Earning power of Polish bank sector. Comparative analysis
Gespeichert in:
| Veröffentlicht in: | Культура народов Причерноморья |
|---|---|
| Datum: | 2007 |
| 1. Verfasser: | |
| Format: | Artikel |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Кримський науковий центр НАН України і МОН України
2007
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online Zugang: | https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/54614 |
| Tags: |
Tag hinzufügen
Keine Tags, Fügen Sie den ersten Tag hinzu!
|
| Назва журналу: | Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| Zitieren: | Earning power of Polish bank sector. Comparative analysis / M. Madra // Культура народов Причерноморья. — 2007. — № 109. — С. 91-95. — Бібліогр.: 18 назв. — англ. |
Institution
Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine| id |
nasplib_isofts_kiev_ua-123456789-54614 |
|---|---|
| record_format |
dspace |
| spelling |
Madra, M. 2014-02-03T17:16:40Z 2014-02-03T17:16:40Z 2007 Earning power of Polish bank sector. Comparative analysis / M. Madra // Культура народов Причерноморья. — 2007. — № 109. — С. 91-95. — Бібліогр.: 18 назв. — англ. 1562-0808 https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/54614 en Кримський науковий центр НАН України і МОН України Культура народов Причерноморья Проблемы материальной культуры – ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИЕ НАУКИ Earning power of Polish bank sector. Comparative analysis Article published earlier |
| institution |
Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| collection |
DSpace DC |
| title |
Earning power of Polish bank sector. Comparative analysis |
| spellingShingle |
Earning power of Polish bank sector. Comparative analysis Madra, M. Проблемы материальной культуры – ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИЕ НАУКИ |
| title_short |
Earning power of Polish bank sector. Comparative analysis |
| title_full |
Earning power of Polish bank sector. Comparative analysis |
| title_fullStr |
Earning power of Polish bank sector. Comparative analysis |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Earning power of Polish bank sector. Comparative analysis |
| title_sort |
earning power of polish bank sector. comparative analysis |
| author |
Madra, M. |
| author_facet |
Madra, M. |
| topic |
Проблемы материальной культуры – ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИЕ НАУКИ |
| topic_facet |
Проблемы материальной культуры – ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИЕ НАУКИ |
| publishDate |
2007 |
| language |
English |
| container_title |
Культура народов Причерноморья |
| publisher |
Кримський науковий центр НАН України і МОН України |
| format |
Article |
| issn |
1562-0808 |
| url |
https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/54614 |
| citation_txt |
Earning power of Polish bank sector. Comparative analysis / M. Madra // Культура народов Причерноморья. — 2007. — № 109. — С. 91-95. — Бібліогр.: 18 назв. — англ. |
| work_keys_str_mv |
AT madram earningpowerofpolishbanksectorcomparativeanalysis |
| first_indexed |
2025-11-25T21:05:33Z |
| last_indexed |
2025-11-25T21:05:33Z |
| _version_ |
1850548272608837632 |
| fulltext |
Проблемы материальной культуры – ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИЕ НАУКИ
91
наслідок враховувався викид вуглекислого газу. Для отримання результату була прийнята лінійна функція
витрачання капіталу, яка виснажиться через 30 років.
Дане дослідження дало можливість сформулювали варіанти передачі технологій для розвитку
економіки в межах динамічної структури витрат-випуску. Модель трансферу технологій дозволила
систематично одержувати оптимальні графіки передачі технологій по кожному індустріальному сектору,
використовуючи інвестиційний контроль в кожний період розвитку, щоб максимізувати соціально-
економічний розвиток, зважений на негативні екологічні наслідки.
В умовах лінійного програмування поставленої проблеми була використана спрощена модель, з метою
впровадження розширеної моделі. Крім того враховувались екологічні наслідки та регіональні
взаємозалежності даної моделі трансферу технологій. Для прикладних цілей визначалась придатність даних
для компілювання до Філіппін, де необхідний серйозний захист навколишнього середовища. Японія ж була
вибрана як джерело передових технологій, з метою їх подальшої передачі. Ефективність моделі була
досліджена використанням числового прикладу.
Висновки. Щоб вирішити проблему застарілих, низькопродуктивних технологій, які не сприяють
стрімкому розвитку національної економіки, необхідно розробити та впровадити національну модель
трансферу технологій. Дана модель повинна враховувати особливості національної структури
промисловості та національного розвитку. Крім того, результати моделі передачі технологій необхідно
враховувати при розробці програм соціально-економічного розвитку на майбутні десятиліття.
Джерела та література
1. Kazuhiko Nishimura Technology Transfer with Capital Constraints and Environmental Protections: Models
and Applications to the Philippines // Economic Systems Research, Vol. 15, No. 3, September 2003
2. Volodymyr Ryaboshlyk. – A Dynamic Input-Output Model with Explicit New and Old Technologies,
Application to the UK
3. В.В. Рябошлик – Динамічна модель витрат-випуску з явним відображенням нових технологій //
Економіст. – 2004. – №9. – С. 14 – 24.
Magdalena Mądra
EARNING POWER OF POLISH BANK SECTOR. COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS
INTRODUCTION
The Polish banking sector is the second largest in Central and Eastern Europe; the largest sector in the region is
Russia’s. In YEAR, bank assets in Poland equaled 67% of its Gross Domestic Product; the comparable figure for
Western Europe was, on average, 227%. One interpretation of these data is that investment potential, through bank
intermediation, remains relatively high in Poland. Indeed, Poland is a young and burgeoning free market economy
with exceptional growth opportunities The number of banking facilities – 130 as of YEAR – is relatively low. By
comparison, the numbers of facilities in Germany and Great Britain are roughly 550 and 250, respectively1. In any
case, Poland’s banks plan to expand their reach in the near future.
Graph 1 illustrates the market shares of the five largest banks, by assets, in Poland and other Central and
Eastern European countries that entered the European Union when Poland did. Whereas the five biggest banks in
Poland comprise 50% of the market there, the five biggest banks in Germany and Holland comprise 22% and 84%
of their respective markets. Indeed, according to this measure, Poland’s banking sector ranks 16th in the EU in
terms industry concentration.
Poland’s banking sector is relatively more competitive than several of its European counterparts , which is
indissolubly tied with the fact that majority of banks has landed up in hands of foreign financial groups. Bank
sectors as well as in Germany and in France are the biggest in countries of „old 15 ”. Together they represent half
of bank asset in European Union. In countries where bank sector is relatively small (like Cyprus, Malta, Lithuania,
Estonia or Holland), it is taking a stand occurrence of concentration around several big financial institutions.
Financial results for the Polish banking sector in 2005 indicate growth in consumer credit. Growth of credits
taking by companies is possible to define as trace level. From one part this is factor, which limits economic
development of a country, but from second side it shows that in Poland it is still small advantages for taking of
proficient instrument used in management financial risk. This situation on financial market and strictly on credit
market, carried criterion in general categories are getting out of hand. It happens because, it is observable from
appearance about hard explanation and big disparities in using different form of credits. In last year debt of
consumer has grown for about 29,4%. This increases amount to over 24 billion zloty and surpassed dynamics
written down in two last years. In the same time banks have lended over 200 thousand residential credit, but from
estimates of Associations of Polish Banks results, that in this year the action will includes over 230 thousand of
new credits2. Growth of lended value credits in bank sector is forecasted at the level of 12% a year3. Demand on
residential credits has to stimulate situation on whole bank market. In 2005 Polish banks earned, on net, 9 billion
PLN; the comparable figure for the prior year totaled 7.4 billion zloty. From 2002 to 2005, net earnings did not
1 Source: Computerworld
2 Source: Gazeta Bankowa
3 Source: Internet Securities Businnesswire
Magdalena Mądra
EARNING POWER OF POLISH BANK SECTOR. COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS
92
surpass half the 2005 level. Index of returning capital in scale of whole sector has amounted to about 20 %4. It
would indicate on high profits, that Polish bank sector generates. Considerable incrimination of commissions and
payments have allowed to correct the results of banks and contribute the stability of their market position.
99
79 79
69 66 64 64 62
53 50
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Estonia Lithuania Malta Cyprus Slovakia Czech
Republic
Slovenia Latvia Hungery Poland
Graph 1. The participation of five biggest bank in bank assets in sectors of 10 countries accepted
to UE in 2004
Source: Elaboration based on date from Rzeczpospolita.
FINANCIAL RESULTS OF POLISH BANK SECTOR
commission;
28%
Operations on
capital financial
and currency
market; 16%
interest; 56%
Graph 2. Main sources of revenues in bank sector (date given from a year 2005)
Source: Own elaboration based on date form NBP.
Half of banks’ income is comprised of interest (56%), 28% is comprised of commissions, and 16% are from
operations related to capital, financial or currency market. By comparison, in countries with relatively advanced
banking systems, revenues are comprised primarily of payments and commissions.
LAWS CONCERING VAT IN THE POLISH BANKING SECTOR
The Polish Banking sector is relatively heavily taxed, and high compulsory bank reserves have limited the
sector’s development. Recently reserves have been interested. Efficiency Polish banks which indices of assets have
achieved average level among near to 1,7%, what places our country on third position between most effective
banking systems5.
Adverse tax regulations cause that banks cannot count out VAT, therefore it touches directly clients. The Act
concerning VAT does not include one-valued regulations, on based which banks could define in simple manner
precise the value of tax to count it out supporting by ratio of structure sales. Since law changed, relation with
accession Poland to UE, could appeared new capabilities of counting out VAT e.g. each bank has right for count
out tax related with financial services rendering for clients behind UE.
Banks and insurance companies from countries of European Union could benefits on planned corrections for
regulations from 1977 year which dismiss financial services from VAT. The propositions of amendments will have
4 Source: Parkiet
5 Source: Rzeczpospolita
Проблемы материальной культуры – ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИЕ НАУКИ
93
lodge in last quarter of year. At present regulations mean, that banks and insurance companies are dismissed from
counting out VAT for services supplied for their clients. However, they must pay VAT for products and services,
which they buy on their own6. It has saddled sector whit additional cost and administrative loads.
European Commission will have lodge proposal on purpose of directive amending about VAT form 1977, till
the end of this year. Brussels will take under note reactions on consultative document as well as results of estimates
performed by consulting companies. In present regulations are conceived as huge barrier in integration of finance
such as companies supply services with higher percentage of product and with dismissed services from VAT in
order to other sectors of economies. The changes in tax law of European Union require unanimous support almost
of 25 European countries.
One of proposal are discharging return of VAT for companies selling product or services financial groups is
finding the solution of problem with covering VAT for banks and underwriters. Situation of double VAT in banks
relies on paying it of all bought commodities and services. Therefore bank who is lending a credit, calculates due
percentage but in such manner that it could finances shopping cost performed by bank including uncounted VAT.
Weight of uncounted tax is transmitted by bank on commercial debtor, who taxs this value again selling commodity
and services in favor of ultimate consumers. According to principle of neutrality VAT businessman should not
incur counted weight of tax in periods of turns, that counting leads to cascade clocked VAT up. Then problem of
double taxation appears also, when local businessman takes credit from local bank.
THE PRICES OF BANK SERVICES AND PRODUCTS
High return margins on money turn in Poland and amount to 3,5%, when in countries of western Europe they
present about 2% in Italy and Spain, Germany and France even 1%. High level of margin in Poland is tied with
high demand on consumers credits. However, sharpening competition will lower Polish banks revenues and lead for
approximation of price level in UE countries. Banks are outpaced in completion conceding fast credits, what can
speed up these changes.
Credit card-derived revenues are the second largest source of bank revenues in Poland, whose banks have
issued about 3 million credit cards to date. Polish banks depend on the growth of residential credit, because such
credit arrangements facilitate long-term client relationships. Bank earns on mortgage credit less than 1%7, but
competition grows dynamically in conceding of fast credit. Few years ago banks earned on given credits two, even
three times higher than on west. To maintain existing profits banks should sell more credits than it was in the past.
The other sources of bank revenues are margins from selling shareholding unit of investment fund. Sharpening
competition in this sector will cause slowly introduction reform and escalation of affection, but battle about client
will be connected with expected lowering of price indissolubly. Absorption of union center, which co-fund
investments of polish enterprises, promotes boost of interest investment credits. Such situation is called „ stuff
private investment expense public investment” . On financial results of banks also effects quick ratio which forms
cost incurred on capital bank stock. Relation of credit to deposits is keeping at the smallest level than 80%, it causes
generation liquidity, which promotes relatively better result for banks and have own blank of liquidity (taking a
stand when this relation totals over 120%).
The majority of Poles are convinced that Polish banks charge their consumer clients inordinate fees.
Nonetheless, as Polish banks progress toward automated banking services, consumers’ use of banking services
should grow.
Table 1. Banking sector in Poland
2002 2003 2004 2005
Assets (% GDP) 57,7 58,1 58,4 60,7
Credit for no-financial sector (% GDP) 25,5 26,2 24,7 26,7
Deposit of no-financial sector (% GDP) 34,5 34,3 32,8 34,0
Number of bank departments on 100
thousand inhabitants 34 32 30 31
Number of bank commercial departments
on 100 thousand inhabitants 26 24 22 22
Number of commercial banks 59 58 54 55
Source: Author’s calculations based on data from NBP.
The largest source of income growth among Polish banks is residential debt, which is present in Poland for
about 4% during when it was formed in other countries at the level of 60 – 90%. The Polish banking sector remains
in an incipient stage of development. This fact is supported by proof about affirmation concerning news that sector
has written down profits of financial result from 2004 on 2005 year and among them to 39,9%. On achievements of
so good result, has effected decrease of bank which balanced reserves and modernized of their value.
Capgemini report in different countries about prices of bank services has showed advantageous from the point
of view of client in Poland, prices level of banking services. However, taking under note in conversion of level
GDP calculated on one inhabitant, showed these results in completely different appear. This index becomes the
highest in Europe.
Average Pole issues equivalence on margin related with conducting of account 91 euro a year, during when
inhabitant of Czech Republic performs disbursement for near 68 euro, but Slovak for 48 euro. Inhabitants of other
European countries earn several times more and pay less from Poles. Polish banks are translating it that citizens are
6 Source: www.e-gospodarka.pl
7 Source: Gazeta Wyborcza
http://www.e-gospodarka.pl
Magdalena Mądra
EARNING POWER OF POLISH BANK SECTOR. COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS
94
using only 50 – 60% of bank services8.
137
113
102
98
91 89
81 79
69 68 65
57
49 48
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
Switz
erl
an
d
Ita
ly
Norw
ay
Germ
an
y
Pola
nd
Franc
e
Spa
in
Aus
tria
Port
ug
al
Cze
ch
R
ep
ub
lic
Gre
at
Brita
in
Belg
ium
Swed
en
Slov
ak
ia
Graph 3. Local profile of prices in bank sector for 2005 (€)
Source: Capgemini „Word Retail Banking Report 2005”.
0,39%
0,55%
0,26%
0,42% 0,37%
0,49%
0,31%
0,60%
1,01%
0,27% 0,24%
0,18%
0,96%
2,10%
0,00%
0,50%
1,00%
1,50%
2,00%
2,50%
Switz
erl
an
d
Ita
ly
Norw
ay
Germ
an
y
Pola
nd
Fran
ce
Spa
in
Aus
tria
Port
ug
al
Cze
ch
R
ep
ub
lic
Grea
t B
rita
in
Belg
ium
Swed
en
Slov
ak
ia
Graph 4. Prices of services as a percentage of GDP per capita
Source: Capgemini „Word Retail Banking Report 2005”.
Table 2. Financial service fees as percent of consumable expenditures
Country 2005 2006
UE 25 1,03 % 1,08 %
UE 15 0,98 % 1,04 %
Belgium 0,3 % 0,25 %
Czech Republic 1,5 % 1,25 %
Denmark 0,98 % 1,85 %
Germany 0,47 % 0,46 %
Estonia 0,15 % 0,15 %
Greece 0,16 % 0,16 %
Spain 0,03 % 0,03 %
France 0,62 % 0,63 %
Ireland 0,06 % 0,06 %
Hungary 0,57 % 0,6 %
Poland 2,24 % 2,09 %
Portugal 0,1 % 0,1 %
Source: ww.bankier.pl, Eurostat.
8 Source: Gazeta Wyborcza: Dlaczego banko zdzierają z nas skórę” 22.03.2006.
Проблемы материальной культуры – ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИЕ НАУКИ
95
The costs of bank services in Poland are considerably greater than those in many others European countries. In
part, the high costs associated with modernizing the Polish banking sector are to blame for these relatively high
fees. But clients due to it can obtain modern products today and be served faster. It is simply to administer of banks.
Really, since a short time banks are prepared for operation in big scale. If scale of memorials is more superior then
individual cost are low. It is connected with falling prices of services too.
CONCLUSIONS
Progressing consolidation in the nearest 10 years will leave on polish market two or three strong players, but
for the rest banks it will only remains specializing in concrete services. Concentration of sector does not effect on
high prices in contrary to expecting fears, which proved earlier remark about indicators of concentration and prices.
Small activity of Poles in using financial services and low number of bank account in comparison with number of
housekeeping, forms high level of financial services offered by banks. Personal bank account owns only 57% of
Poles, when on west of Europe it is 84%. This index in some economically developed countries surpasses even
90%9. Level of payments and commissions, increases also low and depend on inflation and it evokes shrinking of
profits margin.
Recently in Poland it amounts to over 10 point percent, that allowed banks to covered so high credits
operations costs and credit risk. It was formed in commercial banks at the level of 3,2 point percent in last year, and
now it is forecasted the farthest decrease will sets up the level even of 1,7 point percent. Falling revenues from
profits margin banks must substitute from other sources of income. Banks now are applying a big push on giving
new consumers credits or sale units of investment fund which has to become in future additional sources for banks.
Banks have to upgrade the prices for the most popular products and services. In spite of that credit are raising
rapidly, retail credits relatively to GDP in Poland amount to 7-8 percent in comparison to 53 percent in UE
countries.
Bank sector in Middle- Eastern Europe is very big and did not use potential which prove already remark
dependences of asset in bank to GDP. However, banks invest outsized part of increment to baseline infrastructure,
which exists on West already. At present Polish services bank market is characterized presently which fastest
growth and superior highest profitability than in Western Europe10. For Poles remains it only hope, that prices of
banks services will be cheaper in future thanks to economic growth in Poland. One of factor, which stimulates
decrease of bank prices, could be the consequence of proceeding clients on cheapest channels of accesses to bank.
Internet will play here the key role.
REFERENCES
1. Europejską, w: Problemy polskich banków w procesach integracyjnych z Unią Europejską, pod redakcją
naukową Ireny Pyki, Seria: Prace Naukowe, Akademia Ekonomiczna, Katowice 2002, s. 89–111.
2. Capgemini 2005: „Word Retail Banking Report 2005”.
3. ww.bankier.pl, Eurostat
4. Badania CBOŚ, 2005.
5. Central and Eastern European Banking Study 2006 (CEEBS).
6. Dane opublikowane na portalu NBP 2005.
7. Cichy J., 2005: Konsolidacja banków w Polsce - próba oceny szans i zagrożeń, w: Bankowość, pod red. M.
Zaleskiej, SGH, Warszawa 2005, s. 139-143.
8. Janusz A., 1999: Opłaty i prowizje związane z rachunkami bankowymi oferowanymi małym i średnim
przedsiębiorstwom przez banki na terenie Jeleniej Góry. [w:] Uwarunkowania ekonomiczno-finansowe
funkcjonowania przedsiębiorstw i samorządów w Polsce, Niemczech i Czechach. Pod red. G. Borys.
Wydawnictwo AE we Wrocławiu, Jelenia Góra 1999, s. 87-97
9. Głuszczyk D., 2003: Usługi bankowe w sektorze bankowości spółdzielczej na tle banków komercyjnych i
potrzeb rynku. Prace naukowe AE Wrocław 2003 nr 964. Zarządzanie i Marketing, s. 42-58.
10. www.e-gospodarka.pl
11. Gazeta Wyborcza „ Dlaczego banki zdzierają z nas skórę” 22.03.2006
12. Gazeta Wyborcza „Polskie banki są za wolne” 02.05.2006
13. Rzeczpospolita „Dobrze wypadamy na tle Europy” 02.03.2006
14. Gazeta Bankowa 26.03.2006
15. Parkiet „Z każdym rokiem ceny usług będą spadały” 24.04.2006
16. Internet Securities Businesswire 12.05.2006
17. Computerworld „O pożyczkach i zagrożeniach z konsolidacji” 15.05.2006
18. Rzeczpospolita „Szansa, a nie zagrożenie” 20.03.2006
9 Source: www.e-gospodarka.pl
10 Source: Central and Ekstern European Banking Study 2006 (CEEBS)
http://www.e-gospodarka.pl
http://www.e-gospodarka.pl
|