Are Deschampsia anthartica Desv. and Colobanthus quitensis (Kunth) Bartl. migratory relicts?
It remains unclear why there are only two vascular plant species in Antarctica, Deschampsia antarctica Desv. (Poaceae) and Colobanthus quitensis (Kunth) Bartl. (Caryophyllaceae). Despite progressing climate warming, there is also just one alien plant species found in the region, introduced by humans...
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| Date: | 2007 |
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Інститут клітинної біології та генетичної інженерії НАН України
2007
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| Cite this: | Are Deschampsia anthartica Desv. and Colobanthus quitensis (Kunth) Bartl. migratory relicts? / I.Yu. Parnikoza, D.N. Maidanuk, I.A. Kozeretska // Цитология и генетика. — 2007. — Т. 41, № 4. — С. 36-40. — Бібліогр.: 38 назв. — англ. |
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Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine| _version_ | 1860236622174355456 |
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| author | Parnikoza, I.Yu. Maidanuk, D.N. Kozeretska, I.A. |
| author_facet | Parnikoza, I.Yu. Maidanuk, D.N. Kozeretska, I.A. |
| citation_txt | Are Deschampsia anthartica Desv. and Colobanthus quitensis (Kunth) Bartl. migratory relicts? / I.Yu. Parnikoza, D.N. Maidanuk, I.A. Kozeretska // Цитология и генетика. — 2007. — Т. 41, № 4. — С. 36-40. — Бібліогр.: 38 назв. — англ. |
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| description | It remains unclear why there are only two vascular plant species in Antarctica, Deschampsia antarctica Desv. (Poaceae) and Colobanthus quitensis (Kunth) Bartl. (Caryophyllaceae). Despite progressing climate warming, there is also just one alien plant species found in the region, introduced by humans and spreading mainly in disturbed habitats. In the present article we try to interpret the data concerning the history of the biota and glaciations of the continent, proceeding from the assumption that both plants migrated to Antarctica during the OligocenePliocene, when it was less isolated and the climate was more favorable for their naturalization. Genetic evidence was also taken into consideration. Our data allow suggesting secondary dispersal in the region, due to transfer by birds with regard of climate changes. With this in mind, we believe that D. antarctica and C. quitensis are migratory relicts.
Сегодня существует загадка распространения в Антарктике только двух видов сосудистых растений – Deshampsia antarctica и Colobanthus quintesensis. Даже в условиях прогрессирующего потепления в регионе зафиксировано распространение только одного адвентивного вида при прямом участии человека. Исходя из данных об истории биоты и оледенений в Антарктике, сделана попытка объяснить такую ситуацию проникновением обоих видов в Антарктику на временном отрезке олигоцен–плиоцен, в момент меньшей изоляции Антарктики и более благоприятной для натурализации климатической ситуации. Существенное внимание уделено генетическим исследованиям обоих видов. Современные данные дают возможность говорить о вторичном расселении видов в антарктическом регионе, что наблюдается и в последние десятилетия. Ему благоприятствуют наблюдаемые климатические изменения и птицы в качестве переносчиков. С учетом этого выдвинута гипотеза о том, что D. antarctica и C. quintesensis являются миграционными реликтами.
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It remains unclear why there are only two vascular plant
species in Antarctica, Deschampsia antarctica Desv. (Poaceae)
and Colobanthus quitensis (Kunth) Bartl. (Caryophyllaceae).
Despite progressing climate warming, there is also just one alien
plant species found in the region, introduced by humans and
spreading mainly in disturbed habitats. In the present article we
try to interpret the data concerning the history of the biota and
glaciations of the continent, proceeding from the assumption
that both plants migrated to Antarctica during the Oligocene�
Pliocene, when it was less isolated and the climate was more
favorable for their naturalization. Genetic evidence was also
taken into consideration. Our data allow suggesting secondary
dispersal in the region, due to transfer by birds with regard of
climate changes. With this in mind, we believe that D. antarc�
tica and C. quitensis are migratory relicts.
Introduction
The present�day flora of Maritime Antarctic
includes only two species of vascular plants: Des�
champsia antarctica Desv. (Poaceae) and Coloban�
thus quitensis (Kunth) Bartl. (Caryophyllaceae),
both species found also in Subantarctic, Maritime
Antarctic including the west coast of the Antarctic
Peninsula southward to Alexander Island, and the
Scotia Arc South Shetland, South Orkney and
South Sandwich archipelagos. Here both species
occur along the west coast of the Antarctic
Peninsula south to the current southernmost site
on Alamode Island, Terra�Firma Islands at 68° 42’
S. On the eastern side of the Peninsula, adjoining
the frozen Weddell Sea, vascular plants extend
only as far south as 65° [1, 2]. These plants also
occur in South America: C. quitensis extends along
the Andes and one site in Mexico, and D. antarcti�
ca reaches central Chile neighbouring Argentina
[3]. There are much more species of vascular
plants in subantarctic areas; for example, the flora
of the Kerguelen Archipelago numbers 36 to 69
species (data differ), and that of Tierra del Fuego
reaches several hundred taxa [4–6]. D. antarctica
and C. quitensis are thought to spread over
Maritime Antarctic in the mid�Holocene [6–8].
But then, if one regards climate warming on the
west coast of the Antarctic Peninsula during the
last fifty years, it is difficult to explain the absence
of other plant species in the Maritime Antarctic.
Moreover, the experiments set before establishing
the Antarctic Treaty on planting other species pur�
posely were unsuccessful [6]. The only survived
plant is a hardy cosmopolitan Poa annua L., intro�
duced by humans in the small areas at Cierva
Point, northern Antarctic Peninsula, and King
George Island [6]. Should two native Antarctic
plants be regarded under the dispersal concept?
Here we try to clarify the subject.
The Antarctic flora
in the context of geological events
The main subfamilies of Poaceae evolved and
spread over the Gondwana super�continent in the
Early Tertiary [9]. The oldest fossil pollen assigned
to Caryophyllaceae (Periporopollenites polyoratus)
was found in Australia and New Zealand and is
dated by the Late Cretaceous [10]. Both families
had enough time to spread as Gondwana conti�
nental plates were connected for a long time after
their origin; thus, Australia completely separated
36 ISSN 0564–3783. Цитология и генетика. 2007. № 4
УДК 292.3+551.8+582.35/.99+575.17
1
Taras Shevchenko Kyiv National University, Volodimirska Street, 64,
01033, Kyiv, Ukraine, kozer@univ.kiev.ua
2
Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics of the National Academy
of Sciences of Ukraine, Zabolotnogo Street, 150, 03143, Kyiv, Ukraine
ARE DESCHAMPSIA ANTARCTICA
DESV. AND COLOBANTHUS
QUITENSIS (KUNTH)
BARTL. MIGRATORY RELICTS?
I.YU. PARNIKOZA
1
, D.N. MAIDANUK
2
, I.A. KOZERETSKA
1
© I.YU. PARNIKOZA, D.N. MAIDANUK,
I.A. KOZERETSKA, 2007
Are Deschampsia antarctica Desv. and Colobanthus quitensis (Kunth) Bartl. ...
37
from Antarctica only in the Early Oligocene (about
30 Ma) [3]. It was then that the Antarctic Circumpolar
Current formed. Before that Antarctica was also con�
nected to South America [11]. One should assume
the mutual contacts of the continents in the Eoce�
ne�Miocene and even later, resulting from north�
ward and southward movements of continental
plates [9]. Glaciations are known to develop in
Antarctica since the Eocene. Polish geologists have
recently discovered on King George Island the first
Eocene mountain glaciers that preceded major ice
sheet formation in Antarctica [12]. West Antarc�
tica also shows a fairly well preserved glacial record
exposed on the South Shetland Islands and
Antarctic Peninsula [13]. The Paleogene–Neogene
strata on King George Island display a sequence of
alternating glacial and interglacial events, with at
least two regional ice sheet expansions during the
Oligocene Polonez Glaciation (32–26 Ma) and
the Miocene Melville Glaciation (23–20 Ma) [14].
Despite all these glaciations, in the Pliocene there
were tundra complexes with decumbent ligneous
Nothofagus beardmorensis (Nothofagaceae). There
were also cushion�like forms, distantly resembling
D. antarctica and C. qiutensis. However, their taxo�
nomic identity remains uncertain because it is dif�
ficult to determine genera using the available fossil
remnants [7]. Hence, the initial glaciation occurred
at the early stages in opening of the Drake Passage
and well before the separation of the South
Shetland Islands from the mainland Antarctic
Peninsula, about 2 Ma [15]. The simple vegetation
communities and low plant diversity observed today
contrast with the comparatively rich fossil record.
The development of the Antarctic ice sheets result�
ed in radical changes in vegetation. However, the
nature and timing of extinctions caused by climatic
cooling are still being debated largely due to the
paucity of Neogene fossil sites [8].
Could vascular plants
survive Antarctic glaciations?
The concept of polar refugia was developed main�
ly for the Arctic and other northern regions. As for
Antarctica, we have enough evidence for some
plants being able to survive the glacial epoch and
thrive during subsequent gradual deglaciation [17,
18]. The idea of refugia was at first stated as the so�
called nunatak hypothesis [19]; according to it,
polar plants could survive on rock eminences pro�
truding from glacial surface, or nunataks.
At the same time, there is some evidence indi�
cating incompleteness of the Antarctic glacial co�
ver. Thus, even when the last glaciation was at its
maximum (10–15 thousand years ago), as well as
throughout the so�called small glacial epoch
(500–100 years ago), there was no ice in one of the
largest oases of Eastern Antarctica – the Banger
oasis [20].
A number of scientists discuss the possibility for
invertebrate animals to withstand glaciation in
Antarctic refugia. These are sometimes considered
as probable Gondwanan relicts, such as mites,
nematodes, and springtails, thought to survive in the
refugia of the Trans�Antarctic Mountains [21, 22].
We adhere to the opinion that as the continent
gradually cooled and tundra formed, there still
could stay vascular plants, not only lichens and
mosses. However, their refugia are more likely to be
found in the coastal areas of Maritime Antarctic,
with the calefactory effect of the Antarctic
Circumpolar Current, not nunataks with low humid�
ity and high insolation. Coastal areas represent
stone beaches alternated with low rocks that pro�
tect vegetation from strong winds and accumulate
moisture both from melting ice and humid oceanic
air. D. antarctica and C. quitensis are currently
abundant on low coastal territories [6], where their
communities are dense and occupy vast areas. A
similar situation occurs in the glacial river valleys of
King George Island, near the Polish Henryk
Arctowski station, Barton [23] and Fildes [24]
Peninsulas, Livingstone Island (Metcheva, person�
al communication, 2006), Argentine Islands and
nearby archipelagos (Chesalin, personal communi�
cation, 2006). The present�day area of these terri�
tories is very small in comparison with bare, vegeta�
tion�free moraines [8]. Expansion of tundra biomes
from the very sites occurs in last decades due to the
present climate warming. It is noted in a number of
records [5, 23–25].
Are these two species relicts of the Tertiary?
Taliev wrote that, without direct paleontology evi�
dence, a rare and isolated species can be referred
to as a relict only if it is positively proved that it
could not have penetrated and spread there later
[38]. Migrations to Antarctica were utterly difficult
since the Pliocene, mainly due to the Antarctic
ISSN 0564–3783. Цитология и генетика. 2007. № 4
I.Yu. Parnikoza, D.N. Maidanuk, I.A. Kozeretska
38
Circumpolar Current and the Polar Front [5, 27].
Even Acaena (Rosaceae) and Uncinia (Cypera�
ceae) species have not yet invaded Antarctica,
though they have adaptations to be transferred by
birds crossing the Drake Passage (Larus domini�
canus and Catharacta lonnbergi) [6].
Genetic aspects
It is commonly considered that divergence of
plants and animals is higher in populations of gla�
cial refugia due to their prolonged isolation. This is
supposed to permit to distinguish long�settled
species from postglacial invaders, the last showing
low heterogeneity [18]. In an individual locus, in�
breeding, selfing, and vegetative propagation result
in genome homogenisation [28, 29]. Thus, suffi�
cient interpopulational heterogeneity was revealed
in several separated Saxifraga paniculata Mitt.
populations of the Alps and other European
mountains; it has been shown by combining sever�
al techniques (ITS, RAPD and AMOVA�analyses)
[30]. Such heterogeneity is often used to verify the
relict hypothesis. We came across only one research
comparing several C. quitensis specimens of Chile
and Maritime Antarctic by sequence of rDNA
Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS). Analysis showed
1.17 % sequence heterogeneity [31]. At the same
time, ITS�sequences, being transcribed and the
most conservative among those of the ribosomal
cistron, are commonly used for phylogenetic
analysis of species and higher taxa [32]. Estimation
of interpopulational heterogeneity, as in our case,
would require other methods. For example, RAPD
banding in Saxifraga paniculata has revealed that
91.2 % of the band were polymorphic, only 8.8 %
were scored in all individuals from all populations.
At the same time, ITS�analysis obtained 583 base
positions of which 14 were variable (2.4 %).
Except for one population, all investigated plants
from the Southwest and West German populations
had identical ITS�sequences [30]. Hence, testing
the relict hypothesis of both Antarctic vascular
plants should be based on an integral comparative
population study in South America and Antarctica.
Another question is whether the species are relicts
occurring within their natural ranges, or so�called
migratory relicts. According to Szafer, a migratory
relict is the species being actually relict only in sev�
eral refugia within its area, having already spread to
adjacent territories [33]. The Maritime Antarctic
localities of both species are scattered on separate
archipelagos and the coast of the Antarctic Penin�
sula. Are they parts of the initial South America –
Antarctica refugium, or are they themselves inde�
pendent refugia? Genetic investigations using the
AFLP method showed low heterogeneity between
spatially isolated populations of D. antarctica [34,
35]. The result could arise from the gene flow bet�
ween populations. Antarctic birds, thought to carry
the initial stock of plant seeds [6, 21, 31, 36], seem
to play now an important role in interpopulational
exchange. Regarding an inclement Antarctic clima�
te since the end of the Pliocene and the isolation, of
the continent new species can hardly penetrate the�
re, including even those with special adaptations to
transfer of their diaspores by birds. Our own observa�
tions, as well as other studies, allow supposing that
birds (mainly Larus dominicanus, Catharacta lonn�
bergi, and C. maccormiki) are secondary carriers
between islands. When they begin nesting, the most
of Maritime Antarctic coastal areas but separate
plots are covered with ice; that is why birds have to
fly from island to island to procure enough green
sprouts for building their nests. Edwards considers
that new localities were colonised primarily by veg�
etative propagation, which is promoted by the high
tolerance of D. antarctica to periods of uprooting
and its ability to re�establish itself [37]. Gerighausen
et al. [24] suggest that the expansion is a direct con�
sequence of regional warming, possibly promoted
by birds or other factors. This enables further expan�
sion and breaks the genetic isolation; populations
become homogeneous to a certain extent. To sum�
marize all aforesaid, we suggest that both species
could survive throughout glaciations in the most
protected loci – refugia, and later they spread local�
ly to adjacent ice�free territories. The main disper�
sal factor is birds, and the plants themselves are
migratory relicts.
Conclusions
Present�day distribution patterns of Deschampsia
antarctica and Colobanthus quitensis in South
America and Antarctica are likely caused both by
factors of vicariance�based and dispersal�based
schemes. The species could have migrated to An�
tarctica in the Oligocene�Pliocene, not in the
Holocene. Before the Antarctic Circumpolar Cur�
rent has formed, new families of herbaceous plants
passed through Antarctica via a land bridge bet �
ISSN 0564–3783. Цитология и генетика. 2007. № 4
Are Deschampsia antarctica Desv. and Colobanthus quitensis (Kunth) Bartl. ...
ween South America and Australia, for the conti�
nent was much less isolated from South America.
The dissemination could take place both through
intercontinental bridge and due to bird transfer, as
birds such as skuas were closely connected with
penguin colonies, the latter inhabiting Gondwana
remnants since the end of the Cretaceous. Successful
naturalization of the species in Antarctica could
occur only when climate was relatively favourable;
nowadays they reveal amazing stability due to
gradual adaptation to habitat deterioration in the
Pliocene. We suggest that other vascular plants
cannot survive in Antarctica because they lack such
adaptability. Climate warming enables D. antar�
ctica and C. quitensis to extend from coastal refugia
to adjacent islands and oases. Perhaps once it was
so in South America (e.g., C. quitensis nowadays is
found northward to Mexico [28]). Because of that
we consider these species migratory relicts.
We thank Vladimir Adonin, Mary Shevchenko,
Sergey Loparev, Rumiana Mecheva, Mihail Chesalin
for their help in research, and Sergey Kyryachenko
for his valuable remarks. Scientific comments and
editorial assistance of Sergey Mosyakin, who
improved the language and style of the manuscript,
are greatly appreciated.
РЕЗЮМЕ. Сегодня существует загадка распростра�
нения в Антарктике только двух видов сосудистых рас�
тений – Deshampsia antarctica и Colobanthus quintesensis.
Даже в условиях прогрессирующего потепления в реги�
оне зафиксировано распространение только одного
адвентивного вида при прямом участии человека. Исхо�
дя из данных об истории биоты и оледенений в Антарк�
тике, сделана попытка объяснить такую ситуацию про�
никновением обоих видов в Антарктику на временном
отрезке олигоцен–плиоцен, в момент меньшей изоля�
ции Антарктики и более благоприятной для натурали�
зации климатической ситуации. Существенное внима�
ние уделено генетическим исследованиям обоих видов.
Современные данные дают возможность говорить о
вторичном расселении видов в антарктическом регио�
не, что наблюдается и в последние десятилетия. Ему
благоприятствуют наблюдаемые климатические изме�
нения и птицы в качестве переносчиков. С учетом этого
выдвинута гипотеза о том, что D. antarctica и C. quintesen�
sis являются миграционными реликтами.
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ISSN 0564–3783. Цитология и генетика. 2007. № 4
|
| id | nasplib_isofts_kiev_ua-123456789-66569 |
| institution | Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| issn | 0564-3783 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-12-07T18:24:36Z |
| publishDate | 2007 |
| publisher | Інститут клітинної біології та генетичної інженерії НАН України |
| record_format | dspace |
| spelling | Parnikoza, I.Yu. Maidanuk, D.N. Kozeretska, I.A. 2014-07-18T16:42:56Z 2014-07-18T16:42:56Z 2007 Are Deschampsia anthartica Desv. and Colobanthus quitensis (Kunth) Bartl. migratory relicts? / I.Yu. Parnikoza, D.N. Maidanuk, I.A. Kozeretska // Цитология и генетика. — 2007. — Т. 41, № 4. — С. 36-40. — Бібліогр.: 38 назв. — англ. 0564-3783 https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/66569 292.3+551.8+582.35/.99+575.17 It remains unclear why there are only two vascular plant species in Antarctica, Deschampsia antarctica Desv. (Poaceae) and Colobanthus quitensis (Kunth) Bartl. (Caryophyllaceae). Despite progressing climate warming, there is also just one alien plant species found in the region, introduced by humans and spreading mainly in disturbed habitats. In the present article we try to interpret the data concerning the history of the biota and glaciations of the continent, proceeding from the assumption that both plants migrated to Antarctica during the OligocenePliocene, when it was less isolated and the climate was more favorable for their naturalization. Genetic evidence was also taken into consideration. Our data allow suggesting secondary dispersal in the region, due to transfer by birds with regard of climate changes. With this in mind, we believe that D. antarctica and C. quitensis are migratory relicts. Сегодня существует загадка распространения в Антарктике только двух видов сосудистых растений – Deshampsia antarctica и Colobanthus quintesensis. Даже в условиях прогрессирующего потепления в регионе зафиксировано распространение только одного адвентивного вида при прямом участии человека. Исходя из данных об истории биоты и оледенений в Антарктике, сделана попытка объяснить такую ситуацию проникновением обоих видов в Антарктику на временном отрезке олигоцен–плиоцен, в момент меньшей изоляции Антарктики и более благоприятной для натурализации климатической ситуации. Существенное внимание уделено генетическим исследованиям обоих видов. Современные данные дают возможность говорить о вторичном расселении видов в антарктическом регионе, что наблюдается и в последние десятилетия. Ему благоприятствуют наблюдаемые климатические изменения и птицы в качестве переносчиков. С учетом этого выдвинута гипотеза о том, что D. antarctica и C. quintesensis являются миграционными реликтами. We thank Vladimir Adonin, Mary Shevchenko, Sergey Loparev, Rumiana Mecheva, Mihail Chesalin for their help in research, and Sergey Kyryachenko for his valuable remarks. Scientific comments and editorial assistance of Sergey Mosyakin, who improved the language and style of the manuscript, are greatly appreciated. en Інститут клітинної біології та генетичної інженерії НАН України Цитология и генетика Оригинальные работы Are Deschampsia anthartica Desv. and Colobanthus quitensis (Kunth) Bartl. migratory relicts? Article published earlier |
| spellingShingle | Are Deschampsia anthartica Desv. and Colobanthus quitensis (Kunth) Bartl. migratory relicts? Parnikoza, I.Yu. Maidanuk, D.N. Kozeretska, I.A. Оригинальные работы |
| title | Are Deschampsia anthartica Desv. and Colobanthus quitensis (Kunth) Bartl. migratory relicts? |
| title_full | Are Deschampsia anthartica Desv. and Colobanthus quitensis (Kunth) Bartl. migratory relicts? |
| title_fullStr | Are Deschampsia anthartica Desv. and Colobanthus quitensis (Kunth) Bartl. migratory relicts? |
| title_full_unstemmed | Are Deschampsia anthartica Desv. and Colobanthus quitensis (Kunth) Bartl. migratory relicts? |
| title_short | Are Deschampsia anthartica Desv. and Colobanthus quitensis (Kunth) Bartl. migratory relicts? |
| title_sort | are deschampsia anthartica desv. and colobanthus quitensis (kunth) bartl. migratory relicts? |
| topic | Оригинальные работы |
| topic_facet | Оригинальные работы |
| url | https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/66569 |
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