The Prevalence and Intensity of Louse (Pthiraptera, Mallophaga) and Tick (Acarina,Ixodidae) Infestation of Birds in South African Grassland
A total of 270 birds represented by 12 species were examined for the presence of lice and ticks. Birds were collected in South African grasslands. Extensity of louse and tick infestation ranged from 10% to 80% and from 3% to 33% respectively. Average number of lice per host species ranged from 1 to...
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Інститут зоології ім. І.І. Шмальгаузена НАН України
2011
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| Cite this: | The Prevalence and Intensity of Louse (Pthiraptera, Mallophaga) and Tick (Acarina,Ixodidae) Infestation of Birds in South African Grassland / G. Kopij, R.D. Price // Вестник зоологии. — 2011. — Т. 45, № 3. — С. 251–257. — Бібліогр.: 16 назв. — англ. |
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| citation_txt | The Prevalence and Intensity of Louse (Pthiraptera, Mallophaga) and Tick (Acarina,Ixodidae) Infestation of Birds in South African Grassland / G. Kopij, R.D. Price // Вестник зоологии. — 2011. — Т. 45, № 3. — С. 251–257. — Бібліогр.: 16 назв. — англ. |
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| description | A total of 270 birds represented by 12 species were examined for the presence of lice and ticks. Birds were collected in South African grasslands. Extensity of louse and tick infestation ranged from 10% to 80% and from 3% to 33% respectively. Average number of lice per host species ranged from 1 to 15, while average number of ticks per host species ranged from 1 to 5. Only single specimens (0.4%) were heavily parasited by lice and ticks respectively. Lice infested birds more often during the dry season, while ticks infested birds mainly during the rain season.
В общей сложности 270 птиц 12 видов были обследованы на наличие пухоедов и клещей. Птицы были собраны на южноафриканских пастбищах. Экстенсивность зараженности пухоедами и клещами колеблется от 10% до 80% и от 3% до 33%, соответственно. Среднее количество пухоедов на вид-прокормитель колеблется от 1 до 15, а среднее число клещей на вид-прокормитель – от 1 до 5. Только единичные особи (0,4%) были сильно паразитированы пухоедами и клещами соответственно. Пухоеды заражали птиц чаще всего во время сухого сезона, в то время как клещи заражали птиц в основном во время сезона дождей.
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| first_indexed | 2025-12-07T16:17:43Z |
| format | Article |
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UDC [595.751+595.42]:598.2
THE PREVALENCE AND INTENSITY OF LOUSE
(PHTHIRAPTERA, MALLOPHAGA) AND TICK (ACARINA:
IXODIDAE) INFESTATION OF BIRDS IN SOUTH AFRICAN
GRASSLANDS
G. Kopij1, R. D. Price2
1 Agricultural University of Wrocław, Kożuchowska str., 5 b, Wrocław, 51—631 Poland
E-mail:kopij@ozi.ar.wroc.pl
2 14049 Burnhan Court, Fort Smith, Arkansas 72903—257 U.S.A.
Received 22 December 2010
Accepted 30 March 2011
The Prevalence and Intensity of Louse (Pthiraptera, Mallophaga) and Tick (Acarina,Ixodidae) Infestation
of Birds in South African Grassland. Kopij G., Price R. D. — A total of 270 birds represented by 12
species were examined for the presence of lice and ticks. Birds were collected in South African grass-
lands. Extensity of louse and tick infestation ranged from 10% to 80% and from 3% to 33% respective-
ly. Average number of lice per host species ranged from 1 to 15, while average number of ticks per host
species ranged from 1 to 5. Only single specimens (0.4%) were heavily parasited by lice and ticks
respectively. Lice infested birds more often during the dry season, while ticks infested birds mainly dur-
ing the rain season.
Ke y wo r d s: Pthiraptera, Ixodidae, prevalence, intensity, infestation, South Africa.
Ïðåâàëèðîâàíèå è èíòåíñèâíîñòü çàðàæåííîñòè ïòèö ïóõîåäàìè (Pthiraptera, Mallophaga) è êëåùà-
ìè (Acarina, Ixodidae) íà ïàñòáèùàõ â Þæíîé Àôðèêå. Êîïèé Ã., Ïðàéñ Ð. Ä. — Â îáùåé ñëîæ-
íîñòè 270 ïòèö 12 âèäîâ áûëè îáñëåäîâàíû íà íàëè÷èå ïóõîåäîâ è êëåùåé. Ïòèöû áûëè ñîáðà-
íû íà þæíîàôðèêàíñêèõ ïàñòáèùàõ. Ýêñòåíñèâíîñòü çàðàæåííîñòè ïóõîåäàìè è êëåùàìè
êîëåáëåòñÿ îò 10% äî 80% è îò 3% äî 33%, ñîîòâåòñòâåííî. Ñðåäíåå êîëè÷åñòâî ïóõîåäîâ íà
âèä-ïðîêîðìèòåëü êîëåáëåòñÿ îò 1 äî 15, à ñðåäíåå ÷èñëî êëåùåé íà âèä-ïðîêîðìèòåëü – îò 1
äî 5. Òîëüêî åäèíè÷íûå îñîáè (0,4%) áûëè ñèëüíî ïàðàçèòèðîâàíû ïóõîåäàìè è êëåùàìè ñîîò-
âåòñòâåííî. Ïóõîåäû çàðàæàëè ïòèö ÷àùå âñåãî âî âðåìÿ ñóõîãî ñåçîíà, â òî âðåìÿ êàê êëåùè
çàðàæàëè ïòèö â îñíîâíîì âî âðåìÿ ñåçîíà äîæäåé.
Êëþ÷åâûå ñ ëîâ à: Pthiraptera, Ixodidae, ïðåâàëèðîâàíèå, èíòåíñèâíîñòü çàðàæåíèÿ, Þæíàÿ
Àôðèêà.
Introduction
Lice (Phthiraptera: Mallophaga), and mites and ticks (Acarina) are the most prevalent ectoparasites of
African birds (Ledger 1980). To date, studies on African lice infesting birds were devoted mainly to taxono-
my or host specificity (e. g. Ledger 1980, Walker 1991). Recently, Złotorzycka et al. (1999) have conduct-
ed morphometric studies on bird lice. The intensity and extensity of louse infestation in African birds have
only been investigated in the Helmeted Guineafowl Numida meleagris L. 1758 (Louw et al. 1993). The pre-
sent paper provides further data on lice and tick infestation of some bird species associated with South African
grasslands.
Ticks (Arachnida, Acari, Ixodidae) in this region are very important vectors of serious viral, bacterial
and protozooal diseases of both wild and domestic ungulates (Walker, 1991). They are temporary blood par-
asites and spend relatively short period on host. Depending on the number of hosts, they can be classified as
one- or two-hosts ticks (Urquhart et al., 1987). The former group is widespread in Africa. Adult ticks belong-
ing to this group parasite mammals, while nymphs are often parasites of birds. Although ticks parasiting mam-
mals have been a subject of thorough investigation in Africa (e. g. Horak, Boomker, 1998; Horak et al., 1986,
1991 a,b), to date the role of birds in the life cycle of these disease-boring ticks is poorly understood. Most
studies on African ticks (Acarina: Ixoidea) infesting birds are devoted to host specificity (e. g. Walker, 1991).
Vestnik zoologii, 45(3): 251—257, 2011 Ýêîëîãèÿ
Only Belozerov and Kopij [1997] investigated changes in stage structure of ticks Argas arboreus Kaiser,
Hoogstraal et Kohls 1964, infesting colonial breeding Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis L. 1758, while studies on the
prevalence and intensity of tick infestation are limited to a few African bird species, such as the Helmeted
Guineafowl, Cape Francolin Francolinus capensis (Gmelin, 1789), Grey-wing Francolin Francolinus africanus
Stephens, 1819 and a few passerine species (Horak, Boomker, 1998; Horak et al., 1991 a,b). In this paper,
further data are provided on tick infestation of some bird species associated with the grassland biome of South
Africa.
Material and methods
Most birds were shot at Bloemfontein airport (29º 10’S, 26º 15’E) as a part of bird control program,
in various months during the years 1994—1997 (Złotorzycka et al., 1998). The airport is amidst the
Cymbopogon-Themeda Grasslveld, c. 10 km E of Bloemfontein city center, Free State, South Africa. Pied
Starlings Spreo bicolor (Gmelin, 1789) were found poisoned on 10 November 1993 in the Excelsior district
(28º 55’S, 27º 05’), Free State, while Wattled Starlings Creatophora cinerea (Meuschen, 1787) were shot on
8 September 1993 in Bloemfontein (n = 15) and were found poisoned (n = 11) in the Excelsior district.
Birds were placed in plastic bags and frozen within half an hour, after being shot. After thawing the
carcasses were examined in a laboratory, with an aid of stereo microscope. Lice and ticks were searched for
over the whole body, but especially carefully upon the head and wings. All lice and ticks found in one bird
were placed in a bottle filled with 70% alcohol, and counted. Unlike in mammals, ticks infesting birds were
not mature, but all were in nymphal stage of development. To date, no keys for African species in such stage
are available (Walker, 1991) and it was impossible to identify them down to species level.
The prevalence (rate) of infestation is defined as a percentage of parasited birds in relation to the total
number of birds examined. The intensity of infestation refers to the number of parasites per host.
Results
Lice infested all bird species examined, except the Wattled Starling. The extension
of infestation ranged from 10% to 80% (table 2). The Lesser Kestrel Falco naumanni
Fleischer, 1818 and some ground-dwelling species, such as the Orange River Francolin
Francolinus levaillantoides (A. Smith, 1836), Swainson’s Francolin Francolinus swain-
sonii (A. Smith, 1836) and Blacksmith Plover Vanellus armatus (Burchell, 1822) were
more often infested than other species examined. However, the prevalence of the infes-
tation was unexpectedly low in two other ground-dwelling species, namely the Black
Korhaan Eupodotis afraoides (Dowsett et Dowsett-Lemaire, 1993), and the Spotted
Dikkop Burhinus capensis (M.H.C. Lichtenstein, 1823) (table 2).
It has been shown that the extension of infestation in the Blacksmith Plover
changed from month to month (Fig. 1), being high during the dry (April-September)
and low during the wet season (October-March). A similar pattern is apparent in other
species (fig. 2).
The number of lice per host ranged from 1 to 30 in most birds examined, while
the average number of lice per host ranged from 1 to 15 depending on host species
(table 3). Blacksmith Plovers and Lesser Kestrels had the largest burden of those
252 Grzegorz Kopij , Roger D. Price
Ta b l e 1. Species, sex and age of lice infesting some bird species in South African grasslands
Ò à á ëèö à 1. Âèäû, ïîë è âîçðàñò ïóõîåäîâ, ïîðàæàþùèõ íåêîòîðûå âèäû ïòèö íà ïàñòáèùàõ Þæíîé
Àôðèêè
Vanellus armatus Actornithophilus hoplopteri 11 7 18
Quadraceps chorleyi 8 26 34
Falco naumanni Kelerinirmus rufa 10 7 28 45
Francolinus levaillantoides Amyrsidea powelli 1 1
Francolinus swainsonii Amyrsidea powelli 4 1 5
Eupodotis cafra Otidoecus sp. 13 13
Smutsornis africanus Quadraceps princeps 1 1
Burhinus capensis Quadraceps sp. 2 2
Urocolius indicus Colimenopon sp. 1 1
Spreo bicolor Brueeliinae 1 1
Host species Lice species ♀ ♀ imm total
253The prevalence and intensity of louse (Pthiraptera: Mallophaga)...
Ta b l e 2. Prevalence (percentage of birds infested) of louse infestation in South African birds.
Ò à á ë èö à 2. Ïðåîáëàäàíèå ( â ïðîöåíòàõ) çàðàæåíèÿ ïóõîåäàìè ïòèö Þæíîé Àôðèêè.
Fig. 1. Seasonal changes in lice infestation in the Blacksmith Lapwing occurring in South African grasslands.
Number of birds investigated indicated above each column.
Ðèñ. 1 Ñåçîííûå èçìåíåíèÿ çàðàæåíèÿ ïóõîåäàìè Vanellus armatus, âñòðå÷àþùåãîñÿ íà ïàñòáèùàõ
Þæíîé Àôðèêè. Êîëè÷åñòâî èññëåäîâàííûõ ïòèö óêàçàíî â âåðõíåé ÷àñòè êîëîíêè.
Host species Lice N
Falco naumanni 41.3 63
Francolinus levaillantoides 80.0 5
Francolinus swainsonii 66.7 3
Eupodotis cafra 18.4 38
Smutsornis africanus 50.0 4
Vanellus armatus 68.9 61
Burhinus capensis 13.6 22
Tyto alba 50.0 2
Urocolius indicus 10.0 10
Hirundo spilodera 16.7 12
Spreo bicolor 20.0 15
Creatophora cinerea 0.0 26
Total 33.6 261
Ta b l e 3. Intensity of louse infestation (number of parasites per host) in South African birds. In brackets a
number of lice in one heavily parasite specimen is given; N — number of birds investigated.
Ò à á ë èö à 3. Èíòåíñèâíîñòü çàðàæåíèÿ ïóõîåäàìè (êîëè÷åñòâî ïàðàçèòîâ íà õîçÿèíå) ïòèö Þæíîé
Àôðèêè.  ñêîáêàõ äàíî êîëè÷åñòâî ïóõîåäîâ íà îäíîì, òÿæåëî ïîðàæåííîì, ýêçåìïëÿðå; N —
êîëè÷åñòâî èññëå äî âàííûõ ïòèö.
Host Number of lice
Species Sex N Mean SD Range
Vanellus armatus Male 18 7.7 4.66 2-18
Female 21 14.8 31.73 1-30 (150)
Juvenile 2 8.5 7.78 3-14
Total 41 12.0 22.96 1-30 (150)
Falco naumanni Male 18 7.0 8.35 1-35
Female 11 4.4 2.98 1-8
Total 29 6.0 6.87 1-35
Francolinus levaillantoides M+F 2 2.5 0.71 2-3
Francolinus swainsonii M+F 2 3.0 1.41 2-4
Eupodotis cafra M+F 7 2.3 2.56 1-8
Smutsornis africanus Unknown 1 1.0 0.00 1
Burhinus capensis M+F 3 1.7 0.58 1-2
Tyto alba Unknown 1 1.0 0.00 1
Urocolius indicus Unknown 1 2.0 0.00 2
Spreo bicolor Unknown 2 3.3 2.31 2-6
Passer melanurus Unknown 1 1.0 0.00 1
Total M+F 90 7.6 1-35
254 Grzegorz Kopij , Roger D. Price
Fig. 2. Seasonal changes in lice infestation in birds (excluding the Blacksmith Lapwing) occurring in South
African grasslands. Number of birds investigated indicated above each column.
Ðèñ. 2. Ñåçîííûå èçìåíåíèÿ â çàðàæåíèè ïóõîåäàìè ïòèö (èñêëþ÷àÿ Vanellus armatus), âñòðå÷àþùèõ-
ñÿ â Þæíîé Àôðèêå.
Fig. 3. Seasonal changes in tick infestation in birds occurring in South African grasslands. Numbers of birds
investigated are indicated in the upper parts of each column.
Ðèñ. 3. Ñåçîííûå èçìåíåíèÿ â ïîðàæåíèè êëåùàìè ïòèö, âñòðå÷àþùèõñÿ íà ïàñòáèùàõ Þæíîé
Àôðèêè. Êîëè÷åñòâî èññëåäîâàííûõ ïòèö óêàçàíî â âåðõíåé ÷àñòè êàæäîé êîëîíêè.
Ta b l e 4. Prevalence (percentage of birds infested) of tick infestation in South African birds.
Ò à á ë èö à 4. Ïðåîáëàäàíèå (â ïðîöåíòàõ) ïîðàæåíèÿ êëåùàìè ïòèö Þæíîé Àôðèêè.
Host species Percentage of birds infested Number of birds examined
Falco naumanni 3.2 63
Francolinus levaillantoides 20.0 5
Francolinus swainsonii 33.3 3
Eupodotis afraoides 5.3 38
Smutsornis africanus 25.0 4
Vanellus armatus 0.0 61
Burhinus capensis 4.5 22
Tyto alba 0.0 2
Urocolius indicus 10.0 10
Hirundo spilodera 8.3 12
Spreo bicolor 6.7 15
Creatophora cinerea 11.5 26
Total 8.0 261
ectoparasites (x = 12 and x = 6 respectively). A Blacksmith Lapwing, collected in July,
was heavily parasited by c. 150 lice. This bird did not show any signs of morphololog-
ical deformation, as it is, sometimes, in the case of heavily parasited birds (Ash 1960).
While females of the Blacksmith Lapwing were more often infested by lice than the
males, in Lesser Kestrels the reverse was true (table 4).
All ticks found on birds were in nymphal stage of development. The prevalence of
the infestation was low. The Blacksmith Lapwing and Barn Owl Tyto alba were not par-
asited by ticks at all (table 3). The mean number of ticks per host was 4.8 (table 3). A
male of the Orange River Francolin, collected in May, had exceptionally large burden
of ticks (c. 25 on the head and c. 25 in ears) and a male Swainson’s Francolin was par-
asited by 19 ticks (4 in ears and 15 on the head). Birds infested by ticks were found
from September to March, i.e. in the rainy season. It appears that they are more often
parasited by ticks during the second half of this period (fig. 1).
Discussion
Ash (1960) tested the method employed in the present study and concluded that
it may seriously underestimate the population size of ectoparasites. It is unknown, how-
ever, to what extent the method may underestimate the real number of lice, and, to
lesser extent, the extension of the infestation. It is apparent that both intensity and
extensity of ectoparasite infestation differ from one host species to another, and it may
also depend on the way the birds were collected and preserved. If a bird was placed in
a plastic bag and gradually frozen soon after being shot, as it was in this study, lice par-
asiting the bird could have migrated and eventually died on the latest cooling parts of
the body, i.e. on the head. If parasites were carefully looked for on the head, then the
underestimation may be markedly reduced.
It has been documented that the proportion of birds parasited by lice varies sea-
sonally, from host to host species, between sexes and age classes of the host (Ash 1960,
Horak et al., 1986, Horak et al., 1991, Louw et al. 1993). Usually lice infest more often
males than females, and more often young than adult birds (Ash 1960), but in the
Helmeted Guineafowl both sexes were equally (t-test, p = 0.95) heavy infested (calcu-
lation based on Horak, Williams, 1986). In the present study, Lesser Kestrel males were
significantly more often parasited than females, while in the Blacksmith Lapwing
females were more often infested than males (Table 3).
In Europe, the average number of ticks per avian host is rather low and usually
falls below 10 (Złotorzycka, 1990). Larger number of these ectoparasites (40 ticks per
host) indicates heavy infestation (Ash, 1960). This is, however, rare in nature.
Meinerzhagen and Clay (1948) examined 15 000 wild birds and found less than 0.1%
of them being heavily parasited. Most Helmeted Guineafowls examined had, however,
a large burden of tick parasites (Horak et al., 1986). The prevalence of tick infestation
in the Helmeted Guineafowl was 100% in all five areas, where these birds were inves-
tigated in South Africa. The mean number of ticks per host in these areas ranged from
33 to 647 with an overall average — 260 ticks per host (Horak, Boomker, 1998; Horak
255The prevalence and intensity of louse (Pthiraptera: Mallophaga)...
Ta b l e 5. Intensity of tick infestation (number of nymphs per host) in South African birds.
Ò à á ë èö à 5. Èíòåíñèâíîñòü ïîðàæåíèÿ êëåùàìè (êîëè÷åñòâî íèìô íà õîçÿèíå) ïòèö Þæíîé Àôðèêè.
Host species Mean SD Range N
Falco naumanni 5.0 2.83 3—7 2
Francolinus levaillantoides 50.0 0.00 - 1
Francolinus swainsonii 19.0 0.00 - 1
Eupodotis cafra 4.5 0.71 4—5 2
Smutsornis africanus 1.0 0.00 - 1
Burhinus capensis 1.0 0.00 — 2
Upupa epops 1.0 0.00 — 1
Urocolius indicus 1.0 0.00 — 1
Hirundo spilodera 1.5 0.71 1—2 2
Spreo bicolor 2.0 2.45 1—8 8
Creatophora cinerea 1.0 0.00 — 3
Total 4.8 1—8 24
et al., 1991 a). In six other avian species investigated in these areas, tick prevalence
ranged from 60% to 90%, and their mean number per host varied from 3.0 to 9.6
(Horak, Boomker, 1998; Horak et al., 1991 b). In this study, out of 270 birds exam-
ined, only single specimens (0.4%) were heavily infested by ticks (Table 3).
In Europe the peak of lice infestation occurs in birds just prior the breeding sea-
son (Ash, 1960). Due to a small sample size, for most species examined during this
study, it was difficult to show any pattern. In general, it appears that in South Africa
lice infest more birds during dry (April-September) than wet season (October-March,
i. e. when most birds breed). At least, this is true in the case of the Helmeted
Guineafowl (Louw et al., 1993) and the Blacksmith Lapwing (Fig. 1).
The present study supports previous findings, that extension of louse infestation
changes markedly from host to host species, e. g. extension of lice infestation in the
Helmeted Guineafowl was estimated at 100% (Table 2); in the Ringed Pheasant
Phasianus colchicus L. 1758 at 61%; in the Sand Martin Riparia riparia (L. 1758) at
16—54%, in the European Starling Sturnus vulgaris L. 1758 at 22% (Złotorzycka, 1990);
in the Wagtail Motacilla alba L. 1758 at 13%, in the Robin Erithacus rubecula L. 1758
and Blackbird Turdus merula L. 1758 at 61% (Ash, 1960). Similarly, it has been shown
that the extension of tick infestation changes markedly from host to host species, e.g.
it was estimated at 50% in the European Jay Garrulus glandarius (L. 1758), but only at
4% in the Blue Tit Parus caeruleus L. 1758 (Złotorzycka, 1990). In South African birds,
this infestation ranged from 3.2% to 100% (table 1—5).
It appears therefore that in African grasslands only some birds, probably the large
terrestrial species from the Galliformes and Charadriformes, play an important role as
hosts of nymphal ticks, other species are infested rather accidentally and there seems to
be reasonable number of bird species which are resistant to tick infestation. Further
studies on tick infestation in other bird species are however needed to define the groups
more precisely.
In Europe, the average number of lice and ticks per avian host is rather low and
usually falls below 10 (Złotorzycka, 1990). Larger number of ectoparasites (40 or more
lice or ticks per host) indicates heavy infestation (Ash, 1960). This is, however, rare in
nature. Meinerzhagen and Clay (1948) examined 15 000 wild birds and found less than
0.1% of them being heavily parasited. Most Helmeted Guineafowls examined had, how-
ever, a large burden of lice and ticks (table 4). In this study out of 270 birds exam-
ined, only single specimens (0.4%) were heavily infested by lice and ticks respectively.
Ash (1960) tested the method employed in the present study and concluded that
it may seriously underestimate the population size of ectoparasites. For ticks, the search
procedure is, however, not so much biased as those arthropods are relatively large and
much more permanently attached to the host’s body than for example lice.
It has been shown that the prevalence of tick infestation changes markedly from
host to host species, e. g. it was estimated at 50% in the European Jay, but only at 4%
in the Blue Tit (Złotorzycka, 1990). In South African birds, this range is even wider
(0—100%). Some bird species appear to be especially prone to tick infestation, others
seem to be resistant. In Europe, the Dunnock Prunella modularis (L. 1758) was found
to be resistant to tick infestation (Zucchi, 1979). This study suggests that similar situ-
ation may exist in the Blacksmith Plover, and to lesser extend in the Black Korhaan
Eupodotis afraoides (Dowsett et Dowsett-Lemaire, 1993) and Spotted Dikkop Burhinus
capensis (M.H.C. Lichtenstein, 1823) in South African grasslands. On the other hand,
the Helmeted Guineafowl is well-known as very important host of immature ixodid
ticks (Horak et al., 1986).
In Europe, the average number of ticks per avian host is rather low and usually
falls below 10 (Złotorzycka, 1990). Larger number of these ectoparasites (40 ticks per
host) indicates heavy infestation (Ash, 1960). This is, however, rare in nature.
256 Grzegorz Kopij , Roger D. Price
257The prevalence and intensity of louse (Pthiraptera: Mallophaga)...
Meinerzhagen and Clay (1948) examined 15 000 wild birds and found less than 0.1%
of them being heavily parasited. Most Helmeted Guineafowls examined had, however,
a large burden of tick parasites (Horak et al., 1986). The prevalence of tick infestation
in the Helmeted Guineafowl was 100% in all five areas, where these birds were inves-
tigated in South Africa. The mean number of ticks per host in these areas ranged from
33 to 647 with an overall average — 260 ticks per host (Horak, Boomker, 1998; Horak
et al., 1991 a). In six other avian species investigated in these areas, tick prevalence
ranged from 60% to 90%, and their mean number per host varied from 3.0 to 9.6
(Horak, Boomker, 1998; Horak et al., 1991 b). In this study, out of 270 birds exam-
ined, only single specimens (0.4%) were heavily infested by ticks (table 2).
It appears therefore that in African grasslands only some birds, probably the large
terrestrial species from the Galliformes and Charadriformes, play an important role as
hosts of nymphal ticks, other species are infested rather accidentally and there seems to
be reasonable number of bird species which are resident to tick infestation. Further
studies on tick infestation in other bird species are however needed to define the groups
more precisely.
The material was obtained through a kind co-operation of the University of the Free State and the
Bloemfontein airport. My thanks are due to Prof. O. B. Kok for collecting and preserving the birds. Prof.
Horak from the Onderstepoort Vet Inst, South Africa is gratefully acknowledged for his comments and impro-
vements on earlier draft of this paper.
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Park // Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research – 1991 a. – 58. – P. 125—136.
Horak I. G., Spickett A. M., Braack L. E. O., Williams E. J.. Parasites of domestic and wild animals in South
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| institution | Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| issn | 0084-5604 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-12-07T16:17:43Z |
| publishDate | 2011 |
| publisher | Інститут зоології ім. І.І. Шмальгаузена НАН України |
| record_format | dspace |
| spelling | Kopij, G. Price, R.D. 2014-07-02T20:07:50Z 2014-07-02T20:07:50Z 2011 The Prevalence and Intensity of Louse (Pthiraptera, Mallophaga) and Tick (Acarina,Ixodidae) Infestation of Birds in South African Grassland / G. Kopij, R.D. Price // Вестник зоологии. — 2011. — Т. 45, № 3. — С. 251–257. — Бібліогр.: 16 назв. — англ. 0084-5604 https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/65805 [595.751+595.42]:598.2 A total of 270 birds represented by 12 species were examined for the presence of lice and ticks. Birds were collected in South African grasslands. Extensity of louse and tick infestation ranged from 10% to 80% and from 3% to 33% respectively. Average number of lice per host species ranged from 1 to 15, while average number of ticks per host species ranged from 1 to 5. Only single specimens (0.4%) were heavily parasited by lice and ticks respectively. Lice infested birds more often during the dry season, while ticks infested birds mainly during the rain season. В общей сложности 270 птиц 12 видов были обследованы на наличие пухоедов и клещей. Птицы были собраны на южноафриканских пастбищах. Экстенсивность зараженности пухоедами и клещами колеблется от 10% до 80% и от 3% до 33%, соответственно. Среднее количество пухоедов на вид-прокормитель колеблется от 1 до 15, а среднее число клещей на вид-прокормитель – от 1 до 5. Только единичные особи (0,4%) были сильно паразитированы пухоедами и клещами соответственно. Пухоеды заражали птиц чаще всего во время сухого сезона, в то время как клещи заражали птиц в основном во время сезона дождей. The material was obtained through a kind co-operation of the University of the Free State and the Bloemfontein airport. My thanks are due to Prof. O. B. Kok for collecting and preserving the birds. Prof. Horak from the Onderstepoort Vet Inst, South Africa is gratefully acknowledged for his comments and improvements on earlier draft of this paper. en Інститут зоології ім. І.І. Шмальгаузена НАН України Вестник зоологии Экология The Prevalence and Intensity of Louse (Pthiraptera, Mallophaga) and Tick (Acarina,Ixodidae) Infestation of Birds in South African Grassland Превалирование и интенсивность зараженности птиц пухоедами (Pthiraptera, Mallophaga) и клещами (Acarina, Ixodidae) на пастбищах в Южной Африке Article published earlier |
| spellingShingle | The Prevalence and Intensity of Louse (Pthiraptera, Mallophaga) and Tick (Acarina,Ixodidae) Infestation of Birds in South African Grassland Kopij, G. Price, R.D. Экология |
| title | The Prevalence and Intensity of Louse (Pthiraptera, Mallophaga) and Tick (Acarina,Ixodidae) Infestation of Birds in South African Grassland |
| title_alt | Превалирование и интенсивность зараженности птиц пухоедами (Pthiraptera, Mallophaga) и клещами (Acarina, Ixodidae) на пастбищах в Южной Африке |
| title_full | The Prevalence and Intensity of Louse (Pthiraptera, Mallophaga) and Tick (Acarina,Ixodidae) Infestation of Birds in South African Grassland |
| title_fullStr | The Prevalence and Intensity of Louse (Pthiraptera, Mallophaga) and Tick (Acarina,Ixodidae) Infestation of Birds in South African Grassland |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Prevalence and Intensity of Louse (Pthiraptera, Mallophaga) and Tick (Acarina,Ixodidae) Infestation of Birds in South African Grassland |
| title_short | The Prevalence and Intensity of Louse (Pthiraptera, Mallophaga) and Tick (Acarina,Ixodidae) Infestation of Birds in South African Grassland |
| title_sort | prevalence and intensity of louse (pthiraptera, mallophaga) and tick (acarina,ixodidae) infestation of birds in south african grassland |
| topic | Экология |
| topic_facet | Экология |
| url | https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/65805 |
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