Ciliates on the Macrophytes in Industrially Heated Lakes (Kujawy Lakeland, Poland)
The ciliate assemblage on the macrophytes was examined in 2005 during the vegetation period in the Konin2skie Lakes which are heating by post-cooling waters from thermal electric plants. As a result of changed temperature regimen the alien thermophilic macrophyte Vallisneria spiralis is becoming inc...
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Інститут зоології ім. І.І. Шмальгаузена НАН України
2010
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| Cite this: | Ciliates on the Macrophytes in Industrially Heated Lakes (Kujawy Lakeland, Poland) / R. Babko, J. Fyda, T. Kuzmina A. Hutorowicz // Вестник зоологии. — 2010. — Т. 44, № 6. — С. 483–493. — Бібліогр.: 34 назв. — англ. |
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Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine| _version_ | 1859830828152913920 |
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| author | Babko, R. Fyda, J. Kuzmina, T. Hutorowicz, A. |
| author_facet | Babko, R. Fyda, J. Kuzmina, T. Hutorowicz, A. |
| citation_txt | Ciliates on the Macrophytes in Industrially Heated Lakes (Kujawy Lakeland, Poland) / R. Babko, J. Fyda, T. Kuzmina A. Hutorowicz // Вестник зоологии. — 2010. — Т. 44, № 6. — С. 483–493. — Бібліогр.: 34 назв. — англ. |
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| description | The ciliate assemblage on the macrophytes was examined in 2005 during the vegetation period in the Konin2skie Lakes which are heating by post-cooling waters from thermal electric plants. As a result of changed temperature regimen the alien thermophilic macrophyte Vallisneria spiralis is becoming increasingly common in the littoral zone. A total of 150 ciliate taxa belonging to 27 orders were found. Greater ciliate species diversity was found on architecturally complex, submerged forms such as Ceratophyllum demersum and Myriophyllum spicatum. By contrast the ciliate compositions on emergent macrophytes with simple architecture in their submerged parts, such as Typha, Sparganium, or Acorus, were less species rich. Despite the simple architecture of Vallisneria leaves, the ciliate diversity on them was high. The results show that replacement of native macrophytes by the alien form V. spiralis in heated lakes did not impoverish the ciliate diversity.
В течение вегетационного периода 2005 г. изучали ассамблею ресничных простейших на макрофитах в Конинских озерах, подверженных тепловому загрязнению, которое вызвано поступлением подогретых вод с теплоэлектростанции. Вследствие изменения температурного режима водоемов, в их литорали доминирующее положение среди макрофитов занял адвентивный вид Vallisneria spiralis. Всего на макрофитах было зарегистрировано 150 таксонов ресничных простейших, относящихся к 27 отрядам. Большее разнообразие видов ресничных простейших обнаруживалось на пространственно сложноорганизованных поверхностях таких макрофитов, как Ceratophyllum demersum и Myriophyllum spicatum. На макрофитах с простой архитектурой, таких как, например, Typha, Sparganium и Acorus, количество видов было меньшим. В то же время, несмотря на простую архитектуру листьев Vallisneria, разнообразие ресничных простейших на них было высоким. Таким образом, вытеснение аборигенных макрофитов адвентивным видом V. spiralis в условиях подогретых озер не приводило к снижению разнообразия ресничных простейших.
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UDC 593.17:574.5(285)
CILIATES ON THE MACROPHYTES IN INDUSTRIALLY
HEATED LAKES (KUJAWY LAKELAND, POLAND)
R. Babko1, J. Fyda2, T. Kuzmina3, A. Hutorowicz4
1 Sumy State Pedagogical University,
Romens’ka str. , 87, Sumy, 40002 Ukraine
E-mail: rbabko@ukr.net
2 Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University,
Gronostajowa str., 7, Krakow, 30–387 Poland
E-mail: janusz.fyda@uj.edu.pl
3 Sumy State University, Rimskogo-Korsakova str., 2, Sumy, 40007 Ukraine
E-mail: kuzmina_tm@ukr.net
4 Inland Fisheries Institute in Olsztyn, 10, Olsztyn-Kortowo, 10–719 Poland
E-mail: ahut@infish.com.pl
Received 30 October 2009
Accepted 26 July 2010
Ciliates on the Macrophytes in Industrially Heated Lakes (Kujawy Lakeland, Poland). Babko R., Fyda J.,
Kuzmina T., Hutorowicz A. — The ciliate assemblage on the macrophytes was examined in 2005 during
the vegetation period in the Konin´skie Lakes which are heating by post-cooling waters from thermal
electric plants. As a result of changed temperature regimen the alien thermophilic macrophyte
Vallisneria spiralis is becoming increasingly common in the littoral zone. A total of 150 ciliate taxa
belonging to 27 orders were found. Greater ciliate species diversity was found on architecturally
complex, submerged forms such as Ceratophyllum demersum and Myriophyllum spicatum. By contrast the
ciliate compositions on emergent macrophytes with simple architecture in their submerged parts, such
as Typha, Sparganium, or Acorus, were less species rich. Despite the simple architecture of Vallisneria
leaves, the ciliate diversity on them was high. The results show that replacement of native macrophytes
by the alien form V. spiralis in heated lakes did not impoverish the ciliate diversity.
Ke y wo r d s: ciliate, macrophytes, diversity, lakes.
Ðåñíè÷íûå ïðîñòåéøèå íà ìàêðîôèòàõ â îçåðàõ, ïîäâåðæåííûõ òåïëîâîìó çàãðÿçíåíèþ (îçåðíûé
êðàé Êóÿâû, Ïîëüøà). Áàáêî Ð., Ôûäà ß., Êóçüìèíà Ò., Õóòîðîâè÷ À. —  òå÷åíèå
âåãåòàöèîííîãî ïåðèîäà 2005 ã. èçó÷àëè àññàìáëåþ ðåñíè÷íûõ ïðîñòåéøèõ íà ìàêðîôèòàõ â
Êîíèíñêèõ îçåðàõ, ïîäâåðæåííûõ òåïëîâîìó çàãðÿçíåíèþ, êîòîðîå âûçâàíî ïîñòóïëåíèåì
ïîäîãðåòûõ âîä ñ òåïëîýëåêòðîñòàíöèè. Âñëåäñòâèå èçìåíåíèÿ òåìïåðàòóðíîãî ðåæèìà
âîäîåìîâ, â èõ ëèòîðàëè äîìèíèðóþùåå ïîëîæåíèå ñðåäè ìàêðîôèòîâ çàíÿë àäâåíòèâíûé âèä
Vallisneria spiralis. Âñåãî íà ìàêðîôèòàõ áûëî çàðåãèñòðèðîâàíî 150 òàêñîíîâ ðåñíè÷íûõ
ïðîñòåéøèõ, îòíîñÿùèõñÿ ê 27 îòðÿäàì. Áîëüøåå ðàçíîîáðàçèå âèäîâ ðåñíè÷íûõ ïðîñòåéøèõ
îáíàðóæèâàëîñü íà ïðîñòðàíñòâåííî ñëîæíîîðãàíèçîâàííûõ ïîâåðõíîñòÿõ òàêèõ ìàêðîôèòîâ,
êàê Ceratophyllum demersum è Myriophyllum spicatum. Íà ìàêðîôèòàõ ñ ïðîñòîé àðõèòåêòóðîé,
òàêèõ êàê, íàïðèìåð, Typha, Sparganium è Acorus, êîëè÷åñòâî âèäîâ áûëî ìåíüøèì.  òî æå
âðåìÿ, íåñìîòðÿ íà ïðîñòóþ àðõèòåêòóðó ëèñòüåâ Vallisneria, ðàçíîîáðàçèå ðåñíè÷íûõ
ïðîñòåéøèõ íà íèõ áûëî âûñîêèì. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, âûòåñíåíèå àáîðèãåííûõ ìàêðîôèòîâ
àäâåíòèâíûì âèäîì V. spiralis â óñëîâèÿõ ïîäîãðåòûõ îçåð íå ïðèâîäèëî ê ñíèæåíèþ
ðàçíîîáðàçèÿ ðåñíè÷íûõ ïðîñòåéøèõ.
Êëþ÷åâûå ñ ëîâ à: ðåñíè÷íûå ïðîñòåéøèå, ìàêðîôèòû, ðàçíîîáðàçèå, îçåðà.
Introduction
In freshwater lakes, periphyton communities develop mainly in the littoral zone on the submerged
surfaces of water plants (Wetzel, 1983). Macrophytes differ strongly in the architecture of leaves and stems,
as well as in the texture of plant surfaces and as a natural substrate for different periphytic species with both
chemical and physical parameters of lake water, affect periphytic communities structure and species
Vestnik zoologii, 44(6): 483–493, 2010 Ôàóíà è ñèñòåìàòèêà
composition occurring on them (Raffaelli et al., 2000; Wetzel, 2001). Consequently the number of possible
niches offered for a variety of periphytic species is enormous, so differences in species composition and
density on different macrophytes are likely to occur (Messyasz, Kuczyn´ska-Kippen, 2006; Mieczan, 2007;
Pals et al., 2006).
Periphytic communities are composed of a range of organisms including ciliated protozoa which are
among the least studied, yet play an important role as consumers of bacteria, flagellates, and periphytic algae
(Sleigh et al., 1992; Primc-Habdija, Radanowiĉ, 1998). Recent studies have demonstrated that the
composition of ciliate periphyton communities in both marine and freshwater habitats is influenced by water
chemistry, especially the availability of nutrients (Gong et al., 2005; Mieczan, 2005; Primc-Habdija et al.,
2001; Wickham et al., 2004). However, it is uncertain whether it is the physicochemical parameters of the
lake or the kinds of macrophyte present as a substrate for attachment that is most important in determining
the periphyton species composition (Messyasz, Kuczyn´ska-Kippen, 2006).
In the lakes investigated during the present study, an increase in the water temperature caused a change
in the hydrophyte composition, the most conspicuous being the appearance of an alien thermophile
macrophyte Vallisneria spiralis, which appeared in lakes in the mid-1990s (Ga�bka, 2002; Hutorowicz et al.,
2006; Protasov et al., 1994). As V. spiralis becomes more abundant in Konin´skie Lakes (Hutorowicz et al.,
2006) and builds submerged mono-species water meadows, the native submerged macrophytes move to the
deeper parts of lake. The effects of this process on the ciliate diversity in periphyton, however, are still
unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the ciliate diversity and assemblage composition occurred
in heated lakes both on alien (V. spiralis, Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.)) and native macrophytes.
Material and methods
The studied lakes S ´lesin´skie, Mikorzyn´skie, and Lichen´skie are situated in Central Poland in the
Kujawskie Lakeland. These are typically postglacial, eutrophic lakes suffering from strong anthropopression.
The main stressing factor is the introduction of post cooling, heated water from Pa�tnów-Adamów-Konin
power plants to the lake system. As a result of industrial pressure, higher in comparison to other lakes in the
region, there has been an observed increase in the mean water temperature of about 7.5–9.5°C (Socha,
Zdanowski, 2001). These lakes also have a very short retention times (between 3 and 14 days on average in
1987–2000) and are connected to one another by a series of canals and locks. We chose three sampling
stations located in those three lakes of the system. They were situated in shallow gulfs where the abundance
and species richness of the macrophytes were both high.
In addition to the typical macrophytes originally found in these lakes and present in similar lakes, the
invasion of the alien species Vallisneria spiralis has been observed since 1990 (Protasov et al., 1994). Currently
in certain areas of the studied lakes, V. spiralis forms a mono-species, submerged water meadow up to 2.5 m
in depth. Consequently most native, submerged macrophytes, with the exception of Nuphar, have either
moved to deeper parts of the lakes or have disappeared.
An additional alien species Eichhornia crassipes, probably originating from nearby artificial garden
ponds, was also noticed at the station on Lake S ´lesin´skie. Eichhornia did not occur at this station throughout
the whole year. During the summer months, however, it was checked for ciliates as another potential alien
species that may adjust to living there in the future. The native macrophytes such as Ceratophyllum
demersum L., Myriophyllum spicatum L., Potamogeton perfoliatus L., Najas marina L., Typha angustifolia L.,
Nuphar lutea (L.), Sparganium sp., Phragmites australis (Cav.), and Acorus calamus L. were also checked for
their ciliate composition.
Sampling was carried out over a 2-month period during the macrophyte vegetation period in 2005. The
periphyton samples were taken from submerged parts of macrophytes using a glass tube (36 mm in diameter,
26 cm long, approximately 210 ml in volume), which was carefully placed on the leaves or shoots of the
chosen plant. The top of the tube was closed with a cork. A sample of approximately 20 cm of the
macrophyte, i. e. leaves of submerged macrophytes or stems of emergent macrophytes, was cut, and the
bottom of the tube was closed with another cork. The number of samples taken from Vallisneria spiralis and
other macrophytes reflect the frequency of occurrence of the plant at the sampling stations. In total, 38
samples from V. spiralis, nine from Myriophyllum, five from Typha, four from Ceratophyllum, three from Najas
and Nuphar, and one sample from each of the remaining plants were taken. Among the three lakes 36 samples
were taken from Lake Lichen´skie, 12 from Lake Mikorzyn´skie and 19 from Lake S ´lesin´skie.
All ciliated protozoa were identified by examining them in vivo under a microscope at appropriate
magnification, although when necessary silver staining methods were applied in order to reveal the
infraciliature, silverline system and other argentophilic features (Wilbert, 1975; Song, Wilbert, 1995).
Species identification was based on Kahl (1930, 1931, 1932, 1935), Foissner and Berger (1996) and
Foissner et al. (1991, 1992, 1994, 1995). Nomenclature is according to Lynn (2008). The allocation of ciliate
species to main feeding groups was according to Foissner et al., works.
The faunistic similarities among studied macrophytes were calculated by means of Jaccard’s method.
For statistical analysis the programs STATISTICA 8.0 and PAST 1.81 (Hammer et al., 2001) were used.
484 R. Babko, J. Fyda, T. Kuzmina, A. Hutorowicz
Results
During the study, 150 ciliated protozoa taxa in total, belonging to 27 orders and
84 genera, were found on submerged and emergent macrophytes. Among these,
53 species were known as typically periphytic, 81 species occurred mostly in benthos,
and 16 were considered to be planktonic. Judging by the species frequency on macro-
phytes, 133 ciliates belonged to ubiquitous species (more than five records during the
study), and 17 species were considered rare (table 1).
The average number of ciliate species varied depending on macrophytes (fig. 1).
The highest number (20) of ciliate taxa was found on Eichhornia. On Ceratophyllum
18 ± 3.5 (mean, SD), and on Myriophyllum, an average of 16 ± 8.1 (mean, SD) taxa
occurred. On V. spiralis, 16 ± 7.3 (mean, SD) species of ciliated protozoa were found.
Surfaces of Potamogeton, Najas, Typha, Nuphar, Sparganium, and Acorus were less rich
in ciliate taxa: on average, 9 to 11 species were found on them. Among emergent
macrophytes, only on Phragmites the number of ciliate taxa was higher (15 species).
The differences in species number were not significant (p > 0.05).
On Myriophyllum and Vallisneria, 24 and 25 orders of ciliated protozoa were found
respectively, but representatives of only 9 orders occurred on Phragmites. The crawling
Urostylida, Sporadotrichida and Euplotida dominated on Najas (31%) and on
Ceratophyllum, Myriophyllum, and Acorus (27% each). Free-swimming Prorodontida
were most abundant on Sparganium (31%) and Acorus (28%). The stems of Phragmites
were dominated by Sessilida and small Philasterida (33% each). Ciliate species compo-
485Ciliates on the Macrophytes in Industrially Heated Lakes…
Fig. 1. Mean number of ciliate species found on different macrophytes (mean, SD, * lack of replications).
Ðèñ. 1. Ñðåäíåå êîëè÷åñòâî âèäîâ ðåñíè÷íûõ ïðîñòåéøèõ, îáíàðóæåííîå íà ðàçëè÷íûõ ìàêðîôèòàõ
(ñðåäíåå, ñòàíäàðòíîå îòêëîíåíèå, *ïîâòîðíîñòè îòñóòñòâóþò).
LOXODIDA JANKOWSKI, 1980
Loxodes striatus (Engelmann,1862) 0 0 0 0 9 8 B, P
HETEROTRICHIDA STEIN, 1859
Spirostomum teres Clapare´de & Lachmann, 1858 0 3 0 0 0 0 P
Stentor coeruleus (Pallas, 1766) 22 17 0 5 18 17 B, A, P
Stentor igneus Ehrenberg, 1838 17 19 14 26 9 17 B, P
Stentor muelleri Ehrenberg, 1831 0 0 0 5 9 8 A
Stentor multiformis (Mueller, 1786) 0 0 0 21 0 0 B, A
Stentor polymorphus (Mueller, 1773) 17 11 0 0 0 0 B, A
Stentor roeseli Ehrenberg, 1835 30 28 14 42 18 17 B, A
EUPLOTIDA SMALL & LYNN, 1985
Aspidisca cicada (Mueller, 1786) 43 36 29 42 36 33 B, A
Aspidisca lynceus (Mueller, 1773) 13 11 14 16 0 0 B, A
Euplotes affinis (Dujardin, 1841) 13 14 0 5 9 8 B
Euplotes moebiusi Kahl, 1932 4 6 0 0 9 8 B, A
Euplotes patella (Mueller, 1773) 26 33 29 42 27 25 B, A
Euplotes sp. 0 0 0 5 0 0 B, A
TINTINNIIDA KOFOID & CAMPBELL, 1929
Codonella cratera (Leidy, 1877) 9 8 14 11 0 0 P, B
Tintinnidium semiciliatum (Sterki, 1879) 4 3 14 5 0 0 A, B
Tintinnidium sp. 0 0 14 5 0 0 P
CHOREOTRICHIDA SMALL & LYNN, 1985
Rimostrombidium velox (Faure-Fremiet, 1924) 0 0 14 5 0 0 P, B
Strobilidium caudatum (Fromentel, 1876) 0 3 14 11 9 8 P, B
Strobilidium humile Penard, 1922 0 0 14 5 0 0 P, B
Strobilidium sp. 9 6 0 0 18 17 P
STICHOTRICHIDA FAURE-FREMIET, 1961
Kerona pediculus (Mueller, 1773) 4 8 0 5 18 17 T, P
SPORADOTRICHIDA FAURE-FREMIET, 1961
Gonostomum affine Stein, 1859 9 8 0 0 0 0 A, B
Halteria grandinella (Mueller, 1773) 13 8 0 0 9 17 P
Oxytricha bifaria Stokes, 1887 9 11 43 37 36 33 B
Oxytricha sp. 13 17 14 16 9 8 B
Paraurostyla weissei (Stein, 1859) 4 6 0 0 0 0 B
Sporadotrichida Gen. sp. 4 3 0 0 0 0 B
Stylonychia mytilus Ehrenberg, 1838 65 56 71 58 36 33 B, A
Stylonychia pustulata (Mueller, 1786) 22 19 14 11 0 0 B, A
Stylonychia putrina Stokes, 1885 4 3 0 0 0 0 B
Tachysoma pellionellum (Mueller, 1773) 35 28 43 47 18 17 B
UROSTYLIDA JANKOWSKI, 1979
Diaxonella sp. 4 6 0 5 0 8 B
Holosticha monilata Kahl, 1928 17 14 0 0 0 0 B
Holosticha pullaster (Mueller, 1773) 22 22 29 32 45 42 B
Holosticha sp. 17 11 0 0 18 17 B
Paruroleptus caudatus Stokes, 1886 4 3 14 5 0 0 B
Uroleptus musculus (Kahl, 1932) 4 6 14 11 27 33 B, A
Uroleptus piscis (Mueller, 1773) 0 0 14 11 0 0 B, A
Uroleptus sp. 13 8 0 5 0 0 B, A
Urostyla grandis Ehrenberg, 1830 17 17 0 5 0 0 B
Urostyla sp. 0 0 0 0 9 8 B
STROMBIDIIDA PETZ & FOISSNER, 1992
Limnostrombidium viride (Stein, 1867) 9 6 0 5 0 0 P
Strombidium sp. 4 3 0 0 9 8 A, B
HAPTORIDA CORLISS, 1974
486 R. Babko, J. Fyda, T. Kuzmina, A. Hutorowicz
Ta b l e 1. List of ciliated protozoa and their frequencies (% of samples) found on Vallisneria spiralis and other
macrophytes in littoral zone of Konin ´́skie Lakes (*according to Foissner. Berger, 1996, A — periphyton, B —
benthos, Fs — anaerobic, P — planktonic, T — epizoic).
Ò à á ë èö à 1. Ñïèñîê ðåñíè÷íûõ ïðîñòåéøèõ è èõ âñòðå÷àåìîñòü (% ïðîá) íà Vallisneria spiralis è äðóãèõ
ìàêðîôèòàõ â ëèòîðàëüíîé çîíå Êîíèíñêèõ îçåð (*ïî: Foissner, Berger, 1996, A — ïåðèôèòîí, B —
áåíòîñ, Fs — àíàýðîáû, P — ïëàíêòíåðû, T — ýïèçîîíòû).
Taxon
Lichen´skie L. S´lesin´skie L. Mikorzyn´skie L.
Preffered
habitat*
Vallis-
neria
Other
macro-
phytes
Vallis-
neria
Other
macro-
phytes
Vallis-
neria
Other
macro-
phytes
Chaenea sp. 4 3 0 0 0 0 B, A
Enchelyodon fusidens Kahl, 1930 0 0 14 11 9 8 B, A
Enchelys gasterosteus (Kahl, 1926) 0 0 0 0 0 8 Fs, B
Homalozoon vermiculare (Stokes, 1887) 4 3 0 0 9 8 B, A
Lacrymaria filiformis Maskell, 1886 0 0 0 0 0 8 B, A
Lacrymaria olor (Mueller, 1786) 4 8 0 11 0 0 B, A
Phialina minima (Kahl, 1927) 4 6 0 0 0 0 B, A
Spathidium sp. 4 3 0 0 9 8 A, B, P
Trachelius ovum (Ehrenberg, 1831) 9 11 14 11 0 0 A, B, P
Trachelophyllum apiculatum (Perty, 1852) 4 3 0 0 0 0 A, B
PLEUROSTOMATIDA SCHEWIAKOFF, 1896
Acineria incurvata Dujardin, 1841 0 0 0 5 0 0 A, B
Acineria uncinata Tucolesco, 1962 48 31 29 26 36 33 A, B
Amphileptus pleurosigma (Stokes, 1884) 22 14 14 11 0 0 A, B
Amphileptus procerus (Penard, 1922) 4 8 14 26 18 17 B
Amphileptus sp. 0 0 0 9 8 A, B
Litonotus anguilla Kahl, 1930 0 0 0 5 0 0 B, A
Litonotus crystallinus (Vuxanovici, 1960) 0 3 14 5 0 0 B, A
Litonotus cygnus (Mueller, 1773) 9 14 0 11 0 0 B, A
Litonotus lamella (Mueller, 1773) 17 22 14 16 18 17 B, A
Loxophyllum helus (Stokes, 1884) 9 6 0 0 0 0 A, B
Loxophyllum meleagris (Mueller, 1773) 13 14 0 5 9 8 A, B
CHLAMYDODONTIDA DEROUX, 1976
Chilodonella uncinata (Ehrenberg, 1838) 48 39 29 32 18 17 A, B
Chlamydodon sp. 0 3 0 0 0 0 A, B
Gastronauta membranaceus Buetschli, 1889 0 0 14 5 9 8 A, B
Pseudochilodontopsis fluviatilis Foissner, 1988 0 3 0 0 0 0 A, B
Pseudochilodontopsis sp. 4 3 0 5 9 8 A, B
Trithigmostoma cucullulus (Mueller, 1786) 9 14 0 5 45 42 A, B
DYSTERIIDA DEROUX, 1976
Dysteria fluviatilis (Stein, 1859) 4 6 0 11 0 0 A, B
Trochilia minuta (Roux, 1899) 17 14 14 21 27 25 A, B
ENDOGENIDA COLLIN, 1912
Acineta tuberosa Ehrenberg, 1833 0 0 0 5 0 0 A, T
SYNHYMENIIDA PUYTORAC ET AL.
IN DEROUX, 1978
Chilodontopsis depressa (Perty, 1852) 9 14 0 0 0 0 A, B
Zosterodasys transversa (Kahl, 1928) 0 3 0 0 0 0 A, B
NASSULIDA JANKOWSKI, 1967
Furgasonia trichocystis (Stokes, 1894) 0 3 0 0 0 0 P
Nassula picta Greeff, 1888 0 3 0 0 9 8 B, A, P
Nassula sp. 0 0 0 0 9 8 B, A, P
Obertrumia aurea (Ehrenberg, 1833) 0 3 14 11 9 8 B, P
MICROTHORACIDA JANKOWSKI, 1967
Pseudomicrothorax sp. 0 0 0 0 9 8 A, B
BURSARIOMORPHIDA FERNANDEZ-
GALIANO, 1978
Bursaridium pseudobursaria (Faure-Fremiet, 1924) 0 0 0 5 0 0 P
CYRTOLOPHOSIDIDA FOISSNER, 1978
Cyrtolophosis mucicola Stokes, 1885 0 0 0 0 18 17 B
PRORODONTIDA CORLISS, 1974
Coleps hirtus (Mueller, 1786) 74 69 57 53 64 67 A, B, P
Coleps spetai Foissner, 1984 26 19 0 5 18 17 P
Holophrya discolor Ehrenberg, 1833 9 8 29 16 9 8 B, P
Holophrya teres Ehrenberg, 1833 4 6 0 0 0 0 B, P
Placus luciae (Kahl, 1926) 4 3 0 0 0 8 B, A
Prorodon niveus Ehrenberg, 1833 0 0 0 5 0 0 B
487Ciliates on the Macrophytes in Industrially Heated Lakes…
Table 1 (continued).
Ïðîäîëæåíèå òàáëèöû 1.
Taxon
Lichen´skie L. S´lesin´skie L. Mikorzyn´skie L.
Preffered
habitat*
Vallis-
neria
Other
macro-
phytes
Vallis-
neria
Other
macro-
phytes
Vallis-
neria
Other
macro-
phytes
Urotricha agilis (Stokes, 1886) 0 3 0 0 0 0 B, P
Urotricha armata Kahl, 1927 4 8 0 0 0 0 B, A
Urotricha furcata Schewiakoff, 1892 4 6 0 0 9 8 P
Urotricha ovata Kahl, 1926 13 11 0 5 9 8 B, P
Urotricha sp. 13 11 0 0 9 8 B, P
PENICULIDA FAURE-FREMIET
IN CORLISS, 1956
Frontonia acuminata (Ehrenberg, 1833) 13 11 14 11 18 17 B, A, P
Frontonia angusta Kahl, 1931 9 11 0 5 18 25 B, A, P
Frontonia atra (Ehrenberg, 1833) 9 11 0 0 9 8 B, P
Frontonia leucas (Ehrenberg, 1833) 0 0 0 5 0 0 B, A, P
Frontonia roquei Dragesco, 1970 9 6 0 0 9 8 B, A, P
Lembadion lucens (Maskell, 1887) 4 14 0 0 0 0 B, P
Paramecium aurelia complex Sonneborn, 1975 4 8 0 0 0 0 B, P
Paramecium bursaria (Ehrenberg, 1831) 9 6 0 0 0 0 A, B, P
Paramecium caudatum Ehrenberg, 1833 9 8 0 0 9 8 B, A, P
Stokesia vernalis Wenrich, 1929 0 3 0 0 0 0 P
Urocentrum turbo (Mueller, 1876) 4 3 0 0 0 0 B, A, P
PHILASTERIDA SMALL, 1967
Cinetochilum margaritaceum (Ehrenberg, 1831) 35 39 43 53 55 58 A, B, P
Dexiotricha granulosa (Kent, 1881) 9 6 14 5 0 8 B, A
Philasterida Gen. sp. 1 0 0 0 11 18 17 B, P
Philasterida Gen. sp. 2 0 0 0 5 9 8 B, P
Philasterida Gen. sp. 3 0 0 14 5 9 8 B, P
Pseudocohnilembus pusillus (Quennerstedt, 1869) 13 19 14 16 64 67 B, P
Uronema nigricans (Mueller, 1786) 26 22 14 5 0 8 B, A, P
Urozona buetschlii Schewiakoff, 1889 0 3 0 0 0 0 B, P
PLEURONEMATIDA FAURE-FREMIET
IN CORLISS, 1956
Ctedoctema acanthocryptum Stokes, 1884 13 17 0 11 73 75 B
Cyclidium glaucoma Mueller, 1773 48 42 29 32 64 67 B, A, P
Cyclidium versatile Penard, 1922 0 0 0 5 27 25 B, A, P
Cyclidium sp. 4 8 0 5 0 0 B, A, P
Pleuronema coronatum Kent, 1881 0 3 0 0 9 8 B
TETRAHYMENIDA FAURE-FREMIET
IN CORLISS, 1956
Colpidium colpoda (Losana, 1829) 0 3 0 0 0 0 B
Dexiostoma campylum (Stokes, 1886) 4 3 0 0 0 0 B
Tetrahymena pyriformis complex
Nanney& McCoy, 1976 22 17 14 26 9 8 B
OPHRYOGLENIDA CANELLA, 1964
Ophryoglena flava (Ehrenberg, 1833) 13 11 0 11 9 8 B
Ophryoglena utriculariae Kahl, 1930 0 3 0 0 0 0 B
SESSILIDA KAHL, 1933
Campanella umbellaria (Linnaeus, 1758) 4 3 0 5 0 0 A, B, T
Carchesium polypinum (Linnaeus, 1758) 4 6 0 0 0 0 B, A, T
Cothurnia sp. 0 0 14 5 9 8 A, B, T
Epistylis chrysemydis Bishop & Jahn, 1941 0 0 14 5 0 0 A, T
Epistylis keronata Nusch, 1970 0 0 0 0 27 25 A, T
Epistylis hentscheli Kahl, 1935 4 8 14 5 0 0 A, B
Epistylis plicatilis Ehrenberg, 1831 0 0 0 0 9 8 A, B, T
Opercularia articulata Goldfuss, 1820 0 0 0 0 18 17 A, T
Opercularia nutans (Ehrenberg, 1831) 17 14 0 0 0 0 A, T
Platycola decumbens (Ehrenberg, 1830) 0 0 0 11 0 0 A
Pyxicola sp. 0 0 0 0 9 8 A
Sessilida Gen. sp. 0 0 0 0 18 17 A, B
Thuricola folliculata Kent,1881 0 0 0 11 0 0 A
488 R. Babko, J. Fyda, T. Kuzmina, A. Hutorowicz
Table 1 (continued).
Ïðîäîëæåíèå òàáëèöû 1.
Taxon
Lichen´skie L. S´lesin´skie L. Mikorzyn´skie L.
Preffered
habitat*
Vallis-
neria
Other
macro-
phytes
Vallis-
neria
Other
macro-
phytes
Vallis-
neria
Other
macro-
phytes
Thuricola kellicottiana (Stokes, 1887) Kahl, 1935 4 3 0 0 0 0 A
Vagnicola ingenita (Mueller, 1786) 0 0 0 21 9 8 A, T
Vagnicola sp. 4 3 0 0 0 0 A, T
Vorticella aquadulcis Stokes, 1887 4 6 14 21 9 8 A, B
Vorticella campanula (Ehrenberg, 1830) 78 78 100 89 73 67 A, B, T
Vorticella convallaria Linnaeus, 1767 52 61 14 53 73 75 A, B, T
Vorticella marginata Stiller, 1931 4 3 0 0 0 0 A, B
Vorticella octava Stokes, 1885 0 3 0 0 0 0 A, B
Vorticella picta Ehrenberg, 1838 4 3 0 0 18 17 A, B
Vorticella sp. 4 3 0 0 0 0 A, B
Zoothamnium arbuscula Ehrenberg, 1838 9 6 14 5 0 0 A
Zoothamnium procerius Kahl, 1935 4 3 0 0 0 0 A, B, T
Zoothamnium simplex Kent, 1881 4 3 0 5 0 0 A, B, T
MOBILIDA KAHL, 1933
Trichodina pediculus Ehrenberg, 1831 0 0 0 5 9 8 T, P
Total number of taxa 96 112 48 85 74 80
150
489Ciliates on the Macrophytes in Industrially Heated Lakes…
Table 1 (continued).
Îêîí÷àíèå òàáëèöû 1.
Taxon
Lichen´skie L. S´lesin´skie L. Mikorzyn´skie L.
Preffered
habitat*
Vallis-
neria
Other
macro-
phytes
Vallis-
neria
Other
macro-
phytes
Vallis-
neria
Other
macro-
phytes
sition on Potamogeton was not rich, but represented by 10 orders and 14–15% of total
species found.
Representatives of sessile, crawling, and free-swimming ciliates occurred on all
macrophytes. On Phragmites and Sparganium, the free-swimming ciliates were domi-
nant (50–68% of species present), while on Myriophyllum, Ceratophyllum, Acorus, and
Najas, the crawling ciliates were the most numerous and reached, respectively, 45, 52
56, and 59% of the total species present (fig. 2). The percentage of sessile species var-
Fig. 2. Percentage of species number of sessile, crawling, and free-swimming ciliates on macrophytes.
Ðèñ. 2. Ïðîöåíòíîå ñîîòíîøåíèå êîëè÷åñòâà âèäîâ ñåññèëüíûõ, ïîëçàþùèõ è ñâîáîäíîïëàâàþùèõ
öèëèàò íà ìàêðîôèòàõ.
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
C
er
at
op
hy
ll
u
m
M
yr
io
ph
yl
lu
m
N
aj
as
P
ot
am
og
et
on
V
al
li
sn
er
ia
E
ic
h
h
or
n
ia
N
up
h
ar
A
co
ru
s
P
h
ra
gm
it
es
S
pa
rg
an
iu
m
T
yp
h
a
Swimming
Crawling
Sessile
ied among the macrophytes from 6% on Acorus to 40% on Eichhornia, which was a
result of only two species on Typha, Nuphar, Sparganium, and Acorus and of eight ses-
sile species on Eichhornia. The percentage of crawling ciliates had different pattern. On
Najas, Acorus, Ceratophyllum, Nuphar and Myriophyllum, crawling species were domi-
nant and reached from 59% to 45% respectively. On Typha, Potamogeton and Vallisneria
crawling ciliates accounted for between 33 and 39% of the total species, and on
Sparganium and Phragmites the percentage of crawling ciliate species was less than 20%.
Sessile and crawling species considered as typically periphytic were the most abundant
on Nuphar, Myriophyllum and Ceratophyllum.
The dominant group of ciliates living on macrophytes were bacterivorous (20-
44%) or omnivorous (22-40%). They dominated on Phragmites and Sparganium (66%
and 69% together, respectively) and on Eichhornia (40% bacterivorous). Predators
comprised between 5% of ciliate species on Eichhornia to 18% on Ceratophyllum.
Histophagous ciliates were rare and associated only with Myriophyllum (3%) and V. spi-
490 R. Babko, J. Fyda, T. Kuzmina, A. Hutorowicz
Fig. 3. Percentage of ciliate feeding groups on macrophytes.
Ðèñ. 3. Ïðîöåíòíîå ñîîòíîøåíèå ðàçëè÷íûõ òðîôè÷åñêèõ ãðóïï öèëèàò íà ìàêðîôèòàõ.
Ta b l e 2. Similarity of ciliate species composition among Vallisneria spiralis and other macrophytes.
Ò à á ë èö à 2. Ñõîäñòâî âèäîâîãî ñîñòàâà öèëèàò ìåæäó Vallisneria spiralis è äðóãèìè ìàêðîôèòàìè.
Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) 63,20
Ceratophyllum demersum L. 52,80
Myriophyllum spicatum L. 14,80
Potamogeton perfoliatus L. 5,88
Najas marina L. 41,67
Typha angustifolia L. 14,12
Nuphar lutea (L.) 6,60
Sparganium sp. 10,39
Phragmites australis (Cav.) 13,27
Acorus calamus L. 11,46
Macrophyte Jaccard index
ralis (1%). All five trophic groups were present only on V. spiralis and Myriophyllum
(fig. 3).
The Jaccard similarity index among ciliate composition on V. spiralis and other
macrophytes was the highest for the alien form Eichhornia and the native form
Ceratophyllum. The lowest similarity was among Vallisneria and native emergent and
floating macrophytes (table 2).
Discussion
The composition of ciliate assemblages depends on habitat, water chemistry (espe-
cially nutrients), and surface of substrates. Number of species depends on the methods
used, the surfaces studied and the habitat. Coppellotti and Matarazzo (2000), as an
example, investigated ciliate colonization of glass slides in the Lagoon of Venice and
found 45 species. In saline habitats in Jiaozhou Bay, China, the occurrence of 37
species of ciliates from 10 orders was noted on glass slides used as artificial surfaces
(Gong et al., 2005), while 130 species of ciliates were reported on a combination of
submerged objects and glass slides in the Caspian Sea (Agamaliev, 1974).
The results reported in the literature demonstrated strong affects of habitat struc-
ture and architecture of macrophyte leaf or stem on the spatial distribution and taxo-
nomic composition of aquatic organisms (Duggan et al., 2001; Mieczan, 2007; Pals et
al., 2006). Macrophytes strongly influence protozoan species composition by modify-
ing protozoan food availability and increasing the spatial heterogeneity (Biyu, 2000). In
a study of a macrophyte-abundant shallow lake in Eastern Poland, Mieczan (2007)
found 23 ciliate species on Chara and Ceratophyllum stands and 10–14 species on
Phragmites and Typha. In our study, the mean numbers of ciliate species found on
Ceratophyllum, Phragmites, and Typha were similar to those reported by Mieczan
(2007), i. e. 18, 15, and 9 species, respectively.
Ciliate assemblage on macrophytes in heated lakes is characterized by compex
trophic structure composed of algivorous, bacterivorous, predators, omnivorous, and
histophagous. Representatives of all trophic groups were found on native Ceratophyllum
and Myriophyllum. At the simple surfaces of native macrophytes such as Phragmites or
Typha, only the Sessilida and small bacterivorous forms from Prorodontida were abun-
dant.
Although a well-developed periphyton community is supposed to occur on macro-
phytes with architecturally complicated structures, the results of our study showed that
leaves of V. spiralis, in spite of their simple architecture, also had a rich ciliate assem-
blage with compex trophic structure. This is in contrast with the statement that ciliates
prefer plants with complicated architecture, but supports the hypothesis that food avail-
ability and stable conditions play an important role for the ciliates. However, it should
be noted that the dense patches of Vallisneria form peculiar space which is similar to
macrophytes with complicated surface.
We found more ciliate species on leaves of the alien V. spiralis than on the sub-
merged native macrophytes such as Potamogeton or Najas. This is even more clearly
noticeable when compared with native emergent plants. Similar results for invertebrate
communities associated with V. americana and Euroasian water-chestnut (Trapa
natans L.) were reported by Strayer et al. (2003) who demonstrated, that the replace-
ment of the native macrophyte (V. americana) by an alien (Trapa) in the Hudson River
caused the increase in macroinvertebrate densities and probably increased the system-
wide biodiversity.
The present study confirms that the average number of ciliate species on native
macrophytes was higher on architecturally complex submerged forms such as
Ceratophyllum, and Myriophyllum than on emergent macrophytes with simple architec-
491Ciliates on the Macrophytes in Industrially Heated Lakes…
ture in their submerged parts such as Acorus, Sparganium, or Typha. In addition our
results suggest that the replacement of the native macrophytes by monospecies water
meadows of Vallisneria in the littoral of heated Konin´skie Lakes did not negatively
change the number of species and complexity of ciliate assemblage.
This work was financially supported by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education (project no. 2
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493Ciliates on the Macrophytes in Industrially Heated Lakes…
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| id | nasplib_isofts_kiev_ua-123456789-65732 |
| institution | Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| issn | 0084-5604 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-12-07T15:32:42Z |
| publishDate | 2010 |
| publisher | Інститут зоології ім. І.І. Шмальгаузена НАН України |
| record_format | dspace |
| spelling | Babko, R. Fyda, J. Kuzmina, T. Hutorowicz, A. 2014-07-01T16:57:40Z 2014-07-01T16:57:40Z 2010 Ciliates on the Macrophytes in Industrially Heated Lakes (Kujawy Lakeland, Poland) / R. Babko, J. Fyda, T. Kuzmina A. Hutorowicz // Вестник зоологии. — 2010. — Т. 44, № 6. — С. 483–493. — Бібліогр.: 34 назв. — англ. 0084-5604 https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/65732 593.17:574.5(285) The ciliate assemblage on the macrophytes was examined in 2005 during the vegetation period in the Konin2skie Lakes which are heating by post-cooling waters from thermal electric plants. As a result of changed temperature regimen the alien thermophilic macrophyte Vallisneria spiralis is becoming increasingly common in the littoral zone. A total of 150 ciliate taxa belonging to 27 orders were found. Greater ciliate species diversity was found on architecturally complex, submerged forms such as Ceratophyllum demersum and Myriophyllum spicatum. By contrast the ciliate compositions on emergent macrophytes with simple architecture in their submerged parts, such as Typha, Sparganium, or Acorus, were less species rich. Despite the simple architecture of Vallisneria leaves, the ciliate diversity on them was high. The results show that replacement of native macrophytes by the alien form V. spiralis in heated lakes did not impoverish the ciliate diversity. В течение вегетационного периода 2005 г. изучали ассамблею ресничных простейших на макрофитах в Конинских озерах, подверженных тепловому загрязнению, которое вызвано поступлением подогретых вод с теплоэлектростанции. Вследствие изменения температурного режима водоемов, в их литорали доминирующее положение среди макрофитов занял адвентивный вид Vallisneria spiralis. Всего на макрофитах было зарегистрировано 150 таксонов ресничных простейших, относящихся к 27 отрядам. Большее разнообразие видов ресничных простейших обнаруживалось на пространственно сложноорганизованных поверхностях таких макрофитов, как Ceratophyllum demersum и Myriophyllum spicatum. На макрофитах с простой архитектурой, таких как, например, Typha, Sparganium и Acorus, количество видов было меньшим. В то же время, несмотря на простую архитектуру листьев Vallisneria, разнообразие ресничных простейших на них было высоким. Таким образом, вытеснение аборигенных макрофитов адвентивным видом V. spiralis в условиях подогретых озер не приводило к снижению разнообразия ресничных простейших. This work was financially supported by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education (project no. 2 P04G 088 26) and by Jagiellonian University DS/WBiNoZ/INoS/756. en Інститут зоології ім. І.І. Шмальгаузена НАН України Вестник зоологии Фауна и систематика Ciliates on the Macrophytes in Industrially Heated Lakes (Kujawy Lakeland, Poland) Ресничные простейшие на макрофитах в озерах, подверженных тепловому загрязнению (озерный край Куявы, Польша) Article published earlier |
| spellingShingle | Ciliates on the Macrophytes in Industrially Heated Lakes (Kujawy Lakeland, Poland) Babko, R. Fyda, J. Kuzmina, T. Hutorowicz, A. Фауна и систематика |
| title | Ciliates on the Macrophytes in Industrially Heated Lakes (Kujawy Lakeland, Poland) |
| title_alt | Ресничные простейшие на макрофитах в озерах, подверженных тепловому загрязнению (озерный край Куявы, Польша) |
| title_full | Ciliates on the Macrophytes in Industrially Heated Lakes (Kujawy Lakeland, Poland) |
| title_fullStr | Ciliates on the Macrophytes in Industrially Heated Lakes (Kujawy Lakeland, Poland) |
| title_full_unstemmed | Ciliates on the Macrophytes in Industrially Heated Lakes (Kujawy Lakeland, Poland) |
| title_short | Ciliates on the Macrophytes in Industrially Heated Lakes (Kujawy Lakeland, Poland) |
| title_sort | ciliates on the macrophytes in industrially heated lakes (kujawy lakeland, poland) |
| topic | Фауна и систематика |
| topic_facet | Фауна и систематика |
| url | https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/65732 |
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