Radiation field creation at the electron linac LUE-10 for long-term tests of structural materials under molten-salt reactor conditions
Long-term (700 hours) corrosion tests of hastelloy-type alloy samples were performed in the ZrF4+NaF melt at a
 temperature of 650°C with the use of the electron linac LUE-10 of power of about 5 kW. To reduce the residual radioactivity
 of irradiated materials, studies were made into...
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| Date: | 2006 |
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Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України
2006
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| Cite this: | Radiation field creation at the electron linac LUE-10 for long-term tests of structural materials under molten-salt reactor conditions / A.N. Dovbnya, A.I. Zykov, Eh.S. Zlunitsyn, A.V. Torgovkin, B.I. Shramenko // Вопросы атомной науки и техники. — 2006. — № 2. — С. 187-189. — Бібліогр.: 2 назв. — англ. |
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Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine| _version_ | 1860230640025206784 |
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| author | Dovbnya, A.N. Zykov, A.I. Zlunitsyn, Eh.S. Torgovkin, A.V. Shramenko, B.I. |
| author_facet | Dovbnya, A.N. Zykov, A.I. Zlunitsyn, Eh.S. Torgovkin, A.V. Shramenko, B.I. |
| citation_txt | Radiation field creation at the electron linac LUE-10 for long-term tests of structural materials under molten-salt reactor conditions / A.N. Dovbnya, A.I. Zykov, Eh.S. Zlunitsyn, A.V. Torgovkin, B.I. Shramenko // Вопросы атомной науки и техники. — 2006. — № 2. — С. 187-189. — Бібліогр.: 2 назв. — англ. |
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| container_title | Вопросы атомной науки и техники |
| description | Long-term (700 hours) corrosion tests of hastelloy-type alloy samples were performed in the ZrF4+NaF melt at a
temperature of 650°C with the use of the electron linac LUE-10 of power of about 5 kW. To reduce the residual radioactivity
of irradiated materials, studies were made into possible ways of a smooth energy shift at the maximum of
the electron spectrum to the lower energy region under conditions of a strong current load.
На ускорителе электронов ЛУЭ-10 с мощностью ≅ 5 кВт проведены долговременные (700 часов) испытания коррозионной стойкости образцов сплава типа Хастеллой Н в расплаве солей ZrF4+NaF при температуре 650оС. С целью снижения остаточной радиоактивности облучаемых материалов в условиях сильной подгрузки током изучены возможности плавного сдвига энергии в максимуме спектра электронов в низкоэнергетическую область.
На прискорювачі електронів ЛПЕ-10 з потужністю ≅5 кВт проведено довготривалі (700 годин)
випробування корозійної стійкості зразків сплаву типу Хастелой Н у розплаві солей ZrF4+NaF при
температурі 650оС. З метою зниження залишкової радіоактивності опромінених матеріалів в умовах
сильного навантаження струмом. вивчено можливості плавного здвигу енергії в максимумі спектру
електронів в низькоенергетичну область.
|
| first_indexed | 2025-12-07T18:21:24Z |
| format | Article |
| fulltext |
RADIATION FIELD CREATION AT THE ELECTRON LINAC LUE-10
FOR LONG-TERM TESTS OF STRUCTURAL MATERIALS UN-
DER MOLTEN-SALT REACTOR CONDITIONS
A.N. Dovbnya, A.I. Zykov, Eh.S. Zlunitsyn, A.V. Torgovkin, B.I. Shramenko
NSC KIPT, Kharkov, Ukraine
E-mail: bshram@kipt.kharkov.ua
Long-term (700 hours) corrosion tests of hastelloy-type alloy samples were performed in the ZrF4+NaF melt at a
temperature of 650°C with the use of the electron linac LUE-10 of power of about 5 kW. To reduce the residual ra-
dioactivity of irradiated materials, studies were made into possible ways of a smooth energy shift at the maximum of
the electron spectrum to the lower energy region under conditions of a strong current load.
PACS: 29.17.+w
INTRODUCTION
The radiation tests of structural materials for high-
temperature metal-cooled reactors and molten-salt reac-
tors are of crucial importance for the countries oriented
at the use of atomic energy.
The radiation conditions that are close to the ones
existing in the liquid-salt reactor can be simulated at ir-
radiation of samples to be tested by accelerated electron
beams. To perform long-term tests of structural materi-
als in the molted fluoride salts of Zr and Na at a temper-
ature of 650°C, a special test bench was created and in-
stalled at the output of the electron linear accelerator
LUE-10 [1].
The peculiarity of our approach to the radiation field
generation with a simultaneous assurance of the molten
salt temperature equal to 650°C ± 20°C consisted in the
fact that the samples under irradiation were heated di-
rectly by the electron beam of ~ 5 kW power.
THE RADIATION TEST BENCH
The samples of structural materials (hastelloy
H-type alloys) were placed in individual carbon-carbon
containers filled with a molten salt liquid (the molar ra-
tio is 50% ZrF4: 50% NaF). The containers, each mea-
suring 40×50×50 mm, were assembled into a single unit
consisting of 16 containers. The assembly was 80 mm
wide and 400 mm high.
The assembly was put into a sealed stainless steel
protective shell cooled with water. The protective shell
had a thin input window additionally cooled by an air
stream. Using the vacuum pumping system and filling
the working volume of the sealed protective shell with
inert gas (argon), it was possible to carry out radiation
tests of the containers in the inert gas atmosphere. Fig-
ure 1 shows the general view of the protective shell
comprising the assembly of carbon containers with
hastelloy H alloy samples in the molten salts ZrF4 and
NaF. The temperature of the container assembly was
controlled by means of three Chromel-Copel thermo-
couples.
The container assembly was exposed to electrons at the
following mode of accelerator LU-10 operation:
electron energy at the max. of the spectrum....9.6 MeV
total average beam current...............................520 μA
pulse-repetition rate......................................... 150 GHz
effective area of the radiation field.............. 100×400mm
electron fluence................................................~ 1019cm-2
irradiation time ............................................... 700 hours
Fig. 1. Container assembly in the protective shell
CREATION OF THE REQUIRED RADIA-
TION FIELD
Considering that the container assembly (Fig. 1) was
80×400 mm2 in size, it was necessary to produce the
electron beam with the dimensions corresponding to the
size of the assembly to be irradiated.
The radiation field of the required size was formed
at the accelerator LUE-10 by means of the scanner that
provided a vertical scan of the beam up to the necessary
size.
That was attained through the use of a sawtooth and
time-evolving magnetic field with an intensity ampli-
tude of ~ 700 Oe and a frequency of 3 Hz. The scan
band directly on the exit foil ranges from 18 to 20 cm.
In the drift space, the beam irradiates the band 2L in
height, depending on the distance l from the exit foil
(L= l tgαmax, where αmax is the angle of maximum beam
deflection from the linear path). The beam current den-
sity across is described by the rms sum of total widths σ
of normal distributions of electron scattering by the exit
___________________________________________________________
PROBLEMS OF ATOMIC SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY. 2006. № 2.
Series: Nuclear Physics Investigations (46), p.187-189.
187
mailto:bshram@kipt.kharkov
titanium foil (0.005 cm in thickness) of the accelerator,
by the aluminum “protective” foil (0.015 cm in thick-
ness) and by the air gap at the distance l = 85 cm from
the exit foil:
σΣ = (σTi
2 + σAl
2 + σair)1/2.
The σΣ value has been calculated to be ~ 6 cm. Since
the assembly width makes 2a = 8 cm, then in the radia-
tion field with the distribution width σΣ = 6 cm the ratio
of the electron beam density I(x) at both the edge and
the center of the assembly makes (I)x=a/(I)x=0 = 0.8 (the
nonuniformity being 20%). In view of the fact that the
effective width of the region accommodating the sam-
ples is 6.5 cm, the nonuniformity across the beam distri-
bution density at assembly irradiation is calculated to be
about 10%.
The spatial distribution of the electron beam was
measured through obtaining its imprint on the glass of
appropriate size, with the following photometering of
the darkened area of the glass vertically and across. The
photometering was performed with the use of the mi-
crophotometer (IFO 451 N880023). To choose the opti-
mum assembly irradiation conditions, the spatial distri-
bution of the electron beam was measured at different
distances from the exit window of the accelerator. The
experimental data obtained on the spatial distribution of
the electron beam in the vertical and horizontal planes
have confirmed the correctness of our calculations.
The analysis of the results obtained suggests that it is
most reasonable that the assembly should be placed at a
distance l ~ 850 mm from the exit window of the accel-
erator, while the “protective” foil should be at 30 mm
from the window.
The present results show that owing to this geometry
of irradiation with assembly dimensions of 80×400 mm,
the beam utilization factor η makes 68% and 53% in the
vertical and horizontal planes, respectively. The utiliza-
tion factor of the total average electron beam on the as-
sembly is equal to ηtot = 36%.
To increase the η value in the vertical plane, the ver-
tical scan may be substantially decreased. In this case, at
a nonuniform spatial distribution of 20% on the outer-
most containers (this is admissible considering that the
samples are located at the center of the container), ηtot
will be 55%.
The irradiation of the assembly with an electron
beam having an energy of 9.6 MeV at the maximum of
the spectrum was accompanied by the occurrence of
residual γ-activity in the irradiated materials [2]. The
level of residual activity of an individual container (with
the time lag for the decay of short-lived isotopes) is
mainly determined by the radiation of γ-lines
Eγ = 724.2 keV and Eγ =756.72 keV of the 95Zr isotope
(its half-life being 63.9 days) and by an insignificant
contribution from the radiation of γ-lines Eγ =122 keV
and Eγ =136.43 keV of the 57Co isotope (its half-life be-
ing 270 days).
The isotopes 95Zr and 57Co are produced in the re-
spective reactions 96Zr(γ,n)95Zr and 58Ni(γ,p)57Co (con-
sidering that Ni is the base of the hastelloy).
The energy thresholds of the reactions 96Zr(γ,n)95Zr
and 58Ni(γ,p)57Co are equal to 7.84 and 8.18 MeV, re-
spectively.
To reduce residual activities resulting from the (γ,n)
and (γ,p) reactions in the irradiated samples of hastelloy
and zirconium salts, it is necessary to consider the possi-
bility of a smooth energy shift at the maximum of the
electron spectrum to the lower energy region, i.e., to en-
ergies comparable (or lower) with the threshold energies
of (γ,n) and (γ,p) reactions on the nuclei of elements en-
tering into the composition of irradiated materials.
The specific character of the LUE-10 accelerator is
that its microwave powering is realized by means of two
klystrons. A smooth energy variation of the high-current
electron accelerator at “current load” conditions has its
special features.
Owing to microwave power combining from the two
klystrons, and to the energization of klystrons by a high-
ly stable driving generator at the LUE-10, it appears
possible to vary smoothly and in a wide range the mi-
crowave power in the accelerating waveguide (AW),
and hence, the average energy and current of the beam.
A fine adjustment of energy is provided by input phas-
ing of one of the klystrons.
Typical beam spectra for four levels of microwave
power (U1<U2<U3<U4) in the AW are shown in Fig.2.
With U decrease, the energy of the principal maximum
(PM) of the spectrum smoothly decreases from
10.6 MeV down to 8.4 MeV, and the whole spectrum in
the region up to the PM (on its left) shifts to the lower
energies without changing its shape, i.e., as a unified
whole. After the PM, the shape variation of the spectral
curve in the transition from U4 to U1 is more substantial,
namely, the relative contribution of the high-energy part
of the spectrum noticeably decreases. Therefore, it will
aid in reducing the level of residual activity due to (γ,n)
and (γ,p) reactions on the nuclei of elements entering
into the composition of irradiated materials.
The present spectral measurements at different mi-
crowave power supply conditions for the AW hold
promise for a smooth PM energy adjustment in the
range from 10 MeV to 8.0 MeV (see Fig.2).
Fig. 2. LUE-10 electron spectra with different energy
values at the maximum of the spectrum. 1 – 8.4 MeV,
2 – 9.2 MeV, 3 – 9.9 MeV, 4 – 10.6 MeV
182
CONCLUSIONS
1. It has been demonstrated that the electron linear ac-
celerator LUE-10 can provide a long-term (700
hours) continuous irradiation of structural materials
with an electron beam of ~5 kW power under con-
ditions approaching those of the molten-salt reactor
with a liquid coolant in the form of fluoride salts at
a temperature of 650°C.
2. It has been shown that by choosing appropriately
the power put into the accelerating section of a
high-current accelerator at “current load” condi-
tions, it is possible not only to smoothly reduce the
energy value at the maximum of the spectrum down
to 8.4 MeV, but also to substantially decrease the
high-energy part of the spectrum. This will be fa-
vorable for decreasing the level of residual activity
due to the (γ,n) and (γ,p) reactions on the nuclei of
elements entering into the composition of irradiated
materials.
3. The experience gained in radiation studies of struc-
tural materials through the use of powerful electron
beams will be used in further research and develop-
ments in the field of nuclear reactor industry.
REFERENCES
1. V.M. Azhazha, A.S. Bakai, I.V. Gurin et al. A test
bench for radiation tests of structural materials
under molten-salt reactor conditions. Proc. of the
XVI International Conference on Physics of Radi-
ation Phenomena and Radiation Materials Sci-
ence. 2004, Alushta, Crimea. p.270. (in Russian).
2. A.S. Bakai, A.N. Dovbnya, A.I. Zykov et al. Ra-
dionuclide control at radiation tests of structural
materials under molten-salt reactor conditions.
Ibid., p.266.
CОЗДАНИЕ НА УСКОРИТЕЛЕ ЛУЭ-10 РАДИАЦИОННОГО ПОЛЯ ДЛЯ ДЛИТЕЛЬНЫХ ИСПЫ-
ТАНИЙ КОНСТРУКЦИОННЫХ МАТЕРИАЛОВ В УСЛОВИЯХ СОЛЕВОГО РЕАКТОРА
A.Н. Довбня, A.И. Зыков, Э.С. Злуницын, A.В. Toрговкин, Б.И. Шраменко
На ускорителе электронов ЛУЭ-10 с мощностью ≅ 5 кВт проведены долговременные (700 часов) испы-
тания коррозионной стойкости образцов сплава типа Хастеллой Н в расплаве солей ZrF4+NaF при темпера-
туре 650оС. С целью снижения остаточной радиоактивности облучаемых материалов в условиях сильной
подгрузки током изучены возможности плавного сдвига энергии в максимуме спектра электронов в низко-
энергетическую область.
СТВОРЕННЯ НА ПРИСКОРЮВАЧІ ЛПЕ-10 РАДІАЦІЙНОГО ПОЛЯ ДЛЯ ДОВГОТРИВАЛИХ
ВИПРОБУВАНЬ КОНСТРУКЦІЙНИХ МАТЕРІАЛІВ В УМОВАХ СОЛЬОВОГО РЕАКТОРА
A.М. Довбня, A.І. Зиков, Е.С. Злуніцин, О.В. Toрговкін, Б.І. Шраменко
На прискорювачі електронів ЛПЕ-10 з потужністю ≅5 кВт проведено довготривалі (700 годин)
випробування корозійної стійкості зразків сплаву типу Хастелой Н у розплаві солей ZrF4+NaF при
температурі 650оС. З метою зниження залишкової радіоактивності опромінених матеріалів в умовах
сильного навантаження струмом. вивчено можливості плавного здвигу енергії в максимумі спектру
електронів в низькоенергетичну область.
___________________________________________________________
PROBLEMS OF ATOMIC SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY. 2006. № 2.
Series: Nuclear Physics Investigations (46), p.187-189.
187
|
| id | nasplib_isofts_kiev_ua-123456789-78846 |
| institution | Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| issn | 1562-6016 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-12-07T18:21:24Z |
| publishDate | 2006 |
| publisher | Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України |
| record_format | dspace |
| spelling | Dovbnya, A.N. Zykov, A.I. Zlunitsyn, Eh.S. Torgovkin, A.V. Shramenko, B.I. 2015-03-22T08:04:37Z 2015-03-22T08:04:37Z 2006 Radiation field creation at the electron linac LUE-10 for long-term tests of structural materials under molten-salt reactor conditions / A.N. Dovbnya, A.I. Zykov, Eh.S. Zlunitsyn, A.V. Torgovkin, B.I. Shramenko // Вопросы атомной науки и техники. — 2006. — № 2. — С. 187-189. — Бібліогр.: 2 назв. — англ. 1562-6016 PACS: 29.17.+w https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/78846 Long-term (700 hours) corrosion tests of hastelloy-type alloy samples were performed in the ZrF4+NaF melt at a
 temperature of 650°C with the use of the electron linac LUE-10 of power of about 5 kW. To reduce the residual radioactivity
 of irradiated materials, studies were made into possible ways of a smooth energy shift at the maximum of
 the electron spectrum to the lower energy region under conditions of a strong current load. На ускорителе электронов ЛУЭ-10 с мощностью ≅ 5 кВт проведены долговременные (700 часов) испытания коррозионной стойкости образцов сплава типа Хастеллой Н в расплаве солей ZrF4+NaF при температуре 650оС. С целью снижения остаточной радиоактивности облучаемых материалов в условиях сильной подгрузки током изучены возможности плавного сдвига энергии в максимуме спектра электронов в низкоэнергетическую область. На прискорювачі електронів ЛПЕ-10 з потужністю ≅5 кВт проведено довготривалі (700 годин)
 випробування корозійної стійкості зразків сплаву типу Хастелой Н у розплаві солей ZrF4+NaF при
 температурі 650оС. З метою зниження залишкової радіоактивності опромінених матеріалів в умовах
 сильного навантаження струмом. вивчено можливості плавного здвигу енергії в максимумі спектру
 електронів в низькоенергетичну область. en Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України Вопросы атомной науки и техники Применение ускорителей в радиационных технологиях Radiation field creation at the electron linac LUE-10 for long-term tests of structural materials under molten-salt reactor conditions Cоздание на ускорителе ЛУЭ-10 радиационного поля для длительных испытаний конструкционных материалов в условиях солевого реактора Створення на прискорювачі ЛПЕ-10 радіаційного поля для довготривалих випробувань конструкційних матеріалів в умовах сольового реактора Article published earlier |
| spellingShingle | Radiation field creation at the electron linac LUE-10 for long-term tests of structural materials under molten-salt reactor conditions Dovbnya, A.N. Zykov, A.I. Zlunitsyn, Eh.S. Torgovkin, A.V. Shramenko, B.I. Применение ускорителей в радиационных технологиях |
| title | Radiation field creation at the electron linac LUE-10 for long-term tests of structural materials under molten-salt reactor conditions |
| title_alt | Cоздание на ускорителе ЛУЭ-10 радиационного поля для длительных испытаний конструкционных материалов в условиях солевого реактора Створення на прискорювачі ЛПЕ-10 радіаційного поля для довготривалих випробувань конструкційних матеріалів в умовах сольового реактора |
| title_full | Radiation field creation at the electron linac LUE-10 for long-term tests of structural materials under molten-salt reactor conditions |
| title_fullStr | Radiation field creation at the electron linac LUE-10 for long-term tests of structural materials under molten-salt reactor conditions |
| title_full_unstemmed | Radiation field creation at the electron linac LUE-10 for long-term tests of structural materials under molten-salt reactor conditions |
| title_short | Radiation field creation at the electron linac LUE-10 for long-term tests of structural materials under molten-salt reactor conditions |
| title_sort | radiation field creation at the electron linac lue-10 for long-term tests of structural materials under molten-salt reactor conditions |
| topic | Применение ускорителей в радиационных технологиях |
| topic_facet | Применение ускорителей в радиационных технологиях |
| url | https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/78846 |
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