Species Diversity of Carp, Cyprinus carpio (Cypriniformes, Cyprinidae), Parasites in Some Cultivation Regions
Zoogeographical comparison for species diversity of carp parasites in different cultivation regions including aquatic ecosystems of Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Russia, and Vietnam was carried out. Totally, 160 parasitic species were recorded in carp within these regions. Parasitic species with direct and c...
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Інститут зоології ім. І.І. Шмальгаузена НАН України
2011
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| Цитувати: | Species Diversity of Carp, Cyprinus carpio (Cypriniformes, Cyprinidae), Parasites in Some Cultivation Regions / O.N. Davydov, V.N. Lysenko, L.Ya. Kurovskaya // Вестник зоологии. — 2011. — Т. 45, № 6. — С. 491–502. — Бібліогр.: 31 назв. — англ. |
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Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine| _version_ | 1859815856449519616 |
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| author | Davydov, O.N. Lysenko, V.N. Kurovskaya, L.Ya. |
| author_facet | Davydov, O.N. Lysenko, V.N. Kurovskaya, L.Ya. |
| citation_txt | Species Diversity of Carp, Cyprinus carpio (Cypriniformes, Cyprinidae), Parasites in Some Cultivation Regions / O.N. Davydov, V.N. Lysenko, L.Ya. Kurovskaya // Вестник зоологии. — 2011. — Т. 45, № 6. — С. 491–502. — Бібліогр.: 31 назв. — англ. |
| collection | DSpace DC |
| container_title | Вестник зоологии |
| description | Zoogeographical comparison for species diversity of carp parasites in different cultivation regions including aquatic ecosystems of Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Russia, and Vietnam was carried out. Totally, 160 parasitic species were recorded in carp within these regions. Parasitic species with direct and complex life cycles important in epizootic, veterinary, and health areas were registered.
Проведено зоогеографическое сравнение особенностей видового разнообразия паразитов карпа из разных регионов разведения, включая водные экосистемы Украины, Узбекистана, России, Вьетнама. Всего у карпа в пределах этих регионов зарегистрировано 160 видов паразитов. Отмечены специфические и имеющие эпизоотологическое и медико-ветеринарное значения виды паразитов с прямым и сложным циклом развития.
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| first_indexed | 2025-12-07T15:22:03Z |
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UDC 576.89:597.551.2
SPECIES DIVERSITY OF CARP, CYPRINUS CARPIO
(CYPRINIFORMES, CYPRINIDAE), PARASITES
IN SOME CULTIVATION REGIONS
O. N. Davydov, V. N. Lysenko, L. Ya. Kurovskaya
Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology, NAS of Ukraine,
B. Chmielnicky str., 15, Kyiv, 01601 Ukraine
Received 10 March 2011
Accepted 4 July 2011
Species Diversity of Carp, Cyprinus carpio (Cypriniformes, Cyprinidae), Parasites in Some Cultivation
Regions. Davydov O. N., Lysenko V. N. , Kurovskaya L. Ya. – Zoogeographical comparison for species
diversity of carp parasites in different cultivation regions including aquatic ecosystems of Ukraine,
Uzbekistan, Russia, and Vietnam was carried out. Totally, 160 parasitic species were recorded in carp
within these regions. Parasitic species with direct and complex life cycles important in epizootic, vet-
erinary, and health areas were registered.
Ke y wo r d s: carp, species diversity of parasites, aquatic ecosystems.
Îñîáåííîñòè âèäîâîãî ðàçíîîáðàçèÿ ïàðàçèòîâ êàðïà, Cyprinus carpio (Cypriniformes, Cyprinidae), â
íåêîòîðûõ ðåãèîíàõ êóëüòèâèðîâàíèÿ. Äàâûäîâ Î. Í., Ëûñåíêî Â. Í., Êóðîâñêàÿ Ë. ß. –
Ïðîâåäåíî çîîãåîãðàôè÷åñêîå ñðàâíåíèå îñîáåííîñòåé âèäîâîãî ðàçíîîáðàçèÿ ïàðàçèòîâ êàðïà
èç ðàçíûõ ðåãèîíîâ ðàçâåäåíèÿ, âêëþ÷àÿ âîäíûå ýêîñèñòåìû Óêðàèíû, Óçáåêèñòàíà, Ðîññèè,
Âüåòíàìà. Âñåãî ó êàðïà â ïðåäåëàõ ýòèõ ðåãèîíîâ çàðåãèñòðèðîâàíî 160 âèäîâ ïàðàçèòîâ.
Îòìå÷åíû ñïåöèôè÷åñêèå è èìåþùèå ýïèçîîòîëîãè÷åñêîå è ìåäèêî-âåòåðèíàðíîå çíà÷åíèÿ
âèäû ïàðàçèòîâ ñ ïðÿìûì è ñëîæíûì öèêëîì ðàçâèòèÿ.
Êëþ÷åâûå ñ ëîâ à: êàðï, âèäîâîå ðàçíîîáðàçèå ïàðàçèòîâ, âîäíûå ýêîñèñòåìû.
Introduction
Carp, Ñyprinus carpio Lennaeus, 1758, inhabits fresh and brackish waters of the basins of the Black Sea,
the Sea of Azov, the Caspian Sea, and the Aral Sea, and the basins of the Pacific Ocean (from the Amur
River in the north to Burma’s rivers in the south). Within its range, carp has four subspecies: European,
Amur-Chinese, Aral and Vietnamese living in the waters of Indo-China (Bogutska, Naseka, 2004). Each of
the subspecies is the source of domestication and the formation of certain breeds of carp in the region.
Carp is the object of fish-farming and was acclimatized in temperate latitudes almost all over the world.
It is grown in ponds, cage-farms in warm waters from power stations, nuclear power plants, etc. First men-
tions of the carp extend far into the past (about 1000 BC). Carp’s historical homeland is China from where
he was introduced to Japan, and later to Europe, America, Africa, and Asia. High numbers it reaches in the
central Europe and the Far East where it is typical background species. Into the natural reservoirs of the
Dnieper basin it got as a result of seeding and escaping from fish farms. In Ukraine, Dnieper reservoirs were
seeded out with juvenile carp, Kremenchug reservoir – with two-year old fishes. In the lower reaches of rivers
flowing into the Black Sea, carp is common in brackish waters. With a natural diet it is euryphage consum-
ing almost all the food available in the pond.
Despite the fact that the study of fish parasites, especially in carp, has been carried out for more than
200 years, zoogeography of parasites is poorly known. There are a few reasons: 1) the geography of the par-
asites of freshwater and marine animals is behind the level of the zoogeography of terrestrial animals; 2) par-
asitological material is taken without temporal relationship and connection to reservoirs of various types;
3) instability of taxonomy of parasites of aquatic organisms, association of species under the same name, and,
to the contrary, separation of species with narrow ranges of distribution. All these issues misrepresent the con-
clusions of zoogeographical analysis of fish parasites.
Till now, there were no literary comparative data on the qualitative and quantitative composition of
carp parasites in zoogeographical aspects. The promise of such research to address issues of ecology, zoo-
Vestnik zoologii, 45(6): 491—502, 2011
geography and origin of the parasites and their hosts was shown by many researchers (Dogiel, 1962;
Pugachev, 1984; Roitman, Beer, 2008, etc.). The urgency of the study is also determined by significant dif-
ferences in habitats (different types of aquaculture, rivers, etc.) of fishes themselves and their parasites,
respectively, as well as anthropogenic activity altering the host-parasite relationships, fauna composition and
structure of parasitic systems.
This work is aimed at comparative qualitative and quantitative analysis of the carp parasites fauna from
5 different regions: European – Ukraine (ponds, rivers and reservoirs and brackish coastal waters of the Black
Sea and the Sea of Azov), Amur-Chinese – Russia (ponds, river basins), Aral – Uzbekistan (ponds, rivers,
the Aral Sea basin), and Vietnamese – Vietnam (ponds, rivers and coastal seas).
Material and methods
Summarized are the results of our long-term studies and works of other authors on the species compo-
sition of carp parasites in Ukraine, as well as published data from the aforementioned regions. Since 1950 to
the present, parasitological studies of fish in Ukraine have covered the following water bodies: rivers Dnieper,
Dniester, the Siversky Donets, Danube, Prut, and the Southern Bug; Dnieper cascade of reservoirs; ponds
in western Ukraine and Crimea; the lakes Nobel and Kugurlay; the Azov-Black Sea basin; pond fisheries
including Nyvka and Nemeshaevo fish farms (Kyiv oblast.).
Parasite species were identified according to “The Key of parasites of freshwater fishes of the USSR”
(in 3 volumes, 1984, 1985, 1987). Systematic correction of names of all taxa of fish parasites was estimated
according to Brands (1989—2007) and data of foreign authors on some groups of parasites: Myxozoa,
Ciliophora, Dinozoa (Lom, Dykova, 1992); Platyhelminthes (Khalil et al., 1994, Gibson et al., 2002);
Nematoda (Moravec, 1998); Acanthocephala (Amin, 1987); Annelida and Mollusca (McDonald, Margolis,
1995); Arthropoda (Kabata, 1988).
Results and discussion
The species diversity of carp parasites from 5 explored regions is shown in table 1.
In separation to Palaearctic and Sino-Indian fish parasites, only species which validity
was beyond doubt were considered, doubtful ones were not included.
In the mentioned regions, 160 parasite species were noted in carp, including pro-
tozoa – 60 species, monogeneans – 23, cestodes – 14, trematodes – 25 (of them
metacercariae – 16), nematodes – 11, leeches – 2, acanthocephalans – 7, mol-
luscs – 2, parasitic copepods – 16. All of them are exclusively freshwater species char-
acteristic for the carp parasites. Diversity of carp parasites is based on the fact that it is
eurybiont, euryhaline, eurythermic animal with wide food range. Most parasite species
(61.9%) actively infect carp, 38.1% of them are transferred with food. Parasites with
complex life cycle compose 36.2%, those with simple cycle – 63.8%. Mature fishes are
parasitized by 54 helminth species (65.9%), larval stages – by 28 species (34.1%). Most
species are parasites of body surface, fins and gills (40.6%), followed by the number of
endoparasite species localized in the digestive tract (24.4%).
Differences in species composition of carp parasites from the freshwater and
coastal waters of the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov in Ukraine, 78 and 37 species,
respectively, Uzbekistan – 43, Russia – 53, and Vietnam – 54 were noted.
Due to the long-term studies, parasites of carp from water bodies of Ukraine are
known to date fairly well (Markevitch, 1951; Iskov, 1967, 1989; Davydov et al, 1982,
2000, Davydov, Kurovskaya, 1991; Rozum, Onyshchenko, 2008). In the 1950th,
33 species of carp parasites were indicated in Ukraine (Malevitskaya, 1952; Ivasyk,
1953). Totally, in this period, 36 species of parasites have been found in carp from
water bodies of the former Soviet Union (Bauer, 1959).
Today, the quantitative composition of the parasitic fauna of carp from freshwater
bodies of Ukraine (78 species) is significantly different from those in carp from other
regions represented by not so rich fauna of parasites. This may be either due to more
complete examination of the water bodies of Ukraine, or due to the larger number of
intermediate hosts.
The greatest variety of carp parasites in Ukraine was found in protozoans –
33 species; monogeneans – 12; cestodes and crustaceans – 10 and 9 species, respec-
492 O. N. Davydov, V. N. Lysenko, L. Ya. Kurovskaya
493Species Diversity of Carp, Cyprinus carpio (Cypriniformes, Cyprinidae), Parasites...
Ta b l e 1. Species composition of carp parasites from different regions
Ò à á ëèö à 1. Âèäîâîé ñîñòàâ ïàðàçèòîâ êàðïà èç ðàçíûõ ðåãèîíîâ
Type Euglenozoa
Trypanosoma carassii Mitrophanov, 1883 + + +
Cryptobia branchialis Nie (in: Chen, 1956) +
C. cyprini (Plehn, 1903)* + + +
Ichthyobodo necatrix Henneguy, 1884 + + +
Type Apicomplexa
Eimeria carpelli Léger et Stankovitch, 1921* + +
E. subepithelialis Moroff et Fiebiger, 1905* +
Coussia carpelli Leger et Stankovitch, 1921 +
Type Myxozoa
Myxidium pfeifferi Auerbach, 1908 + + + +
M. rhodei Léger, 1905 + +
Sphaerospora angulata Fujita, 1912* +
S. branchialis Razmashkin et Skripchenko, 1967 +
S. carassii Kudo, 1919 +
S. cyprini (Fujita, 1912)* +
Hoferellus cyprini (Doflein, 1898) + +
Chloromyxum cyprini Fujita, 1927* +
Ch. koi Fujita, 1913* + + +
Myxosoma cerebralis Hofer, 1903 +
Myxobolus achmerovi Schulman, 1966 +
M. amurensis Achmerov, 1960* + +
M. anisocapsularis Schulman, 1962 +
M. artus Achmerov, 1960* + + +
M. bramae Reuss, 1906 + +
M. cordis Keysselitz, +
M. cyprini Doflein, 1898 + + + +
M. cyprinicola Reuss, 1906 + + +
M. dispar Thé lohan, 1895 + + +
M. dogieli I. et B. Bychowsky, 1940 + +
M. ellipsoides Thé lohan, 1892 + +
M. koi Kudo, 1919* + + +
M. kubanicus I. et B. Bychowsky, 1940 +
M. oviformis Thé lohan, 1882 +
M. sandrae Reuss, 1906 +
M. squamae Keysselitz, 1908 +
M. toyamai Kudo, 1915 + +
Myxobolus sp. + +
Thelohanellus nicolskii Achmerov, 1955 +
T. catlae Chakrawarty et Basu, 1958 +
T. dogieli Achmerov, 1955* + +
T. fuhrmanni (Auerbach, 1909) + +
T. pyriformis (Thé lohan, 1892) +
Type Ciliophora
Chilodonella piscicola (Zacharias, 1984) Jankowski, 1980 + + +
Chilodonella sp. +
Hemiophrys branchiarum (Wenrich, 1924) Kahl, 1931 +
Pseudoamphileptus macrostoma (Chen, 1955) Foissner, 1983 +
Ichthyophthirius multifiliis Fouquet, 1876 + + +
Epistylis lwoffi Fauré-Fremiet, 1943 +
Epistylis sp. +
Apiosoma minutum (Chen, 1961) +
A. piscicolum cylindriformis (Chen, 1955) +
Apiosoma sp. + +
Trichodina acuta Lom, 1961 + +
T. domerguei domerguei Wallengren, 1897 +
T. nigra Lom, 1961 + +
T. nobilis Chen, 1963 + +
T. pediculus Ehrenberg, 1838 + +
T. reticulata Hirschmann et Partsch, 1955 + +
Trichodina sp. + +
Trichodinella epizootica (Raabe, 1950) + +
Parasite species
Water bodies
1 2 3 4 5
494 O. N. Davydov, V. N. Lysenko, L. Ya. Kurovskaya
Table 1 (continued).
Ïðîäîëæåíèå òàáëèöû 1.
Tripartiella cyprini (Dogiel, 1940) +
Tripartiella sp. +
Type Platyhelminthes
Dactylogyrus achmerowi Gussev, 1955 + +
D. anchoratus (Dujardin, 1845)* + + + +
D. auriculatus (Nordmann, 1832) +
D. curvicirrus Achmerow, 1952 +
D. extensus Mueller et Van Cleave, 1932* + + + + +
D. falciformis Achmerow, 1952* + +
D. inexpectatus Izjumova in Gussev, 1955 +
D. minutus Kulwiec, 1927* + + + +
D. vastator Nybelin, 1924* + + + +
D. yinwenyingae Gussev, 1962 +
Dactylogyrus sp. +
Pseudacolpenteron pavlovskii Bychowsky et Gussev, 1955* +
Gyrodactylus cyprini Diarova, 1964* + +
G. elegans Nordmann, 1832* + +
G. gracilis Kathariner, 1894 +
G. katharineri Malmberg, 1964 +
G. medius Kathariner, 1893* + + + +
G. nagibinae Gussev, 1962* +
G. sprostonae Ling, 1962* + + +
Gyrodactylus sp. + +
Diplozoon paradoxum Nordmann, 1832 +
Diplozoon sp. + +
Paradiplozoon doi (Êó, 1971) +
Caryophyllaeus fimbriceps Annenkova—Chlopina, 1919 + + +
C. laticeps (Pallas, 1781) + +
Biacetabulum appendiculatum (Szidat, 1937) +
Khawia japonensis Yamaguti, 1934 +
Kh. rossittensis (Szidat, 1937) +
Kh. sinensis Hsü, 1935 + + +
Bothriocephalus gowkongensis Yeh, 1955 + +
Diphyllobothrium sp. l +
Ligula intestinalis l (Linnaeus, 1758) +
Digramma interrupta l (Rudolphi, 1810) +
Proteocephalus sp. +
Neogryporhynchus cheilancristrotus l (Wedl, 1955) +
Paradilepis scolecina l (Rudolphi, 1819) + +
Valipora campylancristrota l (Wedl, 1855) + + +
Aspidogaster conchicola Baer, 1927 + +
Asymphylodora kubanica Issaitschikoff, 1923 +
Stephanostomum sp. mtc +
Allocreadium isoporum (Looss, 1894) + +
Clonorchis sinensis Cobbold, 1875 +
Pseudamphistomum truncatum mtc (Rudolphi, 1819) +
Metorchis xanthosomus mtc (Creplin, 1846) +
Phagicola sp. mtc +
Metagonimus yokogawai mtc Katsurada, 1912 + +
Apophallus muehlingi mtc Jägerskiöld, 1898 +
Centrocestus formosanus mtc Nishigori, 1924 +
Centrocestus sp. mtc +
Azygia lucii (Müller, 1776) Lühe, 1909 +
Bucephalus polymorphus mtc Baer, 1827 + +
Sanguinicola inermis Plehn, 1905 + + +
Aponurus tschugunovi Issaitschikoff, 1927 +
Diplostomum spathaceum mtc (Rudolphi, 1819) + + +
Tylodelphus clavata mtc (Nordmann, 1832) + +
Hysteromorpha triloba mtc (Rudolphi, 1819) +
Hysteromorpha sp. +
Conodiplostomum perlatum mtc (Ciurea, 1911) +
Posthodiplostomum cuticola mtc (Nordmann, 1832) + +
Ichthyocotylurus pileatus mtc (Rudolphi, 1802) + +
Parasite species
Water bodies
1 2 3 4 5
tively. Noted groups belong to 10 types and 14 classes. Less species were recorded
among trematodes – 5; nematodes, leeches, parasites, and molluscs – 2 species of
each. Along with a large number of parasites specific for Palaearctic (9 species), there
are some of Sino-Indian species (6) pointing out the contact of European carp with the
Sino-Indian fauna for a long geological time.
495Species Diversity of Carp, Cyprinus carpio (Cypriniformes, Cyprinidae), Parasites...
Table 1 (continued).
Ïðîäîëæåíèå òàáëèöû 1.
Parasite species
Water bodies
1 2 3 4 5
* Specific species.
No t e. Here and below: 1 – ponds, rivers and reservoirs in Ukraine; 2 – brackish coastal areas of the
Black Sea and Sea of Azov in Ukraine; 3 – ponds, river basins of the Aral Sea in Uzbekistan; 4 – basins
of Russian rivers; 5 – ponds, rivers and coastal waters of Vietnam.
Tetracotyle sp. mtc +
Paracoenogonimus ovatus mtc Katsurada, 1914 + +
Type Nematoda
Capillaria tomentosa Dujardin, 1843 +
Eustrongylides mergorum l (Rudolphi, 1809) +
Camallanus truncatus (Rudolphi, 1814) +
Philometra abdominalis Nybelin, 1928 +
Philometra sp. +
Philometroides lusiana (Vismanis, 1966) +
Cucullanus cyprini Yamaguti, 1941 + +
Rhaphidascaris acus (Bloch, 1779) +
Rhaphidascaris sp. +
Contracaecum microcephalum l (Rudolphi, 1819) + +
Contracaecum sp. l +
Type Annelida
Hemiclepsis marginata (Müller, 1774) +
Piscicola geometra (Linnaeus, 1761) + +
Type Acanthocephala
Neoechinorhynchus sp. +
Dendronucleata dogieli Sokolowskaja, 1962 +
Paracanthocephalus curtus Achmerov et Dombrowskaja-
Achmerova, 1941 +
P. tenuirostris Achmerov et Dombrowskaja-Achmerova, 1941 +
Acanthocephalus anguillae Müller, 1780) +
A. lucii (Müller, 1776) +
Brentisentis cyprini Yin et Wu, 1984 +
Type Mollusca
Unio crassus Philipsson, 1788 +
U. pictorum Linnaeus, 1758 + +
Type Artropoda
Ergasilus briani Markewitsch, 1932 + +
E. nanus Beneden, 1871 +
E. sieboldi Nordmann, 1832 + +
Sinergasilus undulatus (Markewitsch, 1940) +
Paraergasilus brevidigitus Yin, 1954 + +
P. medius Yin, 1956 +
P. rylovi Markewitsch, 1937 +
Paraergasilus sp. +
Lernaea cyprinacea Linnaeus, 1758 + + + +
L. elegans Leigh—Sharpe, 1925 +
Lernaea sp. +
Caligus lacustris Steenstrup et Lütken, 1861 + +
Argulus coregoni Thorell, 1864 + +
A. foliaceus (Linnaeus, 1758) + + +
A. japonicus Thiele, 1900 + +
Argulus sp. +
Totally: 160 species 78 37 43 53 54
Among carp parasites from brackish coastal waters of the Black Sea and the Sea
of Azov in Ukraine 37 species (protozoans – 5, monogeneans – 4; cestodes – 5;
trematodes – 17; nematodes – 3; crustaceans – 3) were found. There were no para-
sites from the following groups: acanthocephalans, leeches, molluscs (Gaevskaya et al,
1975; Solonchenko, 1982; Karataev, 1984). Most parasite species in these populations
of carp are of freshwater origin. However, they greatly differ in the degree of adapta-
tion to water mineralization (salinity). Should be noted the significant difference in the
composition of ectoparasites and endoparasites, 12 and 25 species, respectively. Carp
ectoparasites living on the body surface or gill filaments are under the direct influence
of high salinity, but endoparasites, even being typical freshwater, can infect the fish in
fresh water and then be brought into the brackish water. Of 25 trematode species known
in carp of this region, 17 species were identified and 12 of them were larvae.
In carp from ponds and basins of the Aral Sea (Uzbekistan), 47 parasite species
were recorded, of them 19 protozoan species; 14 – monogeneans; 4 – cestodes; 2 –
trematodes and 2 – nematodes; 1 – leeches and 3— crustaceans. Parasites with direct
life cycle were represented by 36 species (80%), with complex life cycle – 9 (20%)
(Osmanov, 1971; Allamuratov, 1986).
The fauna of carp parasites of Russian river basins includes 53 species of 7 types
and 10 classes. The significant species diversity of protozoans was revealed – 23 species
constituting 43.4% of all carp parasites in this region. The most common species are
from the genus Myxobolus (11 species). In flatworms (Plathelmintes), monogeneans
(9) and trematodes (8) predominate. The rarest, both in species number and occur-
rence, are the parasites of the following groups: cestodes, nematodes, acanthocephalans:
2, 3, and 3 species, respectively (Strelkov, Shulman, 1971).
The data on fish parasites of Vietnam were known from the late nineteenth cen-
tury when Albert Billet (medical parasitologist of the French army) first described sev-
eral species of trematodes in catfish (Billet, 1898). By 2003, the composition of para-
sites of freshwater fishes (140 species) counted 451 species: Protozoa – 48, Myxozoa –
33, Digenea – 151, Monogenea – 112, Cestoda – 16, Nematoda – 53,
Acanthocephala – 21, Hirudinea – 2, Branchiura – 3, Copepoda – 12 in different
water bodies of Vietnam (Chon, 1999; Arthur, Te, 2005).
In carp from ponds in Vietnam, 54 parasite species belonging to 9 types, 14 class-
es were found. The most numerous are protozoans – 26 species; monogeneans – 9;
and crustaceans – 7. Fewer are cestodes – 2; trematodes – 4; nematodes – 3, and
acanthocephalans – 2. In protozoans, fauna of ciliated infusoria is the richest –
12 species.
Among carp parasites from 5 regions considered, significant predominance of
species with direct life cycle is seen, i. e. parasites with life cycle without host changes
(table 2). The exceptions are the carp parasites from brackish coastal areas of the Black
Sea and the Sea of Azov in Ukraine. The predominating parasites are 59 species of pro-
tozoans (without 1 species of blood parasite Trypanosoma carassii developing with the
change of two hosts) and monogeneans (24 species). These groups of parasites are the
most abundant and widely distributed in the Palaearctic region. They are followed by
parasitic crustaceans (17 species), leeches and larvae of elasmobranchian mollusks –
glochidia (2 species each). Thus, 104 species of parasites with direct life cycle are
against 57 species developing with the change of hosts. Such low number of parasites
with complex life cycle are defined by low resistance of their exogenous stages to high
and low temperatures and a small number of their intermediate hosts (chironomid lar-
vae, copepods and oligochaetes) in environment. However, the difference in the num-
ber of intermediate hosts only is not enough for explanation of such sharp difference in
species composition between parasites with direct life cycle and complex life cycle.
From other cultured fish and native fish species (herbivorous, bream, silver bream, etc.)
496 O. N. Davydov, V. N. Lysenko, L. Ya. Kurovskaya
numerous widely specific parasites with direct development move easily to cultivated
carp, and this leads to disparities between them and the species developing with the
change of hosts where more specific parasites predominate. The large number of species
and diversity of trematodes in carp from brackish waters of the Black Sea and Sea of
Azov may be explained by the large number of species of definitive hosts – fish eating
water birds and carnivorous mammals.
Today, the degree of knowledge on carp parasites in these regions is unequal due
to extraordinary variety of fish habitats in different water bodies and, finally, insuffi-
cient development of some taxonomic issues for certain groups of parasites (tabl. 3, 4).
Systematically, carp protozoans belong to 4 types, 6 classes, 9 orders, 12 families
and 21 genera. In protozoan fauna there is considerable ecological diversity (7 genera)
among Myxosporidia (Myxosporea) including specific species (8) consisting 24.2% of
the total number (33 species). All Myxosporidia are equally represented by Palaearctic
and Sino-Indian species. Among other parasitic protozoans, ciliates should be distin-
guished (17 species) from nine genera. Many of them have long been known as epi-
zootic agents in fish farms (I. multifiliis, Ch. cyprini, etc.).
Type Plathelmintes includes 3 classes, 11 orders, 23 families and 39 genera. Class
Monogenea is emblematic for carp (23 species, 5 genera). Of monogeneans identified,
11 species are specific representing about 50%. Most specific carp monogeneans are
observed in Ukrainian and Uzbekistan ponds. Comparing the fauna of carp monoge-
neans from different regions, it should be noted a large number of identical species from
genus Dactylogyrus (7—9 species), and in carp from ponds in Ukraine species from the
genus Gyrodactylus (7 species) predominate.
In the water bodies analyzed, we identified 14 cestode species in carp. Variety of
tapeworm species (11 genera) in these regions is due to the favorable abiotic environ-
ment and the presence of intermediate and final hosts. With the exception of
Diphyllobothrium sp., all species are termophilic, stenotermic with wide specificity. In
Ukraine, carp cestode fauna was formed at the expense of other native carps infected
with parasites. Recently, L. intestinalis, N. cheilancristrotus, V. unilateralis became
widespread due to the concentration of wading birds (definitive hosts of these
helminthes) living in shallow waters of Dnieper reservoirs and the “open” fish farms.
The fauna of trematodes (Trematoda) in carp counts 25 species including 21 spe -
cies of metacercariae, others are maritas. Ecological diversity of trematodes (23 genera)
is determined by the great number of intermediate hosts particularly in fresh and brack-
ish waters. Rather poor trematode fauna seen in the water bodies of Vietnam,
Uzbekistan, and Russia appears to be due to its insufficient study as compared to
497Species Diversity of Carp, Cyprinus carpio (Cypriniformes, Cyprinidae), Parasites...
Ta b l e 2. The number of parasite species developing without changing of hosts (À), and with changing of hosts
(B) in each taxonomic group in carp from the regions considered
Ò à á ëèö à 2. Êîëè÷åñòâî âèäîâ ïàðàçèòîâ, ðàçâèâàþùèõñÿ áåç ñìåíû (À) è ñî ñìåíîé (Á) õîçÿåâ, â
êàæäîé èõ ñèñòåìàòè÷åñêîé ãðóïïå ó êàðïà èç ðàññìàòðèâàåìûõ ðåãèîíîâ
Groups of parasites
1 2 3 4 5
À B À B À B À B À B
Protozoa 32 1 4 1 18 — 22 1 26 —
Monogenea 12 — 4 — 13 — 9 — 9 —
Cestoda — 10 — 5 — 4 — 2 — 2
Trematoda — 6 — 17 — 2 — 8 — 4
Nematoda — 2 — 3 — 2 — 3 — 3
Molluscs 2 — — — — — — — 1 —
Acanthocephala — 2 — — — — — 3 — 2
Hirudinea 2 — — — 1 — — — — —
Crustaceans 9 — 3 — 3 — 5 — 7 —
57 21 11 26 35 8 36 17 43 11
498 O. N. Davydov, V. N. Lysenko, L. Ya. Kurovskaya
Ta b l e 3. Taxonomic characteristic of carp parasites
Ò à á ëèö à 3. Ñèñòåìàòè÷åñêàÿ õàðàêòåðèñòèêà ïàðàçèòîâ êàðïà
Type Class Order Family Main genera
Euglenozoa Kinetoplastea Trypanosomatida Trypanosomatidae Trypanosoma
Bodonida Bodonidae Cryptobia
Ichthyobodo
Apicomplexa Coccidiasina Eucoccidiorida Eumeriidae Eimeria
Goussia
Myxozoa Myxosporea Bivalvulida Myxidiidae Myxidium
Sphaerosporidae Sphaerospora
Hoferellus
Chloromyxidae Chloromyxum
Myxobolidae Myxosoma
Myxobolus
Thelohanellus
Ciliophora Phyllopharyngea Chlamidodontida Chilodonellidae Chilodonella
Litostomatea Pleurostomatida Amphileptidae Hemiophrys
Pseudoamphileptus
Olygohymenophorea Hymenostomatida Ichthyophthiridae Ichthyophthirius
Sessilida Epistylididae Epistylis
Apiosoma
Mobilida Trichodinidae Trichodina
Trichodinella
Tripartiella
Platyhelminthes Monogenea Dactylogyridea Dactylogyridae Dactylogyrus
Pseudacolpenteron
Gyrodactylidea Gyrodactylidae Gyrodactylus
Mazocreaidea Diplozoidae Diplozoon
Paradiplozoon
Cestoda Caryophyllidea Caryophyllaeidae Caryophyllaeus
Biacetabulum
Lytocestidae Khawia
Pseudophyllidea Bothriocephalidae Bothriocephalus
Diphyllobothriidae Diphyllobothrium
Ligula
Digramma
Proteocephalidea Proteocephalidae Proteocephalus
Cyclophyllidea Dilepididae Neogryporhynchus
Paradilepis
Gryporhynchidae Gryporhynchus
Trematoda Aspidogastrida Aspidogastridae Aspidogaster
Plagiorchiida Monorchiidae Asymphylodora
Acanthocolpidae Stephanostomum
Allocreadiidae Allocreadium
Opistorchiidae Clonorchis
Pseudamphistomum
Metorchis
Heterophyidae Phagicola
Metagonimus
Apophallus
Centrocestus
Azygiida Azygiidae Azygia
Strigeidida Bucephalidae Bucephalus
Sanguinicolidae Sanguinicola
Lecithasteridae Aponurus
Diplostomatidae Diplostomum
Tylodelphys
Hysteromorpha
Conodiplostomum
Posthodiplostomum
Strigeidae Ichthyocotylurus
Tetracotyle
499Species Diversity of Carp, Cyprinus carpio (Cypriniformes, Cyprinidae), Parasites...
Cyathocotylidae Paracoenogonimus
Nematoda Adenophorea Enoplida Capillariidae Capillaria
Dioctophymatidae Eustrongylides
Secernentea Spirurida Camallanidae Camallanus
Philometridae Philometra
Philometroides
Ascaridida Cucullanidae Cucullanus
Anisakidae Rhaphidascaris
Contracaecum
Annelida Hirudinea Rhynchobdellida Glossiphoniidae Hemiclepsis
Piscicolidae Piscicola
Acanthocephala Eoacanthocephala Neoechinorhynchida Neoechinorhynchidae Neoechinorhynchus
Neoacanthocephala Dendronucleatidae Dendronucleata
Palaeacanthocephala Paracanthocephalida Paracanthocephalidae Paracanthocephalus
Echinorhynchida Echinorhynchidae Acanthocephalus
Brentisentis
Mollusca Bivalvia Unionoida Unionidae Unio
Artropoda Maxillopoda Cyclopoida Ergasilidae Ergasilus
Sinergasilus
Paraergasilus
Lernaeidae Lernaea
Siphonostomatoida Caligidae Caligus
Arguloida Argulidae Argulus
Table 3 (continued).
Îêîí÷àíèå òàáëèöû 3.
Type Class Order Family Main genera
Ta b l e 4. Number of parasites from different classes within natural range of carp
Ò à á ëèö à 4. Êîëè÷åñòâî âèäîâ ïàðàçèòîâ ðàçíûõ êëàññîâ â ïðåäåëàõ àðåàëà êàðïà
Parasites
Water bodies
1 2 3 4 5
Type Euglenozoa
Kinetoplastea 3 2 2 1 2
Type Apicomplexa
Coccidiasina 2 0 1 0 1
Type Myxozoa
Myxosporea 17 3 8 20 11
Type Ciliophora
Phyllopharyngea 1 0 1 0 2
Litostomatea 1 0 0 0 1
Olygohymenophorea
9 0 6 2 9
Type Platyhelminthes
Monogenea 12 4 13 9 9
Cestoda 10 5 4 2 2
Trematoda 6 17 2 8 4
Type Nematoda
Adenophorea 0 1 1 0 0
Secernentea 2 2 1 3 3
Type Annelida
Hirudinea 2 0 1 0 0
Type Acanthocephala
Eoacanthocephala 0 0 0 1 1
Palaeacanthocephala 2 0 0 2 1
Type Mollusca
Bivalvia 2 0 0 0 1
Type Artropoda
Maxillopoda 9 3 3 5 7
Ukraine. All trematodes have wide specificity and confined to the thermophilic eury-
thermic and stenothermic fish species. Among trematode metacercariae, there are the
species harmful for humans and commercially valuable animals: M. yokogawai, M. xan-
tasomus, P. ovatus, and C. sinensis were found.
Type Nematoda is represented by 2 classes, 3 orders, 6 families and 8 genera.
Totally, in carp living in ponds of various regions 11 species were recorded including
two species as larval forms. There is a certain peculiarity of the species composition of
nematodes (8 genera) as compared to other cyprinid fishes (herbivorous, etc.). For two
species (R. acus and C. microcephalum), definitive hosts are predatory fishes.
Nematodes are thermophilic eurythermic Palaearctic and Sino-Indian species. All of
them have wide specificity. Since most nematodes develop with alternation of 2 or even
3 hosts (warm-blooded animals), they have fewer opportunities to adapt under differ-
ent conditions, that ultimately reflects great mosaicity of their distribution in the water
bodies analyzed.
Type Acanthocephala includes 2 classes, 4 orders, 4 families, and 5 genera. In the
water bodies analyzed, in carp we have found 7 acanthocephalan species. They devel-
op using crustaceans (amphipods, isopods). Parasites do not show any specificity for
definitive hosts – fishes, they are eurythermic and characteristic for Palaearctic and
Sino-Indian province.
Class Crustacea (Type Arthropoda) presented by 3 orders, 4 families, and 6 gen-
era. There are 16 species. All species have wide specificity and taxonomically close to
other crustaceans from cyprinid fishes. One part of these parasites are adapted to cold-
water fish species (the genera Paraergasilus and Lernaea), the other – to the ther-
mophilic ones (the genera Argulus and Ergasilus).
Class Hirudinea (type Annelida) and type Mollusca are represented by two species
of parasites each. All of them are eurythermic and distributed in the above-mentioned
aquatic ecosystems.
Conclusions
Thus, each of 5 reviewed regions has its own unique species composition of para-
sites. The majority of parasites recorded in carp are widespread in the explored regions.
Most parasites with direct life cycle and complex life cycle do not exhibit narrow
specificity to the carp, which is not specific to abiotic and biotic environmental condi-
tions. The representatives of the genera Myxobolus, Dactylogyrus, Diplostomum, Ergasilus
and Argulus are of epizootic importance. Particularly pathogenic for carps bred in new
ponds are tapeworms B. gowkongensis, Kh. sinensis, L. intestinalis, D. interrupta. The list-
ed trematode metacercariae have medical and veterinary importance, and probability of
infection is determined by the presence of intermediate hosts, molluscs from genera
Bithynia, Melania, etc.
Distribution areas of parasites reflect the integrated distribution of hosts (interme-
diate and final) participating in their life cycles. Moreover, some species and taxonom-
ic groups of parasites demonstrate different level of adaptability with respect to the host
as a habitat (Pugachev, 1984). Modern specific monogenean species, on the one hand,
are associated with the natural evolution of aboriginal populations of carp, and, on the
other hand, are determined by anthropogenic influence (carp introduction). It resulted
in “new” species of specific carp monogeneans introduced into new reservoirs.
In general, it should be emphasized that zoogeographical analysis of carp parasites
should be made on separate groups of parasites and, moreover, the species diversity of
parasites with simple life cycle and complex life cycle should be considered separately
because of the peculiarities of their formation.
The nature of structure of carp parasitic system and its connection to the biotope
is due to the degree of parasites specificity of intermediate and final hosts in different
500 O. N. Davydov, V. N. Lysenko, L. Ya. Kurovskaya
parts of these fish habitat Such functioning of the parasitic trematode population (in
molluscs) in carp is likely in brackish coastal waters of the Black Sea and the Sea of
Azov. The same can be said about the existence of parasitic cestode populations (in
copepods, oligochaetes, predatory fish, fish-eating birds, etc.) in freshwater carp in
Ukraine. The complete absence of acanthocephalans, in particular from the genera
Acanthocephalus and Neochinorhynchus characteristic for the southern regions and wide-
ly specific in carp in Uzbekistan ponds may be due to the low frequency of occurrence
of these parasites in intermediate hosts (amphipods, isopods).
It becomes clear that the functioning and stability of the existent parasitic system
in carp within the distribution range are provided by the presence of intermediate hosts
and their contact with the exogenous stages of the pathogen in different water bio-
cenoses, and the influence of physical and climatic factors.
The number of carp helminthes with benthic invertebrates as intermediate hosts are
more than 2 times larger than the number of parasites with life cycles involving plank-
tonic crustaceans. This is the evidence of its ancient topical and trophic relationships
with molluscs, oligochaetes, amphipods, freshwater shrimps and planktonic crustaceans.
Entering the life cycles of trematodes from the family Diplostomatidae (metacercari-
ae), cestodes from the family Diphyllobothriidae and many other helminthes as addi-
tional or reservoir host, carp shows broad adaptive possibilities (mechanisms) of its dis-
tribution in extremely diverse conditions in the southern Palaearctic regions. At every
stage of the formation of the parasite fauna (formation of host-parasite relationships),
carp as a host accumulated the maximum number of different (ecological) parasites.
Therefore, it is not surprising that such a rich and heterogeneous species composition
of carp parasites is unique among the other hosts (aquatic or terrestrial) in the number
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502 O. N. Davydov, V. N. Lysenko, L. Ya. Kurovskaya
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| id | nasplib_isofts_kiev_ua-123456789-65836 |
| institution | Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| issn | 0084-5604 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-12-07T15:22:03Z |
| publishDate | 2011 |
| publisher | Інститут зоології ім. І.І. Шмальгаузена НАН України |
| record_format | dspace |
| spelling | Davydov, O.N. Lysenko, V.N. Kurovskaya, L.Ya. 2014-07-03T19:59:25Z 2014-07-03T19:59:25Z 2011 Species Diversity of Carp, Cyprinus carpio (Cypriniformes, Cyprinidae), Parasites in Some Cultivation Regions / O.N. Davydov, V.N. Lysenko, L.Ya. Kurovskaya // Вестник зоологии. — 2011. — Т. 45, № 6. — С. 491–502. — Бібліогр.: 31 назв. — англ. 0084-5604 https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/65836 576.89:597.551.2 Zoogeographical comparison for species diversity of carp parasites in different cultivation regions including aquatic ecosystems of Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Russia, and Vietnam was carried out. Totally, 160 parasitic species were recorded in carp within these regions. Parasitic species with direct and complex life cycles important in epizootic, veterinary, and health areas were registered. Проведено зоогеографическое сравнение особенностей видового разнообразия паразитов карпа из разных регионов разведения, включая водные экосистемы Украины, Узбекистана, России, Вьетнама. Всего у карпа в пределах этих регионов зарегистрировано 160 видов паразитов. Отмечены специфические и имеющие эпизоотологическое и медико-ветеринарное значения виды паразитов с прямым и сложным циклом развития. en Інститут зоології ім. І.І. Шмальгаузена НАН України Вестник зоологии Фауна и систематика Species Diversity of Carp, Cyprinus carpio (Cypriniformes, Cyprinidae), Parasites in Some Cultivation Regions Особенности видового разнообразия паразитов карпа, Cyprinus carpio (Cypriniformes, Cyprinidae), в некоторых регионах культивирования Article published earlier |
| spellingShingle | Species Diversity of Carp, Cyprinus carpio (Cypriniformes, Cyprinidae), Parasites in Some Cultivation Regions Davydov, O.N. Lysenko, V.N. Kurovskaya, L.Ya. Фауна и систематика |
| title | Species Diversity of Carp, Cyprinus carpio (Cypriniformes, Cyprinidae), Parasites in Some Cultivation Regions |
| title_alt | Особенности видового разнообразия паразитов карпа, Cyprinus carpio (Cypriniformes, Cyprinidae), в некоторых регионах культивирования |
| title_full | Species Diversity of Carp, Cyprinus carpio (Cypriniformes, Cyprinidae), Parasites in Some Cultivation Regions |
| title_fullStr | Species Diversity of Carp, Cyprinus carpio (Cypriniformes, Cyprinidae), Parasites in Some Cultivation Regions |
| title_full_unstemmed | Species Diversity of Carp, Cyprinus carpio (Cypriniformes, Cyprinidae), Parasites in Some Cultivation Regions |
| title_short | Species Diversity of Carp, Cyprinus carpio (Cypriniformes, Cyprinidae), Parasites in Some Cultivation Regions |
| title_sort | species diversity of carp, cyprinus carpio (cypriniformes, cyprinidae), parasites in some cultivation regions |
| topic | Фауна и систематика |
| topic_facet | Фауна и систематика |
| url | https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/65836 |
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