Case of Cephalic Presentation of a Foetus in a Harbour Porpoise Phocoena phocoena (Cetacea, Phocoenidae), with Notes on Other Aquatic Mammals
A stranded harbour porpoise pregnant with a near-term foetus in cephalic (head) presentation was found. It is the first time when cephalic presentation, now recorded in three odontocete families, is reported for phocoenids. It proved to occur rarely, yet to be more widespread for aquatic mammals tha...
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Інститут зоології ім. І.І. Шмальгаузена НАН України
2011
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| Цитувати: | Case of Cephalic Presentation of a Foetus in a Harbour Porpoise Phocoena phocoena (Cetacea, Phocoenidae), with Notes on Other Aquatic Mammals / P.E. Gol’din // Вестник зоологии. — 2011. — Т. 45, № 5. — С. 473–477. — Бібліогр.: 19 назв. — англ. |
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Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine| _version_ | 1859672315390853120 |
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| author | Gol’din, P.E. |
| author_facet | Gol’din, P.E. |
| citation_txt | Case of Cephalic Presentation of a Foetus in a Harbour Porpoise Phocoena phocoena (Cetacea, Phocoenidae), with Notes on Other Aquatic Mammals / P.E. Gol’din // Вестник зоологии. — 2011. — Т. 45, № 5. — С. 473–477. — Бібліогр.: 19 назв. — англ. |
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| description | A stranded harbour porpoise pregnant with a near-term foetus in cephalic (head) presentation was found. It is the first time when cephalic presentation, now recorded in three odontocete families, is reported for phocoenids. It proved to occur rarely, yet to be more widespread for aquatic mammals than could be expected.
Обнаружена выброшенная на берег морская свинья, беременная предродовым плодом в головном предлежании. Головное предлежание впервые отмечено у морских свиней и теперь известно у представителей трех семейств зубатых китов. Это явление редко встречается у водных млекопитающих, однако распространено шире, чем предполагалось.
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| first_indexed | 2025-11-30T13:58:58Z |
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| fulltext |
UDC 599.536
CASE OF CEPHALIC PRESENTATION OF FOETUS
IN A HARBOUR PORPOISE PHOCOENA PHOCOENA
(CETACEA, PHOCOENIDAE), WITH NOTES ON
OTHER AQUATIC MAMMALS
P. E. Gol’din
Vernadsky Taurida National University, 4, Vernadsky Avenue, Simferopol,
Crimea, 95007 Ukraine
E-mail: pavelgoldin412@gmail.com
Received 18 October 2010
Accepted 30 March 2011
Case of Cephalic Presentation of a Foetus in a Harbour Porpoise Phocoena phocoena (Cetacea,
Phocoenidae), with Notes on Other Aquatic Mammals. Gol’din P. E. – A stranded harbour porpoise
pregnant with a near-term foetus in cephalic (head) presentation was found. It is the first time when
cephalic presentation, now recorded in three odontocete families, is reported for phocoenids. It proved
to occur rarely, yet to be more widespread for aquatic mammals than could be expected.
Ke y wo r d s: porpoise, cetacean, prenatal development, parturition, evolution
Ñëó÷àé ãîëîâíîãî ïðåäëåæàíèÿ ïëîäà ó ìîðñêîé ñâèíüè Phocoena phocoena (Cetacea, Phocoenidae),
ñ çàìåòêàìè î äðóãèõ âîäíûõ ìëåêîïèòàþùèõ. Ãîëüäèí Ï. Å. – Îáíàðóæåíà âûáðîøåííàÿ íà
áåðåã ìîðñêàÿ ñâèíüÿ, áåðåìåííàÿ ïðåäðîäîâûì ïëîäîì â ãîëîâíîì ïðåäëåæàíèè. Ãîëîâíîå
ïðåäëåæàíèå âïåðâûå îòìå÷åíî ó ìîðñêèõ ñâèíåé è òåïåðü èçâåñòíî ó ïðåäñòàâèòåëåé òðåõ
ñåìåéñòâ çóáàòûõ êèòîâ. Ýòî ÿâëåíèå ðåäêî âñòðå÷àåòñÿ ó âîäíûõ ìëåêîïèòàþùèõ, îäíàêî ðàñ-
ïðîñòðàíåíî øèðå, ÷åì ïðåäïîëàãàëîñü.
Êëþ÷åâûå ñ ëîâ à: ìîðñêàÿ ñâèíüÿ, êèòîîáðàçíûå, ïðåíàòàëüíîå ðàçâèòèå, ðîäû, ýâîëþöèÿ
Introduction
Cetaceans (at least, odontocetes) are generally characterized by tail presentation of a foetus by the
moment of birth and tail-first delivery: it is supposed to be an adaptation to the pregnancy and delivery in the
aquatic environment (Slijper, 1962; Kleinenberg et al., 1964; Reidenberg and Laitman, 2009). This seems to
be a general rule for aquatic mammals: fluke presentation at birth in water is reported for manatees (Walsh,
Gearhart, 2001; Reidenberg, Laitman, 2009), and tail presentation is common (if not predominating) in var-
ious pinnipeds (e. g., Acevedo et al., 2008; Karamanlidis et al., 2010), although the latter usually give birth
on land or ice. It is known that a cetacean foetus can change its position in the uterus during pregnancy but
it usually moves into a tail-first position by the last months (Slijper, 1966; Reidenberg, Laitman, 2009). The
harbour porpoise is not an exception; its parturition in captivity was recently described in details by Blanchet
et al. (2009): the expulsion of the newborn (stage 2 of the parturition) lasted 1 hour 42 minutes, tail first. This
study provides an evidence for the opposite case, the cephalic presentation in porpoises.
Material and methods
On June 7, 2009, a carcass of a female harbour porpoise Phocoena phocoena (Linnaeus, 1758) was
found at the western coast of the Crimean peninsula, at the sandy bar dividing Kyzyl-Yar salt lake and the
Black Sea. The carcass was measured and dissected according to standard protocols (Norris, 1961; Kuiken,
Garcia Hartmann, 1993).
Results and discussion
The carcass was partly decomposed (stage 3 to 4 according to classification by
Kuiken and Garcia Hartmann, 1993); still, the internal organs were in their natural
Vestnik zoologii, 45(5): 475—479, 2011
position. The adult animal was 138 cm long, the size normal for sexually mature por-
poises from the northern Black Sea, whose length varies in the range of 127—150 cm
(Gol’din, 2004). The female was pregnant with a foetus lying in cephalic (head) pre-
sentation (fig. 1). The foetus was a male, 62 cm long, though smaller than average, was
considered to be near-term from its body size and proportions (Gol’din, 2004). Details
of morphometry are provided in the Table 1 (all measurements were taken from the left
side and according to the protocol by Norris, 1961). Also, the season of the finding cor-
responded to the birth season of porpoises in the Black Sea.
The foetus was preserved in a remarkably better condition than the mother’s car-
cass (stage 2 to 3) (fig. 2). It lay in the left part of the uterus with the folded tail. The
head of the foetus was located near the cervix. The dorsal fin was unfolded; however,
this could be a result of decomposition of the mother’s carcass.
The uterine wall, as well as the umbilical cord, seemed to be intact. No hemor-
rhages were found in the uterine wall, except for a hemorrhagic field near the umbili-
cal cord. No other macroscopic signs of pathology were found in either of the two car-
casses. However, the advanced state of decomposition of the female carcass prevented
its detailed examination. It was impossible to conclude if there were any marks of inci-
dental by-catch. Thus, the cause of death was not identified.
The described case is probably the first report on a head presentation observed in
porpoises (Phocoenidae family). The only other documented case of a deviation from
tail presentation was an apparent pathology in a harbour porpoise described by Baker
and Martin (1992): lateral presentation of a foetus caused peritonitis and mother’s
death. Pregnant stranded and by-caught porpoises were reported in numerous studies,
while no cases of head presentation were mentioned.
474 P. E. Gol’din
Fig. 1. Harbour porpoise with the foetus in cephalic presentation. Photo by I. Nurpeisov.
Ðèñ. 1. Ìîðñêàÿ ñâèíüÿ ñ ïëîäîì â ãîëîâíîì ïðåäëåæàíèè. Ôîòî È. Íóðïåèñîâà.
However, head presentation of a foetus was reported for several delphinid species.
It was repeatedly observed in captivity: according to the summary by Robeck et al.
(2001, p. 213), the rate of head-first deliveries was 7% in killer whales Orcinus orca
(Linnaeus, 1758) and 1.2% in bottlenose dolphins Tursiops truncatus (Montagu, 1821).
Successful head-first delivery in a captive bottlenose dolphin was described in detail by
Essapian (1963): stage 2 of the parturition lasted 22 minutes. Head-first delivery in cap-
tivity is indicated as a complicating factor; still such cases are not referred to as patholo-
gies (Walsh and Gearhart, 2001, p. 697).
In the wild, head presentation of a foetus was observed in a stranded dead white-
beaked dolphin Lagenorhynchus albirostris Gray, 1846 (‘t Hart and van der Kemp,
1999); it had ruptured uterine wall, so the head presentation could be a cause of the
mother’s death.
Numerous cases of head-first delivery were consistently reported for belugas
Delphinapterus leucas (Pallas, 1776) (Monodontidae family), both in nature (Vladykov,
1944; Doan and Douglas, 1953; Kleinenberg et al., 1964) and in captivity (Robeck et
475Case of Cephalic Presentation of a Foetus in a Harbour Porpoise Phocoena phocoena...
Fig. 2. The external appearance of the foetus. Photo by I. Nurpeisov.
Ðèñ. 2. Âíåøíèé âèä ïëîäà. Ôîòî È. Íóðïåèñîâà.
Ta b l e 1. Body measurements of the foetus of harbour porpoise in cephalic presentation
Ò à á ëèö à 1. Ïðîìåðû òåëà ïëîäà ìîðñêîé ñâèíüè â ãîëîâíîì ïðåäëåæàíèè
Measurement Length, cm
Body length, tip of rostrum to fluke notch 62
Tip of the rostrum to centre of eye 10
Tip of the rostrum to centre of external auditory meatus 13.5
Tip of the rostrum to centre of blowhole 11
Tip of the rostrum to anterior margin of dorsal fin 30
Tip of the rostrum to posterior margin of dorsal fin 36
Height of the dorsal fin 5
Tip of the rostrum to centre of navel 27
Tip of the rostrum to centre of genital slit 33.5
Tip of the rostrum to centre of anus 42
Tip of the rostrum to flipper 17
Maximum length of flipper 11
Maximum width of flipper 5
Fluke span 18
al., 2001). Vladykov (1944) even thought head-first delivery to be more frequent than
tail-first. Robeck et al. (2001, p. 213) reported the 14% rate of head-first delivery in
captive belugas. Head presentation seems to be more widespread in belugas than in any
cetacean species.
Thus, after the finding of head presentation of a foetus in Phocoenidae, this phe-
nomenon has now been recorded for all three Delphinoidea families. Among del-
phinids, it was found in representatives of different phyletic lineages. Thus, head pre-
sentation of a foetus appears to be spread across a broad variety of cetacean taxa; it can
occur in other groups, although undiscovered yet.
The reported case is in favour of the idea that the cephalic presentation of a foe-
tus in cetaceans is not a pathology but a natural variation. This idea is also supported
by the documented cases of successful head-first deliveries and by occurrence of head
presentations both in the wild and in captivity. Still, head presentation of a foetus in a
small cetacean can increase the risk for trauma or dystocia. Also, a change of presen-
tation at an advanced stage can be a pathology, like the one described by Baker and
Martin (1992).
Suggested cephalic presentation in a member of Protocetidae, an Eocene family of
Archeoceti, became the point for a recent discussion (Gingerich et al., 2009; Thewissen
and McLellan, 2009): female remnants of Maiacetus inuus (the species described by
Gingerich et al., 2009) contained the remnants of a foetus or newborn of the same
species. If it was a near-term foetus, the authors concluded, it was an evidence for giv-
ing birth on land rather than in water. However, given all the above-mentioned facts,
a case of cephalic presentation cannot be a base for conclusions about terrestrial vs.
aquatic lifestyle. On the contrary, the finding of a tail-first foetus could indicate the
adaptation to the parturition in water.
The author sincerely thanks Ilya Nurpeisov and Anastasia Kolesar’ for their help in the field excursion,
Ilya Nurpeisov for the photos, Todd Robeck, Marie-Anne Blanchet, Nynke Osinga, Véronik de la
Chenelière, Judy St. Leger, Philip Gingerich, Hans Thewissen, Petr Kotovodov, Greg Early and Kimberlee
Beckmen for the fruitful discussion and provided references.
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477Case of Cephalic Presentation of a Foetus in a Harbour Porpoise Phocoena phocoena...
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| id | nasplib_isofts_kiev_ua-123456789-65834 |
| institution | Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| issn | 0084-5604 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-11-30T13:58:58Z |
| publishDate | 2011 |
| publisher | Інститут зоології ім. І.І. Шмальгаузена НАН України |
| record_format | dspace |
| spelling | Gol’din, P.E. 2014-07-03T17:35:04Z 2014-07-03T17:35:04Z 2011 Case of Cephalic Presentation of a Foetus in a Harbour Porpoise Phocoena phocoena (Cetacea, Phocoenidae), with Notes on Other Aquatic Mammals / P.E. Gol’din // Вестник зоологии. — 2011. — Т. 45, № 5. — С. 473–477. — Бібліогр.: 19 назв. — англ. 0084-5604 https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/65834 599.536 A stranded harbour porpoise pregnant with a near-term foetus in cephalic (head) presentation was found. It is the first time when cephalic presentation, now recorded in three odontocete families, is reported for phocoenids. It proved to occur rarely, yet to be more widespread for aquatic mammals than could be expected. Обнаружена выброшенная на берег морская свинья, беременная предродовым плодом в головном предлежании. Головное предлежание впервые отмечено у морских свиней и теперь известно у представителей трех семейств зубатых китов. Это явление редко встречается у водных млекопитающих, однако распространено шире, чем предполагалось. The author sincerely thanks Ilya Nurpeisov and Anastasia Kolesar’ for their help in the field excursion, Ilya Nurpeisov for the photos, Todd Robeck, Marie-Anne Blanchet, Nynke Osinga, Véronik de la Chenelière, Judy St. Leger, Philip Gingerich, Hans Thewissen, Petr Kotovodov, Greg Early and Kimberlee Beckmen for the fruitful discussion and provided references. en Інститут зоології ім. І.І. Шмальгаузена НАН України Вестник зоологии Краткие сообщения Case of Cephalic Presentation of a Foetus in a Harbour Porpoise Phocoena phocoena (Cetacea, Phocoenidae), with Notes on Other Aquatic Mammals Случай головного предлежания плода у морской свиньи, Phocoena phocoena (Cetacea, Phocoenidae) с заметками о других водных млекопитающих Article published earlier |
| spellingShingle | Case of Cephalic Presentation of a Foetus in a Harbour Porpoise Phocoena phocoena (Cetacea, Phocoenidae), with Notes on Other Aquatic Mammals Gol’din, P.E. Краткие сообщения |
| title | Case of Cephalic Presentation of a Foetus in a Harbour Porpoise Phocoena phocoena (Cetacea, Phocoenidae), with Notes on Other Aquatic Mammals |
| title_alt | Случай головного предлежания плода у морской свиньи, Phocoena phocoena (Cetacea, Phocoenidae) с заметками о других водных млекопитающих |
| title_full | Case of Cephalic Presentation of a Foetus in a Harbour Porpoise Phocoena phocoena (Cetacea, Phocoenidae), with Notes on Other Aquatic Mammals |
| title_fullStr | Case of Cephalic Presentation of a Foetus in a Harbour Porpoise Phocoena phocoena (Cetacea, Phocoenidae), with Notes on Other Aquatic Mammals |
| title_full_unstemmed | Case of Cephalic Presentation of a Foetus in a Harbour Porpoise Phocoena phocoena (Cetacea, Phocoenidae), with Notes on Other Aquatic Mammals |
| title_short | Case of Cephalic Presentation of a Foetus in a Harbour Porpoise Phocoena phocoena (Cetacea, Phocoenidae), with Notes on Other Aquatic Mammals |
| title_sort | case of cephalic presentation of a foetus in a harbour porpoise phocoena phocoena (cetacea, phocoenidae), with notes on other aquatic mammals |
| topic | Краткие сообщения |
| topic_facet | Краткие сообщения |
| url | https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/65834 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT goldinpe caseofcephalicpresentationofafoetusinaharbourporpoisephocoenaphocoenacetaceaphocoenidaewithnotesonotheraquaticmammals AT goldinpe slučaigolovnogopredležaniâplodaumorskoisvinʹiphocoenaphocoenacetaceaphocoenidaeszametkamiodrugihvodnyhmlekopitaûŝih |