 9 4 8 15
Xanthophyta – – 1(1) – – 1 – – 1(2)
40 61(62) 118(121) 62(63) 78(82) 77(78) 118(121) 114(116)
Total
141(149) 172 (180)
202
(213)
The effects of anthropogenic pollution
41
Komárek – 0.05-0.11 mg/dm3, and Anabaena flos-aque Bréb. – 0.06-1.4 mg/dm3). So great
were their presence that they caused a water “bloom” in the Kanev Reservoir during this
period. While these taxa dominated the biomass, abundance, and cell surface of the
phytoplankton, the green planktonic coenobial and unicellular algae (especially
representatives of Desmodesmus (Chod.) An et al., Micractinium Fres., Lagerheimia Chod.,
Monoraphidium Kom.-Legn., Dictyosphaerium Näg., and Tetrastrum Chod.) were the most
diverse (Table), while not being so important for the phytoplankton biomass and
abundance. The “bloom” was observed in the reservoir in July 2004 (1st annual cycle) and
in August-September 2005 (2nd annual cycle). It in both cases continued to the middle of
autumn and then the quantitative characteristics of the phytoplankton as well as species
diversity began to decrease and remained insignificant during the winter, when diatom and
chrysophytic algae became the most numerous. As can be seen in Figs. 3 to 5, all three
variables described here (B, N, and S) for the station 1 phytoplankton, as well as the species
diversity (Fig. 6), increased smoothly from the beginning of spring and reached their
maxima in the summer months.
Fig. 2. The phytoplankton taxonomic spectra, described at the divisional level, for the two stations.
In the parallel series of data gained over the 2-year period for the phytoplankton at
station 2 (Figs. 3 to 5), the biomass, numbers of cells, and area of the cell surface variables
were marked by their temporal instability in terms of their peaks, i.e. there was less
repeatability than with station 1 organisms. On the other hand, the phytoplankton at station
2 displayed an even greater taxonomic richness than that at station 1 (Table): 172 species of
algae (180 varieties): Cyanoprokaryota – 15 species, Euglenophyta – 7 (9 varieties),
Chlorophyta – 78(81), Bacillariophyta – 44(47), Dinophyta – 6, Cryptophyta – 9,
Chrysophyta – 12, and Xanthophyta – 1. The green planktonic coenobial (namely
Coelastrum reticulatum (Dang.) Senn – 0.01-0.07 mg/dm3, C. microporum Näg. in A. Br. –
0.12-0.26 mg/dm3, C. astroideum De-Not. – 0.01-0.03 mg/dm3, Desmodesmus armatus
(Chodat) Hegew. – 0.01-0.02 mg/dm3, D. grahneisii (Heynig) Hegew. – 0.01-0.05 mg/dm3,
Station 1 Station 2
Cyanoprocaryota Euglenophyta Chlorophyta
Bacillariophyta Dinophyta Cryptophyta
Chrysophyta Xanthophyta
T.I. Mikhailyuk et al.
42
D. brasiliensis (Bohl.) Hegew. – 0.01-0.02 mg/dm3, and Acutodesmus dimorphus (Turp.)
Tsar. – 0.02-0.03 mg/dm3), as well as diatom algae (typically Diatoma tenue Ag. – 0.06-
0.38 mg/dm3, Cyclotella radiosa (Grun.) Lem. – 0.09-0.27 mg/dm3, Stephanodiscus minu-
tulus – 0.02-0.03 mg/dm3, and Cyclostephanos dubius (Fricke) Round – 0.03-0.16 mg/dm3),
developed in the water at this site very intensively during the summer period.
Fig. 3. Dynamics of the algal biomass for the two stations during two consecutive annual cycles.
Fig. 4. Dynamics of algal cell abundance at the two stations during two consecutive annual cycles.
0
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The effects of anthropogenic pollution
43
Fig. 5. Dynamics of the algal cell surface area at the two stations during two consecutive annual cycles.
The great diversity and
biomass of green planktonic algae at
station 2 were probably associated
with the slightly stagnant conditions
in this part of the reservoir as well as
may be caused by high concentrations
of biogenic elements in the water.
The intensive development of
filamentous cyanoprokaryotes (Osci-
llatoria splendida Grev. ex Gomont –
0.31-1.33 mg/dm3, O. agardhii
Gomont – 0.32-1.11 mg/dm3, O. acu-
tissima Kuff. – 0.1-0.18 mg/dm3, and
Pseudanabaena catenata Lauterborn
– 0.07-0.13 mg/dm3), which did not
occur at station 1, began at the end of summer and continued during early autumn. The
intensive development of these algae is normally indicative of water enrichment by mineral
substances. According to Pantle-Buck scale in modification of Sladeček, these algae were
meso- and polysaprobic organisms (Barinova et al., 2000). Their development was
observed in August-October 2004 (1st annual cycle) and in October-November 2005 (2nd
annual cycle). During the 1st cycle, the quantitative characteristics (B, N, and S) and species
diversity of station 2 phytoplankton began to decrease and remained insignificant during
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7.
20
05
8.
20
05
9.
20
05
10
.2
00
5
11
.2
00
5
12
.2
00
5
1.
20
06
2.
20
06
3.
20
06
4.
20
06
5.
20
06
A
re
a
of
th
e
ce
ll
su
rf
ac
e,
c
m
2 /d
m
3
Station 1
Station 2
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Winter Spring Summer Autumn
N
um
be
r o
f s
pe
ci
es
St1
St2
Fig. 6. Seasonal dynamics of phytoplankton species number
for the two stations.
2nd cycle1st cycle
T.I. Mikhailyuk et al.
44
the winter. However, during the 2nd cycle, the intensive development of diatom algae
(Diatoma tenue – 1.69-3.01 mg/dm3, Synedra acus Kütz. – 0.1-0.18 mg/dm3, and
Asterionella formosa Hass. – 0.11-0.17 mg/dm3) began in November at station 2 and
continued until the middle of winter. The spring periods were characterized by a steep
increase in taxonomic diversity and in the B, N, and S variables for the phytoplankton. The
most important role was played by macrocellular flagellated green (Chlamydomonas sp. –
0.07-0.37 mg/dm3), chrysophytic (Mallomonopsis sp. – 0.63-0.77 mg/dm3), and
cryptophytic (Cryptomonas borealis Skuja – 0.62-0.71 mg/dm3) algae, as well as by the
microcellular diatom algae (Stephanodiscus minutulus – 0.05-0.64 mg/dm3). In the spring,
2006 (2nd annual cycle), the microcellular coccoid green algae (Choricystis minor (Skuja)
Fott – 0.01-0.04 mg/dm3, Chlorella vulgaris Beijer. – 0.02-0.06 mg/dm3, and
Monoraphidium contortum (Thur.) Kom.-Legn. – 0.001-0.003 mg/dm3) also developed at
station 2.
Discussion
Taken as a whole, the phytoplankton at the two stations in the river part of Kanev
Reservoir can be characterized as diatom-green. The values for the variables of the
phytoplankton, as well as its species diversity, taxonomic composition, and the list of
dominant species for different seasons, correspond to previous data on the phytoplankton in
the river part of the reservoir (Sirenko, 1989; Oksiyuk et al., 2000, 2005; Scherbak,
Maistrova, 2001). Station 1 was the more representative one in this respect and, appears to
be typical reflection of the situation for phytoplankton in the river part of the reservoir,
subjected to the permanent influence of the Kiev hydroelectric power station, which causes
very pronounced daily fluctuations in the water level. The species composition of the
plankton at this station was dominated by the diatom complex, including typical planktonic
species of the genera Aulacoseira Thw., Stephanodiscus Ehr., Cyclostephanos Round. in
Ther. et al., and Cyclotella Kütz. Cyanoprokaryotes – also including the widely known
causative organisms of the water “bloom” (Microcystis (Kütz.) Elenk. and Anabaena Bory
ex Born. et Flah.) – enhanced this complex in the summer. The green planktonic algae were
characterized by high species diversity but were not very abundant and did not play an
important role in the formation of the total biomass. The seasonal fluctuations of the
phytoplankton species diversity at this station were characterized by one clearly expressed
peak during the summer months and by a gradual, smooth decrease in autumn, winter, and
spring (Table, Fig. 6).
Station 2 phytoplankton was characterized by higher B, N, and S variables and
species diversity of algae than that at station 1. The species composition of algae in the
water at both stations was the most similar in the summer and spring months (the Sørensen
index was 63.9 % and 63.3 %, respectively) and different in autumn and winter (48.8 % and
44.2 %, respectively). As a whole, station 2 phytoplankton mirrored the main succession
The effects of anthropogenic pollution
45
patterns of station 1 phytoplankton, but exhibited some peculiarities. On the one hand, the
river mouth phytoplankton was the richest and combined the peculiarities of the
phytoplankton in both the Dneiper and its tributaries, producing ecotone conditions
(Scherbak, Bondarenko, 2004). Increase of species diversity of algae was observed in the
mouths of rivers flowed into Kanev Reservoir – Desna, Lybid (Scherbak, Majstrova, 2001).
On the other hand, the higher species diversity and biomass of algae may be caused by the
impact on the local biota of organic and mineral substances of industrial and household
origin produced by such a large city as Kiev. It is known fact that increasing of species
diversity and biomass of algae is observed in water bodies with moderate trophic pollution,
which characteristic for mesotrophic waters (Barinova et al., 2000).
Fig. 7. Species diversity comparison of phytoplankton collected
at the two stations in the Kanev Reservoir calculated for the
different seasons using the “measure of the inclusion” method.
Annotation: 1 – station 1; 2 – station 2; W – winter; Sp – spring;
Su – summer; A – autumn; a – the similarity index (σ) level ≥
55 %; b – σ ≥ 60 %; c – σ ≥ 70 %.
similarity of 2 species compositions;
inclusion of one species composition to others.
The most distinctive characteristic of station 2 phytoplankton was its high species
diversity and the intensive development of filamentous cyanoprokaryotes in the autumn
period. Some of these are known as indicators of highly saprobic zones. These
1W
1Sp
1Su
1A
2W
2Sp
2Su
2A
1W
1Sp
1Su
1A
2W
2Sp
2Su
2A
1W
1Sp
1Su
1A
2W
2Sp
2Su
2A
a b
c
T.I. Mikhailyuk et al.
46
representative species were not registered at station 1 but intensively developed in the
phytoplankton at station 2. The comparison of phytoplankton species diversity, calculated
for the two stations for the different seasons using the “measure of the inclusion” method
(Fig. 7), showed a rather close similarity of species composition, especially for the summer
months (Fig. 7, a, b). After an increase of the similarity index (σ) level to 70 %, the
composition of autumnal phytoplankton collected at station 2 lost all similarity to its
composition during all the other seasons (Fig. 7, c). This fact testifies to its significant
specificity.
Another distinctive property of station 2 phytoplankton was its low abundance of
cyanoprokaryotes, which are the apparent causative agents of the water “bloom” at station
1. It appears that small numbers of these algae, registered at station 2, are brought by the
water mass from the upper zone of the Kanev Reservoir to the Syrets River entrance.
Finally, one more distinctive feature of station 2 phytoplankton is the sudden and intensive
development of various groups of algae in the spring and the winter-autumn seasons, which
differed for the two annual cycles. Thus, a massive development of flagellated
chrysophytic, green, cryptophytic and diatom algae with small cells was observed in the
spring of the 1st annual cycle. In contrast, the spring of the 2nd cycle saw the mass
development of unicellular small coccoid green algae. The intensive development of diatom
algae (Diatoma Bory emend. Heiberg., Asterionella Hass., and Synedra Ehr.) was observed
only during the winter period of the 2nd annual cycle. On the whole, the seasonal
fluctuations of species diversity at station 2 had smoother characteristics than those of
station 1 (Fig. 6). Thus, phytoplankton of station 2 was more diverse during all seasons.
Thus, phytoplankton of station 2 was more diverse during all seasons. Several peaks on the
graphs described quantitative parameters of phytoplankton of station 2 reflect influence on
ecosystem unnatural (perhaps anthropogenic) factors which caused mass development of
algae during such seasons as early spring, autumn or winter. The same graphs described
phytoplankton of station 1 have one predictable summer peak per year which caused by
mainly influence of natural factors on ecosystem for example temperature. Similar mass
development of algae during cold seasons was registered for mouth of Lybid River polluted
by industrial and household drains (Scherbak, Majstrova, 2001).
Saprobiological analysis performed on the basis of the Pantle-Buck scale in the
modification of Sladeček (Barinova et al., 2000), shows that the saprobic index for station 1
phytoplankton varied from 1.63 to 1.92, indicating that the water was in the β-mesosaprobic
zone, class III quality, i.e., it was in the “clean enough” category. However, the same index
for station 2 phytoplankton was 2.08-2.57, corresponding to the α-β-mesosaprobic zone,
III-IV class quality, i.e., the water was “slightly to moderately polluted”. The lack of a clear
difference between the index for the two stations can, perhaps, be explained by the
comparatively low number of species-indicators found in phytoplankton (about 50-60 %)
and unimportant cenotical role played by most of these species. Unfortunately, many of the
'mass species' of station 2 phytoplankton algae have unclear ecological characteristics, and
The effects of anthropogenic pollution
47
therefore, cannot be used as indicators. Plausibly, these waters (especially at station 2)
should be attributed to the highly saprobic zones.
The indexes of the total and specific areas of the phytoplankton cell surface were
recently used for identification of the water quality and the direction of the succession in
the water ecosystem (Minicheva, 1990, 1998; Nesterova, 2003). It was assumed that
species with high specific cell surface area (i.e., the ratio of cell surface to cell volume,
S/V) are characterized by higher photosynthetic activity, metabolic exchange level, and, as
a rule, belong to the inhabitants of waters with high trophic levels. S/V levels depend on
algal cell size and shape. Algae with small cell size, as well as those with thin and long
cells (trichomes), have high S/V values. It is interesting that the dominant species in the
mass development of station 2 phytoplankton in spring, autumn, and winter were species
with notably high S/V levels, such as Oscillatoria splendida, O. acutissima,
Pseudanabaena catenata, Diatoma tenue, Synedra acus, Asterionella formosa and
Monoraphidium contortum. The S/V values for these species were in the range 1.82-5.47,
i.e., much higher than the average S/V of phytoplankton at the station 1, which was 1.2-1.4.
This fact can also be interpreted as evidence of more marked pollution of station 2 water (or
eutrophication by organic and mineral substances) in comparison to that at station 1. These
our findings were confirmed by earlier investigation of Kanev Reservoir phytoplankton. So,
many of green and diatom algae with small cell size (and with high meaning of S/V
respectively) appeared in phytoplankton of the reservoir recently as answer on increase of
anthropogenic load on the ecosystem and impairment of water quality (Scherbak,
Majstrova, 2000, 2001).
Conclusions
The two investigated stations in the river part of the Kanev Reservoir, despite their
adjacent location and close hydrological regime, had different spatial-temporal structures of
phytoplankton. The annual dynamics of phytoplankton biomass, abundance, and cell
surface area for the water taken at station 1 are characterized by two regular and predictable
peaks taking place in summer and produced by the same complex of algae. Data for the
same variables at station 2 showed 3-4 peaks per annum, formed by explicitly different
groups of algae being dominant at the various seasons; these are the flagellated, diatom and
sometimes coccoid green algae in spring, filamentous cyanoprokaryotes in autumn and
diatoms in winter. The algal species-indicators of the high saprobic level zones, as well as
species with high levels for the specific cell surface variable, exhibited massive
development in the phytoplankton fraction in water at station 2, while they were absent or
developed only to a minor extent at station 1. We interpret this distinction as a sign of
ecological destabilization at station 2. These facts can be explained by the influence of a
water mass polluted with mineral and organic substances, flowing from the Syrets River.
T.I. Mikhailyuk et al.
48
This conclusion is confirmed by the results of earlier investigation of these areas of the
reservoir as well as by chemical analysis of water from both stations.
Acknowledgments
This research was supported by European Community INTAS grant no. 03-51-6196.
Т.И. Михайлюк1, Ю. Каменир2, А.Ф. Попова1, Р.Б. Кемп3, Ц. Дубинский2
1 Ин-т ботаники им. Н.Г. Холодного НАН Украины,
01001 Киев, ул. Терещенковская, 2, Украина
2 Лаборатория морской экологии, Отдел биол. наук, фак. биологических наук,
Мины и Эверарда Гудмен, Ун-т Бар-Илан, Рамат-Ган, 52900, Израиль
3 Ин-т биологических наук, Ун-т Уэльса,
Абериствиз, SY23 3DA Уэльс, Великобритания
ВЛИЯНИЕ АНТРОПОГЕННОГО ЗАГРЯЗНЕНИЯ НА ФИТОПЛАНКТОН КАНЕВСКОГО
ВОДОХРАНИЛИЩА (УКРАИНА). 1. ДИНАМИКА ФИТОПЛАНКТОНА НА СТАНЦИЯХ
С РАЗНЫМ УРОВНЕМ ЗАГРЯЗНЕНИЯ
Исследованы структуры фитопланктона двух точек речной части Каневского водохранилища с
разным уровнем загрязнения: ст. 1 – в сравнительно чистом районе его русловой части, ст. 2 – в устье
притока Днепра, р. Сырец, загрязненной минеральными и органическими веществами с городских стоков.
Динамика фитопланктона была оценена посредством определения его биомассы, численности и площади
клеточной поверхности (B, N и S соответственно) на основе мониторинга данных, собранных на
протяжении 24 мес. с обеих станций. Исследованные точки характеризовались разным видовым составом
фитопланктона и существенно различной годовой динамикой. Кривые динамики B, N и S фитопланктона
на ст. 1 характеризовались регулярными и предсказуемыми пиками в летний период, сформированными
одинаковым комплексом видов водорослей. Такой же тип графиков для ст. 2 демонстрировал 3-4 пика в
год, сформированных совершенно разными группами водорослей в течение разных периодов. Кроме того,
водоросли-индикаторы высоких зон сапробности, а также характеризующиеся высокой удельной
площадью поверхности клеток, часто наблюдались на ст. 2. Эти виды отсутствовали или развивались
только в небольших количествах в фитопланктоне ст. 1, что свидетельствует о дестабилизации экосистемы
на ст. 2 из-за влияния загрязненной воды из р. Сырец на фитопланктон Каневского водохранилища.
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загрязнение, пространственно-временная динамика.
The effects of anthropogenic pollution
49
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Получена 22.06.07
Подписала в печать О.Н. Виноградова
|
| id | nasplib_isofts_kiev_ua-123456789-5416 |
| institution | Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| issn | 0868-8540 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-12-01T16:09:10Z |
| publishDate | 2008 |
| publisher | Інститут ботаніки ім. М.Г. Холодного НАН України |
| record_format | dspace |
| spelling | Mikhailyuk, T.I. Kamenir, Y. Popova, A.F. Kemp, R.B. Dubinsky, Z. 2010-01-19T16:35:24Z 2010-01-19T16:35:24Z 2008 The effects of anthropogenic pollution on the Kanev Reservoir (Ukraine) phytoplankton. 1. Phytoplankton dynamics at stations with different levels of pollution / T.I. Mikhailyuk, Y. Kamenir, A.F. Popova, R.B. Kemp, Z. Dubinsky // Альгология. — 2008. — Т. 18, № 1. — С.37-50. — Бібліогр.: 22 назв. — англ. 0868-8540 https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/5416 The aim of the investigation was to compare the phytoplankton structure in two zones of the river part of Kanev Reservoir characterized by different levels of urban pollution. Two stations were selected for this purpose: 1, in a relatively pure area of the the river part of Kanev Reservoir; and 2, at the mouth of the Dneiper tributary, the Syrets River, which has been polluted by mineral and organic substances from urban sewage. The “vibrancy” of the phytoplankton was evaluated by determining their biomass, cell abundance, and cell surface area (denoted as B, N, and S, respectively), achieved on the basis of a routine monitoring dataset collected over 24 months at these stations. The investigated zones were characterized by divergent phytoplankton composition and considerably different annual dynamics. The profiles shown by the B, N and S dynamics of the phytoplankton at station 1 were characterized by regular and predictable peaks in summer, formed by the same complex of algal species. Similar-type graphs for station 2 exhibited 3-4 peaks per year formed by completely different groups of algae during different periods. Furthermore, the saprobic zone indicator species, as well as those characterized by highly specific cell-surface estimates, were often observed at station 2. Such species were absent or developed only to a minor extent in phytoplankton of station 1. These facts can be interpreted as symptoms of ecosystem destabilization at station 2, which could be due to the impact of polluted water from the Syrets River on the phytoplankton of the Kanev Reservoir. Исследованы структуры фитопланктона двух точек речной части Каневского водохранилища с разным уровнем загрязнения: ст. 1 – в сравнительно чистом районе его русловой части, ст. 2 – в устье притока Днепра, р. Сырец, загрязненной минеральными и органическими веществами с городских стоков. Динамика фитопланктона была оценена посредством определения его биомассы, численности и площади клеточной поверхности (B, N и S соответственно) на основе мониторинга данных, собранных на протяжении 24 мес. с обеих станций. Исследованные точки характеризовались разным видовым составом фитопланктона и существенно различной годовой динамикой. Кривые динамики B, N и S фитопланктона на ст. 1 характеризовались регулярными и предсказуемыми пиками в летний период, сформированными одинаковым комплексом видов водорослей. Такой же тип графиков для ст. 2 демонстрировал 3-4 пика в год, сформированных совершенно разными группами водорослей в течение разных периодов. Кроме того, водоросли-индикаторы высоких зон сапробности, а также характеризующиеся высокой удельной площадью поверхности клеток, часто наблюдались на ст. 2. Эти виды отсутствовали или развивались только в небольших количествах в фитопланктоне ст. 1, что свидетельствует о дестабилизации экосистемы на ст. 2 из-за влияния загрязненной воды из р. Сырец на фитопланктон Каневского водохранилища. Досліджено структури фітопланктону двох пунктів річкової частини Канівського водосховища з різним рівнем забруднення: ст. 1 – в порівняно чистому районі Дніпра, ст. 2 – в гирлі притоку Дніпра, р. Сирець, забрудненої мінеральними і органічними речовинами з міських стоків. Динаміка фітопланктону була оцінена шляхом визначення його біомаси, чисельності і площі клітинної поверхні (B, N і S відповідно) на основі моніторингу даних, зібраних протягом 24 місяців на обох станціях. Досліджувані пункти характеризувалися різним видовим складом фітопланктону і суттєво різною річною динамікою. Криві динаміки B, N і S фітопланктону на ст. 1 характеризувалися регулярними і передбачуваними піками в літній період, зформованими однаковим комплексом видів водоростей. Такий же тип графіків для ст. 2 демонстрував 3-4 піки на рік, зформовані зовсім різними групами водоростей протягом різних періодів. Крім того, водорості-індикатори високих зон сапробності, а також ті, що характеризуються високою питомою площиною поверхні клітин, часто спостерігалися на ст. 2. Ці види були відсутні або розвивалися в невеликій кількості у фітопланктоні ст. 1, що свідчить про дестабілізацію екосистеми на ст. 2 в результаті впливу забрудненої води з р. Сирець на фітопланктон Канівського водосховища. This research was supported by European Community INTAS grant no. 03-51-6196. en Інститут ботаніки ім. М.Г. Холодного НАН України Экология, ценология, охрана и роль водорослей в природе The effects of anthropogenic pollution on the Kanev Reservoir (Ukraine) phytoplankton. 1. Phytoplankton dynamics at stations with different levels of pollution Влияние антропогенного загрязнения на фитопланктон Каневского водохранилища (Украина). 1. Динамика фитопланктона на станциях с разным уровнем загрязнения Вплив антропогенного забруднення на фітопланктон Канівського водосховища (Україна). 1. Динаміка фітопланктону на станціях з різним рівнем забруднення Article published earlier |
| spellingShingle | The effects of anthropogenic pollution on the Kanev Reservoir (Ukraine) phytoplankton. 1. Phytoplankton dynamics at stations with different levels of pollution Mikhailyuk, T.I. Kamenir, Y. Popova, A.F. Kemp, R.B. Dubinsky, Z. Экология, ценология, охрана и роль водорослей в природе |
| title | The effects of anthropogenic pollution on the Kanev Reservoir (Ukraine) phytoplankton. 1. Phytoplankton dynamics at stations with different levels of pollution |
| title_alt | Влияние антропогенного загрязнения на фитопланктон Каневского водохранилища (Украина). 1. Динамика фитопланктона на станциях с разным уровнем загрязнения Вплив антропогенного забруднення на фітопланктон Канівського водосховища (Україна). 1. Динаміка фітопланктону на станціях з різним рівнем забруднення |
| title_full | The effects of anthropogenic pollution on the Kanev Reservoir (Ukraine) phytoplankton. 1. Phytoplankton dynamics at stations with different levels of pollution |
| title_fullStr | The effects of anthropogenic pollution on the Kanev Reservoir (Ukraine) phytoplankton. 1. Phytoplankton dynamics at stations with different levels of pollution |
| title_full_unstemmed | The effects of anthropogenic pollution on the Kanev Reservoir (Ukraine) phytoplankton. 1. Phytoplankton dynamics at stations with different levels of pollution |
| title_short | The effects of anthropogenic pollution on the Kanev Reservoir (Ukraine) phytoplankton. 1. Phytoplankton dynamics at stations with different levels of pollution |
| title_sort | effects of anthropogenic pollution on the kanev reservoir (ukraine) phytoplankton. 1. phytoplankton dynamics at stations with different levels of pollution |
| topic | Экология, ценология, охрана и роль водорослей в природе |
| topic_facet | Экология, ценология, охрана и роль водорослей в природе |
| url | https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/5416 |
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