Ancient coastlines of the Black Sea and conditions for human presence – Black Sea expedition 2011
Project DO 02-337, an expedition on the RV Akademik, took place during June 2011 with financial support from the Bulgarian Science Fund. The location for this expedition was the Western Black Sea. 17 core and 8 grapple organic seabed samples were taken. The initial core samples were extracted from t...
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Відділення морської геології та осадочного рудоутворення НАН України
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| Cite this: | Ancient coastlines of the Black Sea and conditions for human presence – Black Sea expedition 2011 / K. Slavova, K. Chterev, D. Dimitrov, V. Peychev, P. Dimitrov // Геология и полезные ископаемые Мирового океана. — 2012. — № 3 (29). — С. 91-97. — Бібліогр.: 11 назв. — англ. |
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Slavova, K. Chterev, K. Dimitrov, D. Peychev, V. Dimitrov, P. 2014-02-19T11:27:25Z 2014-02-19T11:27:25Z 2012 Ancient coastlines of the Black Sea and conditions for human presence – Black Sea expedition 2011 / K. Slavova, K. Chterev, D. Dimitrov, V. Peychev, P. Dimitrov // Геология и полезные ископаемые Мирового океана. — 2012. — № 3 (29). — С. 91-97. — Бібліогр.: 11 назв. — англ. 1999-7566 https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/56511 Project DO 02-337, an expedition on the RV Akademik, took place during June 2011 with financial support from the Bulgarian Science Fund. The location for this expedition was the Western Black Sea. 17 core and 8 grapple organic seabed samples were taken. The initial core samples were extracted from the submerged shorelines with subsequent ones taken from deeper water. So submerged shoreline was mapped, samples for dating, isotope analysis and pollen sampling were taken. Проект ДО 02-337, експедиція у східну частину Чорного моря на н/с «Академік» відбулася в червні 2011 року за фінансової підтримки Болгарського наукового фонду. Відібрано 17 проб трубкою і 8 проб драгою. Зразки відбиралися із затопленої берегової лінії, відібрано зразки для датування, ізотопного і пилкового аналізів. Проект ДО 02-337, экспедиция в восточную часть Черного моря на н/с «Академик» состоялась в июне 2011 г. при финансовой поддержке Болгарского научного фонда. Отобраны 17 проб трубкой и 8 проб драгой. Образцы отбирались из затопленной береговой линии, отобраны образцы для датирования, изотопного и пыльцевого анализов. This study is financial supported by Project DO 02-337, National Science Fund, Bulgarian Ministry of Education, Konstantin Chterev and prof. William Ryan. en Відділення морської геології та осадочного рудоутворення НАН України Геология и полезные ископаемые Мирового океана Информация Ancient coastlines of the Black Sea and conditions for human presence – Black Sea expedition 2011 Древние береговые линии Черного моря и условия для человеческого присутствия – экспедиция-2011 Давні берегові лінії Чорного моря та умови для існування поселень людей – експедиція 2011 Article published earlier |
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Ancient coastlines of the Black Sea and conditions for human presence – Black Sea expedition 2011 |
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Ancient coastlines of the Black Sea and conditions for human presence – Black Sea expedition 2011 Slavova, K. Chterev, K. Dimitrov, D. Peychev, V. Dimitrov, P. Информация |
| title_short |
Ancient coastlines of the Black Sea and conditions for human presence – Black Sea expedition 2011 |
| title_full |
Ancient coastlines of the Black Sea and conditions for human presence – Black Sea expedition 2011 |
| title_fullStr |
Ancient coastlines of the Black Sea and conditions for human presence – Black Sea expedition 2011 |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Ancient coastlines of the Black Sea and conditions for human presence – Black Sea expedition 2011 |
| title_sort |
ancient coastlines of the black sea and conditions for human presence – black sea expedition 2011 |
| author |
Slavova, K. Chterev, K. Dimitrov, D. Peychev, V. Dimitrov, P. |
| author_facet |
Slavova, K. Chterev, K. Dimitrov, D. Peychev, V. Dimitrov, P. |
| topic |
Информация |
| topic_facet |
Информация |
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2012 |
| language |
English |
| container_title |
Геология и полезные ископаемые Мирового океана |
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Відділення морської геології та осадочного рудоутворення НАН України |
| format |
Article |
| title_alt |
Древние береговые линии Черного моря и условия для человеческого присутствия – экспедиция-2011 Давні берегові лінії Чорного моря та умови для існування поселень людей – експедиція 2011 |
| description |
Project DO 02-337, an expedition on the RV Akademik, took place during June 2011 with financial support from the Bulgarian Science Fund. The location for this expedition was the Western Black Sea. 17 core and 8 grapple organic seabed samples were taken. The initial core samples were extracted from the submerged shorelines with subsequent ones taken from deeper water. So submerged shoreline was mapped, samples for dating, isotope analysis and pollen sampling were taken.
Проект ДО 02-337, експедиція у східну частину Чорного моря на н/с «Академік» відбулася в червні 2011 року за фінансової підтримки Болгарського наукового фонду. Відібрано 17 проб трубкою і 8 проб драгою. Зразки відбиралися із затопленої берегової лінії, відібрано зразки для датування, ізотопного і пилкового аналізів.
Проект ДО 02-337, экспедиция в восточную часть Черного моря на н/с «Академик» состоялась в июне 2011 г. при финансовой поддержке Болгарского научного фонда. Отобраны 17 проб трубкой и 8 проб драгой. Образцы отбирались из затопленной береговой линии, отобраны образцы для датирования, изотопного и пыльцевого анализов.
|
| issn |
1999-7566 |
| url |
https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/56511 |
| citation_txt |
Ancient coastlines of the Black Sea and conditions for human presence – Black Sea expedition 2011 / K. Slavova, K. Chterev, D. Dimitrov, V. Peychev, P. Dimitrov // Геология и полезные ископаемые Мирового океана. — 2012. — № 3 (29). — С. 91-97. — Бібліогр.: 11 назв. — англ. |
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ANCIENT COASTLINES OF THE BLACK SEA... EXPEDITION 2011
ISSN 1999�7566. Геология и полезные ископаемые Мирового океана, 2012, №3 91
ИНФОРМАЦИЯ
© K. Slavova, K. Chterev, D. Dimitrov, V. Peychev,
P. Dimitrov, 2012
Institute of Oceanology – BAS, Varna, P.O.Box 152
ANCIENT COASTLINES OF THE BLACK SEA
AND CONDITIONS FOR HUMAN PRESENCE –
BLACK SEA EXPEDITION 2011
Project DO 02�337, an expedition on the RV Akademik, took place during
June 2011 with financial support from the Bulgarian Science Fund. The location
for this expedition was the Western Black Sea. 17 core and 8 grapple organic
seabed samples were taken. The initial core samples were extracted from the
submerged shorelines with subsequent ones taken from deeper water. So
submerged shoreline was mapped, samples for dating, isotope analysis and pollen
sampling were taken.
Introduction. Two abrupt flood scenarios have been proposed for the Black
Sea. The first, or Late Pleistocene ‘Great Flood’ of Chepalyga (2003, 2007) –
the CH hypothesis – states that the brackish Neoeuxinian Lake in the Black Sea
basin filled rapidly with the overflow of the Caspian Sea via the Manych Spillway
shortly after the Late Glacial Maximum, 17–14 ka BP. The second, or Early
Holocene ‘Noah’s Flood’ of Ryan et al. (1997) and Ryan and Pitman (1998)
describes a catastrophic flood of the Neoeuxinian Lake by the inflow of
Mediterranean sea water at either 7.2 ka BP (RP1 hypothesis) or 8.4 ka BP (RP2
hypothesis: Ryan et al. 2003; Ryan 2007; Dimitrov and Dimitrov, 2003;
Dimitrov, 2010). Turney and Brown (2007) suggest that a jump in sea level was
triggered by the Laurentide Ice Sheet collapse (TB hypothesis). These hypotheses
propose that the massive inundations of the Black Sea basin and ensuing
environmental changes profoundly impacted prehistoric humans inhabiting in
the surrounding areas and formed the basis for the ‘Great Flood’ legends (Yanko�
Hombach V. et al, 2011).
The flood hypothesis suggests there was a decrease in water level, creating
shorelines (now submerged) that can be dated to 8.5 ka BP (Ryan et al., 2003).
However, the outflow hypothesis maintains that there was no drawdown and
that the Black Sea remained high after the drawdown 11 ka BP, continuing to
outflow through the Bosphorus into the Marmara Sea (Hiscott et al, 2007)
In this expedition with the collected data, we hope to prove either an abrupt
Holocene flood scenario, or a gradual, fluctuating Holocene sea�level rise.
Materials and Methods. We embarked on the R/V Akademik from Varna,
Bulgaria on June 27th. The Akademik is operated by the Institute of Oceanology,
Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. There were approximately 30 people on board
which included the crew, the scientific party and journalists from the magazine
“Spisanie 8”. The head scientist of the expedition was Prof. Petko Dimitrov
and Prof. William Ryan was the assistant head scientist. The Akademik (Fig. 1)
is a 55.5m ship with a breadth of 9.8m. The ship was equipped with a 4.3m high
A�frame from which the core sample drill was attached and which was also used
SLAVOVA K., CHTEREV K., DIMITROV D., PEYCHEV V., DIMITROV P.
92 ISSN 1999�7566. Геология и полезные ископаемые Мирового океана, 2012, №3
to tow the sonar
equipment. There
are two labs on the
R/V Akademik – the
sonar lab and the
core lab.
Echo and navi�
gation. Two echo�
sounders, made in
Norway by the
company SIMRAD,
were used onboard
the Akademik. The
frequencies used
were 12kHz and 38
kHz with the software systems Open CPN 2.3.1 (Fig.2). Two independent GPSs
were used– Magellan FX 324 with precision +/� 3m and Garmin GPSMAP�76
with precision +/� 5m. The navigation software was GPS Win Pro 3.0. The
Magellan antenna and SIMRAD EK 60 transducers were located close to each
other so no distance correction was necessary. All navigation and echo data were
entered into the navigation computer.
Fig. 1. The R/V Akademik
Fig. 2. Navigation map of the expedition, Open CPN 2.3.1
ANCIENT COASTLINES OF THE BLACK SEA... EXPEDITION 2011
ISSN 1999�7566. Геология и полезные ископаемые Мирового океана, 2012, №3 93
The echosounders’ calibration in each polygon was made by measuring
the water’s mean temperature and salinity. The speed of sound was calculated
using Delgrosso and Chen�Millero equations, again taking the mean value. A
calculated value of 1472 m/s was entered in the echos and was used for depth
calculations, taking into account the ships draft of 4.8m (Fig.3).
Batimetric precision was estimated at about 1m, taking into account an
average depth of 100m and the waves (Fig.4).
These dunes and shorelines were created by a Black Sea drawdown that
brought the water level down to �90 to �120 m below the current water level.
Core Sampling. The location for this expedition was the Western Black
Sea (Fig. 2, 5) and 17 core and 8 grapple organic seabed samples were taken.
In order to sample the coastal dunes we would have to core them. To take
samples for dating, isotope analysis and pollen sampling we had to core the deep
water seabed. On board the R/V Akademik we used a 12cm gravity coring device
and a grapple device. The gravity coring device had a 280 kg head on the end of
a 4�meter metal tube and was 12cm in diameter (Fig.6.). At the bottom end of
the corer shaft there is a core catcher.
Fig. 3. CTD profiles
Fig. 4. Submerged coastal dunes
SLAVOVA K., CHTEREV K., DIMITROV D., PEYCHEV V., DIMITROV P.
94 ISSN 1999�7566. Геология и полезные ископаемые Мирового океана, 2012, №3
The corer was hoisted up onto the A�frame on the stern and dropped in the
water. The main hydraulic winch controlled the descent of the coring device
until it was about 20m above the seafloor. The mechanic would then stop the
winch and allow the device to free�fall into the seafloor. Once the corer hit the
seafloor and the cable went slack the hydraulic winch would then be reattached
and the device would be raised on board. Once on deck, the top of the corer was
opened and the plastic sleeve full of sediment was taken to the core lab in 1�
meter sections. We were very fortunate as we managed to penetrate 120 cm
into the hardened shelly gravel of the submerged shoreline without a vibracorer.
(Fig. 4, & table).
Sampling. There are submerged cliffs, beaches, coastal dunes, and
evidence of shorelines at depths between �70 m and �120 m these indicate that
the Black Sea surface was somewhere in this depth range prior to the proposed
time of the flood. The flood hypothesis suggests there was a decrease in the
water level, creating shorelines (now submerged) that can be dated to 8.5 ka BP
(Ryan, W. B. F. et al., 2003). Because of this, the majority of cores were taken
from the depths of the submerged shorelines (table 1). In order to core into this
shoreline we used a gravity coring device with a 280 kg head on the end.
Table showing depth on the cores taken during the cruise on the RV Akademik in 2011
Core ¹ Station ¹ Water Depth Core Length Core Type
Akad 11-01 1 125 m 350 cm 12cm Gravity
Akad 11-02 2 90 m 134 cm 12cm Gravity
Akad 11-03 3 90 m 196 cm 12cm Gravity
Akad 11-04 4 70 m 330 cm 12cm Gravity
Akad 11-05 5 70.8 m 370 cm 12cm Gravity
Akad 11-06 6 96.7 m 412 cm 12cm Gravity
Akad 11-07 7 125 m 325 cm 12cm Gravity
Akad 11-08 8 95 m 99 cm 12cm Gravity
Akad 11-09 9 91 m 372 cm 12cm Gravity
Akad 11-10 10 80.5 m 416 cm 12cm Gravity
Akad 11-11 11 510 m 356 cm 12cm Gravity
Akad 11-12 12 1000 m 121 cm 12cm Gravity
Akad 11-13 13 860 m 340 cm 12cm Gravity
Akad 11-14 14 1500 m 343 cm 12cm Gravity
Akad 11-15 15 2200 m 305 cm 12cm Gravity
Akad 11-16B 16 2112m Grapple
Akad 11-17 17 1805 m 389 cm 12cm Gravity
Akad 11-18B 18 1605 m Grapple
Akad 11-19 19 85 m 120 cm 12cm Gravity
Akad 11-20B 20 1610 m Grapple
Akad 11-21B 21 1604 m Grapple
Akad 11-22B 22 92.2 m Grapple
Akad 11-23B 23 92 m Grapple
Akad 11-24B 24 96 m Grapple
Akad 11-25B 25 95 m Grapple
ANCIENT COASTLINES OF THE BLACK SEA... EXPEDITION 2011
ISSN 1999�7566. Геология и полезные ископаемые Мирового океана, 2012, №3 95
Thankfully this apparatus was able to penetrate into the coarser sediment. Once
the cores were recovered they were cut into approximately 1�meter sections on
the fantail and immediately taken to the wet lab that is situated mid ship. The
sections were then cut open and observed. Nearly all the cores were sampled
every 10 cm for pollen analyses from Mariana Filipova. William Ryan and the
scientific team would sample for mollusks using sieves for isotope analyses and
14C dating. Radiocarbon dating is a commonly used dating method.
During the expedition we took 10 samples for 14C dating from Core
Akademik 11�17 (tabl.1.). The first sample is from Unit 1. Coccolithic ooze is
matter containing the first appearance of Emiliana huxleyi. The next two
samples are from Unit 2 – sapropel dark green grey – finely laminated at 1 mm.
The next sample will date the beginning of protosapropel. We decided that is
Fig. 5. 17 core and 8 grapple samples were extracted during the Black Sea expedition 2011
Fig. 6. Core Akademik 11�19
SLAVOVA K., CHTEREV K., DIMITROV D., PEYCHEV V., DIMITROV P.
96 ISSN 1999�7566. Геология и полезные ископаемые Мирового океана, 2012, №3
more important to determine the different periods in the history of the red�
brown clay and because of this we took six 14C data from Unit 3.
The last core taken during the expedition was Core Akademik 11�19 (tabl.1,
Fig.7). This was a successful attempt to penetrate the submerged coastal dunes.
The core was remarkable, containing some special features. The first one is that
we found wood at 80cm and this has been sent for 14C dating. At 58cm we found
articulated Dreissena and at 50cm to 51cm we have whole Dreissena, not
polished. The second one is the appearance of Cardium found at 43 cm, at the
boundary between the Old Black Sea and Neoeuxinian sediments. This has also
been sent for 14C dating. Cardium is a mollusk species that only live in salty
water. At 42cm we found mineral sand and one Dreissena but no more after.
After that from 43cm to 36cm the sediments were mostly clay.
Conclusions. Despite there being no dates as yet, a few conclusions can be
drawn from our 2011 expedition on the RV Akademik.
The submerged shoreline where we cored consisted of shell gravel. This
leads us to believe that the Black Sea once had a water level above these shorelines
that allowed the mollusks to thrive. Then there was a drawdown leaving these
mollusks exposed. Their shells were then weathered forming the shell gravel
observed in the core.
Also a series of reddish�brown clay layers were deposited and found within
the deep water cores (tabl. 1). The occurrence of the red layers may be linked to
high latitude climate variations.
Acknowledgments. This study is financial supported by Project DO 02�
337, National Science Fund, Bulgarian Ministry of Education, Konstantin
Chterev and prof. William Ryan.
1. Chepalyga, A. L. 2003. Late Glacial Great Flood in the Black Sea and Caspian Sea.
GSA Annual Meeting and Exposition, Seattle, USA, 2–5 November 2003: 460.
2. Chepalyga, A. L. 2007. The late glacial great flood in the Ponto�Caspian basin. In
Yanko�Hombach, V., Gilbert, A. S., Panin, N. and Dolukhanov, P. (eds) The Black
Sea Flood Question: Changes in Coastline, Climate and Human Settlement.
Dordrecht, Springer: 119–148.
3. Dimitrov P, D. Dimitrov. 2004. The Black Sea The Flood and the ancient myths.
“Slavena”. Varna, ISBN 954�579�335�X, 91p. http://www.io�bas.bg/noahproject/
index.html
4. Dimitrov D. 2010. Geology and Non�traditional resources of the Black Sea. LAP
(Lambert Academic Publishing AG). ISBN 978�3�8383�8639�3. 244 p. http://
www.amazon.com/Geology�Non�traditional�resources�Black�possibilities/dp/
3838386396
5. Ryan, W. B. F., Pitman, W. C., Major, C. O., Shimkus, K., Maskalenko, V., Jones, G.
A., Dimitrov, P., Gцrьr, N., Sak1 nз, M. and Yьce, H. 1997. An abrupt drowning of
the Black Sea shelf. Marine Geology 138: 119–126.
6. Ryan, W. B. F. and Pitman, W. 1998. Noah’s Flood. The New Scientific Discoveries
about the Event that Changed History. New York, Simon and Schuster.
7. Ryan, W. B. F. 2007. Status of the Black Sea flood hypothesis. In Yanko�Hombach,
V., Gilbert, A. S., Panin, N. and Dolukhanov, P. (eds) The Black Sea Flood Question:
Changes in Coastline, Climate and Human Settlement. Dordrecht, Springer: 63–88.
8. Ryan, W. B. F., Major, C. O., Lericolais, G. and Goldstein, S. L. 2003. Catastrophic flooding
of the Black Sea. Annual Review Earth and Planetary Sciences 31: 525–554.
ANCIENT COASTLINES OF THE BLACK SEA... EXPEDITION 2011
ISSN 1999�7566. Геология и полезные ископаемые Мирового океана, 2012, №3 97
9. Turney, C. S. M. and Brown, H. 2007. Catastrophic Early Holocene sea level rise,
human migration and the Neolithic transition in Europe. Quaternary Science
Reviews 26: 2036–2041.
10. Yanko�Hombach V., Mudie P. and Gilbert A. S. 2011. Was the Black Sea
Catastrophically Flooded during the Holocene? – geological evidence and
archaeological impacts. In Benjamin J., Bonsall C., Pickard C., Fischer A. (eds) An
Offprint From Submerged. Oxbow Boox, Oxford: 245�262
11. Hiscott, R.N., Aksu, A.E., Mudie, P.J., Marret, F., Abrajano, T., Kaminski, M.A.,
Evans, J., Cakiroglu, A.I., Yasar, D. 2007. A gradual drowning of the southwestern
Black Sea shelf: Evidence for a gradual rather than abrupt Holocene reconnection
with the eastern Mediterranean Sea through the Marmara Sea Gateway. Quaternary
International 167�168, 19�34.
Проект ДО 02�337, експедиція у східну частину Чорного моря на н/с «Академік»
відбулася в червні 2011 року за фінансової підтримки Болгарського наукового фонду.
Відібрано 17 проб трубкою і 8 проб драгою. Зразки відбиралися із затопленої берегової
лінії, відібрано зразки для датування, ізотопного і пилкового аналізів.
Проект ДО 02�337, экспедиция в восточную часть Черного моря на н/с «Академик»
состоялась в июне 2011 г. при финансовой поддержке Болгарского научного фонда. Ото�
браны 17 проб трубкой и 8 проб драгой. Образцы отбирались из затопленной береговой
линии, отобраны образцы для датирования, изотопного и пыльцевого анализов.
Received 11.04.2012
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/Euclid-Bold
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/Euclid-Italic
/MT-Extra
/PragmaticaC
/PragmaticaC-Bold
/PragmaticaC-BoldItalic
/PragmaticaC-Italic
/SchoolBookC
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/SchoolBookC-BoldItalic
/SchoolBookC-Italic
/SchoolBookCTT
/Symbol
/SymbolMT
/Webdings
/Wingdings2
/Wingdings3
/Wingdings-Regular
]
/NeverEmbed [ true
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/ArialNarrow-Italic
/ArialRoundedMTBold
/ArialUnicodeMS
/TimesNewRomanPS-BoldItalicMT
/TimesNewRomanPS-BoldMT
/TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT
/TimesNewRomanPSMT
]
/AntiAliasColorImages false
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/ColorImageMinResolution 300
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>>
/ColorImageDict <<
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>>
/JPEG2000ColorACSImageDict <<
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>>
/JPEG2000ColorImageDict <<
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>>
/AntiAliasGrayImages false
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/QFactor 0.15
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>>
/GrayImageDict <<
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>>
/JPEG2000GrayACSImageDict <<
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>>
/JPEG2000GrayImageDict <<
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>>
/AntiAliasMonoImages false
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/MonoImageDepth -1
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/EncodeMonoImages true
/MonoImageFilter /CCITTFaxEncode
/MonoImageDict <<
/K -1
>>
/AllowPSXObjects false
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/None
]
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0.00000
0.00000
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/NLD (Gebruik deze instellingen om Adobe PDF-documenten te maken die zijn geoptimaliseerd voor prepress-afdrukken van hoge kwaliteit. De gemaakte PDF-documenten kunnen worden geopend met Acrobat en Adobe Reader 5.0 en hoger.)
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/ENU (Use these settings to create Adobe PDF documents best suited for high-quality prepress printing. Created PDF documents can be opened with Acrobat and Adobe Reader 5.0 and later.)
>>
/Namespace [
(Adobe)
(Common)
(1.0)
]
/OtherNamespaces [
<<
/AsReaderSpreads false
/CropImagesToFrames true
/ErrorControl /WarnAndContinue
/FlattenerIgnoreSpreadOverrides false
/IncludeGuidesGrids false
/IncludeNonPrinting false
/IncludeSlug false
/Namespace [
(Adobe)
(InDesign)
(4.0)
]
/OmitPlacedBitmaps false
/OmitPlacedEPS false
/OmitPlacedPDF false
/SimulateOverprint /Legacy
>>
<<
/AddBleedMarks false
/AddColorBars false
/AddCropMarks false
/AddPageInfo false
/AddRegMarks false
/ConvertColors /ConvertToCMYK
/DestinationProfileName ()
/DestinationProfileSelector /DocumentCMYK
/Downsample16BitImages true
/FlattenerPreset <<
/PresetSelector /MediumResolution
>>
/FormElements false
/GenerateStructure false
/IncludeBookmarks false
/IncludeHyperlinks false
/IncludeInteractive false
/IncludeLayers false
/IncludeProfiles false
/MultimediaHandling /UseObjectSettings
/Namespace [
(Adobe)
(CreativeSuite)
(2.0)
]
/PDFXOutputIntentProfileSelector /DocumentCMYK
/PreserveEditing true
/UntaggedCMYKHandling /LeaveUntagged
/UntaggedRGBHandling /UseDocumentProfile
/UseDocumentBleed false
>>
]
>> setdistillerparams
<<
/HWResolution [2400 2400]
/PageSize [481.890 737.008]
>> setpagedevice
|