Tandem proton accelerator as injector for TRAPP
To inject protons to the TRAPP (synchrotron for therapy of cancer) a tandem accelerator has been constructed. Its parameters are: protons energy is 1.4 MeV, current is 3 mA, pulse duration is 2 μs, frequency is up to 1 Hz. Negative hydrogen ions are extracted through the slit from a magnetron discha...
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| Cite this: | Tandem proton accelerator as injector for TRAPP / G.I. Kuznetsov, V.E. Balakin, M.A.Batazova, A.F. Bulushev, B.A. Gudkov, V.F. Kluev, A.M. Kryuchkov, A.G. Lee, R.A. Lokhtin, E.G. Miginskyaya, V.V. Rashenko, A.M. Rezakov, I.N. Sorokin, Yu.F. Tokarev, V.M. Tsukanov, V.V. Shirokov, V.D. Yudin, G.I. Yasnov // Вопросы атомной науки и техники. — 2001. — № 5. — С. 15-17. — Бібліогр.: 2 назв. — англ. |
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Kuznetsov, G.I. Balakin, V.E. Batazova, M.A. Bulushev, A.F. Gudkov, B.A. Kluev, V.F. Kryuchkov, A.M. Lee, A.G. Lokhtin, R.A. Miginskyaya, E.G. Rashenko, V.V. Rezakov, A.M. Sorokin, I.N. Tokarev, Yu.F. Tsukanov, V.M. Shirokov, V.V. Yudin, V.D. Yasnov, G.I. 2015-03-15T19:36:50Z 2015-03-15T19:36:50Z 2001 Tandem proton accelerator as injector for TRAPP / G.I. Kuznetsov, V.E. Balakin, M.A.Batazova, A.F. Bulushev, B.A. Gudkov, V.F. Kluev, A.M. Kryuchkov, A.G. Lee, R.A. Lokhtin, E.G. Miginskyaya, V.V. Rashenko, A.M. Rezakov, I.N. Sorokin, Yu.F. Tokarev, V.M. Tsukanov, V.V. Shirokov, V.D. Yudin, G.I. Yasnov // Вопросы атомной науки и техники. — 2001. — № 5. — С. 15-17. — Бібліогр.: 2 назв. — англ. 1562-6016 PACS: 29.17.+w https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/78371 To inject protons to the TRAPP (synchrotron for therapy of cancer) a tandem accelerator has been constructed. Its parameters are: protons energy is 1.4 MeV, current is 3 mA, pulse duration is 2 μs, frequency is up to 1 Hz. Negative hydrogen ions are extracted through the slit from a magnetron discharge on the heated surface of the LaB6 cathode. The beam of negative ions with an initial energy of 25 kV accelerates up to the half energy in the first accelerating tube, than recharges into protons in gas nitrogen target in a tube at a potential of 700 kV. After that, the proton beam doubles its energy in the second accelerating tube. Operating and control of the tandem are by means of computer. en Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України Вопросы атомной науки и техники Tandem proton accelerator as injector for TRAPP Тандемный ускоритель продонов для инжекции в ТРАПП Article published earlier |
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| title |
Tandem proton accelerator as injector for TRAPP |
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Tandem proton accelerator as injector for TRAPP Kuznetsov, G.I. Balakin, V.E. Batazova, M.A. Bulushev, A.F. Gudkov, B.A. Kluev, V.F. Kryuchkov, A.M. Lee, A.G. Lokhtin, R.A. Miginskyaya, E.G. Rashenko, V.V. Rezakov, A.M. Sorokin, I.N. Tokarev, Yu.F. Tsukanov, V.M. Shirokov, V.V. Yudin, V.D. Yasnov, G.I. |
| title_short |
Tandem proton accelerator as injector for TRAPP |
| title_full |
Tandem proton accelerator as injector for TRAPP |
| title_fullStr |
Tandem proton accelerator as injector for TRAPP |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Tandem proton accelerator as injector for TRAPP |
| title_sort |
tandem proton accelerator as injector for trapp |
| author |
Kuznetsov, G.I. Balakin, V.E. Batazova, M.A. Bulushev, A.F. Gudkov, B.A. Kluev, V.F. Kryuchkov, A.M. Lee, A.G. Lokhtin, R.A. Miginskyaya, E.G. Rashenko, V.V. Rezakov, A.M. Sorokin, I.N. Tokarev, Yu.F. Tsukanov, V.M. Shirokov, V.V. Yudin, V.D. Yasnov, G.I. |
| author_facet |
Kuznetsov, G.I. Balakin, V.E. Batazova, M.A. Bulushev, A.F. Gudkov, B.A. Kluev, V.F. Kryuchkov, A.M. Lee, A.G. Lokhtin, R.A. Miginskyaya, E.G. Rashenko, V.V. Rezakov, A.M. Sorokin, I.N. Tokarev, Yu.F. Tsukanov, V.M. Shirokov, V.V. Yudin, V.D. Yasnov, G.I. |
| publishDate |
2001 |
| language |
English |
| container_title |
Вопросы атомной науки и техники |
| publisher |
Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України |
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Article |
| title_alt |
Тандемный ускоритель продонов для инжекции в ТРАПП |
| description |
To inject protons to the TRAPP (synchrotron for therapy of cancer) a tandem accelerator has been constructed. Its parameters are: protons energy is 1.4 MeV, current is 3 mA, pulse duration is 2 μs, frequency is up to 1 Hz. Negative hydrogen ions are extracted through the slit from a magnetron discharge on the heated surface of the LaB6 cathode. The beam of negative ions with an initial energy of 25 kV accelerates up to the half energy in the first accelerating tube, than recharges into protons in gas nitrogen target in a tube at a potential of 700 kV. After that, the proton beam doubles its energy in the second accelerating tube. Operating and control of the tandem are by means of computer.
|
| issn |
1562-6016 |
| url |
https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/78371 |
| citation_txt |
Tandem proton accelerator as injector for TRAPP / G.I. Kuznetsov, V.E. Balakin, M.A.Batazova, A.F. Bulushev, B.A. Gudkov, V.F. Kluev, A.M. Kryuchkov, A.G. Lee, R.A. Lokhtin, E.G. Miginskyaya, V.V. Rashenko, A.M. Rezakov, I.N. Sorokin, Yu.F. Tokarev, V.M. Tsukanov, V.V. Shirokov, V.D. Yudin, G.I. Yasnov // Вопросы атомной науки и техники. — 2001. — № 5. — С. 15-17. — Бібліогр.: 2 назв. — англ. |
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TANDEM PROTON ACCELERATOR AS INJECTOR FOR TRAPP
G.I. Kuznetsov, V.E. Balakin, M.A.Batazova, A.F. Bulushev, B.A. Gudkov,
V.F. Kluev, A.M. Kryuchkov, A.G. Lee, R.A. Lokhtin, E.G. Miginskyaya,
V.V. Rashenko, A.M. Rezakov, I.N. Sorokin, Yu.F. Tokarev, V.M. Tsukanov, V.V. Shi-
rokov, V.D. Yudin, G.I. Yasnov
Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics,
11 Acad. Lavrentyev Ave., Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
E-mail: G.I.Kuznetsov@inp.nsk.su
To inject protons to the TRAPP (synchrotron for therapy of cancer) a tandem accelerator has been constructed. Its
parameters are: protons energy is 1.4 MeV, current is 3 mA, pulse duration is 2 μs, frequency is up to 1 Hz. Nega-
tive hydrogen ions are extracted through the slit from a magnetron discharge on the heated surface of the LaB6 cath-
ode. The beam of negative ions with an initial energy of 25 kV accelerates up to the half energy in the first acceler-
ating tube, than recharges into protons in gas nitrogen target in a tube at a potential of 700 kV. After that, the proton
beam doubles its energy in the second accelerating tube. Operating and control of the tandem are by means of com-
puter.
PACS number: 29.17.+w
1 INTRODUCTION
Synchrotron for cancer therapy has been created in
BINP to treat a tumor by means of a low intensity pro-
ton beam. It has a possibility of slow output, scanning
and altering of the beam energy during a cycle. Main
design parameters of the accelerator are:
– energy of protons up to 300 MeV,
– intensity 109 proton per pulse,
– frequency 1 Hz.
All these parameters have been obtained on the in-
stallation except an output current that is now only 3·108
particles per pulse. To get the beam current required it
has been decided to double the energy of injection up to
1.4 MeV. For this, a tandem accelerator was constructed
using developments manufactured and successfully test-
ed for the VLEPP program. Tandem parameters are:
– energy of protons 1.4 MeV,
– proton current 3 mA,
– pulse duration 2 µs.
These parameters provide an injection into the syn-
chrotron of about 1.2·1010 particles.
One can note following advantages of the accepted
scheme: high voltage is only a half of full beam energy
and an ion source has a zero potential. Recharge of neg-
ative hydrogen ions is supposed to perform in a nitrogen
gas stream in a recharge tube.
Fig. 1. Tandem optics.
ВОПРОСЫ АТОМНОЙ НАУКИ И ТЕХНИКИ. 2001. №5.
Серия: Ядерно-физические исследования (39), с. 15-17.
15
mailto:Kuznetsov@inp.nsk.su
2 TANDEM
2.1 Tandem optics
In Fig. 1 an electron optics is shown. Beam of nega-
tive hydrogen ions is extracted from the ion source and
in the transport tube it is matched to the input of an ac-
celerating tube (AT1) by means of two magnetic lenses.
In the first AT it gains a half of its energy, is recharged
in the gas target and is accelerated up to its full energy
as a proton beam in the second accelerating tube (AT2).
By altering currents through lenses one can adjust beam
diameter as well as an angle of the beam divergence. In
Fig. 1 an ion beam envelope is presented as well. The
scheme of tandem accelerator is shown in Fig. 2.
In the tank of T-like form (1) with inner diameter
470 mm the following parts are placed:
(2) – DC source – cascade rectifier of 20 kHz frequen-
cy;
(3) – recharging tube;
(4) – accelerating tube for negative hydrogen ions;
(5) – accelerating tube for protons.
A source of H– (6) is connected by transportation
channel (7) with magnetic lenses (8) with AT1 of H–. A
gas is injected through pulsed magnetic valves (9). To
control H– current a dismounted sectional pickup is
placed at the input of AT1 (10). Pumping is made by
three pumps NMD-0.1 (11). Adjustment of H– trajecto-
ries is effected by electrode system (12).
Fig. 2. Tandem scheme.
2.2 High voltage source
High voltage source – cascade rectifier operating at
20 kHz frequency - consists of 40 cascades, has the di-
ameter 320 mm, and is placed into the tank with the in-
ner diameter 470 mm and 8 atmospheres of SF6. An ul-
trasound generator supplies it. With no-load the rectifier
supplies a voltage of 1 MV. The average current of the
rectifier is less than 1.5 mA.
2.3 H– source
To obtain H– a planar ion source with horizontal
magnetic field and hot LaB6-based cathode is used. Two
permanent magnets placed on the magnetic yoke create
the constant magnetic field.
After hydrogen injection into the ion source chamber
when the pressure in it reaches a certain value, a pulsed
voltage initiates a magnetron discharge. A current of the
discharge depends on the cathode temperature and less
on the magnetic field magnitude, discharge voltage or
the pressure in the chamber. Typical value of voltage for
discharge combustion is about 300-500 V and 1-20 A
for current.
Since the time of one turn in the synchrotron is 1 µs,
source discharge is burned up for only 4 µs and the ex-
tractor for only 2 µs. Extracting pulse with 25 kV of
amplitude withdraws H– through the slit 0.8 mm of
width, length of 6 mm and 1 mm of thickness. The slit is
perpendicular to the magnetic field. To adjust H– beam
angle due to extraction through the perpendicular mag-
netic field a reversal magnetic one is used. The supply
of the discharge and gas valve is by the unit under
- 25 kV of potential. The supply of extractor is by a
high-voltage source with partly discharging capacitance
and a pulsed transformer.
Fig. 3. Protons current.
2.4 Transportation channel
A ribbon beam being extracted from the ion source
and expanded becomes a quasi-cylindrical one by
means of the first magnetic lens. Than, it is focused by
the second magnetic lens, passing through the tube with
low gas conduction which separates ion source and tan-
dem itself, and comes to the accelerating tube of H–. At
the exit of the separating tube there is the removable
sectioned pickup, which allows one to measure H– cur-
rent and to estimate the beam position. Between two
magnetic lenses there is the electrostatic adjusting de-
vice, which consists of 8 plates and allows one to make
parallel transfer of the beam and to adjust the beam an-
gle of divergence to aim the AT1 entrance.
2.5 Recharging device
Recharging of H– takes place in the tube of 500 mm
long and 15 mm in diameter in a nitrogen flow injected
through a pulse valve at the middle of the recharging
tube. The injection takes place about 300 µs before turn-
ing up the extractor. The supply of the valve, which has
+750 kV of potential, is through transformer with gas
insulation, controlling of the valve is performed by light
guiders. Calculated dependence of the beam charge
composition from the gas target thickness is presented
in [2]. To recharge 90-98% of H– into protons, the thick-
16
ness of target 2÷3·1016 molecules/cm2 is enough. When
the valve is cut off, negative ions are, at first, accelerat-
ed, than decelerated and we have at the exit of tandem
the H– current equal to proton one. At a low gas flow
ions turn into neutrals and the current becomes unde-
tectable.
2.6 Accelerating tubes
Two accelerating sectioned tubes are made from 16
ceramic rings of UF46 each. The outer diameter of ring
is 210 mm, its height is 20 mm. The length of operating
insulator is 320 mm. Tubes have been manufactured by
means of thermo-diffusion welding at a time. The resis-
tor divider provides the electrode potential distribution
along the tube. The protection against an over-voltage
during short cuts is provided by spark gaps. Outside the
tubes a gas insulation by SF6 under 8 atmospheres is
placed. The divider with overall protection has 320 mm
in diameter and a distance to the tank wall is 75 mm.
During tests both tubes were pre-burned up to 800 kV.
3 RESULTS
1. The proton current of 2.5 mA at an energy of
1.MeV, with the 3 mA H– current at the entrance of
the transportation tube, has been obtained. Typical
pulse is shown in Fig. 3. Real optics parameters are
very close to the design ones.
2. Maximal H– current of 3.8 mA has been obtained at
the entrance of the first accelerating tube, but H–
source needs an alignment.
REFERENCES
1. V.E.Balakin, A.N.Skrinskiy et al. TRAPP-Facility
for Proton Therapy of Cancer // Proc. of EPAC,
Rome, 1988. v. 2, p. 1505.
2. G.E.Derevyankin, G.I.Dimov et al. Charge-ex-
change target for 40 mA 2 MeV tandem accelera-
tor. Preprint BINP 2001-23, 2001.
ВОПРОСЫ АТОМНОЙ НАУКИ И ТЕХНИКИ. 2001. №5.
Серия: Ядерно-физические исследования (39), с. 17-17.
17
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