Legal aspects of ensuring the competitivenss of the shipping companies in Ukraine
The article deals with the normative base of the maritime traffic, including the national legislation, international contracts and Merchant marine code of Ukraine that is the necessary element of insuring the competitiveness of the shipping companies in Ukraine.
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| Cite this: | Legal aspects of ensuring the competitivenss of the shipping companies in Ukraine / O. Vorkunova, N. Hoteeva // Економічні інновації: Зб. наук. пр. — Одеса: ІПРЕЕД НАН України, 2012. — Вип. 50. — С. 172-179. — Бібліогр.: 11 назв. — англ. |
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| citation_txt | Legal aspects of ensuring the competitivenss of the shipping companies in Ukraine / O. Vorkunova, N. Hoteeva // Економічні інновації: Зб. наук. пр. — Одеса: ІПРЕЕД НАН України, 2012. — Вип. 50. — С. 172-179. — Бібліогр.: 11 назв. — англ. |
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| description | The article deals with the normative base of the maritime traffic, including the national legislation, international contracts and Merchant marine code of Ukraine that is the necessary element of insuring the competitiveness of the shipping companies in Ukraine.
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172
Економічні інновації
Випуск 50 2012
UDC 340.13:656.078.8(477)
LEGAL ASPECTS OF ENSURING THE COMPETITIVENSS OF
THE SHIPPING COMPANIES IN UKRAINE
ПРАВОВЫЕ АСПЕКТЫ ОБЕСПЕЧЕНИЯ
КОНКУРЕНТОСПОСОБНОСТИ СУДОХОДНЫХ КОМПАНИЙ
УКРАИНЫ
Olga Vorkunova, Nataliya Hoteeva
Воркунова О.В., Хотеева Н.В.
The article deals with the normative base of the maritime traffic, including
the national legislation, international contracts and Merchant marine code of
Ukraine that is the necessary element of insuring the competitiveness of the shipping
companies in Ukraine.
Introduction. Transport plays a structural role in the world economics.
Creating of the dynamically developed, sustainable, and balanced national transport
system is an important orientation of the state policy of Ukraine [2].
Competitiveness is an integral condition of the market economy. The
international character of tonnage market makes the shipping companies involved
into the sphere of competitive relations. The successive realization of the aims of a
company depends on the level of its competitiveness.
The legal regulation of maritime traffic has some specifics that distinguishes
it from the legal regulation of the transportation process, carried out by types of
transport. The peculiarity of marine transport is the highest degree of unification of
legal roles in comparison with other branches. It is caused by the fact that the most
part of transportation process is carried out via sea routes which are not subject to the
jurisdiction of a certain state, i.e. beyond the limits of any national legal system. All
this requires the development and adopting of multilateral international agreements
that should regulate the questions of the status of marine space, maritime security,
people security on the sea, environment protection etc.
The state transport policy of Ukraine is closely connected with the norms of
international transport right. There is a set of normative documents in Ukraine aimed
at the development of maritime industry: PNBO decision from May 16, 2008 “On
measures for the development of Ukraine as a maritime state”, The maritime doctrine
of Ukraine, Strategy of development of sea port in the period up to 2015, there was
passed a law, though rather ambiguous “On sea ports of Ukraine”. There is no
essential notion – the state maritime policy [11].
Target setting. Thereby the aim of the article is the examination of the
existing normative base that regulates maritime traffic consisting of the national
legislation, international contracts and the Merchant marine code of Ukraine that is
necessary for the maintaining of competitiveness of shipping companies in Ukraine.
Results. In the sphere of the legal support of the management of enterprise
competitiveness, including shipping companies, works the law “About economic
competitiveness”, which determines the legal foundation of the support and protection
of economic competitiveness, restriction of monopolism in economic activity and is
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Випуск 50
aimed to support effective functioning of economics in Ukraine on the basis of the
development of competitive relations.
The legal regulation of the shipping companies’ activity has a number of
differences from the regulation activity of other enterprises. The normative base that
regulates the sphere of functioning of shipping companies consists of the national
legislation, including Merchant marine code, international contracts etc. The
specialists note that Merchant marine code doesn’t in full satisfy the current situation
in Ukraine and international standards.
The acquirement of the right of flying the state flag of Ukraine is determined
by the article 33 of Merchant marine code which says that the right of flying the state
flag of Ukraine a vessel gets from the moment of its registration in the State Register
of Ships of Ukraine or in the Ship register book of Ukraine or if there is the flag
certificate. The national identity of a vessel is determined by the state in which it was
registered. The safety of the merchant shipping within the inland territorial waters as
well as in high seas is confirmed by the UN Convention on conditions for registration
of ships (1986), which determines fundamentally important regulations connected
with the right of ownership of a vessel and its crew designation.
There is the notion “Ukrainian vessel” in the Merchant marine code of
Ukraine that determines the national identity of a vessel to which is applied the
jurisdiction of Ukraine. I. e. the vessel, registered in Ukraine in the Merchant marine
code has the right of flying the state flag of Ukraine.
At the present time there are effective two main conventions that regulates the
issues of the marine cargo traffic. The first is the Convention on the Unification of
Certain Rules relating to Bills of Landing of 1924 (the Hague Rules) which cover
such issues as: the order of drawing up of the bill of landing and its details, the order
of presentation of the claims to the maritime carrier, the responsibility of the maritime
carrier for the cargo owner’s losses; with the Protocol on the changes of 1968 (the
Visby Rules). The second one is the Convention on the maritime cargo traffic of 1978
(the Hamburg Rules). For a long time all the functions of the legal regulation of
international maritime traffic according to the bill of landing were carried out by the
Hague Rules but from November 1, 1992 the Hamburg Rules entered into force
fundamentally.
One of the main aims of these conventions is the exclusion of the possibility
of monopolism in world marine transport business.
There are also a set of conventions that indirectly refer to maritime traffic.
This is the Convention on the limitation of liabilities on maritime requirements, the
Convention on the Code of conduct for liner conferences etc.
In the process of functioning of the marine transport of Ukraine there should
be taken into account the international standards and the state standards of Ukraine,
departmental normative documents of marine transport of Ukraine that should be
approved by the Ministry of transport and communications of Ukraine and the State
department of marine and inland water transport of Ukraine.
The supervision and registration-licensing functions are carried out by the
State fleet inspection of Ukraine, the Register of Ukraine, the State Registrar of the
fleet, the State enterprise of certification and registration of crew personnel [8].
Within the boarders of any state or on the territory of transportation of
cargoes and passengers the stated norms are maintained in accordance with the
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existing legislation of the exact state therefore the legal conflicts arise at the crossing
of cargoes and passengers of the other states’ boarders. The legal conflicts arise
because the participants of the cargo traffic can lodge their complaints to the courts of
other countries. The legal conflicts arise even despite of the existing directions in the
Merchant marine code for the sphere of the general principles of the legislation of
Ukraine not regulated by the Code.
In Ukraine there was founded the Maritime arbitration commission under the
Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Ukraine. Its competence covers practically all
relations in the settlement of controversies that arise in merchant shipping. The
competence of the Marine arbitration commission cover the regulation of argues that
arise on the score of the relations of:
-chartering of vessels, maritime cargo traffic;
-marine insurance (reinsurance);
-dealing with technical maintenance, loans and purchase and sale of vessels;
-the marine work on vessel towing;
-using of vessels for scientific researches;
-the works connected the raising of vessels which have sunk in the sea;
-collision of sea-doing vessels.
But creation of the Maritime arbitration commission in Ukraine is not an
indication of the appropriate level of the development of the institutional maritime
arbitration. The institutional or the permanent arbitration is usually created under the
national chambers of trade, of commerce and industry, exchanges, associations,
unions, societies and any other organizations including those that are functionally
international. They are often called arbitration centers.
There is the hope that Ukraine will take a worthy place among the states
where institutional maritime arbitration is developed as a factor of the development of
the national merchant shipping.
In the most part of the cases the conventions become necessary for
shipowners and shippers in one of the following ways. That is they may be formally
included to the legislation of the state that accepted the convention that became the
law of this state. They may be also included in the list of conditions for the entry into
voluntary organizations (the agreement on navigation, the agreement on cargo
traffic).
For the legal protection of rights of shipowners and shippers there was stated
the complex of general principles of the navigation policy – declaration that was
signed in 1993 between the members of the Committee on marine transport,
Organization of economic cooperation and development and representatives of the
countries of Central and Eastern Europe and new independent states. The
International marine organization makes a considerable contribution into the
regulation of the issues of the international trade in the sphere of maritime traffic, the
establishment of the international legal norms of the safety of navigation which could
influence greatly the state of the Ukrainian state market. It is also important to
mention that the functioning of the international navigation is determined by the
international organization – Baltic international Maritime Council which is aimed at
the joining together the efforts of shipowners, connected with the merchant
navigation and aimed at the increase of its effectiveness, informing of freight owners
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on the cases of enforcement of unfair fees and requirements, speculative freight
transactions and other unacceptable practice.
Ukraine is not ready for the signing of the most part of normative acts that
regulate the work of navigation and that’s why confines itself to use international
agreement and conventions:
- International convention on the load mark;
- International convention on tonnage measurement of ships;
- International safety container convention;
- International convention on maritime search and rescue;
- International convention on safety of life at sea;
- Convention on the international organization of satellite marine
communication;
- Convention on the suppression of the unlawful acts against the safety of
maritime navigation;
- the International regulations for preventing collisions at sea;
- International convention on the prevention of pollution from ships;
- Convention on a code of conduct for liner conferences;
- Convention regarding the regime of navigation on the Danube.
- Memorandum of understanding “On the development of the Pan-European
corridors (Danube)”;
- the European agreement concerning the international carriage of dangerous
goods by inland waterways;
- Budapest convention on the contract for the carriage of goods by inland
waterway;
- other conventions and agreements.
On the score of absence of the state support navigation companies should on
general term compete for freight traffic that belong to the state and foreign cargo
owners. The considerable age of vessels, imperfect equipment of the transport fleet,
irrational use of industrial potential and marketing activity led to the deterioration of
the results of work of the domestic navigation.
The loss of the national industrial potential of the merchant fleet of Ukraine is
determined by mistakes of transformation of the state property as well as haste in
creating of the separate shipping companies. I. E. the creation of different forms of
joint stock companies made it possible for the competitors actually to eliminate the
competitive part of the national merchant fleet with the help of various non-
commercial actions.
The effective form of attraction of the shipowner under the national flag is the
creation of international and parallel registers that provide the preferential mode of
taxation which makes shipowners free from taxes and fees. For shipowner there are
established payments in the form of registration and annual tonnage duties [1].
Resume. The analysis of the legislative base of Ukraine shows that it doesn’t
facilitate the work of shipping companies. Moreover this kind of business is a capital-
intensive one and as a result financial risk is inherent to it, nevertheless it is maritime
traffic that is the perspective sphere of the economic activity. Besides against the
background of the loss of the fleet by Ukrainian shipping companies there is
developing the process of founding and developing. Also the complexity of the
solution of this problem is worsening by the absence of scientifically based strategy
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of actions of native shipping companies, adopted to the conditions of the work in the
competitive sphere. For functioning under competitiveness there should be some
vehicle for defining the positions of the shipping company on the market that would
be the basis for the developing of the strategy of its conduct.
The native taxation system remains one of the most complex, the rate of
cumulative taxation of navigation activity is the highest in the world. The results are
obvious – the share of marine transport in GDP of Ukraine is constantly decreasing
and at the present moment according to different opinions makes from 1.5 to 2 %,
while according to the opinion of scientists, upon condition of using the potential
gained at the beginning of the independence it could make 15% within marine
transport and 10% concerning shipbuilding and ship-repairing. All this in complex
means short-received millions and billions of dollars. And one more thing. While
during the last 7 years the volume of export of transport services, given to the
Ukrainian entities, reduced almost by a quarter, the import of such services increased
almost in 1.5 time. This partly affects the negative balance of payments. For Ukraine
merchant fleet can become one of the factors that can change the situation for the
better [11].
Therefore an active participation of Ukraine in the international maritime
trade is possible only on the basis of inseparable unity of economic legal acts and
merchant navigation.
The transport policy of Ukraine should gradually integrate the basic
principles of a steady development of transport, according to which the solution of
tasks of meeting the transport needs doesn’t contradict with the priorities of the
environmental protection and public health [6].
The further development of the international maritime transport policy should
be carried out with the help of the world increasing influence of international
institutions, international maritime organizations, using of the world practice of
registration of the fleet and the account of the national peculiarities, and the main
directions of development should become:
1. The desire to create the single international registry of vessels with
the uniform rules and requirements.
2. The developing of the standards of responsibility of the coastal states
on the safety of navigation, including the devices of practical realization of these
standards.
The effectively developing international division of labor and the increasing
of the role of maritime business require the elaboration of perspective conception of
the economic development and regulation of the transport systems to ensure the
sustainability of the global and regional transport-economical relations.
References
1. Vinnikov V. V. The economy of the enterprise of marine transport
(maritime traffic economy): Textbook/ Vinnikov V. V. – 3 edition, revised and
supplemented. – О.: Feniks, 2011. – 944 p.
2. Vorkunova O. V., Khaminova Yu. V. Ensuring of the
competitiveness of a shipping company// Development of the methods of government
and management in transport: 36 scientific papers. - Odessa: ONMU, 2007. - № 26. -
P. 33 - 42.
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3. The law of Ukraine «On the security of economiccompetitivness»
from 11.01.2001 № 2210-ІІІ, with changes and ammendments // Bulletin of the
Verkhovna Rada. – 2001. - № 12. – P. 64.
4. Merchant marine code of Ukraine: Adopted by the Supreme sonnet of
Ukraine 23.05.1995 // Voice of Ukraine. – 1995. – 148 p.
5. Kotlubay О.M. Economic devices of the development of merchant
navigation in Ukraine: monography. / О.М. Kotlubay. – Odessa : IPREED NAN of
Ukraine, 2004. – 453 p.
6. Kotlubay А.М. Merchant navigation of Ukraine: problems and
perspectives of development: monography. – О.: IPREEI NAN of Ukraine, 2008. –
384 p.
7. Kotlubay А.М. The global marine policy and perspectives of its
development// Development of the methods of government and management in
transport: Зб. scientific papers. - Одесса: ONMU, 2003. - № 16. - P. 205 - 214.
8. Primachov N. T.., Primachova N. N.., Vovk О.YU., Ksendzova N.А.
Entrepreneurship in merchant navigation. – Odessa: ONMA, 2008. – 376 p.
9. Review of maritime transport, 2006 Report by the UNCTAD
secretariat // UNCTAD/RMT/2006/ISBN 92-1-112674-6 // UNITED NATIONS New
York and Geneva, 2006 – 156 р.
10. Review of maritime transport, 2007 / Report by the UNCTAD
secretariat // UNITED/RMT/2007/ISBN 92-1-112674-6 // UNITED NATIONS New
York and Geneva, 2007. – 168 р.
11. Sergey Grinevetskiy Marine branch: did Ukraine pass the point of
non repayment? // [15:53 March 26, 2012 ]
Аннотация
Конкуренция является неотъемлемым условием рыночной экономики.
Интернациональный характер фрахтового рынка способствует вовлечению
судоходных компаний в сферу конкурентных отношений. Успешная
реализация поставленных компанией целей зависит от уровня ее
конкурентоспособности.
Правовое регулирование морских перевозок, имеет специфику,
отличающую его от правового регулирования перевозочного процесса,
осуществляемого другими видами транспорта. Особенностью морского права
является наиболее высокая по сравнению с другими отраслями степень
международной унификации правовых норм. Это связано с тем, что большая
часть процесса транспортировки происходит морскими путями, которые не
подчинены юрисдикции определенного государства, т.е. вне предела какой-
либо национальной правовой системы. Все это требует разработки и принятия
многосторонних международных соглашений, которые бы регулировали
вопросы статуса морских пространств, безопасность мореплавания, охрану
человеческой жизни на море, окружающей среды и т.д.
В сфере правового обеспечения управления конкурентоспособностью
предприятий, в том числе судоходных компаний, действует Закон Украины «О
защите экономической конкуренции», который определяет правовые основы
поддержки и защиты экономической конкуренции, ограничения монополизма в
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хозяйственной деятельности и направлен на обеспечение эффективного
функционирования экономики Украины на основе развития конкурентных
отношений.
Правовое регулирование деятельности судоходных компаний имеет ряд
отличий по сравнению с регулированием деятельности других предприятий.
Нормативная база, регулирующая сферу функционирования судоходных
компаний, состоит из национального законодательства, в том числе Кодекса
торгового мореплавания (КТМУ), международных договоров и т.д.
Специалисты отмечают, что Кодекс торгового мореплавания не в полной мере
соответствует современной ситуации в Украине и международным стандартам.
В связи с отсутствием государственной поддержки украинские
судоходные компании должны на общих условиях конкурировать за
грузопотоки, принадлежащие отечественным и иностранным грузовладельцам.
Значительный возраст судов, несовершенная оснащенность транспортного
флота, нерациональное использование производственного потенциала и
маркетинговой деятельности привели к ухудшению результатов работы
отечественного судоходства.
Эффективной формой привлечения судовладельцев под национальный
флаг является создание международных или параллельных реестров,
предполагающих льготных режим налогообложения, т.е. освобождение
судовладельцев, эксплуатирующих суда, от уплаты налогов и сборов. Для
судовладельцев устанавливаются платежи в виде регистрационного и
ежегодного потонажного сборов.
Анализ законодательной базы Украины показывает, что она не
способствует эффективной работе судоходных компаний. Кроме того, данный
вид бизнеса является капиталоемким, и как следствие ему присущ высокий
финансовый риск, однако именно морские перевозки являются перспективной
сферой экономической деятельности. Кроме того, на фоне утраты флота
государственными судоходными компаниями идет процесс создания и развития
частных судоходных компаний. Также, сложность решения данной проблемы
усугубляется отсутствием научно обоснованной стратегии поведения
отечественных судоходных компаний, адаптированной к условиям работы в
конкурентной среде. Для функционирования в условиях конкуренции
необходим определенный инструментарий для определения позиций
судоходной компании на рынке, что будет основой для разработки ее стратегии
поведения.
Отечественная налоговая система страны остается одной из наиболее
сложных, размер совокупного налогообложения судоходной деятельности
является самым большим в мире. Последствия очевидны — доля морского
транспорта в ВВП Украины постоянно уменьшается и сегодня, по разным
оценкам, составляет от 1,5 до 2%, в то время как, по мнению ученых, при
условии использования потенциала, полученного в начале независимости, она
могла бы составлять до 15% по морскому транспорту и до 10% — по
судостроению и судоремонту. Все это в совокупности — недополученные
миллионы и миллиарды долларов. И еще об одном. Если за последние семь лет
предоставленный украинскими субъектами объем экспорта транспортных услуг
по грузовым перевозкам сократился почти на четверть, то импорт таких услуг
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Випуск 50
увеличился почти в 1,5 раза. Это отчасти влияет и на негативное сальдо
платежного баланса. Для Украины торговый флот может стать одним из
факторов, способных изменить ситуацию к лучшему.
Таким образом, широкое участие Украины в международной морской
торговле возможно только на основе неразрывного единства экономических и
правовых аспектов торгового мореплавания.
Транспортная политика Украины должна поэтапно интегрировать
базовые принципы устойчивого развития транспорта, согласно которым
решение задач удовлетворения транспортных потребностей не вступает в
противоречие с приоритетами охраны окружающей среды и здоровья граждан.
Дальнейшее развитие международной морской транспортной политики
должно осуществляться с помощью всемирного усиления влияния
интернациональных институтов, международных морских организаций,
использование мировой практики регистрации флота и учет национальных
особенностей, а основными направлениями развития, должно стать:
1. Стремление в будущем к созданию единого международного реестра
судов с едиными правилами и требованиями.
2. Разработка стандартов ответственности прибрежных государств по
безопасности мореплавания, включая механизмы практической реализации этих
стандартов.
Эффективно развивающееся международное разделение труда и
повышение роли морского бизнеса требует для обеспечения устойчивости
мировых и региональных транспортно-экономических связей разработки
перспективной концепции экономического развития и регулирования
транспортных систем.
|
| id | nasplib_isofts_kiev_ua-123456789-67267 |
| institution | Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| issn | XXXX-0066 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-12-07T16:38:21Z |
| publishDate | 2012 |
| publisher | Інститут проблем ринку та економіко-екологічних досліджень НАН України |
| record_format | dspace |
| spelling | Vorkunova, O. Hoteeva, N. 2014-08-30T13:22:42Z 2014-08-30T13:22:42Z 2012 Legal aspects of ensuring the competitivenss of the shipping companies in Ukraine / O. Vorkunova, N. Hoteeva // Економічні інновації: Зб. наук. пр. — Одеса: ІПРЕЕД НАН України, 2012. — Вип. 50. — С. 172-179. — Бібліогр.: 11 назв. — англ. XXXX-0066 https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/67267 340.13:656.078.8(477) The article deals with the normative base of the maritime traffic, including the national legislation, international contracts and Merchant marine code of Ukraine that is the necessary element of insuring the competitiveness of the shipping companies in Ukraine. en Інститут проблем ринку та економіко-екологічних досліджень НАН України Економічні інновації Судоплавство та його розвиток Legal aspects of ensuring the competitivenss of the shipping companies in Ukraine Правовые аспекты обеспечения конкурентоспособности судоходных компаний Украины Article published earlier |
| spellingShingle | Legal aspects of ensuring the competitivenss of the shipping companies in Ukraine Vorkunova, O. Hoteeva, N. Судоплавство та його розвиток |
| title | Legal aspects of ensuring the competitivenss of the shipping companies in Ukraine |
| title_alt | Правовые аспекты обеспечения конкурентоспособности судоходных компаний Украины |
| title_full | Legal aspects of ensuring the competitivenss of the shipping companies in Ukraine |
| title_fullStr | Legal aspects of ensuring the competitivenss of the shipping companies in Ukraine |
| title_full_unstemmed | Legal aspects of ensuring the competitivenss of the shipping companies in Ukraine |
| title_short | Legal aspects of ensuring the competitivenss of the shipping companies in Ukraine |
| title_sort | legal aspects of ensuring the competitivenss of the shipping companies in ukraine |
| topic | Судоплавство та його розвиток |
| topic_facet | Судоплавство та його розвиток |
| url | https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/67267 |
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