Distribution of the Ixodid Tick Hyalomma marginatum (Acari, Ixodidae) in Ukraine
The Northern boundary of the current distribution range of Hyalomma marginatum Koch in Ukraine that passes along the North of Odesa, Mykolayiv, Kirovograd, Dnipropetrovsk, Zaporizhia, Donetsk and Luhansk Oblasts has been specified. The natural habitat is mapped according to different possibilities f...
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Інститут зоології ім. І.І. Шмальгаузена НАН України
2011
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| Cite this: | Distribution of the Ixodid Tick Hyalomma marginatum (Acari, Ixodidae) in Ukraine / I.A. Akimov, I.V. Nebogatkin // Вестник зоологии. — 2011. — Т. 45, № 4. — С. 371–374. — Бібліогр.: 8 назв. — англ. |
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| citation_txt | Distribution of the Ixodid Tick Hyalomma marginatum (Acari, Ixodidae) in Ukraine / I.A. Akimov, I.V. Nebogatkin // Вестник зоологии. — 2011. — Т. 45, № 4. — С. 371–374. — Бібліогр.: 8 назв. — англ. |
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| description | The Northern boundary of the current distribution range of Hyalomma marginatum Koch in Ukraine that passes along the North of Odesa, Mykolayiv, Kirovograd, Dnipropetrovsk, Zaporizhia, Donetsk and Luhansk Oblasts has been specified. The natural habitat is mapped according to different possibilities for mass reproduction. Regular findings of H. marginatum inhabited unusual places may contribute to the spreading of diseases dangerous to humans and animals to new areas, where the latter may be treated as a biological threat of large epidemics and epizootics. Natural habitat of the Ixodidae species has been mapped in consideration of feeding types and the ability of it hosts to travel. Only the areas where all stages are regularly found were included what corroborates Ixodidae species establishing in new areas.
Уточнена северная граница современного ареала Hyalomma marginatum на территории Украины, которая проходит по северу Одесской, Николаевской, Кировоградской, Днепро петров ской, Запорожской, Донецкой и Луганской областей. Представлена карта с дифференцированным по возможности массовых размножений ареалом. Регулярные находки H. marginatum на несвойственных местах проживания играют роль в распространении возбудителей болезней опасных для человека и животных на новые территории, где последние могут представлять угрозу широких эпидемий и эпизоотий. Составлена карта ареала этого иксодового клеща с учетом типа питания и возможности хозяев к перемещению. В него включены только территории, где периодически находили все стадии развития, чем подтверждено укоренение вида на новых участках.
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UDC 595.421(477)
DISTRIBUTION OF THE IXODID TICK
HYALOMMA MARGINATUM (IXODOIDEA, IXODIDAE) IN
UKRAINE
I. A. Akimov, I. V. Nebogatkin
Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine,
B. Chmielnicky str., 15, Kyiv, 01601 Ukraine
E-mail: iz@izan. kiev. ua
niv_zoo@ua. fm
Received 22 November 2010
Accepted 30 March 2011
Distribution of the Ixodid Tick Hyalomma marginatum (Ixodoidea, Ixodidae) in Ukraine. Akimov I. A.,
Nebogatkin I. V. – The Northern boundary of the current distribution range of Hyalomma marginatum
Koch in Ukraine that passes along the North of Odesa, Mykolayiv, Kirovograd, Dnipropetrovsk,
Zaporizhia, Donetsk and Luhansk Oblasts has been specified. The natural habitat is mapped according
to different possibilities for mass reproduction. Regular findings of H. marginatum inhabited unusual places
may contribute to the spreading of diseases dangerous to humans and animals to new areas, where the
latter may be treated as a biological threat of large epidemics and epizootics. Natural habitat of the Ixodidae
species has been mapped in consideration of feeding types and the ability of it hosts to travel. Only the
areas where all stages are regularly found were included what corroborates Ixodidae species establishing
in new areas.
Ke y wo r d s: ixodid ticks, Hyalomma marginatum, natural habitat, biological
Ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå èêñîäîâîãî êëåùà Hyalomma marginatum (Ixodoidea, Ixodidae) â Óêðàèíå. Àêèìîâ
È. À., Íåáîãàòêèí È. Â. – Óòî÷íåíà ñåâåðíàÿ ãðàíèöà ñîâðåìåííîãî àðåàëà Hyalomma margina-
tum íà òåððèòîðèè Óêðàèíû, êîòîðàÿ ïðîõîäèò ïî ñåâåðó Îäåññêîé, Íèêîëàåâñêîé,
Êèðîâîãðàäñêîé, Äíåïðî ïåòðîâ ñêîé, Çàïîðîæñêîé, Äîíåöêîé è Ëóãàíñêîé îáëàñòåé. Ïðåäñòàâëåíà
êàðòà ñ äèôôåðåíöèðîâàííûì ïî âîçìîæíîñòè ìàññîâûõ ðàçìíîæåíèé àðåàëîì. Ðåãóëÿðíûå íàõîä-
êè H. marginatum íà íåñâîéñòâåííûõ ìåñòàõ ïðîæèâàíèÿ èãðàþò ðîëü â ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèè âîçáó-
äèòåëåé áîëåçíåé îïàñíûõ äëÿ ÷åëîâåêà è æèâîòíûõ íà íîâûå òåððèòîðèè, ãäå ïîñëåäíèå ìîãóò
ïðåäñòàâëÿòü óãðîçó øèðîêèõ ýïèäåìèé è ýïèçîîòèé. Ñîñòàâëåíà êàðòà àðåàëà ýòîãî èêñîäîâî-
ãî êëåùà ñ ó÷åòîì òèïà ïèòàíèÿ è âîçìîæíîñòè õîçÿåâ ê ïåðåìåùåíèþ.  íåãî âêëþ÷åíû òîëü-
êî òåððèòîðèè, ãäå ïåðèîäè÷åñêè íàõîäèëè âñå ñòàäèè ðàçâèòèÿ, ÷åì ïîäòâåðæäåíî óêîðåíåíèå
âèäà íà íîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ.
Êëþ÷å âûå ñ ë î â à: èêñîäîâûå êëåùè, Hyalomma marginatum, àðåàë, áèîëîãè÷åñêàÿ óãðîçà,
Óêðàèíà.
Introduction
The northern habitat boundary of two tick species of the genus Hyalomma, namely H. marginatum and
H. scupense P. Schulze goes through Ukraine (Àêèìîâ, Íåáîãàòêèí, 1998; Kolonin, 2009). Species of this
genus are polymorphic (Filippova, 1997) and presented by some subspecies (Kolonin, 2009). Taking into con-
sideration that H. marginatum is the mass species in the southern part of Ukraine and throughout the whole
natural habitat it serves a primary vector and keeper for the Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) pathogen,
clarification of the modern ranges of its distribution in Ukraine is necessary and urgent issue.
Material and methods
To check up on the H. marginatum habitat range in Ukraine we used our material collected from 1977
to 2009 in the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, 22 Oblasts (regions) and some big cities (Kyiv, Mariupol,
Vestnik zoologii, 45(4): 371—374, 2011
Sevastopol). Totally, we examined about 12,000 ticks collected by dragging with a flag as well as by examin-
ing about 2.4 thousand individuals of cattle and small cattle, domestic animals, and birds. We also used mate-
rials of short-term (half a year) forecasts and surveys by the 25 regional Sanitary epidemiology stations (SES)
as well as the city SES of Kiev, Alushta, Mariupol, and Sevastopol and the private archive of E. F. Litvinenko
and E. M. Emchuk (1960) since 1953. Totally, except for our findings, more than 1.4 million ticks were exam-
ined. To prepare distribution maps, the formally administrative and territorial method was used, in which we
used an administrative unit (Raion) as an elementary zoogeographical unit within which certain group of species
was found (Dubrovskiy et al., 1980). We preferred this method as compared to the method of the formal grid
fields when the size of square side, depending on working objectives, is chosen from 5—10 km to some grades
of grid (Neronov, 1976; Dubrovskiy et al., 1980), because Raions and Oblasts of the administrative division
of Ukraine are evenly distributed over the territory, and Raion area averages 1.11±0.04 thousand sq. km. When
analyzing this material, we used the following quantitative measures: index of abundance (IA) and index of
occurrence (IO) (Tularemia, 1954).
Results and discussion
In our collections, 78% of adult ticks H. marginatum were collected by dragging with
a flag and only 22% from hosts. The highest indices of abundance by dragging with a flag
were registered on pastures, in mountainous woodlands, field-protecting forest planta-
tions, uncultivated areas with weed vegetation, natural and artificial spots of forest plan-
tations inhabited by rooks along the Black Sea and Azov coasts.
Immature stage of development were extremely rare: collected with flag, taken
from cattle, dogs, hare (Lepus europaeus Pall.), hedgehogs (Erinaceus concolor Mart), from
rooks (Corvus frugilegus L.), blackbird (Turdus merula L.), and mistle thrush (Turdus vis-
civorus L.) (table 1).
In 1999, abundance of attached ticks in the rooks colony near Mariupol town in
Donetsk Oblast was studied (table 2).
Our findings may support the fact that the nymphal stages of this tick with two hosts
mainly parasitize birds and very rarely domestic animals, hares and hedgehogs. Nymphs
were found on cattle because of attacking the main host.
In Ukraine this species is found along Black Sea and Azov coasts, in Steppe and the
Crimea (fig. l). The ticks species distribution has been more or less permanent during
372
Tab l e 1. Immature stages of development of H. marginatum collected in Ukraine
Ò à á ëèö à 1. Íåïîëîâîçðåëûå ñòàäèè H. marginatum îòëîâëåííûå â Óêðàèíå
Object Number of ticks N L IO
On flag 13 12 1 —
Large cattle 2 2 0.1
Dog 1 1 0.6
Rook 86 86 69.4
Mistle thrush 1 1 33.3
Blackbird 1 1 20.0
Hedgehog 6 4 2 3.9
Hare 1 1 4.0
Total 111 108 3
Ta b l e 2. Research on the abundance of H. marginatum found on rooks near Mariupol
Ò à á ë èö à 2. Ó÷åòû ÷èñëåííîñòè H. marginatum íà ãðà÷àõ â ã. Ìàðèóïîëå
Date
Number
of birds
examined
Number
of birds
with ticks
Ticks
imago nymphs IA imago IA nymphs IO
18.05.1999 3 2 2 8 0.7 4.0 66.7
19.05.1999 8 6 3 21 0.4 3.5 75.0
20.05.1999 12 10 1 32 0.1 3.2 83.3
21.05.1999 8 4 19 4.8 50.0
Total 31 22 6 80 0.2 3.6 71.0
the whole observation time. In Ukraine, the range of H. marginatum natural habitat runs
along the following border: Krasni Okny, Ananiev, Lyubashev districts of Odessa Oblast;
Vradiev, Domanev, Arbuzyn, Bratsk districts of Mykolaiv Oblast; Bobrynets, Ustyniv dis-
tricts of Kirovograd Oblast; Kazankiv district of Mykolaiv Oblast; Shyrokiv, Apostoliv,
Nikopol, Tomakiv districts of Dnipropetrovsk Oblast, Zaporizhia, Volnyany,
Novomykolaivsk districts of Zaporizhia Oblast; Vasylkiv, Petropavlivsk districts of
Dnipropetrovsk Oblast, Alexander, Slaviansk, Krasnolymansk districts of Donetsk Oblast;
Kremensk, Starobelsk, Belovodsk districts of Luhansk Oblast.
Inside Ukraine, this natural habitat may be divided into three zones:
– areas, where this tick is abundant with places of periodic outbreaks of mass repro-
duction;
– areas, where this tick is common, however its mass reproduction are very rare and
due to natural and anthropogenic reasons;
– areas, where this tick is found regularly: once per 2—3 years, and its mass repro-
duction was not recorded even under favorable conditions.
Such division is important to study biology of this tick species, its effective control
as mass cattle parasite, as well as for determining natural nidi of infections and removal
areas during epizooties.
A particular feature of H. marginatum is that very few nymph individuals are found
in the nature, all the rest being adults (there is only one nymph specimen in our mate-
rial collected with a flag on the border between Kiev and Obukhiv Raion of Kiev
Oblast), and mainly in areas outside the range of its natural habitat, mainly on paths of
migratory birds (fig. 1). Apparently this happens due to the nymphal stages development
being transported by birds to new areas, where this species, even managed to grow into
an adult, can not get acclimatized. There was the only case in the southern Germany when
373
Where – archival findings and literature data findings of the authors
Fig. 1. Natural habitat of Hyalomma marginatum in Ukraine.
Ðèñ. 1. Àðåàë Hyalomma marginatum â Óêðàèíå.
female of this species attacked the man (Kampen, Poltz and it, 2007), though the
authors do not exclude the possibility of carrying the tick already on the human from Spain.
Exceptions are the data from E. F. Litvinenko’s archive, from Zhytomyr Oblast
(Olevsky Raion), where adult ticks were taken from the cattle in three consecutive years
1969—1970. (IA – 2.7; 5.3, 0.53, IO – 8, 12.5, 4). Transition to the cattle stall con-
finement resulted in disappearing of not only H. marginatum, but also a number of other
Ixodidae species. According to our data, this species was not registered on cattle outside
its habitat range before 1969 and after 1970. Data above show the possibility of estab-
lishing and fairly long (2—3 years) existence of sporadic temporary nidi of reproduction
of H. marginatum outside its habitat range.
In our opinion, the habitat ranges of Ixodidae ticks should be corrected taking into
account their biological features, and especially feeding types and the ability of hosts to
travel. Thus, only the areas where all stages of development are regularly found should
be considered a part of the habitat. Such regular findings may corroborate Ixodidae species
establishing in new areas. Potentially endangered areas should be constantly monitored.
Regular findings of H. marginatum inhabited unusual places may contribute to the
spreading of diseases dangerous to humans and animals to new areas, where the latter
may be treated as a biological threat of large epidemics and epizootics.
Conclusions
1. The northern boundary of the present range of H. marginatum on the territory
of Ukraine runs along the following border: Krasni Okny, Ananiev, Lyubashev districts
of Odessa Oblast; Vradiev, Domanev, Arbuzyn, Bratsk districts of Mykolaiv Oblast;
Bobrynets, Ustyniv districts of Kirovograd Oblast; Kazankiv district of Mykolaiv Oblast;
Shyrokiv, Apostoliv, Nikopol, Tomakiv districts of Dnipropetrovsk Oblast, Zaporizhia,
Volnyany, Novomykolaivsk districts of Zaporizhia Oblast; Vasylkiv, Petropavlivsk districts
of Dnipropetrovsk Oblast, Alexander, Slaviansk, Krasnolymansk districts of Donetsk Oblast;
Kremensk, Starobelsk, Belovodsk districts of Luhansk Oblast.
2. Natural habitat ranges of Ixodidae species should be designated taking into
account their biological traits, especially their feeding types and the ability of their hosts
to travel, including only the areas where all stages are regularly found which thus cor-
roborates Ixodidae species establishing in new areas.
3. Regular findings of H. marginatum inhabited unusual places may contribute to the
spreading of diseases dangerous to humans and animals to new areas, where the latter
may be treated as a biological threat of large epidemics and epizootics.
Akimov I. A., Nebogatkin I. V. Composition of tick species (Acarina, Ixodidae) in Ukraine // Vestnik
zoologii. – 1997. – 31. – 3. – P. 75—77. – Russian : Àêèìîâ È. À., Íåáîãàòêèí È. Â. Âèäîâîé
ñîñòàâ èêñîäîâûõ êëåùåé (Acarina, Ixodidae) Óêðàèíû.
Dubrovsky Y. A., Burdelov A. S., Zhernovov I. V. et al. The final map the great gerbil in the Central Asia and
Kazakhstan by grid fields // Modern Problems of zoogeography. – Moscow : Nauka, 1980. –
P. 167—180. – Russian : Äóáðîâñêèé Þ. À., Áóðäåëîâ À. Ñ., Æåðíîâîâ È. Â. è äð. Ñîñòàâëåíèå
êàðòû àðåàëà áîëüøîé ïåñ÷àíêè â Ñðåäíåé Àçèè è Êàçàõñòàíå ìåòîäîì ãðàäóñíûõ ïîëåé.
Emchuk E. M. Fauna of Ukraine. Vol. 25. Ticks. Is. 1. – Kiev : Izd-vo AN USSR, 1960. – 163 p. – Russian :
Åì÷óê Å. Ì. Ôàóíà Óêðàèíû. – T. 25. Èêñîäîâûå êëåùè. Âûï. 1.
Neronov V. M. Zoogeographical analysis of the rodent fauna of Iran // Bull. MOIP. Dep. Biol. – 1976. –
81, is. 2. – P. 32—47. – Russian : Íåðîíîâ Â. Ì. Çîîãåîãðàôè÷åñêèé àíàëèç ôàóíû ãðûçóíîâ Èðàíà.
Tularemia (organizational and teaching materials). – M. : Medgiz, 1954. – 184 p. – Russian : Òóëÿðåìèÿ
(îðãàíèçàöèîííî-ìåòîäè÷åñêèå ìàòåðèàëû).
Filippova N. A. Ticks of subfamily Amblyominae // Arachnids. – (Fauna of Russia and neighboring countries.
Vol. 4. Is. 5) . – SPb : Nauka, 1997. – 436 p. – Russian : Ôèëèïïîâà Í. À. Èêñîäîâûå êëåùè ïîä-
ñåìåéñòâà Amblyominae // Ïàóêîîáðàçíûå. – (Ôàóíà Ðîññèè è ñîïðåäåëüíûõ ñòðàí. Ò. 4. Âûï. 5).
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(Acari, Ixodidae) in southern Germany // Exp. Appl. Acarol. – 2007. – 43. (3). – P. 227—231.
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| id | nasplib_isofts_kiev_ua-123456789-65820 |
| institution | Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| issn | 0084-5604 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-12-07T17:58:23Z |
| publishDate | 2011 |
| publisher | Інститут зоології ім. І.І. Шмальгаузена НАН України |
| record_format | dspace |
| spelling | Akimov, I.A. Nebogatkin, I.V. 2014-07-03T05:38:16Z 2014-07-03T05:38:16Z 2011 Distribution of the Ixodid Tick Hyalomma marginatum (Acari, Ixodidae) in Ukraine / I.A. Akimov, I.V. Nebogatkin // Вестник зоологии. — 2011. — Т. 45, № 4. — С. 371–374. — Бібліогр.: 8 назв. — англ. 0084-5604 https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/65820 595.421(477) The Northern boundary of the current distribution range of Hyalomma marginatum Koch in Ukraine that passes along the North of Odesa, Mykolayiv, Kirovograd, Dnipropetrovsk, Zaporizhia, Donetsk and Luhansk Oblasts has been specified. The natural habitat is mapped according to different possibilities for mass reproduction. Regular findings of H. marginatum inhabited unusual places may contribute to the spreading of diseases dangerous to humans and animals to new areas, where the latter may be treated as a biological threat of large epidemics and epizootics. Natural habitat of the Ixodidae species has been mapped in consideration of feeding types and the ability of it hosts to travel. Only the areas where all stages are regularly found were included what corroborates Ixodidae species establishing in new areas. Уточнена северная граница современного ареала Hyalomma marginatum на территории Украины, которая проходит по северу Одесской, Николаевской, Кировоградской, Днепро петров ской, Запорожской, Донецкой и Луганской областей. Представлена карта с дифференцированным по возможности массовых размножений ареалом. Регулярные находки H. marginatum на несвойственных местах проживания играют роль в распространении возбудителей болезней опасных для человека и животных на новые территории, где последние могут представлять угрозу широких эпидемий и эпизоотий. Составлена карта ареала этого иксодового клеща с учетом типа питания и возможности хозяев к перемещению. В него включены только территории, где периодически находили все стадии развития, чем подтверждено укоренение вида на новых участках. en Інститут зоології ім. І.І. Шмальгаузена НАН України Вестник зоологии Краткие сообщения Distribution of the Ixodid Tick Hyalomma marginatum (Acari, Ixodidae) in Ukraine Распространение иксодового клеща Hyalomma marginatum (Acari, Ixodidae) в Украине Article published earlier |
| spellingShingle | Distribution of the Ixodid Tick Hyalomma marginatum (Acari, Ixodidae) in Ukraine Akimov, I.A. Nebogatkin, I.V. Краткие сообщения |
| title | Distribution of the Ixodid Tick Hyalomma marginatum (Acari, Ixodidae) in Ukraine |
| title_alt | Распространение иксодового клеща Hyalomma marginatum (Acari, Ixodidae) в Украине |
| title_full | Distribution of the Ixodid Tick Hyalomma marginatum (Acari, Ixodidae) in Ukraine |
| title_fullStr | Distribution of the Ixodid Tick Hyalomma marginatum (Acari, Ixodidae) in Ukraine |
| title_full_unstemmed | Distribution of the Ixodid Tick Hyalomma marginatum (Acari, Ixodidae) in Ukraine |
| title_short | Distribution of the Ixodid Tick Hyalomma marginatum (Acari, Ixodidae) in Ukraine |
| title_sort | distribution of the ixodid tick hyalomma marginatum (acari, ixodidae) in ukraine |
| topic | Краткие сообщения |
| topic_facet | Краткие сообщения |
| url | https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/65820 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT akimovia distributionoftheixodidtickhyalommamarginatumacariixodidaeinukraine AT nebogatkiniv distributionoftheixodidtickhyalommamarginatumacariixodidaeinukraine AT akimovia rasprostranenieiksodovogokleŝahyalommamarginatumacariixodidaevukraine AT nebogatkiniv rasprostranenieiksodovogokleŝahyalommamarginatumacariixodidaevukraine |