Analysis of the process of raising the temperature in the spark channel at a discharge in gas
Analysis of the process of raising the temperature in the spark channel at a discharge in gas is performed. The quantitative evaluation was made in main for the air. The effect of steadying a thermodynamic equilibrium in gas, as well as the influence of power discharge parameters on the process of t...
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| Опубліковано в: : | Вопросы атомной науки и техники |
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| Дата: | 2001 |
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| Формат: | Стаття |
| Мова: | Англійська |
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Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України
2001
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| Цитувати: | Analysis of the process of raising the temperature in the spark channel at a discharge in gas / K.V. Korytchenko, Yu.Ya. Volkolupov, M.A. Krasnogolovets, M.A. Ostrizhnoy, V.I. Chumakov, T.A. Semenets // Вопросы атомной науки и техники. — 2001. — № 5. — С. 48-50. — Бібліогр.: 2 назв. — англ. |
Репозитарії
Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine| _version_ | 1859656799544672256 |
|---|---|
| author | Korytchenko, K.V. Volkolupov, Yu.Ya. Krasnogolovets, M.A. Ostrizhnoy, M.A. Chumakov, V.I. Semenets, T.A. |
| author_facet | Korytchenko, K.V. Volkolupov, Yu.Ya. Krasnogolovets, M.A. Ostrizhnoy, M.A. Chumakov, V.I. Semenets, T.A. |
| citation_txt | Analysis of the process of raising the temperature in the spark channel at a discharge in gas / K.V. Korytchenko, Yu.Ya. Volkolupov, M.A. Krasnogolovets, M.A. Ostrizhnoy, V.I. Chumakov, T.A. Semenets // Вопросы атомной науки и техники. — 2001. — № 5. — С. 48-50. — Бібліогр.: 2 назв. — англ. |
| collection | DSpace DC |
| container_title | Вопросы атомной науки и техники |
| description | Analysis of the process of raising the temperature in the spark channel at a discharge in gas is performed. The quantitative evaluation was made in main for the air. The effect of steadying a thermodynamic equilibrium in gas, as well as the influence of power discharge parameters on the process of temperature increasing was analyzed. The quantitative evaluation of time parameters of the processes of rotary, oscillatory relaxation, dissociation and ionization has allowed to reveal the influence of each of them on temperature increasing in the spark channel. The problems arising in the course of practical realization of a spark discharge which influence on the process of temperature raising are detected, and the ways for their solution are determined. The results obtained can be put in a basis of developing the methods to design devices for intensive increase of temperatures in gas media using the electrical discharge, as well as for analysis of a dependence of shock wave intensity on dynamic parameters of the electrical discharge.
|
| first_indexed | 2025-12-07T13:40:20Z |
| format | Article |
| fulltext |
ANALYSIS OF THE PROCESS OF RAISING THE TEMPERATURE
IN THE SPARK CHANNEL AT A DISCHARGE IN GAS
K.V. Korytchenko, Yu.Ya. Volkolupov1, M.A. Krasnogolovets1, M.A. Ostrizhnoy1, V.I. Chu-
makov1, T.A. Semenets1
Kharkov Military University, Kharkov, Ukraine
1 Kharkov National University of Radioelectronics, Kharkov, Ukraine
Analysis of the process of raising the temperature in the spark channel at a discharge in gas is performed. The quan-
titative evaluation was made in main for the air. The effect of steadying a thermodynamic equilibrium in gas, as well
as the influence of power discharge parameters on the process of temperature increasing was analyzed. The quantita-
tive evaluation of time parameters of the processes of rotary, oscillatory relaxation, dissociation and ionization has
allowed to reveal the influence of each of them on temperature increasing in the spark channel. The problems arising
in the course of practical realization of a spark discharge which influence on the process of temperature raising are
detected, and the ways for their solution are determined. The results obtained can be put in a basis of developing the
methods to design devices for intensive increase of temperatures in gas media using the electrical discharge, as well
as for analysis of a dependence of shock wave intensity on dynamic parameters of the electrical discharge.
PACS numbers: 52.90.+z, 52.80.Mg
Dynamics of a shock wave development is deter-
mined by a relation between the energy release rate in
the spark channel and the rate of volume energy density
decreasing as a result of shock wave propagation. If in
the center of a spark discharge the increase of the tem-
perature and pressure takes place, the intensity of the
shock wave will raise. There is a problem of effective
energy release, connected with pumping a translational
energy. In the center of a discharge after shock wave
formation the area of gas with a high temperature, but
with a low density is formed. Let's assume that the dis-
charge will go in the high- temperature field with the
appropriate high degree of ionization. Then, because of
the low density in the zone of discharge, the electron-
molecule collision frequency will decrease with simulta-
neous increase of the length of free-path electrons, and
consequently, with increase of their energy. These re-
sults in changing the range of effective cross-sections of
gas molecule excitation in the field of intensive pump-
ing of gas molecules with an oscillatory energy and
electronic excitation (see Fig. 1, 2). In Fig. 1 the com-
parison of cross-sections of various processes in elec-
tron - N2 molecule collision is given. At an electron en-
ergy of about 10eV the process of molecule dissociation
by electron impact begins (see Fig. 2) [2].
Proceeding from above-stated, it is possible to make
a conclusion, that the major pumping of gas molecules
with the translational energy, immediately through elec-
tron-molecular interaction, is carried out before the mo-
ment of shock wave formation. It explains the fact of in-
significant growth of the shock wave intensity with in-
creasing the volume power of energy release. The main
influence on further temperature increasing is exerted
by the process of steadying the thermodynamic equilib-
rium in gas.
Experimentally it has been established, that the rota-
tional energy of molecules reaches a classical equilibri-
um value kT (of two atomic molecules) after ten gas-ki-
netic impacts (see Tab. 2) [2]. From here, this type of
energy will be a source of translational temperature in-
creasing in the epicentre of a wave, as the rate of rota-
tional energy - into -translation energy relaxation ex-
ceeds the rate of the energy volume density decrease as
a result of shock wave development.
Fig. 1. Comparison of cross-sections of various pro-
cesses in electron - N2 molecule collisions: Dσ
- elastic transport, 46σ and 64σ – rotational exci-
tation at a level j = 4 to a level j = 6 and deactiva-
tion (T = 77 K, theory); vσ - summarized cross-
section of excitation of 8 oscillation level; eσ
- summarized excitation of electron levels with ener-
gies from 5 to 14 eV, iσ - ionization.
Absolutely other picture takes a place in the case of
steadying the thermodynamic equilibrium τoscil by the os-
cillation energy. The time of the oscillatory relaxation is
determined by the formula:
ZZкол 10=τ , (1)
where 10Z is the most probable number of collisions
preceding the oscillatory relaxation of molecules, Z is
the total number of collisions per one second in a unit of
ВОПРОСЫ АТОМНОЙ НАУКИ И ТЕХНИКИ. 2001. №5.
Серия: Ядерно-физические исследования (39), с. 48-50.
48
volume.
Fig. 2. Full cross-sections of molecule dissociation by electron impact through excitation of various electronic con-
ditions.
Table 1. A rotational relaxation of molecules
Molecule
Temperature,
K
Time of a relaxation
at atmospheric
pressure, s
Number of
collisions Method
H2
H2
D2
N2
N2
O2
O2
NH3
CO2
300
300
288
300
300
314
300
293
305
2.1⋅10-8
2.1⋅10-8
1.5⋅10-8
1.2⋅10-9
2.2⋅10-9
8.1⋅10-10
2.3⋅10-9
300
300
160
9
20
12
20
10
10
Ultrasound
Shock wave
Ultrasound
Ultrasound
Shock wave
Ultrasound
Shock wave
Ultrasound
Ultrasound
Table 2. An oscillatory relaxation in oxygen by Blackman measurements. Theoretical values by
Schwarz and Hertzfeld
Т, K P10,
(Experiment)
P10,
(Theory)
Number of collisions Z
(Experiment)
τ in s is reduced to a densities
271067.2 ⋅=n m-3
Oxygen
288
900
1200
1800
2400
3000
4⋅10-8
1.1⋅10-5
2.4⋅10-5
9.8⋅10-5
3.7⋅10-4
1.2⋅10-3
3⋅10-6
1.3⋅10-5
8.6⋅10-5
5.5⋅10-4
1.5⋅10-3
2.5⋅107
1⋅105
5⋅104
1.4⋅104
4.5⋅103
1.6⋅103
96⋅10-7
41⋅10-7
9.5⋅10-7
2.7⋅10-7
0.83⋅10-7
This relation is applicable in a case, when under
condition with the first level of oscillatory excitation the
small number of molecules is and there is no possibility
of inverse processes. If there are also the more high lev-
els of oscillatory excitation, then they pass to the Boltz-
man distribution as a result of cascade passages. The
time of steadying such an equilibrium has an order of
time of a translational relaxation.
In Table 2 the following labels are accepted:
P10 - probability of molecule passage from the condition
with an exited first oscillatory level into zero one at a
single act of impact, Z - number of molecule impacts
preceding oscillatory relaxation, τ – time of oscillatory
relaxation.
Experimentally it is established that the probable
number of molecule collisions in the air, preceding the
oscillatory relaxation, as a minimum by two order of
magnitude is higher than the rotary one [2]. The careful
research of the relaxation in oxygen and nitrogen with
the help of a shock tube was carried out by Blackman.
His results are presented in Table 2 [2]. Calculations
with using the data of Table 3 and taking into account
the rate of energy volume density decreasing because of
shock wave development, show that in high- current
discharges in the spark channel molecules are at high
levels of oscillatory energy excitation. Therefore there
ВОПРОСЫ АТОМНОЙ НАУКИ И ТЕХНИКИ. 2001. №5.
Серия: Ядерно-физические исследования (39), с. 49-50.
49
are not created conditions for intensive oscillatory relax-
ation in high- current discharges. Hence, the oscillatory
relaxation rate is less than the rate of the energy volume
density decreasing due to shock wave development. As
a result, this process has not significant influence on the
shock wave intensity, during the discharge in the open
space.
Table 3. The calculated parameters of excitation levels for various gases
Parameter N2 O2 H2 N2
+ O2
+
,eϖ⋅ eV 0.29 0.19 0.54 0.27 0.23
,2/2
мI⋅ eV 2.4⋅10-4 1.8⋅10-4 7.5⋅10-3 2.4⋅10-4 2.1⋅10-4
Here еϖ is the oscillation frequency, MI is the
moment of molecule inertia.
The energy of a diatomic molecule E can be repre-
sented as a sum of electronic, rotary and oscillatory en-
ergies
)1)(2/2()
2
1( +⋅++⋅+= jмInееUE ϖ , (2)
where n - oscillatory quantum number, j - rotary
quantum number, еU - energy of electronic excitation
of a molecule.
The rate of the process of atom recombination (asso-
ciation of atoms into molecules) should be taken into
account only in the case of shock waves of a low inten-
sity. In Table 4 specified are the structure of the air and
its thermodynamic functions. Using the data of these ta-
bles, it is possible to define in which case it is necessary
to take into account a rate of the process of atom recom-
bination. So, at a standard air density =0ρ 1,29 kg/m3
this process should be taken into account at an abrupt
change of the pressure in the front of a shock wave no
more than in 20 times (when it propagates in the air
with a normal pressure).
Table 4. Equilibrium structure of the air in the field of dissociation and beginning of ionization [2]
Т, K N2 N O2 O NO N+ O+ NO+
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
15000
0.788
0.749
0.744
0.571
0.222
0.050
0.006
0.0004
0.044
0.416
1.124
1.458
0.205
0.100
0.006
0.007
0.015
0.134
0.356
0.393
0.407
0.411
0.007
0.084
0.050
0.024
0.009
0.003
0.0034
0.020
0.096
0.0034
0.015
0.0015
0.001
As in spark discharges the plasma is poorly ionized,
then, accordingly, this process absorbs a small part of
the electrical discharge energy. This fact allows do not
take into account this process as an energy source for in-
creasing the shock wave intensity.
Now we shall consider the problems in dependencies
of shock wave intensities and discharge energy amount
in gases, which arise in the process of practical realiza-
tion of the latter. Let's assume that for increasing the
shock wave intensity, we have chosen a way of increas-
ing the volume power of energy release. To accomplish
this purpose it is necessary to increase the discharge en-
ergy by reducing its duration and decreasing the dis-
charge interval. If the energy accumulation source will
be the condenser, then the discharge energy can be put
equal to:
2/2СUpE = , (3)
where C is the capacity of the condenser, U is the
charge voltage. The approximate time of the discharge
is defined by the formula:
RCt ⋅= , (4)
where R is the resistance of a loading circuit. To select a
major part of the energy in the discharge interval it is
necessary, that the resistance of a feed circuit was at
least by an order of magnitude less than the resistance of
the discharge interval. In its turn this creates restriction
on reducing the discharge interval duration.
As it is seen from (3), the discharge energy cab be
increased by increasing the capacity of the condenser
and/or charge voltage. If the capacity of the condenser is
increased, then the discharge duration increases (as fol-
lows from formula 4), that will not allow to increase ef-
fectively the volume power of energy release. If one in-
creases the charge voltage and assumes that the former
spacing of the discharge interval is kept at the expense
of inclusion in the discharge circuit of a low-inertia
switch, then, even it leads to increasing the volume
power of energy release, the significant increase in the
shock wave intensity is not observed (as follows from
the above-said).
Thus, with the purpose of exciting shock waves of a
large intensity by an electrical discharge it is necessary
to solve an inconsistency between the necessity to real-
ize a significant energy release in a short time interval
and to provide effective transformation of the discharge
energy into the kinetic energy of gas molecules.
The results obtained can be put in a basis of devel-
oping the methods to design devices for intensive in-
crease of the temperature of gas media with the help of
the electrical discharge, as well as to analyze the depen-
dence of the shock wave intensity on dynamic parame-
ters of the electrical discharge.
REFERENCES
1. Yu.P.Raizer. Physics of the gas discharge.
50
Moscow: Nauka, 1987. p. 73, 76.
2. Ya.B.Zel’dovich, Yu.P.Raizer. Physics of shock
waves and high-temperature hydrodynamic phe-
nomena. Мoscow: FTL, 1963. 686 p.
ВОПРОСЫ АТОМНОЙ НАУКИ И ТЕХНИКИ. 2001. №5.
Серия: Ядерно-физические исследования (39), с. 51-50.
51
52
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| id | nasplib_isofts_kiev_ua-123456789-78978 |
| institution | Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| issn | 1562-6016 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-12-07T13:40:20Z |
| publishDate | 2001 |
| publisher | Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України |
| record_format | dspace |
| spelling | Korytchenko, K.V. Volkolupov, Yu.Ya. Krasnogolovets, M.A. Ostrizhnoy, M.A. Chumakov, V.I. Semenets, T.A. 2015-03-24T15:42:10Z 2015-03-24T15:42:10Z 2001 Analysis of the process of raising the temperature in the spark channel at a discharge in gas / K.V. Korytchenko, Yu.Ya. Volkolupov, M.A. Krasnogolovets, M.A. Ostrizhnoy, V.I. Chumakov, T.A. Semenets // Вопросы атомной науки и техники. — 2001. — № 5. — С. 48-50. — Бібліогр.: 2 назв. — англ. 1562-6016 PACS numbers: 52.90.+z, 52.80.Mg https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/78978 Analysis of the process of raising the temperature in the spark channel at a discharge in gas is performed. The quantitative evaluation was made in main for the air. The effect of steadying a thermodynamic equilibrium in gas, as well as the influence of power discharge parameters on the process of temperature increasing was analyzed. The quantitative evaluation of time parameters of the processes of rotary, oscillatory relaxation, dissociation and ionization has allowed to reveal the influence of each of them on temperature increasing in the spark channel. The problems arising in the course of practical realization of a spark discharge which influence on the process of temperature raising are detected, and the ways for their solution are determined. The results obtained can be put in a basis of developing the methods to design devices for intensive increase of temperatures in gas media using the electrical discharge, as well as for analysis of a dependence of shock wave intensity on dynamic parameters of the electrical discharge. en Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України Вопросы атомной науки и техники Analysis of the process of raising the temperature in the spark channel at a discharge in gas Анализ процесса повышения температуры в искровом канале при разряде в газе Article published earlier |
| spellingShingle | Analysis of the process of raising the temperature in the spark channel at a discharge in gas Korytchenko, K.V. Volkolupov, Yu.Ya. Krasnogolovets, M.A. Ostrizhnoy, M.A. Chumakov, V.I. Semenets, T.A. |
| title | Analysis of the process of raising the temperature in the spark channel at a discharge in gas |
| title_alt | Анализ процесса повышения температуры в искровом канале при разряде в газе |
| title_full | Analysis of the process of raising the temperature in the spark channel at a discharge in gas |
| title_fullStr | Analysis of the process of raising the temperature in the spark channel at a discharge in gas |
| title_full_unstemmed | Analysis of the process of raising the temperature in the spark channel at a discharge in gas |
| title_short | Analysis of the process of raising the temperature in the spark channel at a discharge in gas |
| title_sort | analysis of the process of raising the temperature in the spark channel at a discharge in gas |
| url | https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/78978 |
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