Seasonal Changes in Activity, Sex Composition and Areal of the Tick Ixodes ricinus (Acari, Ixodida) in the Landscape-Geographical Regions of Ukraine
Data on seasonal activity of adults, nymphs and larvae of the sheep tick Ixodes ricinus Linnaeus are presented based on examination of our own collections for the period from 1977 to 2001 and archival materials for the period from 1953 to 2000, as well as data on changes in its natural habitat that...
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| Zitieren: | Seasonal Changes in Activity, Sex Composition and Areal of the Tick Ixodes ricinus (Acari, Ixodida) in the Landscape-Geographical Regions of Ukraine / I.A. Akimov, I.V. Nebogatkin // Вестник зоологии. — 2010. — Т. 44, № 3. — С. 245–251. — Бібліогр.: 11 назв. — англ. |
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| citation_txt | Seasonal Changes in Activity, Sex Composition and Areal of the Tick Ixodes ricinus (Acari, Ixodida) in the Landscape-Geographical Regions of Ukraine / I.A. Akimov, I.V. Nebogatkin // Вестник зоологии. — 2010. — Т. 44, № 3. — С. 245–251. — Бібліогр.: 11 назв. — англ. |
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| description | Data on seasonal activity of adults, nymphs and larvae of the sheep tick Ixodes ricinus Linnaeus are presented based on examination of our own collections for the period from 1977 to 2001 and archival materials for the period from 1953 to 2000, as well as data on changes in its natural habitat that now covers the whole territory of Ukraine. The period of activity in I. ricinus imagoes becomes longer from north to south and from west to east. In Ukrainian populations of I. ricinus, females slightly dominate (on average 52.44 ± 0.55%). The seasonal differences in the sex ratio are as follows: males are more abundant in springtime, females — in autumn. Significantly larger numbers of females (on average 52–60%) are registered on population peaks, and larger numbers of males — on their decrease.
На основе анализа собственных сборов (1977–2001 гг.) и архивных материалов (1953–2000 гг.) приведены о сезонных изменениях активности взрослых, нимф и личинок европейского лесного клеща, а также изменение ареала вида, который распространяется на всю территорию Украины. Продолжительность активности половозрелых фаз I. ricinus увеличивается с севера на юг и с запада на восток. В популяциях европейского лесного клеща в Украине незначительно преобладают самки (в среднем 52,44 ± 0,55%). Обнаружены сезонные различия в соотношении полов: самцов больше в весеннее время, а самок — в осеннее. Достоверно большее количество самок (в среднем 52–60%) зарегистрировано на пиках численности, а самцов — на спадах.
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UDC 595.42:591.52(477)
SEASONAL CHANGES IN ACTIVITY, SEX COMPOSITION
AND AREAL OF THE TICK IXODES RICINUS (ACARI, IXODIDA)
IN THE LANDSCAPE-GEOGRAPHICAL REGIONS OF UKRAINE
I. A. Akimov, I. V. Nebogatkin
Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology, NAS of Ukraine,
B. Chmielnicky str., 15, Kyiv, 01601 Ukraine
Received 24 February 2010
Accepted 25 March 2010
Seasonal Changes in Activity, Sex Composition and Areal of the Tick Ixodes ricinus (Acari, Ixodida) in
the Landscape-Geographical Regions of Ukraine. Akimov I. A., Nebogatkin I. V. — Data on seasonal
activity of adults, nymphs and larvae of the sheep tick Ixodes ricinus Linnaeus are presented based on
examination of our own collections for the period from 1977 to 2001 and archival materials for the
period from 1953 to 2000, as well as data on changes in its natural habitat that now covers the whole
territory of Ukraine. The period of activity in I. ricinus imagoes becomes longer from north to south
and from west to east. In Ukrainian populations of I. ricinus, females slightly dominate (on average
52.44 ± 0.55%). The seasonal differences in the sex ratio are as follows: males are more abundant in
springtime, females — in autumn. Significantly larger numbers of females (on average 52–60%) are
registered on population peaks, and larger numbers of males — on their decrease.
Key words: ticks, areal, natural habitat, seasonal activity, Ukraine.
Ñåçîííûå èçìåíåíèÿ àêòèâíîñòè, ïîëîâîé ñîñòàâ è ãðàíèöû àðåàëà êëåùà Ixodes ricinus (Acari,
Ixodida) â ëàíäøàôòíî-ãåîãðàôè÷åñêèõ çîíàõ Óêðàèíû. Àêèìîâ È. À., Íåáîãàòêèí È. Â. — Íà
îñíîâå àíàëèçà ñîáñòâåííûõ ñáîðîâ (1977–2001 ãã.) è àðõèâíûõ ìàòåðèàëîâ (1953–2000 ãã.)
ïðèâåäåíû î ñåçîííûõ èçìåíåíèÿõ àêòèâíîñòè âçðîñëûõ, íèìô è ëè÷èíîê åâðîïåéñêîãî
ëåñíîãî êëåùà, à òàêæå èçìåíåíèå àðåàëà âèäà, êîòîðûé ðàñïðîñòðàíÿåòñÿ íà âñþ òåððèòîðèþ
Óêðàèíû. Ïðîäîëæèòåëüíîñòü àêòèâíîñòè ïîëîâîçðåëûõ ôàç I. ricinus óâåëè÷èâàåòñÿ ñ ñåâåðà íà
þã è ñ çàïàäà íà âîñòîê.  ïîïóëÿöèÿõ åâðîïåéñêîãî ëåñíîãî êëåùà â Óêðàèíå íåçíà÷èòåëüíî
ïðåîáëàäàþò ñàìêè (â ñðåäíåì 52,44 ± 0,55%). Îáíàðóæåíû ñåçîííûå ðàçëè÷èÿ â ñîîòíîøåíèè
ïîëîâ: ñàìöîâ áîëüøå â âåñåííåå âðåìÿ, à ñàìîê — â îñåííåå. Äîñòîâåðíî áîëüøåå êîëè÷åñòâî
ñàìîê (â ñðåäíåì 52–60%) çàðåãèñòðèðîâàíî íà ïèêàõ ÷èñëåííîñòè, à ñàìöîâ — íà ñïàäàõ.
Êëþ÷åâûå ñëîâà: èêñîäîâûå êëåùè, àðåàë, ñåçîííàÿ àêòèâíîñòü, Óêðàèíà.
Introduction
The period of activity and its seasonal characteristics for the sheep tick Ixodes ricinus Linnaeus, which
is the main vector for the Lyme disease and tick-borne encephalitis in Europe (Fillipova, 1977; Alekseev,
1993) are important to know during prophylactic measures in the nidi of these diseases. No works summarize
current information for Ukraine. The purpose of this article is to sum up data on seasonal changes in activity
and sex composition of I. ricinus in landscape-geographical regions of Ukraine taking into account new
information on expanded natural habitat of this tick southward.
Material and methods
Hard ticks were collected by standard methods (Tularemia, 1954) on a flag, accounting person, by
plugging burrows, during examination of nest substrate, examination of cattle and small cattle, horses, camels,
domestic animals, pets, and combing of small mammals. Totally, for the period from 1977 to 2001, in 21
oblasts, 174 districts, cities and towns, during examination of more than 1,500 heads of cattle and small cattle,
horses, camels, domestic animals, pets, and combing of 29 144 bagged small mammals, we have collected
and examined 110,779 specimens of I. ricinus. Also, materials from short-range (half-year) forecasts and
Vestnik zoologii, 44(3): 245–251, 2010 Ýêîëîãèÿ
reviews from sanitary-and-epidemiologic institutions of 25 oblasts, Alushta, Kyiv, Mariupol and Sevastopol
cities, materials from personal archives of E. F. Litvinenko and E. M. Emchuk were used as well. In addition
to our data, for the period from 1953 to 2001, totally 2,748, 148 specimens of sheep ticks were examined
(table 1). To collect and process primary data, ‘Epizootologic monitoring’ database with Excel 2003 books
and database control system Access 2003 were used. Primary data were analyzed by standard methods applied
in biological statistics with Excel 2003, universal packages for statistical analysis SPSS v10.0.5 and Statistica
v. 5.5A.
Results
Na tu r a l h a b i t a t ( a r e a l). Today, according to the tendencies we noted ear-
lier (Akimov, Nebogatkin, 1996), we can talk about expansion of sheep tick’s natural
habitat throughout the whole territory of Ukraine. In June, 2000, we found out 8 adults
(5 females and 3 males) and 4 nymphs of I. ricinus on birds of 3 species, intensity 0.89;
and 17 (8 females and 9 males) on a flag (3.4 tick per flag/km) on Tarkhankut penin-
sula in Crimea, in that way confirming findings of F. N. Vshivkov (1958) considered
as accidental in steppe part of Crimea.
S t a r t o f a c t i v i t y. The first active ticks appear in Polissya and Forest-Steppe
regions during 3rd ten days of March — the 1st ten days of April. The earliest date of
arousal from winter diapause is March 03, 1986, and the latest — April, 25. In the
Carpathians, ticks normally arouse from the diapause in April, in the Steppe — in
March, and in Crimea — in February-March (fig. 1, 2).
Period of activity for adult phases of I. ricinus (number of days from the first
arousal from hibernation to the last date of capture in nature was counted up) depends
on habitat and landscape-geographical region and subregions, and its value clearly
increased from north to south and from west to east. Thus, in Polissya, period of activ-
ity is 145 ± 7.15 days (min. — 96 days, max. — 190 days); in the Western Forest-
Steppe 165 ± 8.35 (range 114–220); in the Forest-Steppe 178 ± 8.5 (range 112–241);
in the Steppe 202 ± 9.36 (range 147–258); in steppe of Azov-Black sea area 214 ± 9.96
(range 157–271); in Crimea 249 ± 10.71 (range 194–297).
Chan g e s i n s e a s on a l a c t i v i t y. During collection of sheep tick on a flag,
curve for changes in the number of active individuals was obsereved to have two peaks.
Such peaks in the number of attacking adult ticks are seen in spring — in May through-
246 I. A. Akimov, I. V. Nebogatkin
Ta b l e 1. Amount of the ticks Ixodes ricinus from various in landscape-geographical regions and subregions of
Ukraine
Ò à á ëèö à 1. Êîëè÷åñòâî ñîáðàííûõ êëåùåé Ixodes ricinus èç ðàçëè÷íûõ ëàíäøàôòíî-ãåîãðàôè÷åñêèõ çîí
ïîäçîí Óêðàèíû
Adults 32 148 8 636 34 691 6 430 2 859 15 464
Nymphs 3 149 8 45 3 397 629 280 1 526
Larvae 222 59 237 56 27 144
Total (own charges) 35 519 9 540 38 325 7 115 3 166 17 134
Adults 867 238 232 954 935 853 173 461 77 134 410 249
Nymphs 14 135 3 796 15 253 2 826 1 257 6 853
Larvae 2 121 566 2 271 531 258 1 392
Total (archival data) 883 494 237 316 953 377 176 818 78 649 418 494
Total 919 013 246 856 991 702 183 933 81 815 435 628
The number of ticks
on the phases
of development
Zone
Poles’e
Western
Forest-Steppe
Forest-Steppe Steppe
Azovo-
Chernomors
Crimea
247Seasonal changes in activity, sex composition and areal…
Fig. 1. Changes in seasonal activity of Ixodes ricinus in Polissya, Western Forest-Steppe, Forest-Steppe, the
Carpathians, Steppe and Crimea (collection on a flag).
Ðèñ. 1. Ñåçîííûå èçìåíåíèÿ àêòèâíîñòè Ixodes ricinus â Ïîëåñüå, Çàïàäíîé Ëåñîñòåïè, Ëåñîñòåïè,
Êàðïàòàõ, Ñòåïè è Êðûìó (ó÷åòû íà ôëàã).
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
mounth
IO
Steppe
Crimea
Carpathians
Polissya, Forest-Steppe
Fig. 2. Changes of seasonal activity of I. ricinus in Polissya, Western Forest-Steppe, Forest-Steppe, the
Carpathians, Steppe and Crimea (collecions from cattle).
Ðèñ. 2. Ñåçîííûå èçìåíåíèÿ àêòèâíîñòè I. ricinus â Ïîëåñüå, Çàïàäíîé Ëåñîñòåïè, Ëåñîñòåïè,
Êàðïàòàõ, Ñòåïè è Êðûìó (ó÷åòû íà ÊÐÑ).
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
mounth
IO
Steppe
Crimea
Carpathians
Polissya, Forest-Steppe
out all territory of Ukraine; in autumn — in Polissya, the Forest-Steppe and the
Carpathians — in September; and in the Steppe and Crimea — in October (fig. 1).
During collections on cattle, the curve has one or two peaks for changes in num-
ber of active ticks. One population peak for adult ticks attacking farm animals are in
May in Polissya, the Forest-Steppe, the Carpathians and Steppe; and two peaks in
Crimea: one well pronounced in May, another — in October (fig. 2).
During collections on a flag and accounting person, nymphal phase has no such
significant changes in the number as compared to adult phase. The first spring peak of
activity we can see in June; in summer time there are no abrupt decrease in their num-
ber; and after slight decline in July-August, the peak of activity is in September. In
Crimea the first peak of activity is in May, and second — in August.
During collection of nymph of the sheep tick from mammals and birds in Polissya
and the Forest-Steppe, the curve for changes in number of active ticks has one or two
peaks and such curves look similar for males and females. The spring peak of number
is in May, and autumn one — in September.
The period of nymph activity in Crimea has three raisings: in spring (April), in
summer (June), and in autumn (September).
Being collected on a flag and accounting person, larvae were caught irregularly and
for the whole period of observations less than 20 specimens were obtained and it does
not allow for any conclusions.
At inventory on mammals and birds, larvae of the sheep tick in Polissya and the
Forest-Steppe were found during the whole frost-free season with peak number of active
individuals in August. The period of larval activity in Crimea has almost the same dynam-
ics, however, insignificant decrease in larvae occurrence on host was noted in July.
S e x c ompo s i t i o n. In sheep tick populations in Ukraine, females prevail insignif-
icantly (on average 52.44 ± 0.55%). Sex ratio depends on a landscape-geographical region
or subregion and phase of population dynamics (table 2). We found out the seasonal dif-
ferences in sex ratio: males are more abundant in springtime, females — in autumn.
248 I. A. Akimov, I. V. Nebogatkin
Ta b l e 2. Cantle of the females (%) I. ricinus on months in landscape-geographical regions and subregions of
Ukraine
Ò à á ëèö à 2. Äîëÿ ñàìîê (%) I. ricinus ïî ìåñÿöàì â ëàíäøàôòíî-ãåîãðàôè÷åñêèõ çîíàõ è ïîäçîíàõ
Óêðàèíû
3 36,07 38,49 40,48 43,21 37,33 45,10 40,11 ± 3,50
4 39,52 40,57 53,75 43,86 39,30 50,03 44,51 ± 6,06
5 39,70 41,80 56,41 44,53 40,42 52,72 45,93 ± 7,02
6 45,13 42,01 59,11 44,98 41,67 54,69 47,93 ± 7,30
7 55,37 53,70 59,49 52,19 48,34 58,95 54,67 ± 4,21
8 58,02 62,35 60,82 54,99 56,44 63,54 59,36 ± 3,83
9 61,89 65,10 63,33 57,00 56,44 63,61 63,08 ± 3,70
10 64,76 66,86 63,26 59,87 69,12 63,83 64,62 ± 3,12
Average 50,06 ± 0,55 51,36 ± 1,00 57,08 ± 0,99 50,08 ± 1,65 50,02 ± 1,09 56,56 ± 1,12
Month
Zone
Poles’e
Western
Poles’e
Forest-Steppe Steppe
Azovo-
Cherno-
morskaya
Crimea Average
Discussion
The finding of both adult ticks and their nymphs in the Western Crimea allowed
us to confirm the I. ricinus distribution throughout the whole territory of Ukraine,
except for hard and salt steppe zone that became relict areas.
Colonization of the Azov-Black sea steppe area, as well as findings of the sheep
tick in Askania-Nova reserve (Emchuk, 1972) may be likely considered as an example
of expansion from small islands, the refugia, where this species persists from times of
the vast forests and full-flowing rivers in historical time B. C. and ravine forests
(Charleman, 1937). Ticks disappeared following the vanishing of characteristic biotopes
needed for their life together with ungulate animals: tarpan (Equus gmelini) vanished in
1870th, saiga (Saiga tatarica) — even earlier (Sharleman, 1937). The new return hap-
pens both from north to south along the landed forest belts and from the extant relict
forest areas.
The beginning of activity of I. ricinus after hibernation differs in different land-
scape-geographical regions and subregions and depends mainly on relief and weather
conditions in particular year. This is rather long process, and the majority of ticks
became active in 15–30 days. Duration of the period of their activity is clearly increased
from north to south and from west to east.
In Ukraine, as well as on the greater part of the natural habitat, peak numbers of
active ticks of all developmental stages may be pronounced or extended (Babenko,
1958; Arzamasov, 1961; Nikitchenko 1972; Balashov, 1998).
During collections of sheep tick on a flag, curve for changes in the number of
active individuals has two peaks. Such peaks in the number of attacking adult ticks are
seen in spring — in May throughout all territory of Ukraine; in autumn — in Polissya,
the Forest-Steppe and the Carpathians — in September; and in the Steppe and
Crimea — in October (fig. 1).
During collections on cattle, the curve has one or two peaks for changes in num-
ber of active ticks. One population peak for adult ticks attacking farm animals are in
May in Polissya, the Forest-Steppe, the Carpathians and Steppe; and two peaks in
Crimea: one well pronounced in May, another — in October (fig. 2).
During collections on a flag and accounting person, nymphal phase has no such
significant changes in the number as compared to adult phase. The first spring peak of
activity we can see in June; in summer time there are no abrupt decrease in their num-
ber; and after slight decline in July-August, the peak of activity is in September. In
Crimea the first peak of activity is in May, and second — in August.
During collections of nymphs of the sheep tick from mammals and birds in
Polissya and the Forest-Steppe, the curve for changes in number of active ticks has one
or two peaks and such curves look similar for males and females. The spring peak of
number is in May, and autumn one — in September.
The period of nymph activity in Crimea has three peaks: in spring, in summer, and
in autumn. We think the first peak appears, and in the other parts of the natural habi-
tat as well, due to overwintered individuals which molted in spring or in the beginning
of summer of the previous year; autumn peak appears due to the nymphs of new gen-
eration, molted from satiated larvae in spring or in the beginning of summer of this
year; and summer peak may be due to nymphs molted in autumn of the previous year
and timed to the active dispersion of young small mammals of new generation.
It should be noted that in the period from 1968 to 1985, a curve of larval activity
in Crimea has clearly one wave with a peak in August, and from the middle of 1980th
till now we note three peaks of activity in April, June and August. We think that this
phenomenon is related to switching on the two-year cycle of tick development, when
249Seasonal changes in activity, sex composition and areal…
irrespective of the fact which developmental stage winters in the first winter: hungry lar-
vae, satiated larvae or hungry nymphs, satiated females lay eggs in the second year.
Probably, it is related to the climate warming in the south regions, and this tendency
may be extended to the North Black sea areas.
We found out seasonal differences in sex ratio: males are more abundant in spring-
time, females — in autumn, and this pattern is characteristic for the whole territory of
Ukraine. Significantly greater numbers of females (on average 52–60%) are registered
on peaks, and greater number of males — on their decreases.
Conclusions
1. Today, the areal of the sheep tick covers the whole territory of Ukraine, but ear-
lier it has hiatus in steppe area and Crimea only.
2. Increased number of active adult ticks (collecting on a flag) becomes apparent
twice — in spring (May) — in all areas, and in autumn (September) in Polissya, the
Forest-Steppe, and the Carpathians), or in October (in the Steppe and Crimea).
During collections from cattle, there is one peak in the number of attacking imaginal
phases of ticks in Polissya, the Forest-Steppe, the Carpathians, Steppe in May, and two
peaks in Crimea: the first is clearly shown in May, and the second in October.
3. The nymphs of ticks (collected on a flag and accounting person) have maxi-
mal activity in June; no sharp decrease in summer; slight decrease in July–August the
peak of activity in September. In Crimea, the first peak of activity is in May, and the
second — in August. During collections nymph of the sheep tick from mammals and
birds in Polissya and the Forest-Steppe, the curve has two peaks: the spring peak in
May, and the autumn peak — in September.
4. Since 1980s, active period of preimaginal phases of development of I. ricinus in
Crimea has three peaks: for nymphs in spring (April), in summer (June) and in
autumn (September), and for larvae — in April, June and August.
5. Duration of activity of imaginal phases of I. ricinus is increased from north to
south and from west to east.
6. In Ukraine, in populations of I. ricinus females dominate a little (on average
52.44 ± 0.55%). Sex ratio depends on a landscape-geographical region or subregion and
phase of population dynamics. Significantly larger numbers of females (on average
52–60%) are registered on population peaks, and larger numbers of males — on their
decrease. The seasonal differences in the sex ratio are as follows: males are more abun-
dant in springtime, and females in autumn.
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251Seasonal changes in activity, sex composition and areal…
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| id | nasplib_isofts_kiev_ua-123456789-65687 |
| institution | Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| issn | 0084-5604 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-12-07T16:58:00Z |
| publishDate | 2010 |
| publisher | Інститут зоології ім. І.І. Шмальгаузена НАН України |
| record_format | dspace |
| spelling | Akimov, I.A. Nebogatkin, I.V. 2014-06-30T13:45:40Z 2014-06-30T13:45:40Z 2010 Seasonal Changes in Activity, Sex Composition and Areal of the Tick Ixodes ricinus (Acari, Ixodida) in the Landscape-Geographical Regions of Ukraine / I.A. Akimov, I.V. Nebogatkin // Вестник зоологии. — 2010. — Т. 44, № 3. — С. 245–251. — Бібліогр.: 11 назв. — англ. 0084-5604 https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/65687 595.42:591.52(477) Data on seasonal activity of adults, nymphs and larvae of the sheep tick Ixodes ricinus Linnaeus are presented based on examination of our own collections for the period from 1977 to 2001 and archival materials for the period from 1953 to 2000, as well as data on changes in its natural habitat that now covers the whole territory of Ukraine. The period of activity in I. ricinus imagoes becomes longer from north to south and from west to east. In Ukrainian populations of I. ricinus, females slightly dominate (on average 52.44 ± 0.55%). The seasonal differences in the sex ratio are as follows: males are more abundant in springtime, females — in autumn. Significantly larger numbers of females (on average 52–60%) are registered on population peaks, and larger numbers of males — on their decrease. На основе анализа собственных сборов (1977–2001 гг.) и архивных материалов (1953–2000 гг.) приведены о сезонных изменениях активности взрослых, нимф и личинок европейского лесного клеща, а также изменение ареала вида, который распространяется на всю территорию Украины. Продолжительность активности половозрелых фаз I. ricinus увеличивается с севера на юг и с запада на восток. В популяциях европейского лесного клеща в Украине незначительно преобладают самки (в среднем 52,44 ± 0,55%). Обнаружены сезонные различия в соотношении полов: самцов больше в весеннее время, а самок — в осеннее. Достоверно большее количество самок (в среднем 52–60%) зарегистрировано на пиках численности, а самцов — на спадах. en Інститут зоології ім. І.І. Шмальгаузена НАН України Вестник зоологии Экология Seasonal Changes in Activity, Sex Composition and Areal of the Tick Ixodes ricinus (Acari, Ixodida) in the Landscape-Geographical Regions of Ukraine Сезонные изменения активности, половой состав и границы ареала клеща Ixodes ricinus (Acari, Ixodida) в ландшафтно-географических зонах Украины Article published earlier |
| spellingShingle | Seasonal Changes in Activity, Sex Composition and Areal of the Tick Ixodes ricinus (Acari, Ixodida) in the Landscape-Geographical Regions of Ukraine Akimov, I.A. Nebogatkin, I.V. Экология |
| title | Seasonal Changes in Activity, Sex Composition and Areal of the Tick Ixodes ricinus (Acari, Ixodida) in the Landscape-Geographical Regions of Ukraine |
| title_alt | Сезонные изменения активности, половой состав и границы ареала клеща Ixodes ricinus (Acari, Ixodida) в ландшафтно-географических зонах Украины |
| title_full | Seasonal Changes in Activity, Sex Composition and Areal of the Tick Ixodes ricinus (Acari, Ixodida) in the Landscape-Geographical Regions of Ukraine |
| title_fullStr | Seasonal Changes in Activity, Sex Composition and Areal of the Tick Ixodes ricinus (Acari, Ixodida) in the Landscape-Geographical Regions of Ukraine |
| title_full_unstemmed | Seasonal Changes in Activity, Sex Composition and Areal of the Tick Ixodes ricinus (Acari, Ixodida) in the Landscape-Geographical Regions of Ukraine |
| title_short | Seasonal Changes in Activity, Sex Composition and Areal of the Tick Ixodes ricinus (Acari, Ixodida) in the Landscape-Geographical Regions of Ukraine |
| title_sort | seasonal changes in activity, sex composition and areal of the tick ixodes ricinus (acari, ixodida) in the landscape-geographical regions of ukraine |
| topic | Экология |
| topic_facet | Экология |
| url | https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/65687 |
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