The main principles and objectives of the national transport system
Стаття присвячена проблемам побудови ефективних транспортних систем. Запропоновані принципи та представлені задачі, які повинні служити орієнтирами та базовими ідеями формування та розвитку сучасних національних транспортних систем....
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| Cite this: | The main principles and objectives of the national transport system / Svetlana Ilchenko, Vitaliy Minakov // Економічні інновації: Зб. наук. пр. — Одеса: ІПРЕЕД НАН України, 2012. — Вип. 50. — С. 90-98. — Бібліогр.: 10 назв. — англ. |
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| citation_txt | The main principles and objectives of the national transport system / Svetlana Ilchenko, Vitaliy Minakov // Економічні інновації: Зб. наук. пр. — Одеса: ІПРЕЕД НАН України, 2012. — Вип. 50. — С. 90-98. — Бібліогр.: 10 назв. — англ. |
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| description | Стаття присвячена проблемам побудови ефективних транспортних систем. Запропоновані принципи та представлені задачі, які повинні служити орієнтирами та базовими ідеями формування та розвитку сучасних національних транспортних систем.
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Випуск 50 2012
UDC 338.47+330.522.2
THE MAIN PRINCIPLES AND OBJECTIVES OF THE NATIONAL
TRANSPORT SYSTEM
ОСНОВНЫЕ ПРИНЦИПЫ И ЗАДАЧИ ПОСТРОЕНИЯ
НАЦИОНАЛЬНОЙ ТРАНСПОРТНОЙ СИСТЕМЫ
Svetlana Ilchenko, Vitaliy Мinakov
Ильченко С.В., Минаков В.В.
Стаття присвячена проблемам побудови ефективних транспортних
систем. Запропоновані принципи та представлені задачі, які повинні служити
орієнтирами та базовими ідеями формування та розвитку сучасних
національних транспортних систем.
Introduction.
The global process of goods and passengers movement is too large the scale of
the diversity and complexity of the supply chain. And transport in this process plays
the leading role. However, the visible and obvious difference between the national
regimes of different countries and opportunities for their citizens. The lack of a single
means of solving the problems, connected with a transport complex in each state,
exclusive approaches taking into account individual features not only at the macro
level, but also in the addition to each separate kind of transport as a subsystem of the
whole transport complex, in fact play a much more important role in the
consequences, which may be as a result formed.
A review of recent research and publications.
In recent years, in connection with the deterioration problems of an objective
nature, the lack of financial resources, lack of national cargo base, and a low level of
creating intellectual, information support of transport systems, questions of formation
and effective functioning of national transport systems are included in the list of state
priorities. Analysis of the results of Ukrainian and foreign scientists, experts in the
field of transport research [1-8], only confirms the urgency and relevance of the
search for adequate approaches. In the article the authors offer the basic principles of
formation and main directions of efficient transport systems development with regard
to world experience in Ukraine's transport potential and present conditions and trends.
The main material for the research
The processes of globalization, the feeling of «the world on a palm»,
paradoxically, increase the volume of transport and the demand on the commodity
exchange. Only those companies, which are effective and flexible, those who are
moving in the direction of changing the world, provided with the relevant
technologies and use advanced commercial strategy, will exist in the market and
continue to play an important role there.
The size and structure of national and world transport systems are defined by
the volume and the structure of demand for their services, capability and commitment
of the national and a foreign investor to finance the development and modernization
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of the transport system, the direction indicators and growth in related sectors, which
are of material and technical base of functioning and development of transport, the
possibility of transport enterprises to implement its innovative development.
The volume of demand for transport services and requirements to the level of
their quality are determined by the territorial placement of the production base of the
state, its structure, specialization and co-operation directions of economic relations,
domestic and global, and their intensity, the macroeconomic indicators of activities of
the state, business and consumer activity of the population, as well as the density of
the population on a certain territory, its age structure, the distance between the
settlements and places of production and consumption.
Between the needs of the world economy in the improvement of transport
processes and further development of high-tech, highly integrated schemes of
transportation of goods with guaranteed preservation of and compliance with strict
rhythmic supplies continue to have an impact on the development of transport in the
major countries of the world. Long-term tendencies of development of world
transport to continue to promote the expansion of the global network of transport
communications, increase of their load, and improve the synchronization of the work
of different kinds of transport
Today the transportation of cargo and passengers is not regarded as a
mechanical process, separated from man. In all countries of the program of
development of transport complex of the show as a priority - the growth of the
welfare of the population, directly through implementation of high quality of
transport services, and indirectly - through the activation of all spheres of economic
life of the state.
The analysis shows that the system of the factors most closely linked with the
work of all elements of the transport system. Thus, the results of the study
demonstrate strong correlation between the results of the activities of various sectors
of the economy, demographic indicators and the transport system.
It is obvious, that decrease in volumes of industrial production and the
fluctuations of the level of incomes of the population directly impact on the volumes
of transported cargo weight, and the largest number of transported passengers. Record
of such addiction in the first place is important when building a predictive indicators.
Table. 1. demonstrated by the fact that the reduction of incomes of the
population in 2009 led to the geometric a fall in the number of transported passengers.
Decrease in volumes of industrial production - to even greater losses in the part
of the carriage of goods. The interconnectedness of these processes can be
represented in mathematical form, if we take into account that the mobility of the
population (or factor mobility) is one of the major indicators and quality of the
population life, and the level of the transport system development. By the factor
mobility is influenced by the level of the population incomes, the level of migration,
the direction and pace of industry and agriculture development, systems of tourism,
the number of population.
Table 1
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Main indicators of Ukraine development,% of the previous year
2008 2009 2010 2011
The volume of industrial production - 5,2 - 21,9 11,2 7,6
The incomes of the population 35,7 6,15 23,1 13,6
The migration level of population, per 1000 people. 14,9 13,4 16,1 17,1
Transportation of passengers 1,4 - 12,7 - 6,0 1,9
Transportation of cargoes - 1,3 - 21,9 8,5 7,4
Source: Ukraine State Committee of statistics [10].
Кмоб. = ∑ Р
Н
, travel/pers. (1.)
where P is the performance of passenger transportation volumes, millions of
travels.
H - the number of the population, million people.
or Кмоб. = ∑ Р
Н
, passenger-km/pers (2.)
where P is the value of passenger turnover, million passenger-km.
H - the number of the population, million people.
With the consideration of the relevant factors, the factor takes the form of the:
Кмоб. = Кмоб. (К∆ х К∆М х К∆Н х К∆Д) (3.)
where КΔQ – the effect of the production volumes;
КΔМ – amount of gain (loss) of the population as a result of migration, the
migration ratio;
КΔН – rate fluctuations population of the study area for the period;
КΔД – rate of the population incomes level change.
To determine the values of the changes factors coefficients:
К∆ = ∆푖 − ∆ (4.)
Influence of economic indicators on the degree of the most effective use of the
transport cargo capacity can be considered in the following form:
The functioning of the transport system, was denoted through ξ – the
production process, the level of intensity of which in the moment of time t takes the
form yt
ξ , where ξ = 1, …, α. The process of passenger and cargo transportation costs
in the amount of c1ξ, c2ξ,…, cβξ and provides the result of its activity in the values of
υ1ξ, υ2ξ, …, υβξ. As a basis of the production process use parameters cξ = (c1j, …, cβj), υj
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= (υ1j, …, υβj), where (сξ, vξ) characterize the technological potential of the ξ – process.
The whole basis of the processes may be formalized in the form of two matrices with
a vector of intensity yt = (y1
t, …, yα
t) – matrix incoming flow – А, and results matrix –
В.
А = ; B =
(5.)
In accordance with the vector of intensity at all α-processes build a linear
combination of basic processes list with coefficients yt = (y1
t, …, yα
t).
(6.)
where the basic processes ( participate with intensities yt = (y1
t, …,
yα
t). The model presented in a linear form, but if we consider the entire list of
acceptable component of the basic processes, will be formed extended set of:
(7.)
reflecting the possibility of joint activities and interdependence of the various
sectors of the economy.
Consideration of the transport system capacity in the first place as the main
condition of a high quality of life of people, and only then, as a means to increase the
efficiency of the country economy as a whole - is the basic tendency of the
contemporary world community
For successful implementation it is necessary to perform a number of
principles, which can be summarized in the following form. The transport system
must be:
- customeroriented, the primary reference point for the majority of strategies
and programs of transport systems development of different countries. Along with the
overall objectives of the safe provision, timely, high-quality, affordable transport
services, the main instruments of the implementation of these tasks are of the program
of development of transport corridors, axes, motorways of the sea.
This approach creates conditions for the development of all types of transport
in accordance with the target preferences in it, on the other hand, provides the filling
of existing capacities and potential for the development of new ones.
- integrated, provide the opportunity to obtain a smooth, modern, safe, reliable
transport services everywhere;
- international, able to interact with the international transport system in
respect of the conformity of the world's major technical-technological, environmental,
customs standards, the requirements of quality and safety;
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- intermodal, functioning as a whole transport complex with the possibility to
use the facilities of any kind of transport, building a multi-component system, which
meets the requests of passengers and cargo owners in advanced, efficient
technologies, and reduce transport costs;
- reliable, to ensure the safe, timely, accessible, convenient service for all
citizens;
- intellectual, the basic meaning of this initiative is aimed at creation of
common information space, which unites all kinds of transport, the control system,
and the users in a single controlled circuit. The task is so global, and how difficult
doable. To date, only in the USA, as the main developer of this approach, achieved
tangible successes. The creation of a unified architecture intellectual transport
network allows you, among other things, to control the three main areas: security
(means of transport, monitoring of natural and man-made disasters), environmental
protection (control and timeliness of decision-making), mobility (the collection of
information in the real-time mode and informing the members of the movement).
- innovative, creating an environment that converts the advanced technologies,
concepts and ideas into new transport products, processes and systems services
quickly and least expensive;
- ecological oriented, which in addition to the use of technical and
technological innovations in the field of transport and cargo handling, modeling and
design in development of regional programs of development. Such an approach
facilitates the most efficient use of existing infrastructure and energy resources in
parallel with the development of environmental sensitive zones.
Economic growth leads to increased pollution. This fact is confirmed by
statistical data. Therefore, when choosing a sustainable path of development, it is
necessary to orient on the mechanisms, which will facilitate the transformation of the
economy structure in such a way as to its further development will not threaten the
environment and does not reduce the quality of life of this country citizens.
Assessment of the impact of transport on the environment it is reasonable to
conduct, on the basis of two main categories:
- pollution of the atmosphere and the impact on climate change;
- noise pollution.
This should consistently be viewed by all types of transport, and the available
transport network (ports, airports, etc.).
Values of indicators of air pollution and noise emissions are formed depending
on the kind of transport, number of miles overcome and, to the maximum extent on
the characteristics of the vehicle.
Work on neutralization of the extremely negative influence on the people of
polluting agents should be multi-dimensional. Denote only some of them:
- Minimization of the needs of the day-to-day movements, especially in long
distances, primarily due to the concentrated development of industrial, commercial
and business life of the so-called «sleeping» districts of the city;
- Additional measures to ensure a high quality of public transport services and
enhancing the attractiveness of its use of all layers of the population;
- Development of strategic programs for the formation of public opinion in
respect of the culture of walking and biking movements at small distances. The
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development of appropriate infrastructure for walking and cycling (promoting their
use as an alternative to private car transport);
- Promoting the use of energy-efficient and environmentally friendly (pure and
silent) types of vehicles as for the transportation of passengers, as well as for cargo
delivery;
- Collection of payments for pollution of atmospheric air by road, which is
based on the economic assessment of damage, should be at the statutory tax rate
(representing the total of the damage which may be caused by fuel combustion
products in the absence of vital resources, reduced in 2 times), and the penalty rate
(based on the excess of actual losses on a normative);
- Maximization of the city potential is mainly due to the increase of the quality
of life, attracting tourists, business partners and investors.
Source: Energy Outlook, 2035 [9]
Pic. 1. The growth in the number of vehicles in the countries of the world community
The execution of these tasks is possible only in the presence of a holistic,
global approach. On the other hand, such qualitative transformation can not do
without the substantial financial resources, the amount of which is rapidly declining
in parallel with the growth of public debt in many, including the developed countries
of the world. On the first plan are just those mechanisms, which will give an
opportunity with minimum investment to get the desired result. The question consists
only in the creation of acceptable conditions or, at least, a departure from the policy
of bans
Conclusions.
In the basis of functioning and development of the transport system should be
based on the following trends:
- the improvement of the transport system, improving its efficiency, and to
ensure reliable and uninterrupted transportation, through the quality of awareness of
users of all types of transport;
The total number
of vehicles
Mln.
Un. The number of vehicles per 1
thousand population
USA
Germany
Japan
China
India
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- trends of reducing the demand for certain types of transport as a result of
reduction of passengers and cargoes physical movement in the direction of
«virtualization» (distribution of telecommunication technology, e-Commerce etc.);
- improving the quality of operational management by the signing of the new
interdepartmental agreements - both formal and virtual - often located at the junction
of the state and private persons interests, which will give an opportunity to overcome
legal and industry-specific restrictions;
- the development of effective and efficient mechanisms for selection of
infrastructure projects, especially related to the information infrastructure, which will
create additional potential of the passengers and cargo transportation system, with
minimum impact on other important economic sectors, such as land use,
environmental protection and other;
- the rationalization of the project and operating systems at the macro level, by
switching the traffic flows in the intermodal transshipment points (water transport,
railways, maritime transport, aviation, etc.);
- increasing the availability of transport services due to the increase in coverage
to all large territories and layers of the population, through the development of the
distribution network, known throughout the world as the «hub-and-spoke», at the
national, regional levels and the level of individual services.
Innovative development everywhere is given a special value, expressed in the
form of programs and strategies, supported by tax, subsidiary, legislative and other
preferences. Leading directions of this development can be summarised in the
following:
- total informatization of transport;
- the creation of cost-effective, resource-efficient and environmentally safe
vehicles;
- formation of a multimodal logistics centers;
- creation of terminal cargo delivery systems;
- creation of transport and distribution systems, based on application of
logistics technologies;
- the development of container and piggyback technologies.
References
1. Kotlubay А. The development of transportation and technological
systems in Ukraine: the conceptual framework / А. Kotlubay // Economic
innovations. ― 2011. ― № 46. ― С. 9 ― 22.
2. Дикань В. Л. Становление и развитие транспортной системы путем
создания торгово-транспортной сети «DOOR-TO-DOOR» [Текст] / В. Л. Дикань
// Вісник економіки транспорту і промисловості: Зб. наук. праць. — Харків:
УкрДАЗТ. — 2007. — № 18. — С. 68 — 70.
3. Винников В. В. Логистические мультимодальные транспортные
технологии в системе транспортных коридоров / В. В. Винников // Вестник
экономики транспорта и промышленности, 2009. — № 26 — С. 19.
4. Буркинский Б. В., Котлубай А. М. Транспортная политика в
условиях экономического кризиса :итоги реализации и перспективы развития //
Тезисы доклада на VI научно-практическая конференция «Транспортная
стратегия Украины. Опыт развития транспортной инфраструктуры Украины и
ближнего зарубежья». — Одеса 21— 22 октября 2009. — С. 57 — 59.
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5. Швецов В. И. Математическое моделирование транспортных
потоков / В. И. Швецов // Автоматика и телемеханика. — № 11. — 2003. —
С. 3 — 46.
6. Широв A. A., Янтовский А. А. Согласование отраслевых
стратегий как элемент комплексного народнохозяйственного прогноза (на
примере электроэнергетики и железнодорожного транспорта) /
A. A. Широв, А. А. Янтовский // Проблемы прогнозирования. — 2008. — №
5. — С. 20 — 36.
7. Шишко Д. Г., Гончаров Н. Е. Влияние изменений внешней среды на
транспорт и его показатели. // Транспортный комплекс Украины Сб.науч.тр. —
К.: ИКТП-Центр, 1998. — Вып. 5. — 179 с.
8. Émile Quinet, Roger William Vickerman (2004). Principles of transport
economics, Edward Elgar Publishing, Inc. – P. 389.
9. The Outlook for Energy: A View to 2035, June 2012 / International
Energy Agency, 2012 — U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, DC. — 252 p.
10. Статистичний щорічник України за 2010 рік. / [редакт.
О. Г. Осауленко]. — К.: ТОВ «Август Трейд», 2011. — 560 с.
Аннотация
Общемировой процесс перемещения грузов и пассажиров принимает
слишком крупные масштабы по разнообразию и сложности поставок. И
транспорт в этом процессе играет ведущую роль. При этом резко ощутима и
очевидна разница между национальными режимами разных государств и
возможностями их граждан. Отсутствие единого средства решения проблем,
связанных с транспортным комплексом в каждом отдельном государстве,
эксклюзивные подходы с учетом индивидуальных особенностей не только на
макроуровне, но и в приложении к каждому отдельному виду транспорта как
подсистемы всего транспортного комплекса, фактически играют намного более
важную роль в тех последствиях, которые могут быть в результате
сформированы.
Процессы глобализации, ощущение «мира на ладони», как это ни
парадоксально, увеличивают объемы транспортировки и спрос на товарный
взаимообмен. Только те предприятия, которые эффективны и гибки, те, которые
двигаются в направлении меняющегося мира, обеспечены соответствующими
технологиями и используют передовые коммерческие стратегии, будут
существовать на рынке и продолжать играть там важную роль.
Масштабы и структура национальной и мировой транспортных систем
определяются объемом и структурой спроса на их услуги, возможностью и
готовностью национального и зарубежного инвестора финансировать развитие
и модернизацию транспортной системы, направлением и показателями роста в
смежных отраслях, являющихся материальной и технической базой
функционирования и развития транспорта, возможностью транспортных
предприятий осуществлять свое инновационное развитие. Объем спроса на
транспортные услуги и требования к уровню их качества определяются
территориальным размещением производственной базы государства, ее
структурой, специализацией и кооперацией, направлениями экономических
связей, внутренних и общемировых, и их интенсивностью,
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макроэкономическими показатели деятельности государства, деловой и
потребительской активностью населения, а также плотностью размещения
населения на определенной территории, его возрастного состава, расстояния
между населенными пунктами и пунктами производства и потребления.
Между тем потребности мировой экономики в совершенствовании
транспортных процессов и дальнейшем развитии высокотехнологичных,
высокоинтегрированных схем перевозки грузов с гарантированной
сохранностью и соблюдением строго ритмичных поставок продолжают
оказывать воздействие на развитие транспорта в основных странах мира.
Долгосрочные тенденции развития мирового транспорта по-прежнему
направлены на расширение мировой сети транспортных коммуникаций,
повышение их загрузки, улучшение синхронности работы разных видов
транспорта
На сегодняшний день перевозка грузов и пассажиров уже не
рассматривается как механический процесс, отделенный от человека. Во всех
странах программы развития транспортного комплекса демонстрируют в
качестве первоочередной задачи – рост благосостояния населения,
непосредственно - через качественное выполнение транспортных услуг, и
косвенно - через непосредственную активизацию всех сфер экономической
жизни государства.
Анализ показывает, что система факторов самым тесным образом
взаимосвязана с работой всех элементов транспортной системы. Так,
результаты исследования демонстрирую стойкую корреляционную связь между
результатами деятельности разных секторов экономики, демографическими
показателями и транспортной системой.
Очевидно, что снижение объемов промышленного производства и
флуктуации уровня доходов населения непосредственно отражаются и на
объемах перевезенной грузовой массы, и на величине числа перевезенных
пассажиров. Учет такой зависимости, в первую очередь важен при построении
прогнозных показателей.
Рассмотрение потенциала транспортной системы в первую очередь в
качестве главного условия высокого качества жизни людей, и лишь затем, как
средства повышения эффективности экономики страны в целом – представляет
основную тенденцию современного мирового сообщества. Для успешной их
реализации необходимо выполнение ряда принципов, которые могут быть
обобщены и предложены в статье. Рассматривая транспортную систему с
учетом современных тенденций и происходящих трансформаций,
предложены основные направления, которые должны быть положены в
основу функционирования и развития национальной транспортной системы.
|
| id | nasplib_isofts_kiev_ua-123456789-67244 |
| institution | Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| issn | XXXX-0066 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-12-01T03:12:57Z |
| publishDate | 2012 |
| publisher | Інститут проблем ринку та економіко-екологічних досліджень НАН України |
| record_format | dspace |
| spelling | Ilchenko, S. Minakov, V. 2014-08-28T16:53:04Z 2014-08-28T16:53:04Z 2012 The main principles and objectives of the national transport system / Svetlana Ilchenko, Vitaliy Minakov // Економічні інновації: Зб. наук. пр. — Одеса: ІПРЕЕД НАН України, 2012. — Вип. 50. — С. 90-98. — Бібліогр.: 10 назв. — англ. XXXX-0066 https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/67244 338.47+330.522.2 Стаття присвячена проблемам побудови ефективних транспортних систем. Запропоновані принципи та представлені задачі, які повинні служити орієнтирами та базовими ідеями формування та розвитку сучасних національних транспортних систем. en Інститут проблем ринку та економіко-екологічних досліджень НАН України Економічні інновації Морська транспортна політика The main principles and objectives of the national transport system Основные принципы и задачи построения национальной транспортной системы Article published earlier |
| spellingShingle | The main principles and objectives of the national transport system Ilchenko, S. Minakov, V. Морська транспортна політика |
| title | The main principles and objectives of the national transport system |
| title_alt | Основные принципы и задачи построения национальной транспортной системы |
| title_full | The main principles and objectives of the national transport system |
| title_fullStr | The main principles and objectives of the national transport system |
| title_full_unstemmed | The main principles and objectives of the national transport system |
| title_short | The main principles and objectives of the national transport system |
| title_sort | main principles and objectives of the national transport system |
| topic | Морська транспортна політика |
| topic_facet | Морська транспортна політика |
| url | https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/67244 |
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