Morphology of Parasitic and Free-living Adults of Rhabdias rubrovenosa (Nematoda, Rhabdiasidae)
The description of parasitic hermaphrodites, free-living males and females of Rhabdias rubrovenosa (Schneider, 1866) Semenov, 1929 is presented. Parasitic adults of the species are characterized by short vestibulum, absence of esophastome, pre-equatorial position of vulva and atrophy of rectum. The...
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Інститут зоології ім. І.І. Шмальгаузена НАН України
2000
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| Цитувати: | Morphology of Parasitic and Free-living Adults of Rhabdias rubrovenosa (Nematoda, Rhabdiasidae) / Yu.I. Kuzmin // Вестник зоологии. — 2000. — Т. 34, № 1-2. — С. 109-114. — Бібліогр.: 6 назв. — англ. |
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Kuzmin, Yu.I. 2014-06-14T12:15:03Z 2014-06-14T12:15:03Z 2000 Morphology of Parasitic and Free-living Adults of Rhabdias rubrovenosa (Nematoda, Rhabdiasidae) / Yu.I. Kuzmin // Вестник зоологии. — 2000. — Т. 34, № 1-2. — С. 109-114. — Бібліогр.: 6 назв. — англ. 0084-5604 https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/64275 595.132 The description of parasitic hermaphrodites, free-living males and females of Rhabdias rubrovenosa (Schneider, 1866) Semenov, 1929 is presented. Parasitic adults of the species are characterized by short vestibulum, absence of esophastome, pre-equatorial position of vulva and atrophy of rectum. The last two characters are less distinct in young individuals. Morphology of freeliving adults of the species is similar to that in corresponding stages of other species of the genus Rhabdias. Free-living females of R. rubrovenosa had not more than 2 eggs in the uteri; 1 or 2 larvae developed inside each female. Представлены описания паразитических гермафродитных особей, самцов и самок свободноживущего поколения Rhabdias rubrovenosa (Schneider, 1866) Semenov, 1929. Взрослые особи паразитического поколения характеризуются коротким вестибулюмом, свободной от пищеводной ткани ротовой капсулой, преэкваториальным положением вульвы и атрофией ректума. Последние 2 признака менее выражены у молодых особей. Для свободноживущего поколения характерно строение типичное для соответствующих стадий других видов рода Rhabdias. В матках свободноживущих самок этого вида наблюдалось не более 2 яиц; 1 или 2 личинки развивались в каждой самке. The work was supported by the grant № 5.4/279 from the State Foundation for Fundamental Investigations. en Інститут зоології ім. І.І. Шмальгаузена НАН України Вестник зоологии Краткие сообщения Morphology of Parasitic and Free-living Adults of Rhabdias rubrovenosa (Nematoda, Rhabdiasidae) Морфология взрослых стадий паразитического и свободноживущего поколений Rhabdias rubrovenosa (Nematoda, Rhabdiasidae) Article published earlier |
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Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
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| title |
Morphology of Parasitic and Free-living Adults of Rhabdias rubrovenosa (Nematoda, Rhabdiasidae) |
| spellingShingle |
Morphology of Parasitic and Free-living Adults of Rhabdias rubrovenosa (Nematoda, Rhabdiasidae) Kuzmin, Yu.I. Краткие сообщения |
| title_short |
Morphology of Parasitic and Free-living Adults of Rhabdias rubrovenosa (Nematoda, Rhabdiasidae) |
| title_full |
Morphology of Parasitic and Free-living Adults of Rhabdias rubrovenosa (Nematoda, Rhabdiasidae) |
| title_fullStr |
Morphology of Parasitic and Free-living Adults of Rhabdias rubrovenosa (Nematoda, Rhabdiasidae) |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Morphology of Parasitic and Free-living Adults of Rhabdias rubrovenosa (Nematoda, Rhabdiasidae) |
| title_sort |
morphology of parasitic and free-living adults of rhabdias rubrovenosa (nematoda, rhabdiasidae) |
| author |
Kuzmin, Yu.I. |
| author_facet |
Kuzmin, Yu.I. |
| topic |
Краткие сообщения |
| topic_facet |
Краткие сообщения |
| publishDate |
2000 |
| language |
English |
| container_title |
Вестник зоологии |
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Інститут зоології ім. І.І. Шмальгаузена НАН України |
| format |
Article |
| title_alt |
Морфология взрослых стадий паразитического и свободноживущего поколений Rhabdias rubrovenosa (Nematoda, Rhabdiasidae) |
| description |
The description of parasitic hermaphrodites, free-living males and females of Rhabdias rubrovenosa (Schneider, 1866) Semenov, 1929 is presented. Parasitic adults of the species are characterized by short vestibulum, absence of esophastome, pre-equatorial position of vulva and atrophy of rectum. The last two characters are less distinct in young individuals. Morphology of freeliving adults of the species is similar to that in corresponding stages of other species of the genus Rhabdias. Free-living females of R. rubrovenosa had not more than 2 eggs in the uteri; 1 or 2 larvae developed inside each female.
Представлены описания паразитических гермафродитных особей, самцов и самок свободноживущего поколения Rhabdias rubrovenosa (Schneider, 1866) Semenov, 1929. Взрослые особи паразитического поколения характеризуются коротким вестибулюмом, свободной от пищеводной ткани ротовой капсулой, преэкваториальным положением вульвы и атрофией ректума. Последние 2 признака менее выражены у молодых особей. Для свободноживущего поколения характерно строение типичное для соответствующих стадий других видов рода Rhabdias. В матках свободноживущих самок этого вида наблюдалось не более 2 яиц; 1 или 2 личинки развивались в каждой самке.
|
| issn |
0084-5604 |
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https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/64275 |
| citation_txt |
Morphology of Parasitic and Free-living Adults of Rhabdias rubrovenosa (Nematoda, Rhabdiasidae) / Yu.I. Kuzmin // Вестник зоологии. — 2000. — Т. 34, № 1-2. — С. 109-114. — Бібліогр.: 6 назв. — англ. |
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2025-11-26T20:57:47Z |
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Vestnik zoologii, 34(1—2): 109—114, 2000
© 2000 Yu. I. Kuzmin
ÓÄÊ 595.132
MORPHOLOGY OF PARASITIC AND
FREE-LIVING ADULTS OF RHABDIAS RUBROVENOSA
(NEMATODA, RHABDIASIDAE)
Yu. I. Kuzmin
Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology, vul. B. Khmelnit'skogo, 15, Kiev-30, 252601 Ukraine
Accepted 2 October 1998
Morphology of Parasitic and Free-living Adults of Rhabdias rubrovenosa (Nematoda, Rhabdiasidae).
Kuzmin Yu. I. – The description of parasitic hermaphrodites, free-living males and females of
Rhabdias rubrovenosa (Schneider, 1866) Semenov, 1929 is presented. Parasitic adults of the species are
characterized by short vestibulum, absence of esophastome, pre-equatorial position of vulva and
atrophy of rectum. The last two characters are less distinct in young individuals. Morphology of free-
living adults of the species is similar to that in corresponding stages of other species of the genus
Rhabdias. Free-living females of R. rubrovenosa had not more than 2 eggs in the uteri; 1 or 2 larvae
developed inside each female.
Key wo rd s : Rhabdias, morphology, parasitic generation, free-living generation.
Ìîðôîëîãèÿ âçðîñëûõ ñòàäèé ïàðàçèòè÷åñêîãî è ñâîáîäíîæèâóùåãî ïîêîëåíèé Rhabdias
rubrovenosa (Nematoda, Rhabdiasidae). Êóçüìèí Þ. È. – Ïðåäñòàâëåíû îïèñàíèÿ ïàðàçèòè÷åñêèõ
ãåðìàôðîäèòíûõ îñîáåé, ñàìöîâ è ñàìîê ñâîáîäíîæèâóùåãî ïîêîëåíèÿ Rhabdias rubrovenosa
(Schneider, 1866) Semenov, 1929. Âçðîñëûå îñîáè ïàðàçèòè÷åñêîãî ïîêîëåíèÿ õàðàêòåðèçóþòñÿ
êîðîòêèì âåñòèáóëþìîì, ñâîáîäíîé îò ïèùåâîäíîé òêàíè ðîòîâîé êàïñóëîé, ïðåýêâàòîðèàëü-
íûì ïîëîæåíèåì âóëüâû è àòðîôèåé ðåêòóìà. Ïîñëåäíèå 2 ïðèçíàêà ìåíåå âûðàæåíû ó ìîëî-
äûõ îñîáåé. Äëÿ ñâîáîäíîæèâóùåãî ïîêîëåíèÿ õàðàêòåðíî ñòðîåíèå òèïè÷íîå äëÿ
ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèõ ñòàäèé äðóãèõ âèäîâ ðîäà Rhabdias. Â ìàòêàõ ñâîáîäíîæèâóùèõ ñàìîê ýòîãî
âèäà íàáëþäàëîñü íå áîëåå 2 ÿèö; 1 èëè 2 ëè÷èíêè ðàçâèâàëèñü â êàæäîé ñàìêå.
Êëþ÷åâûå ñëîâà : Rhabdias, ìîðôîëîãèÿ, ïàðàçèòè÷åñêîå ïîêîëåíèå, ñâîáîäíîæèâóùåå ïî-
êîëåíèå.
Introduction
Rhabdias rubrovenosa (Schneider, 1866) Semenov, 1929 was described from the lungs of toad
Bufo cinereus from Germany. Semenov (1929) included this species into the list of European species of the
genus Rhabdias Stiles et Hassall, 1905. Mazurmovich (1951) found R. rubrovenosa in the lungs of European
common toad (Bufo bufo), green toad (B. viridis) and common spadefoot (Pelobates fuscus) from vicinities of
Kyiv and Kanev (Ukraine). The author considered this species to be quite rare and occasionally met.
Hartwich (1975) stated the parasitic generation of R. rubrovenosa resembled that of R. bufonis. The
distinguishing characters of R. rubrovenosa, as noted by Hartwich (1975), were the pre-equatorial position of
vulva and atrophy of anus and rectum. In short description of free-living males and females of R. rubrovenosa
given by Schneider (1866; cited after Hartwich, 1975) their general similarity to those in R. bufonis has been
mentioned.
Studying nematodes of the genus Rhabdias I have found R. rubrovenosa in the material from Bufo spp.
and Bombina bombina from Ukraine and South-West of Russia. The species appeared to be quite common
parasite of Bufo viridis from these territories. The free-living generation of R. rubrovenosa was obtained in
laboratory cultures. The aim of this paper is to give new description of parasitic and free-living generation
adults of R. rubrovenosa on the original material.
Material and methods
Material stored in the Department of Parasitology of the Institute of Zoology of NAS of Ukraine was
studied. It included 17 samples of R. rubrovenosa (more than 200 specimens of parasitic generation) from 15
Yu. I. Kuzmin 110
localities. Thirty-three specimens from several samples including fresh material from B. viridis were meas-
ured.
Free-living stages of development of R. rubrovenosa were obtained in laboratory. The cultivating
method proposed by Chu (1936) was accepted. Culturing was carried out at 18—20°C, in the feces of
B. viridis naturally infected by R. rubrovenosa. The description of free-living generation was made on the
material from 4 samples obtained from 3 separate cultures.
Material from the collection was fixed and stored in 4% formaldehyde in saline. Experimentally
obtained material was fixed in hot mixture of 70° alcohol and 5% neutral formaldehyde in 2 : 1 ratio, with
the addition of glycerol (not over than 10% of mixture).
The material was cleared in pure glycerol and studied under the light microscope “Zeiss-Axiolab”.
Results
Paras i t ic adul t s (fig. 1; tabl. 1). Body elongated. Head end rounded, tail end
tapered. Body cuticle inflated, especially in anterior part, and covered with irregular
folds. Oral opening round. Each of six reduced cephalic lips bearing a small papilla on
top. Vestibulum reduced; small hemispherical buccal capsule situated close to the oral
opening. Esophageal tissue surrounding the bottom of buccal capsule. Esophagus club-
shaped. Nerve ring surrounding esophagus near its middle. Excretory pore situated be-
hind the level of nerve ring. Excretory duct short and straight. Excretory glands
narrow, elongated, slightly widened and rounded in the posterior portion. Intestine
wide, thick-walled in anterior part and thin-walled posteriorly. Rectum in gravid
specimens thin, straight, sufficiently reduced. Posterior part of intestine blind and sac-
like, filled with black content and often stretched into the tail region (fig. 1, d). The
last feature occuring mainly in the largest (and probably the oldest) worms. In several
cases specimens with rupture of intestine were noted. The black filling of posterior gut
was dispersed in the body cavity of these individuals. Despite this the worms were live
Fig. 1. Parasitic adult of R. rubrovenosa: a – head end, apical view; b – general view of worm; c – anterior
part of the body, lateral view; d – tail end, lateral view. Scale: a, c – 0.1 mm; b – 0.5 mm; d – 0.2 mm.
Ðèñ. 1. Âçðîñëàÿ îñîáü ïàðàçèòè÷åñêîãî ïîêîëåíèÿ R.. rubrovenosa: à – ãîëîâíîé êîíåö, àïèêàëüíî; b –
îáùèé âèä; ñ – ïåðåäíÿÿ ÷àñòü òåëà, ëàòåðàëüíî; d – õâîñòîâîé êîíåö, ëàòåðàëüíî. Ìàñøòàá: a, c – 0,1
ìì; b – 0,5 ìì; d – 0,2 ìì.
Morphology Adults of Rhabdias rubrovenosa… 111
and able to move and lay the eggs. Tail conical.
Genital system amphidelphic. Vulva pre-equatorial in gravid specimens, post-
equatorial in younger individuals (fig. 2). Vulva lips reduced. Uteri large, thin-walled,
filled with numerous eggs. Eggs located in region of vulva containing fully developed
larvae. Both genital tubes reflexed in zone of oocytes. Ovaries narrow, slightly twisted,
their proximal ends overlapping at level of vulva.
Tab l e 1 . Morphometry of parasitic generation adults of R. rubrovenosa (33 specimens from Bufo viridis).
Here and below all dimensions in micrometers
Òàáëèöà 1 . Ìîðôîìåòðèÿ âçðîñëûõ îñîáåé ïàðàçèòè÷åñêîãî ïîêîëåíèÿ R. rubrovenosa (33 ýêç. èç Bufo
viridis). Çäåñü è äàëåå âñå èçìåðåíèÿ â ìèêðîìåòðàõ
Characters Aver. Min. Max. SD CV
Body length 7078 4000 11900 2367 33.44
Body width 265 158 398 58.13 21.97
Buccal capsule depth 7.7 6 10 1.015 13.19
Buccal capsule width 12.7 10 14 1.08 8.527
Esophagus length 355.6 307 423 31.61 8.889
The same, % to body length 5.45 3.11 7.72 1.369 25.14
Width of esophagus anterior end 33.3 30 40 2.73 8.206
Width of esophagus middle 37.1 32 44 3.083 8.3
Width of esophagus bulbus 61.6 54 78 5.869 9.531
Distance from anterior edge of
esophagus to nerve ring
173.8 141 216 18.2 10.47
The same, % to esophagus length 48.91 41.5 54.76 3.52 7.197
Distance from anterior end to vulva 3180 2050 5600 1014 31.88
The same, % to body length 45.33 40.5 53.13 2.882 6.357
Tail length 315.4 208 498 77.31 24.51
The same, % to body length 4.70 3.28 7.43 1.218 25.89
Fig. 2. Relationship of distance to vulva (% to body length) to body length in studied sample of parasitic adults
of R. rubrovenosa. Scatterplot with the least squares line.
Ðèñ. 2. Çàâèñèìîñòü ìåæäó ðàññòîÿíèåì äî âóëüâû (% îò äëèíû òåëà) è äëèíîé òåëà â èññëåäîâàííîé
âûáîðêå âçðîñëûõ îñîáåé ïàðàçèòè÷åñêîãî ïîêîëåíèÿ R. rubrovenosa.
Yu. I. Kuzmin 112
Free- l iv ing males (fig. 2, a, b; tabl. 2). Body elongated, posterior part curved
ventrally. Maximum body width behind its middle. Oral opening surrounded by six
small lips. Stoma short, rhabditoid. Esophagus rhabditoid. Nerve ring surrounding the
middle of isthmus. Cardial bulb wide, spherical. Valve in bulb present. Two pear-like
subventral excretory cells situated behind the esophageal bulb. Intestine wide, thin-
walled. Rectum short and thin. Tail conical, bearing a short cuticular needle on the
tip. Seven pairs of small ventrolateral papillae (3 pairs preanal and 4 pairs postanal)
joined by thin cuticular membrane forming reduced genital bursa.
Genital tube straight, widened in the anterior portion (spermatocyte growth
zone). Sperm duct narrow. Two small lateral diverticuli present in the anterior portion
of ejaculatory duct. Spicules equal, with cup-like capitulum and joined posterior ends.
Gubernaculum inconspicuous.
Free- l iv ing females (fig. 3, c—f; tabl. 3). Body cuticle smooth and thin. An-
terior part of body being of the same structure as that in males. Intestine wide, with
prominent anterior proventriculus, thick-walled middle part and thin-walled posterior
Tab l e 2 . Morphometry of free-living males of R. rubrovenosa (20 specimens)
Òàáëèöà 2 . Ìîðôîìåòðèÿ ñàìöîâ ñâîáîäíîæèâóùåãî ïîêîëåíèÿ R. rubrovenosa (20 ýêç.)
Characters Aver. Min. Max. SD CV
Body length 530.8 498 556 16.26 3.064
Body width 31.6 30 34 1.392 4.404
Stoma length 6.1 6 8 0.447 7.331
Esophagus length 88.4 78 100 5.256 5.945
The same, % to body length 16.67 14.9 19.28 1.157 6.943
Esophagus bulbus width 13.9 12 14 0.447 3.217
Distance from anterior edge of
esophagus to nerve ring
57.3 50 66 3.743 6.532
The same, % to esophagus length 64.85 58.7 71.11 2.566 3.957
Genital tube length 265.6 216 299 20.86 7.854
The same, % to body length 50.06 41.3 56.67 3.894 7.778
Tail length 24.1 22 26 1.518 6.3
The same, % to body length 4.54 4.21 4.89 0.205 4.52
Spicule length 30.7 28 32 1.174 3.825
Tab l e 3 . Morphometry of free-living females of R. rubrovenosa (25 specimens)
Òàáëèöà 3 . Ìîðôîìåòðèÿ ñàìîê ñâîáîäíîæèâóùåãî ïîêîëåíèÿ R. rubrovenosa (25 ýêç.)
Characters Aver. Min. Max. SD CV
Body length 656.7 614 730 27.14 4.133
Body width 41.5 38 46 1.759 4.236
Stoma length 7.9 6 8 0.4 5.051
Esophagus length 115.4 106 126 4.379 3.793
The same, % to body length 17.6 16.3 19.21 0.736 4.182
Esophagus bulbus width 16.9 16 18 1.013 6.003
Distance from anterior edge of esophagus
to nerve ring
71.3 66 74 2.151 3.018
The same, % to esophagus length 61.78 58.7 64.91 1.703 2.756
Distance from anterior ovary loop to vulva 167.7 141 199 12.9 7.696
Distance from vulva to posterior ovary loop 147.7 133 182 11.74 7.945
Distance between ovary loops 315.4 282 365 22.09 7.004
The same, % to body length 48.02 42.7 53.09 2.504 5.215
Distance from anterior end to vulva 384.1 357 415 16.86 4.389
The same, % to body length 58.5 55.1 61.25 1.345 2.299
Tail length 52.3 44 60 3.591 6.863
The same, % to body length 7.98 6.54 9.51 0.606 7.599
Number of eggs 1.32 0 2 0.557 42.18
Morphology Adults of Rhabdias rubrovenosa… 113
part. Rectum thin and straight. Tail conical, elongated, sharply pointed.
Genital system amphidelphic, with approximately equal limbs. Uteri joined, sac-
like, thin-walled. Seminal receptacles short. Ovaries narrow. Proximal ends of both
ovaries situated at the level of vulva. Anterior genital limb located to the right, poste-
rior one to the left of intestine. Vagina reduced, lips of vulva indistinct. Not more than
one egg occurred in each uterus, thus maximum number of eggs developing in a
female being 2. Eggs being at various stages of embryo development were never
observed to be deposited and finally one or two larvae hatched inside each female.
Larvae fed on mother’s inner organs thus completely destroying its organism (fig. 3, e,
f).
Discussion
Pre-equatorial position of vulva is not characteristic for species of the genus
Rhabdias from amphibians, except R. rubrovenosa, and this character is obviously
related with the atrophy of rectum in the latter species. The posterior body part of
parasitic adults of the species grows more intensively than anterior one due to the
Fig. 3. Free-living adults of R. rubrovenosa: a – head end of male, lateral view; b – male, general view; c –
gravid female, general view; d – same, anterior part of the body, lateral view; e – female with 2 newly hatched
larvae; f – second-stage larvae inside the female’s cuticle. Scale: a – 0.05 mm; b—f – 0.1 mm.
Ðèñ. 3. Âçðîñëûå îñîáè ñâîáîäíîæèâóùåãî ïîêîëåíèÿ R. rubrovenosa: à – ãîëîâíîé êîíåö ñàìöà, ëàòå-
ðàëüíî; b – ñàìåö, îáùèé âèä; c – âçðîñëàÿ ñàìêà, îáùèé âèä; d – òî æå, ïåðåäíÿÿ ÷àñòü òåëà, ëàòå-
ðàëüíî; e – ñàìêà ñ äâóìÿ ëè÷èíêàìè; f – ëè÷èíêè âòîðîé ñòàäèè âíóòðè êóòèêóëû ñàìêè. Ìàñøòàá:
a – 0,05 ìì; b—f – 0,1 ìì.
Yu. I. Kuzmin 114
elongation of the posterior portion of intestine (fig. 2). Vulva was relocated posteriorly
in the largest worms with ruptured intestine (fig. 2; the last three points on a graph).
The reduction of rectum was less conspicuous in young parasitic generation
specimens, so this character should not be used by itself for differentiation of the
species. Present investigation revealed two additional morphological characters to be
appropriate for distinguishing R. rubrovenosa from the closely related R. bufonis. Speci-
mens of R. rubrovenosa had the buccal capsule situated immediately behind the oral
opening. Specimens of R. bufonis, in contrast, have comparatively elongated vestibu-
lum. The posterior half of buccal capsule in R. rubrovenosa is not surrounded by eso-
phageal tissue, whereas it is in R. bufonis.
The morphology of free-living generation adults of R. rubrovenosa is similar to
that in other species of the genus Rhabdias that parasitize amphibians. The fecundity
of free-living generation of R. rubrovenosa was, however, comparatively the lowest
among the species studied. Females had not more than 2 eggs, and maximum 2 larvae
developed in each female, whereas maximum 3 or 4 eggs were encountered in
R. ranae, R. americanus, R. sphaerocephala and R. bufonis (Baker, 1979; personal
observations). The free-living males of R. rubrovenosa had comparatively short genital
tube with indistinct anterior reflexed portion noted in some other species of the genus.
The work was supported by the grant ¹ 5.4/279 from the State Foundation for Fundamental Investi-
gations.
Baker M. R. The free-living and parasitic development of Rhabdias spp. (Nematoda: Rhabdiasidae) in
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