Review of the Genus Paracrias (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae, Entedoninae)
The New World genus Paracrias is reviewed, its diagnostic characters are corrected and the introgeneric variations are discussed. 13 species are recognized for the genus, 6 of them are described as new: P. huberi sp. n., P. laticalcar sp. n. and P. canadensis sp. n. from Canada, P. schauffi sp. n. f...
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Інститут зоології ім. І.І. Шмальгаузена НАН України
2001
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| Цитувати: | Review of the Genus Paracrias (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae, Entedoninae) / A.V. Gumovsky // Вестник зоологии. — 2001. — Т. 35, № 5. — С. 9-26. — Бібліогр.: 13 назв. — англ. |
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Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine| _version_ | 1860243723766464512 |
|---|---|
| author | Gumovsky, A.V. |
| author_facet | Gumovsky, A.V. |
| citation_txt | Review of the Genus Paracrias (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae, Entedoninae) / A.V. Gumovsky // Вестник зоологии. — 2001. — Т. 35, № 5. — С. 9-26. — Бібліогр.: 13 назв. — англ. |
| collection | DSpace DC |
| container_title | Вестник зоологии |
| description | The New World genus Paracrias is reviewed, its diagnostic characters are corrected and the introgeneric variations are discussed. 13 species are recognized for the genus, 6 of them are described as new: P. huberi sp. n., P. laticalcar sp. n. and P. canadensis sp. n. from Canada, P. schauffi sp. n. from Mexico, P. woldai sp. n. and P. panamensis sp. n. from Panama). Diagnostic characters of the new species, change the concept of the genus. Entedon antander Walker treated earlier under Paracrias (LaSalle & Schauff, 1991) removed to the genus Horismenus. New geographic records are given. Key to species of the genus is provided.
Проведен обзор распространенного в Новом Свете рода Paracrias, его диагностические признаки откорректированы и обсужден расброс признаков внутри рода. 13 видов указаны для Paracrias, 6 из них описаны впервые: P. huberi sp. n., P. laticalcar sp. n. и P. canadensis sp. n. из Канады, P. schauffi sp. n. из Мексики, P. woldai sp. n. и P. panamensis sp. n. из Панамы). Диагностические признаки новоописанных видов изменили концепцию рода Paracrias. Entedon antander Walker, включавшийся ранее в род Paracrias (LaSalle & Schauff, 1991), перемещен в род Horismenus. Для видов рода Paracrias в статье приведены новые местонахождения и таблицы к определению.
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Vestnik zoologii, 35(5): 9—26, 2001
© A. V. Gumovsky, 2001
UDC 595.792(7-013)+(8-01)
REVIEW OF THE GENUS PARACRIAS
(HYMENOPTERA, EULOPHIDAE, ENTEDONINAE)
A. V. Gumovsky
Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology, vul. B. Khmelnits’kogo, 15 Kyiv-30, MSP, 01601 Ukraine
E-mail: alex@cenos.freenet.kiev.ua, o_gumovsky@hotmail.com
Accepted 5 May 2000
Review of the Genus Paracrias (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae, Entedoninae). Gumovsky A. V. – The New
World genus Paracrias is reviewed, its diagnostic characters are corrected and the introgeneric variations
are discussed. 13 species are recognized for the genus, 6 of them are described as new: P. huberi sp. n.,
P. laticalcar sp. n. and P. canadensis sp. n. from Canada, P. schauffi sp. n. from Mexico, P. woldai
sp. n. and P. panamensis sp. n. from Panama). Diagnostic characters of the new species, change the
concept of the genus. Entedon antander Walker treated earlier under Paracrias (LaSalle & Schauff,
1991) removed to the genus Horismenus. New geographic records are given. Key to species of the genus
is provided.
Key wo rd s : Hymenoptera, Eulophidae, Entedoninae, Paracrias, Horismenus, the New World, Can-
ada, USA, Mexico, Panama, Peru.
Îáçîð ðîäà Paracrias (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae, Entedoninae). Ãóìîâñêèé À. Â. – Ïðîâåäåí îáçîð
ðàñïðîñòðàíåííîãî â Íîâîì Ñâåòå ðîäà Paracrias, åãî äèàãíîñòè÷åñêèå ïðèçíàêè îòêîððåêòèðî-
âàíû è îáñóæäåí ðàñáðîñ ïðèçíàêîâ âíóòðè ðîäà. 13 âèäîâ óêàçàíû äëÿ Paracrias, 6 èç íèõ îïè-
ñàíû âïåðâûå: P. huberi sp. n., P. laticalcar sp. n. è P. canadensis sp. n. èç Êàíàäû, P. schauffi sp. n.
èç Ìåêñèêè, P. woldai sp. n. è P. panamensis sp. n. èç Ïàíàìû). Äèàãíîñòè÷åñêèå ïðèçíàêè íîâî-
îïèñàííûõ âèäîâ èçìåíèëè êîíöåïöèþ ðîäà Paracrias. Entedon antander Walker, âêëþ÷àâøèéñÿ
ðàíåå â ðîä Paracrias (LaSalle & Schauff, 1991), ïåðåìåùåí â ðîä Horismenus. Äëÿ âèäîâ ðîäà
Paracrias â ñòàòüå ïðèâåäåíû íîâûå ìåñòîíàõîæäåíèÿ è òàáëèöû ê îïðåäåëåíèþ.
Këþ÷åâûå ñëîâ à : Hymenoptera, Eulophidae, Entedoninae, Paracrias, Horismenus, Íîâûé Ñâåò,
Êàíàäà, ÑØÀ, Ìåêñèêà, Ïàíàìà, Ïåðó.
The genus Paracrias was established by Ashmead (1904) for the single species P. laticeps Ashmead,
1904. The taxonomic history of Paracrias has been discussed by Schauff (1985, 1991), new species were de-
scribed by Woolley & Schauff (1987). Since that time several new species have been found in the collections
studied by the author. These species possess some unusual characters, which change the concept of the genus
and require a critical review of the rest described species.
Paracrias is widely distributed in the New World, especially in the Neotropics, so many new species are
expected to be found in future, when more areas are studied.
Genus Paracrias Ashmead
Paracrias Ashmead, 1904: 510; Schauff, 1985: 98; Wooley & Schauff, 1987: 770; Schauff, 1991: 64;
Emersonopsis Girault, 1917 a: 110; Euplectrentedon Girault, 1917 b: 3.
Type-species: Paracrias laticeps Ashmead, 1904, by original designation.
Diagnos i s . Frontal sulcus V-shaped, mandible bidentate; prepectus at most
overlapped by mesosternal protuberance, the latter just indicated, but not delimited;
median strip (fig. 1, 7, m) of propodeum varies in shape and width, always bordered by
clearly margined lateral channels (fig. 1, 7, lc), disappearing at neck-shaped projection
of posterior edge of propodeum (fig. 1, 7, n); this projection varies in length, but al-
ways present.
A. V. Gumovsky 10
Support ing character s . Scutellum without median and lateral scutellar
grooves, female petiole attached almost perpendicularly to both gaster and propodeum
in virtual Z-type in lateral view (fig. 3, 4).
Var ie ty . In most species median ocellus and foramen magnum connected by a
furrow, being most distinctive between median ocellus and occipital margin, the latter
somewhat emarginated at the cross-point; mandibular teeth subequal (P. schauffi,
Fig. 4, 5, P. huberi, fig. 3, 3, P. anthonomi) or the outer tooth much longer than inner
one (other species, fig. 1, 2); shape of dorsellum varies from wide, half-circular
(P. schauffi, fig. 4, 4) to completely reduced (P. woldai); median strip of propodeum
varies from narrow, connected with anterior propodeal margin, not bisecting dorsellum
(P. schauffi, fig. 4, 4), to wide, of inverted U-shape, bisecting dorsellum medially
(P. guatemalensis, P. anthonomi); propodeum bearing long neck-like posterior median
projection, its length varies from comparatively short (shorter than rest of propodeum
in most species) to comparatively long (longer than rest of propodeum, in
P. anthonomi and P. schauffi); first gastral tergite covering more than 1/2 of gastral
dorsum (most species) or at most 1/3 (P. huberi), pronotal collar of moderate size, but
sometimes (P. arizonensis, P. panamensis) comparatively long; fore wing with subcosta
Fig. 1. Paracrias arizonensis: 1 – male habitus; 2 – head of male (in frontal view); 3 – head of male (in dorsal
view); 4 – male scape; 5 – female scape and pedicel; 6 – female metasoma; 7, 8 – propodeum: lc – lateral
channel, ls – lateral sulcus, lp – lateral plica, m – median strip, n – neck, wx – tufts of hairs (? waxy secre-
tions) on OMA.
Ðèñ. 1. Paracrias arizonensis: 1 – ãàáèòóñ ñàìöà; 2 – ãîëîâà ñàìöà (âèä ñïåðåäè); 3 – ãîëîâà ñàìöà (âèä
ñâåðõó); 4 – ñêàïóñ ñàìöà; 5 – ñêàïóñ è ïåäèöåëëþñ ñàìêè; 6 – áðþøêî ñàìêè; 7, 8 – ïðîïîäåóì:
lc – áîêîâîé êàíàëü÷èê, ls – áîêîâîé æåëîá, lp – áîêîâàÿ ñêëàäêà, m – ñðåäèííàÿ ïîëîñêà, n – øåé-
êà, wx – ñêîïëåíèÿ âîëîñêîâ (? âîñêîâûå âûäåëåíèÿ) íà ïåðâîì òåðãèòå áðþøêà.
Review of the Genus Paracrias ... 11
of submarginal vein weakly broken, or even without break (this break is typical for
most Entedoninae) in place of contact with praestigma (e. g. it transiting smoothly to
praestigma: P. strii, P. beus, P. arizonensis, fig. 1, 1, P. woldai) or such transition
marked off by a weak slide of a wider praestigma (P. anthonomi); lateral sulcus of pro-
podeum either complete in better part of its length, with outer margin transformed into
lateral plica or pliciform ridge (P. huberi, fig. 3, 1) or obsolescent to trace being visible
just by difference in sculpture between submedian areas and rest of propodeum (most
species); male gaster mostly homogeneously darkened, but ocassionally with light basal
gastral spot (P. woldai); oval membranous areas on 1st gastral tergite (when present)
bare (often), or with tufts of hairs (P. beus, P. laticalcar, P. arizonensis, fig. 1, 7, wx).
Dis t r ibut ion . Throughout the New World, especially in the Neotropical region.
Abb r e v i a t i on s u s ed i n mo rpho l o gy : POL – post-ocellar distance; OOL – oculo-ocellar dis-
tance; MDO – main diameter of ocellus; OMA – oval membranous areas on 1st gastral tergite; F1—F5 –
funicular segments; SC – subcosta of submarginal vein; PR – praestigma of submarginal vein.
Key to species of the genus Paracrias
Òàáëèöà äëÿ îïðåäåëåíèÿ âèäîâ ðîäà Paracrias
1. Fore coxa with ventral lamellate projection, propodeum densely reticulate, female antenna with 3-
segmented funicle and 2-segmented clava..............................................................P. panamensis sp. n.
— Fore coxa without ventral lamellate projection .................................................................................... 2
2. Mandible with two subequal teeth........................................................................................................ 3
— Outer tooth of mandible much longer than inner one ...................................................................…… 5
3. Propodeum with elongate, neck-like posterior medial projection, covering about 1/2 of entire length
of propodeum ........................................................................................................................................6
— Propodeum with posterior medial projection shorter than 1/2 of entire length of propodeum ............4
4. Hind coxa haired with about up to 30 setae, body brown. .................................... P. canadensis sp. n.
— Hind coxa bald or with just a few scattered setae ................................................................................5
5. Breadth of oral fossa 1.25 times as long as malar space.................................................P. woldai sp. n.
— Malar space long, slightly shorter than oral fossa; dorsellum strongly reduced, lateral sulcus of propo-
deum with pliciform outer margin; gaster flattened, 4.5 times as long as broad, its first tergite extend-
ing slightly less than 1/3 of gastral dorsum ....................................................................P. huberi sp. n.
6. Propodeum with thin smooth median carina clearly separated from its lateral furrows, dorsellum
wide, half-circular in shape, not bisected medially; fore and mid femora dark, hind tibial spur short,
about 1/2 of length of 1st hind tarsomere; occipital margin blunt, rounded; basal vein with about 5
setae, frontal sulcus incomplete.....................................................................................P. schauffi sp. n.
— Median carina of propodeum widened, reticulated, produced forwards, fused with surface of its lat-
eral furrows, dorsellum reduced, bisected medially; fore and mid femora white, hind tibial spur long,
about as long as two first hind tarsomeres; occipital margin ridged; median ocellus and site of prono-
tal attachment to head disconnected, basal vein with at most 1 seta, frontal sulcus complete ...P. an-
thonomi Wooley & Schauff
7. Occipital margin blunt, rounded, fore and mid femora light at least apically.......................................8
— Occipital margin sharply margined, fore and mid femora black or dark metallic ............................... 10
8. Frontal sulcus complete, area between toruli flattened or only slightly raised; male funicular segments
cylindrical, antennal scape white, rest of antenna dark.........................................................................9
— Frontal sulcus reduced, area between toruli swollen; male funicular segments flattened; malar space
very narrow; occipital margin somewhat incised medially; antennae light; tibiae and femora brownish
dorsally, tibiae predominantly light; basal vein represented by 3—4 setae; hind tibial spur robust,
slightly shorter than hind basitarsus; digital sclerites of aedeagus with blunt short teeth, hind spur as
long as first hind tarsomere .............................................................................................P. strii Schauff
9. Legs white or yellow, hind tibial spur about as long as first two tarsomeres; face predominantly
smooth; prepectus smooth or weakly sculptured; basal vein (hair row) with 1 seta, costal cell bare. ....
.................................................................................................................................... P. mirus (Girault)
— Legs light brown, hind tibial spur slightly shorter than hind basitarsus; areas directly above and below
toruli reticulated; prepectus alveolate medially; basal vein with 4 setae; costal cell with a row of setae
......................................................................................................................... P. guatemalensis Schauff
10. Median area of propodeum densely reticulated, female funicle 3-segmented, lateral propodeal sulcus
alveolate, margined on both sides, OMA in female without tufts of hairs ............. P. laticeps Ashmead
— Median area of propodeum apically with smooth median strip, female funicle 2-segmented, lateral
propodeal sulcus margined at most at outer margin............................................................................ 11
11. Hind tibia with prolonged suture along inner margin continued into large, rather flattned and some-
what curved spur .......................................................................................................P. laticalcar sp. n.
— Hind tibia without any sutures, hind spur normal............................................................................. 12
A. V. Gumovsky 12
12. Fore wing membrane asetose under proximal section of marginal vein; dorsal surface of scutellum
medially, and most area of axillae, smooth, polished; hind coxa densely setose dorsally; female peti-
ole twice as long as broad, laterally with small tufts of setae ........................................ P. beus Schauff
— Fore wing membrane uniformly setose under proximal section of marginal vein; dorsal surface of
scutellum and entire axillae uniformly reticulated; hind coxa bare dorsally; female petiole subquad-
rate, barely as long as wide, laterally without setal tufts.................................P. arizonensis (Ashmead)
Paracrias anthonomi Wooley & Schauff
Paracrias anthonomi Wooley & Schauff, 1987: 771.
Type ma t e r i a l . Paratypes: {, }, MEXICO, Quintana Roo (S. Tulum to N. Coba) and Yucatan
(Xalau & Yalcoba to Nueva X-Can), ex Anthonomus hunteri Burke & Cate on Hampea trilobata Standley,
28.10—01.11.1986, “T86084 T86085” (P. C. Krauter & J. R. Cate) (CNC); {, 2 }, ibid. (USNM).
Host . Anthonomus hunteri Burke & Cate and Anthonomus hunteri sp. (Curculi-
onidae) in buds of Hampea trilobata Standley (Malvaceae) and in fruits of Lycianthes
synanthera Bitt. (Solanaceae) (Wooley & Schauff, 1987).
Dis t r ibut ion. Mexico (Wooley & Schauff, 1987).
Paracrias arizonensis (Ashmead)
Entedon arizonensis Ashmead, 1888 a: 103; Schauff, 1985, 108; – cupreicollis Ashmead, 1888b: VIII.
Ma t e r i a l . USA: Colorado: 3 {, Colorado Springs, 6000—7000 ft, 15—30.06.96 (H. F. Wickham)
(CNC); Arizona: }, Cochise Co, 1 mi N Portal, 26.05.1973, Larrea tridentata, 11,00—11,29 (P. D. Hurd,
E. G. & J. M. Linsley, A. E. & M. M. Michelbacher) (UCB); }, Chiricahua Mts., Rustler Park, 8000‘ (ft),
15.08.1982, (G. Gibson); }, Portal, Flyes Park, 06.08.1977 (L. Masner); }, Pima Sta., Rita Co, Mts., Mt.
Wrightstone, 8—9000’ (ft) 25.08.1990, AZ-9014 (L. Masner) (CNC); California: {, Lassen Co, 10 mi SE
Doyle, collected on Chrysothamnus, 11.09.1983 (G. Ulrich) (UCB); {, Lethbridge area, Alta, 1924—26,
(H. L. Semans ?); }, Rosebud, Alta, 13.08.1941 (Wm. R. M. Mason); 3 }, Elkweter Lk, Alta, 19.07.1956
(O. Peck); 3 {, Scandia, Alta, 14.07.1956 (O. Peck); {, Medicine Hat, Alta, 14.06.1956, (O. Peck); 3 {,
ibid., 16.06.1956 (CNC). } MEXICO: San Luis Potosi, 3 mi. W Cedral 6000’. 21.09.1976. (J. A. Chemsak,
J. Powell, A. & M. Michelbacher) (UCB); }, Mexico, Texcoco, 7000’ (ft), 12.08.1954 (J. G. Chillcott);
13 }, 5 {, Nuevo Leon, 2347 m, Galeana, Cerro Potosi, 04.06.1983 (M. Kaulbars) (CNC).
Remark . This species is widely distributed in North America, so I feel worth to
redescribe it.
Male (fig. 1, 1). Length 2.2 mm. Body metallic green. Tarsi of all legs dark.
Wings hyaline, their venation brown except for median hyaline break on PR. OMA
dark, narrow and hardly visible.
Head with weak alutaceous sculpture, almost smooth, about 2.8 times as broad as
long in dorsal view (fig. 1, 3). Ocelli small, POL 3.2—3.3 OOL. Occipital margin sharp
medially. Lateral ocelli separated from eye by distance slightly longer than their MDO,
and separated from occipital margin by about 1/4 of their MDO.
Head in frontal view (fig. 1, 2) 1.2—1.3 times as broad as high. Frontal sulcus V-
shaped, incomplete: its arms strengthening between lateral ocellus and inner eye mar-
gin and interrupted at OOL-line (fig. 1, 3). Eye almost bare, weakly curved in frontal
view; eye height slightly more than twice as long as malar space. Gena with traced ma-
lar sulcus. Antennal scrobes in shape of inverted Y, surface between them poorly rais-
ing. Breadth of oral fossa about 2.6 times as long as malar space, anterior margin of
clypeus produced forwards, convex, clearly set off by deep sutures, which ending by
tentorial pits. Mandible with long outer tooth, while inner one short, reduced.
Antennae inserted slightly above level of ventral eye margin. Scape (fig. 1, 4)
drop-shaped, 3.4—3.5 times as long as broad, 0.8—0.9 times as long as eye height, its
ventral margin flattened, with row of hairs; combined length of pedicel and flagellum
0.8 times as long as breadth of head; pedicel 1.66 times as long as broad, as long as F1.
The latter 1.66 times as long as broad, F2 quadrate, F3 and F4 somewhat transverse,
clava 2.25 times as long as broad, with short terminal spine.
Mesosoma about 1.3 times as long as broad. Pronotum long, 0.6 times as long as
broad, with expanded lateral angles; pronotal collar not carinate, haired with one
longer seta at either side, 6 setae along mesoscutum, and sparse short setae on dorsal
Review of the Genus Paracrias ... 13
surface; mesoscutum 2.4 times as broad as long, notauli indicated by shallow impres-
sions; scutellum slightly longer than broad, 1.5 times as long as mesoscutum, with two
setae near its lower margin. Axilla with one seta. Dorsellum reduced, narrow, visible by
narrow strip, not emarginate medially. Propodeum (fig. 1, 7, 8) wide, 2.64 times as
long as broad. Median carina transformed to subtriangular smooth area, acute apically,
separated from dorsellum, with wide reticulated lateral channels. Submedian areas
smooth, trace of lateral sulcus of propodeum stretching up to short reticulated neck.
Spiracular elevation of propodeum minute, with short projection below. Fore femur 4,
mid femur 4.6, hind femur slightly more than 3 times as long as broad; fore tibia 7.66,
mid tibia 13, hind tibia 6.3 times as long as broad; fore tarsi in ratio: 3/4/4/7, mid tarsi
(length given in brackets means length of ventral margin of tarsus, if longer than dor-
sal) in ratio: 4(6)/6/5/7, hind tarsi in ratio: 5(7)/5(7)/5/10. Hind spur slightly longer
than mid spur, 1.5 times longer than breadth of its tibia, slightly longer than ventral
margin of hind basitarsus; mid spur 3 times as long as breadth of tibia, 3 times as long
as ventral margin of hind basitarsus; spur of fore tibia short, slightly shorter than
breadth of tibia.
Fore wing twice as long as broad, costal cell bare, 6.0—6.2 times as long as broad, SC
with 2 setae on its dorsal surface before its smooth (without break) transition to PR; mar-
ginal vein almost twice as long as costal cell, postmarginal vein very short, but visible,
stigmal vein short, sessile, with spherical stigma and short uncus (fig. 1, 1); speculum open
below, wing membrane asetose under proximal section of marginal vein.
Metasomal petiole long, 3 times as long as broad. OMA narrow, hardly visible and
bare. Gaster 1.18 times as long as broad, inserted to petiole in obtuse angle, first tergite
covering most of gastral dorsum (fig. 1, 1).
Female . Differs from male as follows. Bigger: 2.9—3.6 mm. Head almost
2.7 times as broad as long in dorsal view. Antennal scape 6.3 (fig. 1, 5), pedicel 2.33,
F1 1.8 times as long as broad, F2 quadrate to transverse, clava 3-segmented, 2.4 times
as long as broad. Pronotum shorter – 0.24 times as long as broad. Mesoscutum almost
twice as broad as long; scutellum 1.2 times as long as broad, 1.3 times as long as
mesoscutum. Fore wing 2.2 times as long as broad; costal cell 7.4 times as long as
broad, hyaline break on PR incomplete, partly closed below by dark coloration. Me-
tasomal petiole short, subconical, broader than long, perpendicularly attached to both
gaster and propodeum as virtual Z-type in lateral view. Gaster 1.86 times as long as
broad, first tergite covering most of gaster (fig. 1, 6). OMA wide with tufts of setae (re-
garded as probable waxy secretions by Schauff, 1991).
Bio logy . Unknown. Probably associated with creosote bush Larrea tridentata and
Chrysothamnus sp.
Dis t r ibut ion. USA: Alberta, Idaho, Utah, Oregon, Colorado, Arizona, New
Mexico (Schauff, 1985), new for California and also for Canada and Mexico.
Paracrias canadensis Gumovsky sp. n.
Type ma t e r i a l . Holotype {, Canada, “Can. Man., Brandon, 7. VIII. 58”. Paratypes: }, 12 {, the
same locality and date (CNC).
Male (fig. 2, 1, 3—5). Length 1.4 mm. Body light brown, wings hyaline, first
three tarsomeres and wing venation pale.
Head almost smooth, 2.44 times as broad as long in dorsal view. Occipital margin
with complete sharp carina, elevating as subrectangular crest between hind ocelli,
which very closely allied to occipital margin, and separated from eye by distance 1.3
times as long as their MDO. POL 4 OOL.
Head in frontal view 1.22 times as broad as high (fig. 2, 5). Frontal sulcus V-
shaped, incomplete: its arms connected, not reaching inner eye margins, slightly longer
than distance between antennal toruli. Median ocellus and cross point of arms of fron-
tal sulcus usually connected by longitudinal impression.
A. V. Gumovsky 14
Eye poorly pubescent, almost bare; eye height 2.22 times as long as malar space.
Antennal scrobes represented by narrow sutures, join below frontal sulcus. Space below
antennal toruli convex. Breadth of oral fossa 1.6 times as long as malar space, clypeus
truncate, set off by tentorial pits continuing downwards by short sutures, but its ante-
rior margin with a somewhat raised reflexed border. Genae with short malar sulcus
represented by thin suture. Mandible with two subequal teeth. Antennae inserted
somewhat above lower eye level. Antennal scape 3.2 times as long as broad, 4/5 of eye
height; combined length of pedicel and flagellum almost equal (0.9) to breadth of
head, F1-F4 of equal size, subquadrate, clava subtriangular, somewhat longer than
broad.
Mesosoma (excluding petiole) 1.66 as long as broad. Pronotum wide, with no ca-
rina, continually rounding, homogeneously reticulated. Pronotum haired only with one
longer setae at either side and 6 setae along its hind margin. Propleurae with no clear
spine. Mesoscutum slightly more than twice as broad as long, notauli not marked off.
Scutellum slightly longer than broad, 1.35 times as long as mesoscutum. Axilla with
one seta. Dorsellum narrow, hardly visible. Propodeum similar to P. arizonensis, but
median carina more sharp and “neck” longer (fig. 2, 2, 3, 4).
Propodeal spiracle on weak elevation with no clear short projection below. Meta-
pleurae with sharp lateral tooth either.
Hind coxa haired with about up to 30 setae. Hind spur slightly shorter than
breadth of its tibia, about half long as hind basitarsus.
Fig. 2. Paracrias canadensis: 1 – {, habitus, lateral view; 2 – }, habitus, dorsal view; 3 – {, habitus, dorsal
view; 4 – }, hind mesosoma; 5 – {, head, frontal view.
Ðèñ. 2. Paracrias canadensis: 1 – {, ãàáèòóñ, âèä ñáîêó; 2 – }, ãàáèòóñ, âèä ñâåðõó; 3 – {, ãàáèòóñ, âèä
ñâåðõó; 4 – }, çàäíÿÿ ÷àñòü ìåçîñîìà; 5 – {, ãîëîâà, âèä ñïåðåäè.
Review of the Genus Paracrias ... 15
Fore wing slightly more than twice as long as broad, costal cell bare, 8.75 times as
long as broad, SC with 2 setae on its dorsal surface before its comparatively smooth
(without break) transition to PR; marginal vein slightly more than 3/5 of costal cell,
admarginal setae placed in row closely below marginal vein; stigmal vein short and ro-
bust; postmarginal vein reduced, hardly visible; speculum open below.
Metasomal petiole about 4 times as long as broad, with a collar on its underside.
OMA absent. Gaster 1.3—1.4 times as long as broad, first tergite covering about half of
its length.
Female (fig. 2, 2). Similar to male, except for: antennae with 2-segmented funi-
cle and 3-segmented clava, propodeal nucha shorter and gaster ovate, 1.6 times as long
as broad.
Discuss ion . This species is similar to P. arizonensis, but differs from the latter
species mainly in coloration (mainly brown), truncate clypeus, shape of frontal sulcus
and pubescence on the hind femur.
Bio logy . Unknown.
Etymology . The species epithet concerns its type locality (Canada).
Dis t r ibut ion . Canada.
Paracrias guatemalensis Schauff
Paracrias guatemalensis Schauff, 1985: 105.
Type ma t e r i a l . Paratypes: 2 {, }, Guatemala, “Guatemala City, ex larva Conotrachelus perseae in
avocado seed, FHB 23172, 04.04.1918”, USNM Type 101169 (Popenoe) (USNM).
Host . Conotrachelus perseae Barber (Curculionidae) (Schauff, 1985).
Dis t r ibut ion . Guatemala (Schauff, 1985).
Paracrias huberi Gumovsky sp. n.
Type ma t e r i a l . Holotype }, Canada, “parasite of alder Curculio. Grand Manan. July 8/10. Tre-
herne & Sanders” (handwriting). Paratypes: 2 }, the same locality and data (CNC).
Female (fig. 3, 1). Length 4.3 mm. Body metallic dark green, legs dark metallic,
except for knees, tarsi brownish, except for fore basitarsus and three proximal tarsi of
mid and hind legs; antennae brown. Wings hyaline, their venation pale. OMA dark-
ened, indicated just by rounded depression.
Head (somewhat collapsed medially) homogeneously reticulated, about 2.8 times
as broad as long in dorsal view. Ocelli moderate in size; POL 3.2 OOL. Occipital mar-
gin blunt, rounded. Lateral ocelli separated from eye by distance almost equal to their
MDO.
Head in frontal view (fig. 3, 3) 1.17 times as broad as high. Frontal sulcus V-
shaped, incomplete: its arms not reaching inner eye margins. Eye poorly pubescent,
slightly curved in frontal view; eye height 1.8 times as long as malar space. Antennal
scrobes in shape of inverted Y, surface between them poorly raising. Breadth of oral
fossa slightly longer than malar space (17.5/15), clypeus truncate, set off by narrow
sutures laterally, somewhat convex. Mandible with two subequal teeth. Antennae in-
serted slightly below the level of ventral eye margin. Scape (fig. 3, 2) 5 times as long as
broad, 0.74 times as long as eye height; combined length of pedicel and flagellum 0.9
times as long as breadth of head; pedicel twice as long as broad, as long as F1. F1, F2
and F3 about of the same length and width (somewhat flattened when dried), 1.3—1.4
times as long as broad, connected by distinct peduncles; F4 quadrate, tightly attached
to clava (peduncle missing), but certain constriction visible, clava twice as long as
broad, with distinct terminal spine.
A. V. Gumovsky 16
Mesosoma (without propodeum) 1.44 times as long as broad. Pronotal collar 5.2
times as long as broad, not carinate, haired with one longer seta at either side, 6 setae
along anterior margin of mesoscutum, and sparse short setae on pronotal column;
mesoscutum 1.66 times as broad as long, notauli indicated by very thin sutures and
shallow impressions near scutellum; scutellum slightly longer than broad (32/27),
slightly longer than mesoscutum (32/27), with two setae in proximal part. Axilla with
one seta. Dorsellum reduced: not visible dorsally, very narrow, strip-like. Propodeum
(fig. 3, 1) about twice as long as broad. Median propodeal strip mostly reduced, just its
apex clear, smooth, rounded in shape, separated from dorsellum and apex of propo-
deum, with wide reticulated lateral channels. Submedian areas of propodeum smooth;
lateral sulcus mostly complete, with outer margin transformed to lateral plica, trans-
forming basally into reticulated row stretching up to reticulation of moderate propodeal
neck. Spiracular elevation of propodeum, with short sharp lateral projection below.
Fore femur 4.6, mid femur 6.2, hind femur 4.3 times as long as broad; fore tibia 9.5,
mid tibia 13.25, hind tibia 12.3 times as long as broad; fore tarsi in ratio: 7/7/6/9, mid
tarsi (length given in brackets means length of ventral margin of tarsus, if longer than
Fig. 3. Paracrias huberi, holotype, }: 1 – total view; 2 – scape and pedicel; 3 – head (in frontal view); 4 –
propodeum, petiole and metasoma (lateral view).
Ðèñ. 3. Paracrias huberi, ãîëîòèï, }: 1 – îáùèé âèä; 2 – ñêàïóñ è ïåäèöåëëþñ; 3 – ãîëîâà (âèä ñïåðå-
äè); 4 – ïðîïîäåóì, ñòåáåëåê è áðþøêî (âèä ñáîêó).
Review of the Genus Paracrias ... 17
dorsal) in ratio: 12(16)/10(12)/8.5/10, hind tarsi in ratio: 14(16)/11(12)/9/10. Mid
spur 1.8 times as long as hind spur, 2.25 times longer than breadth of its tibia,
0.56 times as long as ventral margin of mid basitarsus; hind spur slightly longer than
breadth of tibia, 0.3 times as long as ventral margin of hind basitarsus; spur of fore
tibia short, hardly visible.
Fore wing 2.23 times as long as broad, costal cell bare, 12.5 times as long as
broad, SC with 2 setae on its dorsal surface before place where it transits into PR; this
transition to PR marked off by difference in width of proximal part of submarginal vein
(thinner) and PR (thicker). Marginal vein slightly shorter than costal cell (47/53),
postmarginal vein missing, stigmal vein sessile, wide, both its stigma and uncus short;
speculum partly open below; fringe of apical margin as long as width of marginal vein
in its mid part.
Metasomal petiole short, subconical, inserted to both gaster and propodeum in
subrectangular, Z-type mode. OMA bare. Gaster flattened, 4.5 times as long as broad,
first gastral tergite covers slightly less than 1/3 of gastral dorsum: lengths of I-VII gas-
tral terga in ratio: 47/9/12/15/12/16/25. Ovipositorial sheaths about 1/2 of epipygium
(fig. 3, 1).
Male . Unknown.
Discuss ion . This species is quite distinguishable in the genus Paracrias as having
strongly reduced dorsellum, pliciform outer margin of the propodeal lateral sulcus, nar-
row oral fossa, long malar space and long flattened gaster with first tergite extending
slightly less than 1/3 of its dorsum. It is similar to P. schauffi in having subequal man-
dibular teeth, and being similar to P. mirus in structure of the propodeum. The new
species differs from P. schauffi in shape of gaster and head, and differs from P. mirus in
having more reduced median carina (transformed to strip), short hind spur (long in
P. mirus), dark legs (entirely yellow in P. mirus) and also by the combination of all the
mentioned above characters.
Bio logy . Unknown. Probably associated with a curculionid beetle (? Cryptor-
rhynchus lapathi or Rhynchaenus pallidor Leng) on alder (Alnus).
Dis t r ibut ion . Type series is collected in Grand Manan Island, part of New
Brunswick, located in the Bay of Fundy right offshore from the border with Maine
(Canada).
Etymology . Species is named in honour of Dr. John T. Huber, the Curator of
CNC, who kindly lent me the material, containing the type specimens.
Paracrias laticeps (Ashmead)
Paracrias laticeps Ashmead, 1904: 510; Schauff, 1985: 101.
Ma t e r i a l . }, PERU, Manu, Madre de Dios, 400 m, 26—30.09.1962 (L. Pena) (CNC); }, Peru:
Madre de Dios; 15 km E of Puerto Maldonado on Rio Madre de Dios, Albergue Lodge Cuzco Amazonico
200m, Malaize trap, 27.05.1983 (G. C. Hunter) (UCR).
Discuss ion . This species was known only from the types (female lectotype and
paralectotype). It is easily recognizable by the median carina present as wide reticu-
lated median strip and combination of sharp occipital margin, dark metallic legs and 3-
segmented female funicle.
Dis t r ibut ion . Brasil (Ashmead, 1904; Schauff, 1985), new for Peru.
Paracrias mirus (Girault)
Euplectrentedon mirus Girault, 1917 b: 3; – (Paracrias) Peck, 1951, 1251; Schauff, 1985, 103.
Ma t e r i a l . USA: }, Oregon, Ashland, May 1918, ex Fraxinus oregona Nutt; }, Minnesota, Lac Qui
Parle Co., ex Lignyodes bischoffi on Fraxinus pennsylvanicus, 05.08.1983 (P. Hanson) (USNM). {, Canada,
Montréal, 93—3-0058—01, ex Curculio on Fraxinus (samarre), 20.05.1992, B. R. C. ident. 92—242; }, ibid.,
30.04.1992; }, ibid., 04.05.1992 (CNC).
A. V. Gumovsky 18
Host . Lignyodes bischoffi (Blatchley) (Curculionidae) on Fraxinus pennsylvanicus
Marsh, also from seeds of Fraxinus oregona Nutt (Schauff, 1985); Curculio sp. (? an
undetermined weevil) in pod of Fraxinus sp.
Dis t r ibut ion . USA: New York, Iowa, Minnesota, and Oregon (Schauff, 1985),
new for Canada.
Paracrias beus Schauff
Paracrias beus Schauff, 1985: 107.
Discuss ion . This species is similar to P. arizonensis in having medially sharp oc-
cipital margin, 2-segmented female funicle, comparatively long hind tibial spur and
tufts of setae near petiolar insertion, P. arizonensis differs from P. beus in having hind
coxae bare dorsally (densely setose in P. beus), female petiole short reduced (twice as
long as broad in P. beus), the scutellum uniformly reticulated (sculpture at the scutel-
lum fades medially in P. beus).
I did not see specimens completely fitting the diagnosis of this species.
Dis t r ibut ion . Surinam (Schauff, 1985).
Paracrias schauffi Gumovsky sp. n.
Type ma t e r i a l . Holotype {, MEXICO, 28 mi. W. Durango, Dgo., 7500’, 28.06.1964,
(J. F. McAlpine); paratypes: }, the same locality and data as holotype; {, Mexico. “Chis., 7000 ft., S. Crist.
Las Casas”, 7.06.1969, (W. R. M. Mason) (CNC); {, Mexico, Chis. 7200ft, S. Crist. las Casas, 12.06.1969,
Malaise Trap; {, Omilteme, Guerrero, 8000ft, H. H. Smith, Godman-Salvin, Coll. 08.1904, "Holcopet-
loideus ? (nr. Horismenus)"; }, ibid., but "Paracrias" (BMNH).
Male (fig. 4, 1). Length 2.5—2.9 mm. Body metallic dark green, except for
brownish legs and anterior margin of antennal scape; last tarsus of mid and hind legs
somewhat darker than rest tarsi. Wings hyaline, their venation brown. OMA hardly
visible.
Head smooth, about 2.7 times as broad as long in dorsal view (fig. 4, 6). Ocelli
moderate in size; POL twice OOL. Occipital margin blunt, rounded; median ocellus
and foramen magnum connected by shallow furrow. Lateral ocelli separated from eye
by distance 1.4 times as long as their MDO, and separated from occipital margin by
about 2/5 of MDO.
Head in frontal view (fig. 4, 5) 1.4 times as broad as high. Frontal sulcus V-
shaped, incomplete: its arms not reaching inner eye margins. Eye poorly pubescent,
curved in frontal view; eye height slightly more than twice as long as malar space. An-
tennal scrobes in shape of inverted Y or U, surface between them slightly raising.
Breadth of oral fossa 1.54 times as long as malar space, clypeus truncate, poorly set off
by narrow shallow grooves ending by tentorial pits. Mandible with two subequal teeth.
Antennae inserted at the distance equal to diameter of antennal toruli above level of
ventral eye margin. Scape (fig. 4, 2) short, 3.4 times as long as broad, 0.85 times as
long as eye height, widening apically, with ventral margin flattened; combined length
of pedicel and flagellum 1.39 times as long as breadth of head; pedicel 1.4 times as
long as broad, 0.35 times as long as F1, which slightly more than 4 times as long as
broad. F2, F3 and F4 of the same shape and length, 2.75 times as long as broad, clava
6 times as long as broad, with distinct terminal spine.
Mesosoma about 2.2 times as long as broad. Pronotal collar not carinate, haired
with one longer setae at either side, 6 setae along mesoscutum, and sparse short setae
on dorsal surface; mesoscutum 1.4 times as broad as long, notauli missing; scutellum
1.22 times as long as broad, as long as mesoscutum, with two setae near its lower mar-
gin. Axilla with one seta either. Dorsellum of moderate size, half-circular in shape, not
emarginate medially. Propodeum (fig. 4, 4) 1.34 times as long as broad. Propodeal
median carina narrow, with wide reticulated lateral channels. Submedian areas of pro-
podeum smooth; trace of lateral sulcus reticulated, stretching up to elongate neck and
Review of the Genus Paracrias ... 19
disappearing among meshes of its coarse reticulation. Spiracular elevation of propo-
deum minute, with short lateral projection below. Fore femur 5.83, mid femur 9, hind
femur 6.25 times as long as broad; fore tibia slightly more than 10, mid tibia 15, hind
tibia 11.6 times as long as broad; fore tarsi in ratio: 10/10/6/10, mid tarsi in ratio:
14/9/6/10, hind tarsi in ratio: 19/12/9/12. Spurs of mid and hind tibiae equal in
length, spur of hind tibia 1.4 times as long as breadth of tibia, 0.36 times as long as
hind basitarsus; spur of mid tibia 2.3 times as long as breadth of tibia, 0.5 times as long
as mid basitarsus; spur of fore tibia short.
Fore wing 2.4 times as long as broad, costal cell bare, 6 times as long as broad,
SC with 2 setae on its dorsal surface before distinct break where it meets PR; marginal
vein 1.4 times as long as costal cell, postmarginal vein missing, stigmal vein very short,
its stigma and uncus of the same size and shape, forming bifurcation; speculum partly
closed below by short basal and incomplete cubital veins; fringe of apical margin short.
Fig. 4. Paracrias schauffi, holotype {: 1 – habitus; 2 – scape; 3 – posterior propodeum, petiole and metasoma
(lateral view); 4 – propodeum (dorsal view); 5 – head (in frontal view); 6 – head (in dorsal view).
Ðèñ. 4. Paracrias schauffi, ãîëîòèï {: 1 – ãàáèòóñ; 2 – ñêàïóñ; 3 – çàäíÿÿ ÷àñòü ïðîïîäåóìà, ñòåáåëåê è
áðþøêî (âèä ñáîêó); 4 – ïðîïîäåóì (âèä ñâåðõó); 5 – ãîëîâà (âèä ñïåðåäè); 6 – ãîëîâà (âèä ñâåðõó).
A. V. Gumovsky 20
Metasomal petiole long, 4.75 times as long as broad, widening basad. OMA bare.
Gaster 1.4 times as long as broad, inserted to petiole in acute angle (fig. 4, 3), first
tergite covering most of gastral dorsum.
F e m a l e . Similar to male, petiole shorter, about 3 times as long as broad, two
apical funicular segments fused forming clava, which about 3 times as long as broad.
Discuss ion . This species is similar to P. mirus in having occipital margin blunt,
head mainly smooth, and legs brown. However, the new species differs from P. mirus
by the narrow median carina (wide and disconnected from the propodeal apical margin
in P. mirus), the “neck” (posterior projection) of propodeum longer and more strongly
alveolate, the dorsellum half-circular (bisected medially in P. mirus) and by short hind
spur (long in P. mirus). P. schauffi is similar to P. anthonomi in having elongate propo-
deal neck, but P. schauffi differs from P. anthonomi in having smooth narrow propodeal
median carina (median area of the propodeum wide and densely alveolate in
P. anthonomi), smooth head (predominantly alveolate in P. anthonomi), the antennal
scape and legs darker (antennal scape, trochanters, femora and tibiae are white in
P. anthonomi), and also in having shorter metasomal petiole and short hindtibial spur.
Also this species differs from all species of Paracrias (except for P. huberi and
P. anthomomi) in having subequal mandibular teeth (outer tooth much longer than in-
ner one in most species). P. huberi is rather distinct species differing from P. schauffi in
having posterior propodeum with short neck, reduced metasomal petiole and long
gaster.
Bio logy . Unknown.
Etymology . This species is named in honour of Dr. Michael E. Schauff, the
first reviser of the genus Paracrias.
Dis t r ibut ion. Mexico.
Paracrias strii Schauff
Paracrias strii Schauff, 1985: 103.
Type ma t e r i a l . Paratypes {, }, Panama, Barro Colorado, Canal Zone, X-1937, ex Ficus fruit,
No 4421, lot no 39—11659, USNM Type 101168 (J. A. S. Zetek) (USNM).
Discuss ion . This species is mostly characterized by the reduced frontal sulcus,
wide and flattened male funicle, robust hind tibial spur and also by the other characters
mentioned above in key.
Dis t r ibut ion . Panama.
Paracrias woldai Gumovsky sp. n.
Type ma t e r i a l . Holotype {, Panama, Canal Zone, Barro Colorado Is., light trap, 26—31.05.1983
(H. Wolda). Paratypes: 4 {, the same data as holotype (CNC); {, M. Panama, level 1, Barro Colorado Is-
land, 9°9'30'N—79°51'W, 15—21.06.1977 (H. Wolda, at light); {, ibid., 30.05—5.06.1978; {, ibid., 27.06—
03.08.1978 (RNMH).
Male (fig. 5, 1—2). Length 2.5—2.6 mm. Head and mesosoma metallic dark
green; coxae metallic green; most part of hind femora, about basal 1/3 of hind tibia
and last tarsi of all legs darkened, rest of legs light. Antennal scape wholly white, rest
of antenna metallic green. Wings hyaline, their venation pale, almost hyaline. OMA
light. Gaster with wide basal light spot covering about 3/5 of its surface.
Head coriaceous to smooth, slightly more than twice as broad as long in dorsal
view. Ocelli moderate in size, closely adjoin to sharp occipital margin; POL about
4.6 OOL. Lateral ocelli separated from eye by 3/5 of their MDO.
Head in frontal view 1.4 times as broad as high. Frontal sulcus V-shaped, com-
plete: its arms reaching inner eye margins. Eye poorly pubescent, curved in frontal
view; eye height twice as long as malar space. Antennal scrobes and arms of frontal
sulcus connected in X-shaped pattern, surface between them slightly raising. Breadth of
oral fossa 1.25 times as long as malar space, clypeus set off by comparatively wide
Review of the Genus Paracrias ... 21
grooves stretching up to antennal toruli,
clypeal lower margin hardly produced for-
wards, but with reflexed border. Mandible
with two subequal teeth. Antennae inserted
at the distance equal to double diameter of
antennal toruli above level of ventral eye
margin. Scape 3.2 times as long as broad,
2/3 times as long as eye height, somewhat
widening apically, with ventral margin flat-
tened; combined length of pedicel and fla-
gellum 0.8—0.9 times as long as breadth of
head; flagellar segments with scattered se-
tae; pedicel 1.6 times as long as broad, 5/6
times as long as F1. Funicular segments of
the same length, twice longer than broad,
clava 3.3 times as long as broad, with dis-
tinct terminal spine.
Mesosoma 1.5—1.6 times as long as
broad. Pronotum wide, its collar hardly
carinate, haired only with one long setae at
either side and 4 setae along mesoscutum;
mesoscutum 1.6 times as broad as long,
notauli missing; scutellum slightly longer
than broad, as long as mesoscutum, with
two setae near its lower margin and one
slightly above left one. Axillae with one
seta either. Dorsellum very narrow, hardly
visible. Propodeum slightly more than twice
(32/15) as long as broad, with somewhat
elongate neck. Median carina transformed
to short narrow smooth strip, acute api-
cally, separated from dorsellum, with wide
reticulated lateral channels. Submedian
areas smooth, distinct trace of lateral sulcus of propodeum stretching up to reticulated
neck. Spiracular elevation of propodeum minute, with short projection below. Meta-
pleurae with lateral tooth either.
Fore femur 3, mid femur 4.5, hind femur 3.8—3.9 times as long as broad; fore
tibia 6.25, mid tibia 11, hind tibia 6 times as long as broad; fore tarsi in ratio: 3/5/5/8,
mid tarsi in ratio: 6/5/5/10, hind tarsi in ratio: 7/6/5/10.
Hind spur slightly longer (9/7) than mid spur, 1.8 times longer than breadth of its
tibia, slightly longer than hind basitarsus; mid spur 3 times as long as breadth of tibia,
1.5 times as long as hind basitarsus; spur of fore tibia short, 1/2 as long as breadth of
tibia.
Fore wing twice as long as broad, costal cell bare, 6.4 times as long as broad, SC
with 2 setae on its dorsal surface before its comparatively smooth (without break) tran-
sition to PR; marginal vein 0.75 of costal cell, postmarginal vein very short, but visible,
as long as stigmal vein, which short, with uncus somewhat longer than stigma; specu-
lum open below.
Metasomal petiole long, slightly more than 3 (19/6) times as long as broad. OMA
small, bare. Gaster 1.6 times as long as broad, first tergite covering slightly less than
1/3 of its dorsum.
Female . Unknown.
Fig. 5. Paracrias woldai, holotype {: 1 – habitus;
2 – head (in frontal view).
Ðèñ. 5. Paracrias woldai, ãîëîòèï {: 1 – ãàáèòóñ;
2 – ãîëîâà (âèä ñïåðåäè).
A. V. Gumovsky 22
Discuss ion . This species is similar to P. arizonensis in total habitus, but differs
from it mostly in having sharp occipital margin, subequal mandibular teeth, lighter
legs, narrower dorsellum and wide basal light spot on male gaster.
Bio logy . Unknown.
Etymology . The species is named in honour of its collector Dr. H. Wolda.
Dis t r ibut ion . All the specimens known only from the type locality in Panama.
Paracrias panamensis Gumovsky sp. n.
Type ma t e r i a l . Holotype {, Panama, Barro Colorado Is, light trap, 2—8.04.1983 (H. Wolda); para-
types 2 {, ibid.; {, Panama, Las Cumbres, 30.01.1982 (H. Wolda); }, Brazil, Mato Grosso, Sinop, Malaise
trap, 10.1974 (M. Alvarenga) (CNC).
Female . Length 2.1—2.3 mm. Body completely black, with poor metallic tint in
places and first three tarsomeres light brown. Wings hyaline, their venation pale to light
brown.
Head homogeneously reticulated, twice as broad as long in dorsal view; lateral
breadth/median breadth in ratio 8/14. Ocelli small; POL 3 OOL. Occipital margin
sharp, lateral ocelli separated from eye by distance of about 3/5—1/2 of their MDO,
and reaching occipital margin.
Head in frontal view 1.3 times as broad as high. Frontal sulcus short, V-shaped,
incomplete: its arms not reaching inner eye margins. Eye poorly pubescent, its inner
Fig. 6. Paracrias panamensis, {: 1, 2 – fore coxa; 3 – head and fore mesosoma; 4 – antenna; fms – femoral
projection.
Ðèñ. 6. Paracrias panamensis, {: 1, 2 – ïåðåäíèé òàçèê; 3 – ãîëîâà è ïåðåäíÿÿ ÷àñòü ãðóäè; 4 – óñèê;
fms – âûðîñò íà òàçèêå.
Review of the Genus Paracrias ... 23
margin somewhat curved; eye height slightly more than twice as long as malar space.
Malar sulcus shortly traced below lower eye margin. Antennal scrobes reduced, visible
as short meeting channels anteriorly, surface between them flat, densely reticulated.
Breadth of oral fossa 1.33 of malar space, clypeus truncate, not separated from the rest
of face; somewhat convex. Mandible with two subequal teeth. Antennal torulus sepa-
rated by its own diameter from level of ventral eye margin. Antennal scape (fig. 6, 4)
5 times as long as broad, almost 0.8 times as long as eye height; combined length of
pedicel and flagellum 0.7 times as long as breadth of head; pedicel twice as long as
broad, slightly longer than F1, the latter twice, F2 1.66, F3 subquadrate, clava (last
two-segmented unit) 2.5 times as long as broad, with short but robust terminal spine;
F1 and F2 connected by distinct peduncles, F3 closely attached to clava, however, cer-
tain constriction between them visible.
Mesosoma 1.66 as long as broad. Pronotum wide, 4 times as long as broad, its
collar not carinate, haired with some setae along its dorsal surface; mesoscutum twice
as broad as long, notauli largerly reduced; scutellum 1.25 times as long as broad and as
long as mesoscutum. Axilla with one seta. Dorsellum present as rectangular bar, some-
what concave medially. Propodeum 2.33 as long as broad, largerly reticulated: its
postrerior part, median strip, lateral channels and spiracular elevations densely alveo-
late; just small submedian areas aside median strip, smooth. Lateral sulcus marked off
by angulate inner lateral plica. Propodeal neck weakly expressed. Spiracular elevation
of propodeum with notable projection below. Fore coxa with ventral lamellate projec-
tion (fig. 6, 1, 2).
Spurs short, mid one longest, slightly longer than breadth of its tibia. Fore wing
2.22 times as long as broad, costal cell bare, 11 times as long as broad, venation similar
to P. arizonensis: SC with 2 setae on its dorsal surface before place where it smoothly
transiting into PR; marginal vein twice narrower than costal cell, 0.7 times as long as
the latter; postmarginal vein missing, stigmal vein sessile, wide; speculum open below;
fringe of apical margin rather short.
Gaster about 1.5 times as long as broad, first tergite covering most (45/55) of its
dorsum; metasomal petiole transverse, robust, bearing notable lateral ridges; OMA pre-
sent as narrow fissures; ovipositorial sheaths rather short.
M a l e rather similar to female, but about 2.5 mm long, and differing in having
5-segmented flagellum (like in P. woldai) and metasomal petiole somewhat longer than
broad (Fig. 6, 3, 4).
Discuss ion. P. panamensis is easily separable from all known Paracrias species
in structure of fore femora. This species is also similar to P. arizonensis in general habi-
tus, but it differs in the propodeal sculpture. Propodeal structure of this species is simi-
lar to P. latipes, but P. panamensis differs in having more expressed propodeal plicae
and female antenna with F3 being separated by the peduncle.
Paracrias laticalcar Gumovsky sp. n.
Type ma t e r i a l . Holotype {, Canada, Saskachevan, Landing, 23.07.1956 (Peck) (CNC). Paratypes:
20 }, 12 {, Canada, Alta., Calgary, 07.1980 (R. B. Madge) (BMNH).
Male (fig. 7). Length 1.9-2.0 mm. Body color green blue. Wings hyaline, their
venation brown. OMA brownish, traced just by rounded depression.
Head reticulated, about 2.6 times as broad as long in dorsal view. Ocelli small;
POL 2.6 OOL. MDO: OOL: OCL in ratio 3: 5: 1. Lateral ocelli separated from eye by
distance equal to their MDO, closely attached to occipital margin.
Head in frontal view 1.5 times as broad as high. Frontal sulcus V-shaped, incom-
plete: its arms not reaching inner eye margins. Eye almost bald, curved in frontal view;
eye height 1.8 times as long as malar space. Antennal scrobes short, in shape of short
channels, surface between them weakly elevated. Breadth of oral fossa 2.3 times as long
as malar space, clypeus convex, set off by lateral diagonal sutures, its anterior margin
A. V. Gumovsky 24
produced, with reflexed border.
Mandible bidentate, with longer
outer tooth. Antennae inserted at
level of ventral eye margin. Scape
3.75 times as long as broad, slightly
shorter than eye height; combined
length of pedicel and flagellum 0.7
times as long as breadth of head;
pedicel twice longer than broad, as
long as F1. F1—F3 1.5 times as long
as broad, F4 as long as broad; fu-
nicular segments closely attached to
each other, clava twice as long as
broad, with short terminal spine.
Mesosoma 1.4—1.5 times as long
as broad. Pronotum wide, 8 times as
broad as long, its collar not carinate,
haired with some setae along its dor-
sal surface. Prepectus broadly over-
lapped basally by mesosternal projection, with lateral transverse carina. Mesoscutum
2.2 times as broad as long, notauli largerly reduced; scutellum slightly longer than
broad and as long as mesoscutum. Axilla with one seta. Dorsellum narrow, half-
circular, sickle-shaped. Propodeum 3 times as broad as long, with smooth submedian
areas and reticulated postrerior part; propodeal median strip delimited by reticulated
grooves laterally. Lateral sulcus marked
off by rectangular pliciform groove. Pro-
podeal neck short, but expressed. Meta-
pleural callus toothed.
Fore coxa without ventral projec-
tions, fore tibia with enlarged, sharp and
curved inwards spine. Hind coxa moder-
ately large. Hind tibia (fig. 8) with dis-
tinct groove (tg) stretching along its an-
terior margin and splitting off anterior,
lesser part of tibia; the latter continued
into large, flattened and somewhat
curved outwards spur (sp). Lower mar-
gin of tibia bearing lamellate projection
(lm).
Fore wing twice as long as broad,
costal cell bare, 11 times as long as
broad, SC with 2 setae, smoothly tran-
siting into PR; marginal vein shorter
than costal cell, 0.6 times as long as the
latter, postmarginal vein missing, stigmal
vein sessile, wide; speculum open below;
fringe of apical margin short, fragile of-
ten arteficially missing.
Mesosoma petiolate, petiole about 3
times as long as broad. OMA poorly
marked off; gaster 1.5 times as long as
broad, first gastral tergite covering
slightly more than 1/2 of gastral dorsum.
Female . Very similar to male, ex-
Fig. 7. Male of P. laticalcar.
Ðèñ. 7. Ñàìåö P. laticalcar.
Fig. 8. Hind tibia views of P. laticalcar: tb – tibia, tg –
tibial groove, sp – hind spur, lm – lamellate projec-
tion, trs – tarsal segments.
Ðèñ. 8. Çàäíÿÿ ãîëåíü P. laticalcar: tb – ãîëåíü, tg –
áîðîçäà íà ãîëåíè, sp – çàäíÿÿ øïîðà, lm – ïëà-
ñòèíêîîáðàçíûé âûðîñò, trs – ÷ëåíèêè ëàïêè.
Review of the Genus Paracrias ... 25
cept: length 2.1—2.2 mm; antennal flagellum with 2-segmented funicle and 3-
segmented clava; petiole and gaster as in P. arizonensis.
Discuss ion . This species is very similar to P. arizonensis in general habitus and
antennal structure but differs in somewhat wider head and (most important) in having
peculiar hind tibial groove splitting off anterior, lesser part of the tibia. The latter is
continuing into large, rather flattened and somewhat curved spur. This combination of
characters is unique within the genus Paracrias.
Excluded species
Horismenus antander (Walker), 1839, comb. n.
Entedon antander Walker, 1839: 70—71; De Santis, 1980: 167; — (Paracrias) LaSalle & Schauff, 1992: 12.
Type ma t e r i a l . {, 1st BMNH circular label “LECTOTYPE”, 2nd circular label "Bahia, 1363 a (?)",
3rd rectangular “Bahia”, 4th rectangular label “Entedon Antander Walker” (handwritting), “Stood under this
name in old B. M. Collection in C. Waterhouse” [printed on underside], 5th rectangular label “? A weakly
developed Horismenus ?” (handwriting), 6th “Entedon antander Walker, 1839, LECTOTYPE {, des. LaSalle
& Schauff 1992”, 7th rectangular label “B. M. Type Hym. 5.1339 antander”. LaSalle & Schauff (1992) men-
tioned that it was collected by C. Darwin.
Discuss ion . Although the type specimen of this species is in a poor condi-
tion (fig. 9) some peculiar characters allow to define its proper taxonomical placement.
This species does not possess such a chatracteristic feature of the genus Horismenus as
the median longitudinal groove on scutellum, but this character is variable within the
genus as was mentioned by M. Schauff for his species H. elineatus (1989, 1991), and is
evident from my own study of various species of Horismenus.
The most characteristic feature of Horismenus (distinguishing it from Paracrias, in
particular) is an interruption of the posterior margin of the prepectus by the anterior
edge of mesosternum (Schauff, 1991). I propose to re-define this character as “mesos-
ternum with toothed anterior edge”. This definition re-directs the character’s meaning
to the characteristic shape of the mesosternum (that is also often divided horisontally),
while the prepectus shape has no assotiation with mesosternum. For example, posterior
Fig. 9. Lectotype of Entedon antander: 1, 2 – general view; 3 – lateral view with the mesosternal tooth (mtt)
shown.
Ðèñ. 9. Ëåêòîòèï Entedon antander: 1, 2 – îáùèé âèä; 3 – âèä ñáîêó ñ îáîçíà÷åííûì ìåçîñòåðíàëüíûì
«çóáîì» (mtt).
A. V. Gumovsky 26
margin of the the prepectus is virtually interrupted in some African species of Entedon,
overlapped in Paracrias arizonensis, P. laticalcar, etc. In some Horismenus species the
mesosternal tooth does not interrupt the prepectus, although the tooth is directed up-
wards. The latter situation is peculiar for Entedon antander Walker, so I suggest it
would be rather placed in Horismenus, than in Paracrias.
Another character supporting placement of antander in Horismenus is the presence
of the anterior foveae aside from the channels of the median carina. The latter charac-
ter is peculiar for the genera Horismenus and Pediobius, but not for the genus Paracrias.
The light tibiae, weakly infuscate femora and long hind tibial spur might represent
a clue to the species recognition for H. antander.
Dis t r ibut ion . Brasil (Walker, 1839).
Acknowledgements
This paper represents a part of the revisionary research on Entedoninae genera of the author, supported
by the Royal Society/NATO Postdoctoral Fellowship award (NATO/99A/bll). This work was also partly sup-
ported by SFFR (State Fund of Fundamental Research, Ukraine, grant No 05.07/00078).
I thank the following curators for the loans of material from their collections: M. E. Schauff
(USNM – Natural History Museum of United States, Washington, D. C.), John Huber (CNC – Canadian
National Collection of Insects, Arachnids & Nematods, Ottawa), John Noyes (BMNH – The Natural His-
tory Museum, London, UK), R. Zuparko and C. Barr (UCB – Essig Museum, University of California,
Berkeley, USA), W. Pulawski (UCR – University of California, San-Francisco, USA), Cornelis van Achter-
berg (RMNH – Nationaal Natuurhistorisch Museum, Leiden, Netherlands).
I am greatly indebted to J. LaSalle (CSIRO, Canberra, Australia), Zd. Bouček (BMNH),
M. E. Schauff (USNM), V. A. Korneyev (Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology, Kiev, Ukraine) for reading the
manuscript, help, constructive comments and useful advice.
My warm thanks are due to Chris Jones and Alex Ball (BMNH) for their great assistance in prepara-
tion of the SEM pictures of the uncoated specimens, and to A. Polaszek (BMNH, CAB International &
Imperial College at Silwood Park, Ascot) for technical assistance in getting the digital photos.
Ashmead W. H. Descriptions of some new North American Chalcididae // Can. Entomol. – 1888 a. –
20. – P. 101—107.
Ashmead W. H. Descriptions of some unknown parasitic Hymenoptera in the collection of the Kansas State
Agricultural College, received from Prof. E. A. Popenoe // Bull. Kans. St. Agr. Coll. Exp. Sta. –
1888 b. – appendix I—VIII.
Ashmead W. H. Classification of Chalcid flies or the superfamily Chalcidoidea, with descriptions of new spe-
cies in the Carnegie Museum, collected in South America by Herbert H. Smith // Mem. Carnegie.
Mus. – 1904. – 1. – P. 225—551.
De Santis L. Catalogo de los Himenopteros Brasilenos de la serie Parasitica incluyendo Bethyloidea. – Cu-
ritiba : Editora da Universidade Federal do Parana, 1980. – 395 p.
Girault A. A. Two new genera of North American Entedoninae (Chalcid-Flies) // Can. Entomol. –
1917 a. – 49. – P. 110—111.
Girault A. A. Speciosissima Genera Nova Eulophidarum. – Privately published, 1917 b. – 4 p.
LaSalle J., Schauff M. E. Preliminary studies on Neotropical Eulophidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea):
Ashmead, Cameron, Howard and Walker species // Contrib. Amer. Entomol. Inst. 1992. – 27, N 1. –
47 p.
Peck O. Superfamily Chalcidoidea / Muesebeck, Krombein, & Townes, eds. Hymenoptera of America North
of Mexico. – Washington : U. S. Dept. Agric., Agr. Monog., 2. – 1420 p.
Schauff M. E. The New World genus Paracrias Ashmead (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae) // Proc. Entomol. Soc.
Wash. – 1985. – 87, N 1. – P. 98—109.
Schauff M. E. A new species of Horismenus (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae) parasitic on the lesser cornstalk borer
Elasmopalpus lignosellus (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae) // Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. – 1989. – 91. – P.
534—537.
Schauff M. E. The Holarctic genera of Entedoninae (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) // Contrib. Amer. Entomol.
Inst. – 1991. – 26, N 4. – P. 1—109.
Walker F. Monographia Chalciditum, I. – London, 1839. – 333 p.
Wolley J. B., Schauff M. E. A new species of Paracrias (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae) parasitic on Anthonomus
spp. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) // Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. –1987. – 89. – P. 770—775.
|
| id | nasplib_isofts_kiev_ua-123456789-64691 |
| institution | Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| issn | 0084-5604 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-12-07T18:33:39Z |
| publishDate | 2001 |
| publisher | Інститут зоології ім. І.І. Шмальгаузена НАН України |
| record_format | dspace |
| spelling | Gumovsky, A.V. 2014-06-18T19:09:37Z 2014-06-18T19:09:37Z 2001 Review of the Genus Paracrias (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae, Entedoninae) / A.V. Gumovsky // Вестник зоологии. — 2001. — Т. 35, № 5. — С. 9-26. — Бібліогр.: 13 назв. — англ. 0084-5604 https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/64691 595.792(7-013)+(8-01) The New World genus Paracrias is reviewed, its diagnostic characters are corrected and the introgeneric variations are discussed. 13 species are recognized for the genus, 6 of them are described as new: P. huberi sp. n., P. laticalcar sp. n. and P. canadensis sp. n. from Canada, P. schauffi sp. n. from Mexico, P. woldai sp. n. and P. panamensis sp. n. from Panama). Diagnostic characters of the new species, change the concept of the genus. Entedon antander Walker treated earlier under Paracrias (LaSalle & Schauff, 1991) removed to the genus Horismenus. New geographic records are given. Key to species of the genus is provided. Проведен обзор распространенного в Новом Свете рода Paracrias, его диагностические признаки откорректированы и обсужден расброс признаков внутри рода. 13 видов указаны для Paracrias, 6 из них описаны впервые: P. huberi sp. n., P. laticalcar sp. n. и P. canadensis sp. n. из Канады, P. schauffi sp. n. из Мексики, P. woldai sp. n. и P. panamensis sp. n. из Панамы). Диагностические признаки новоописанных видов изменили концепцию рода Paracrias. Entedon antander Walker, включавшийся ранее в род Paracrias (LaSalle & Schauff, 1991), перемещен в род Horismenus. Для видов рода Paracrias в статье приведены новые местонахождения и таблицы к определению. This paper represents a part of the revisionary research on Entedoninae genera of the author, supported by the Royal Society/NATO Postdoctoral Fellowship award (NATO/99A/bll). This work was also partly supported by SFFR (State Fund of Fundamental Research, Ukraine, grant No 05.07/00078). I thank the following curators for the loans of material from their collections: M. E. Schauff (USNM – Natural History Museum of United States, Washington, D. C.), John Huber (CNC – Canadian National Collection of Insects, Arachnids & Nematods, Ottawa), John Noyes (BMNH – The Natural History Museum, London, UK), R. Zuparko and C. Barr (UCB – Essig Museum, University of California, Berkeley, USA), W. Pulawski (UCR – University of California, San-Francisco, USA), Cornelis van Achterberg (RMNH – Nationaal Natuurhistorisch Museum, Leiden, Netherlands). I am greatly indebted to J. LaSalle (CSIRO, Canberra, Australia), Zd. Bouček (BMNH), M. E. Schauff (USNM), V. A. Korneyev (Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology, Kiev, Ukraine) for reading the manuscript, help, constructive comments and useful advice. My warm thanks are due to Chris Jones and Alex Ball (BMNH) for their great assistance in preparation of the SEM pictures of the uncoated specimens, and to A. Polaszek (BMNH, CAB International & Imperial College at Silwood Park, Ascot) for technical assistance in getting the digital photos. en Інститут зоології ім. І.І. Шмальгаузена НАН України Вестник зоологии Фауна и систематика Review of the Genus Paracrias (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae, Entedoninae) Обзор рода Paracrias (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae, Entedoninae) Article published earlier |
| spellingShingle | Review of the Genus Paracrias (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae, Entedoninae) Gumovsky, A.V. Фауна и систематика |
| title | Review of the Genus Paracrias (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae, Entedoninae) |
| title_alt | Обзор рода Paracrias (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae, Entedoninae) |
| title_full | Review of the Genus Paracrias (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae, Entedoninae) |
| title_fullStr | Review of the Genus Paracrias (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae, Entedoninae) |
| title_full_unstemmed | Review of the Genus Paracrias (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae, Entedoninae) |
| title_short | Review of the Genus Paracrias (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae, Entedoninae) |
| title_sort | review of the genus paracrias (hymenoptera, eulophidae, entedoninae) |
| topic | Фауна и систематика |
| topic_facet | Фауна и систематика |
| url | https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/64691 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT gumovskyav reviewofthegenusparacriashymenopteraeulophidaeentedoninae AT gumovskyav obzorrodaparacriashymenopteraeulophidaeentedoninae |