Location of heavy elements by monochromatic X-ray beam
The remote nondestructive detection of materials with heavy elements is an important task in number of applications, including needs for control of terrorist’s activity. In the report, we discuss a possibility to use monochromatic X-ray beam in the X-ray locator. The locator should operate with a m...
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| Published in: | Вопросы атомной науки и техники |
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| Date: | 2004 |
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Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України
2004
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| Cite this: | Location of heavy elements by monochromatic X-ray beam / A.V. Shchagin, V.M. Sanin, V.V. Sotnikov, V.A. Voronko, A.M. Yegorov // Вопросы атомной науки и техники. — 2004. — № 1. — С. 194-196. — Бібліогр.: 8 назв. — англ. |
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Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine| _version_ | 1859681215275073536 |
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| author | Shchagin, A.V. Sanin, V.M. Sotnikov, V.V. Voronko, V.A. Yegorov, A.M. |
| author_facet | Shchagin, A.V. Sanin, V.M. Sotnikov, V.V. Voronko, V.A. Yegorov, A.M. |
| citation_txt | Location of heavy elements by monochromatic X-ray beam / A.V. Shchagin, V.M. Sanin, V.V. Sotnikov, V.A. Voronko, A.M. Yegorov // Вопросы атомной науки и техники. — 2004. — № 1. — С. 194-196. — Бібліогр.: 8 назв. — англ. |
| collection | DSpace DC |
| container_title | Вопросы атомной науки и техники |
| description | The remote nondestructive detection of materials with heavy elements is an important task in number of applications, including needs for control of terrorist’s activity. In the report, we discuss a possibility to use monochromatic
X-ray beam in the X-ray locator. The locator should operate with a monochromatic polarized X-ray beam in the energy range up to about 130 keV to cover all atomic energies of heavy elements. The effect of Parametric X-ray Radiation (PXR) from relativistic electrons moving through a crystal is used in the X-ray generator of a monochromatic, polarized, tunable X-ray beam. Therefore, the locator is based on a linear electron accelerator with energy of
about several tens of MeV. The locator is intended for remote sensing of heavy elements for several minutes at a
tentative distance up to about ten(s) meters.
Вилучене виявлення матеріалів, що не руйнує з важкими елементами - важлива задача в ряді застосувань,
включаючи необхідність контролю за діями терористів. У статті ми обговорюємо можливість використовувати
монохроматичний рентгенівський пучок у рентгенівському локаторі. Локатор повинний працювати з
монохроматичним поляризованим рентгенівським пучком в енергетичному діапазоні до 130 кеВ, щоб охопити всі рівні енергій атомних електронів важких елементів. Ефект параметричного рентгенівського випромінювання
(ПРВ) від релятивістських електронів, що рухаються через кристал, використовується в рентгенівському
генераторі монохроматичного, поляризованого, що перебудовується, рентгенівського пучка. Тому локатор
ґрунтується на лінійному електронному прискорювачі з енергією приблизно кілька десятків МеВ. Локатор
призначений для дистанційного зондування важких елементів на відстанях порядку десяти метрів з терміном
зондування кілька хвилин.
Удаленное неразрушающее обнаружение материалов с тяжелыми элементами - важная задача в ряде применений, включая необходимость контроля за действиями террористов. В статье мы обсуждаем возможность использовать монохроматический рентгеновский пучок в рентгеновском локаторе. Локатор должен работать с монохроматическим поляризованным рентгеновским пучком в энергетическом диапазоне до 130 кэВ, чтобы охватить все
уровни энергий атомных электронов тяжелых элементов. Эффект параметрического рентгеновского излучения
(ПРИ) от релятивистских электронов, движущихся через кристалл, используется в рентгеновском генераторе монохроматического, поляризованного, перестраиваемого, рентгеновского пучка. Поэтому локатор основывается на
линейном электронном ускорителе с энергией приблизительно несколько десятков МэВ. Локатор предназначен
для дистанционного зондирования тяжелых элементов на расстояниях порядка десяти метров со временем зондирования несколько минут.
|
| first_indexed | 2025-11-30T18:25:06Z |
| format | Article |
| fulltext |
LOCATION OF HEAVY ELEMENTS BY MONOCHROMATIC
X-RAY BEAM
A.V. Shchagin, V.M. Sanin, V.V. Sotnikov, V.A. Voronko, A.M. Yegorov
National Science Center “Kharkov Institute of Physics and Technology”,
61108, Kharkov, Ukraine;
E-mail: shchagin@kipt.kharkov.ua
The remote nondestructive detection of materials with heavy elements is an important task in number of applica-
tions, including needs for control of terrorist’s activity. In the report, we discuss a possibility to use monochromatic
X-ray beam in the X-ray locator. The locator should operate with a monochromatic polarized X-ray beam in the en-
ergy range up to about 130 keV to cover all atomic energies of heavy elements. The effect of Parametric X-ray Ra-
diation (PXR) from relativistic electrons moving through a crystal is used in the X-ray generator of a monochromat-
ic, polarized, tunable X-ray beam. Therefore, the locator is based on a linear electron accelerator with energy of
about several tens of MeV. The locator is intended for remote sensing of heavy elements for several minutes at a
tentative distance up to about ten(s) meters.
PACS: 95.55.Ka; 41.50+h; 41.60-m
1. INTRODUCTION
There are three basic hazards from nuclear materials:
1) as weapons, 2) as biological poisoning matter and
3) as radiation source. Some of high-Z materials can be
turned into weapon: plutonium, 235U, 233U. Such weapon
even roughly manufactured and inefficiently detonating,
can result in to powerful enough explosion (ton of an
equivalent TNT), and in addition can diffuse many
highly radioactive nuclear materials. The sprayed pluto-
nium is highly radiotoxic matter with a half-life period
of 24 thousand years resulting in illnesses or death of
the people.
Thefts of nuclear materials are possible practically
on the most of the nuclear cycle stages. The problem of
strife with this phenomenon includes both organization-
al measures, and technical. The general problems of
safety of a nuclear cycle surveyed in the reports [1,2].
The present paper deals with the method of locating
heavy elements through the use of the spectrometry of
characteristic radiation excited by an external quasi-
monochromatic X-ray beam. The idea of an X-ray loca-
tor based on the parametric X-ray radiation (PXR) was
first put forward in refs. [3,4]. Experiments on detection
of heavy elements with the use of a monochromatic X-
ray beam have been described in ref. [5]. By this
method, the object is irradiated with a photon flux of en-
ergy somewhat higher than the absorption K-edge in nu-
clear materials. The absorption K-edge for Pu is 121.8
keV. Therefore, the photon beam energy must exceed
this value. The secondary fluorescent radiation spectrum
will consist of characteristic lines of elements entering
into the composition of the object under inspection.
These spectra are well known and investigated. Apply-
ing the detecting apparatus with a sufficiently high ener-
gy resolution, one can determine the elemental composi-
tion of the object. The spectral K-lines from nuclear ma-
terials have the energies about 90…121 keV. Therefore,
they will be better seen due to lower absorption in sur-
rounding materials. In case of intentional protection, the
spectra of secondary radiation will exhibit the character-
istic lines of lead (or tungsten and other possible heavy
elements), and this may be indirect evidence for the
presence of nuclear materials and for the necessity of
additional inspection.
2. THE GENERATOR OF PRIMARY X-RAY
BEAM
The X-ray radiation source used in the proposed
method of heavy element location must be monochro-
matic (or quasi-monochromatic) and tunable in the
quantum energy ranging from a few tens of keV to
about 130 keV. For this purpose, a generator of X-ray
radiation, based on the PXR effect [6], is proposed. The
general scheme of heavy element location for the case
under consideration is shown in Fig. 1. The relativistic
electron beam from the linear accelerator, passing
through the crystal-radiator (Si, Ge or diamond), gener-
ates the parametric X-ray radiation. The angular
Fig 1. General scheme of the monochromatic X-ray lo-
cator using the PXR effect. The electron beam from a
linac excites PXR in a crystal. Quasi-monochromatic X-
ray beam of PXR excites characteristic X-ray radiation
in the target (object under inspection). The characteris-
tic X-ray radiation of the target can be registered be a
spectrometric detector
distribution of the PXR yield is characterized by a sharp
directionality (PXR reflection) in the vicinity of the
Bragg direction. The energy distribution and the average
___________________________________________________________
PROBLEMS OF ATOMIC SIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY. 2004. № 1.
Series: Nuclear Physics Investigations (42), p.194-196. 194
PXR reflection .
linac
Taget
Detector
Characteristic X-ray
e-
mailto:shchagin@kipt.kharkov.ua
energy of X-ray quanta in the PXR reflection, generated
from a certain set of parallel crystallographic planes of
the crystal, are determined by the angle between the
electron beam direction and the chosen crystallographic
plane. The primary X-ray beam (PXR reflection) is di-
rected at the object to be inspected and excites there the
secondary characteristic X-ray radiation, which is then
registered by the detecting system.
We have performed detailed calculations of PXR-gen-
erator characteristics for different electron-beam energies,
various types of crystals and crystallographic planes [7].
The optimum crystal-radiator thickness was chosen with
due regard for the influence of multiple electron scattering.
In particular, it has been shown that if the electron beam
energy is 120 MeV, then the 90 µm thick germanium crys-
tal with the working crystallographic plane (220) will be
the optimum choice of the crystal-radiator. In this case, the
maximum differential yield of X-ray radiation with a spec-
tral line energy of (135±13) keV will be 0.004 quanta/(e-⋅
sr); that will make 2.5⋅1012 quanta/sr per second at an elec-
tron beam current of 100 µA.
Note that the generator based on the coherent
bremsstrahlung (CB) effect may also be a promising
source of quasi-monochromatic and energy-tunable X-
ray radiation. In this case, the general scheme of loca-
tion is the same as in Fig.1, except for a change in the
X-ray beam direction along the electron beam. Our pre-
liminary estimations show that the use of CR may per-
mit an increase in the primary X-ray beam intensity at
an electron beam energy of ~15 to 30 MeV. However,
CR is not so monochromatic in comparison to the PXR.
3. THE RESPONSE SIGNAL FROM THE
OBJECT UNDER INSPECTION
The general formula to calculate the intensity of a
single detector-registered spectral line of a certain ele-
ment inspected is written as
( )[ ]
( )[ ]{ } (1) ,
4
exp1
exp
4L
SS
Yd
LrpCN
ijtd
EijE
aa
ij
a
E
ijE
pEi
KiijKiiij
π
ε
ρµµ
ρµµ
µµ
µ
ωρ
⋅⋅+−−
×+−
+
⋅⋅⋅⋅=
where ijN is the number of characteristic radiation
quanta (for the j-th spectral line of the i-th element to be
identified) registered by the detector in 1 s, iC is the
concentration of the i-th element in the sample, d is the
sample thickness, ρ is the density of the sample, aρ is
the air density, Kiω is the fluorescence yield for the K-
levels, ijp is the statistical weight of the spectral line,
Kir is the relative portion of photons absorbed by the K-
shell, pEiµ is the partial coefficient of absorption (rela-
tive to the photoeffect) of the primary radiation of ener-
gy E, ijµ is the mass coefficient of characteristic radia-
tion absorption in the sample, a
ijµ is the mass coeffi-
cient of characteristic radiation attenuation in air, Eµ is
the mass coefficient of primary radiation (energy E) ab-
sorption in the sample, a
Eµ is the mass coefficient of
primary radiation attenuation in air, L is the distance
from the sample inspected to the detector (and to the X-
ray source), tS is the scanned area of the sample in-
spected, dS is the area of the detector, ijε is the effi-
ciency of characteristic radiation registration by the de-
tector, EY is the differential yield of primary photons
having the energy E.
If the primary beam is not monochromatic, then ex-
pression (1) should be integrated over the photon energy.
For thick specimens, the factor ( )[ ]{ }dijE ρµµ +−− exp1
tends to 1, and the object thickness may be neglected in
calculations. For heavy elements, this approximation
holds if the sample thickness exceeds several millimeters,
because in this case the e-fold absorption length of the X-
rays with energy ~130 keV does not exceed 1 mm (e.g.,
0.14 mm for Pu, 0.15 mm for U, 0.37 mm for Bi, for mo-
noelement samples).
Fig.2 shows the calculated response signal values
versus the distance from the locator (radiation source
and detector) to the object under inspection. In the cal-
culations, the U target irradiated area was assumed
1 cm2, and depth no less then 0.15 mm. Also, it is as-
sumed that the object is irradiated with a primary beam
of 135±13 keV X-ray quanta with the differential yield
YE=2.5⋅1012 quanta/sr per second. The area of the detec-
tor is 100 cm2. Note that approximately the same re-
sponse signal values will be observed from other heavy
elements, e.g., Pu, Th, Ta, W, Pb, Bi, but with
Fig.2. The number of characteristic radiation quanta
(the sum of secondary radiations from all K-series spec-
tral lines) arriving in 1 sec at the 100 cm2 detector ver-
sus the distance of the locator to the object under in-
spection. The U target irradiated area is 1 cm2
different spectral line energies of the characteristic radi-
ation. Therefore, figures for these elements are similar
to one shown in Fig.2.
___________________________________________________________
PROBLEMS OF ATOMIC SIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY. 2004. № 1.
Series: Nuclear Physics Investigations (42), p.194-196.195
Assuming that for the reliable assessment of the
presence of the element inspected in the sample it is suf-
ficient to register ~50 counts in the detector, and the in-
spection time should not exceed, for example, 5 min-
utes, we obtain the detection range for unprotected ura-
nium sample (with irradiated area 1 cm2) to be about
23 m (or 30 m in outer space).
Registration of a response signal may be performed,
for example, by assembly of CdTe semiconductor spec-
trometric detectors of thickness about 4 mm at one plat-
form. To reduce the influence of background conditions
on the measurement results, active + passive protection,
as well as a collimator system must be used. Besides, a
hard X-ray telescope similar to one used for research in
outer space may be applied for registration of response
signal. Calibration of such telescope may be performed
by the PXR source [8].
4. CONCLUSION
The present estimates of the response signal from
the object under inspection demonstrate that the locator,
based on the PXR effect, permits the location of heavy
elements, including nuclear materials at distances up to
23 m in air and up to 30 m in outer space (at a given in-
spection time of no more than 5 minutes and visible di-
mensions of the irradiated part of the sample surface
~1 cm2). The detection range and the inspection time
mainly depend on both the intensity of the primary X-
ray source and the working area of the detecting system.
The X-ray generator based on the coherent
bremsstrahlung effect may also be a promising source of
X-ray beam, but detail investigations are necessary to
study this possibility. An increase up to 1 m2 in the area
of the detector that detects the secondary X-ray radia-
tion will enable a 3-fold increase in the detection range
(outer space) or a decrease in the location time.
The locator may be used at airports, railways, sea-
ports, etc. for search of materials, that consists of heavy
elements, to prevent terrorist’s activities, and also, in sci-
ence and technologies for remote nondestructive control
of different objects. The PXR source may be beneficial
for the development of heavy element tomography simi-
lar to the technique described in ref. [5]. Furthermore, the
locator may be launched into space and used for search of
heavy elements on asteroids and other bodies. In this
case, a hard X-ray locator may be used as a detector.
This paper became possible partially due to Grant
1030 from Science and Technology Center in Ukraine.
REFERENCES
1. Safeguards and security progress report. January-
December 1989, 1990. Report N LA-11914-PR. Los
Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM
(U.S.A.).
2. Nuclear Safety. 1974, v. 15, N 5.
3. A.V. Shchagin, V.I. Pristupa, N.A. Khizhnyak. Para-
metric X-ray radiation from relativistic electrons in a
crystal in the vicinity and at angular distance from a
Bragg direction //Nucl. Instr. and Meth. 1995,
v. B99, p. 277-280.
4. A.V. Shchagin, N.A. Khizhnyak. Differential proper-
ties of parametric X-ray radiation from a thin crystal //
Nucl. Instr. and Meth. 1996, v. В119, p. 115-122.
5. M. Bertschy, M. Crittin, J. Jolie, W Mondelaers,
N. Warr. A tunable monochromatic gamma-ray
source. Part 3. Feasibility study of heavy element
tomography // Nucl. Instr. and Meth. 1995, v. B103,
p. 330-338.
6. A.V. Shchagin. Investigations and Properties of
PXR//Electron-Photon Interaction in Dense Media/
ed. by H. Wiedemann, NATO Science Series, II.
Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry. 2002, v. 49,
p.133-151.
7. Monochromatic X-ray locator for control of nuclear
materials nonproliferation: Proceedings of the
STCU Project 1030, v. 1/ ed. by A.V. Shchagin,
Kharkov: KIPT, 2003.
8. A.V. Shchagin, N.A. Khizhnyak, R.B. Fiorito, D.W.
Rule, X. Artru // Nucl. Instr. and Meth. 2001, v. B
173, p. 154-159.
ЛОКАЦИЯ ТЯЖЕЛЫХ ЭЛЕМЕНТОВ МОНОХРОМАТИЧНЫМ РЕНТГЕНОВСКИМ ПУЧКОМ
А.В. Щагин, В.М. Санин, В.В. Сотников, В.А. Воронко, А.М. Егоров
Удаленное неразрушающее обнаружение материалов с тяжелыми элементами - важная задача в ряде примене-
ний, включая необходимость контроля за действиями террористов. В статье мы обсуждаем возможность исполь-
зовать монохроматический рентгеновский пучок в рентгеновском локаторе. Локатор должен работать с монохро-
матическим поляризованным рентгеновским пучком в энергетическом диапазоне до 130 кэВ, чтобы охватить все
уровни энергий атомных электронов тяжелых элементов. Эффект параметрического рентгеновского излучения
(ПРИ) от релятивистских электронов, движущихся через кристалл, используется в рентгеновском генераторе мо-
нохроматического, поляризованного, перестраиваемого, рентгеновского пучка. Поэтому локатор основывается на
линейном электронном ускорителе с энергией приблизительно несколько десятков МэВ. Локатор предназначен
для дистанционного зондирования тяжелых элементов на расстояниях порядка десяти метров со временем зонди-
рования несколько минут.
ЛОКАЦІЯ ВАЖКИХ ЕЛЕМЕНТІВ МОНОХРОМАТИЧНИМ РЕНТГЕНІВСЬКИМ ПУЧКОМ
А.В. Щагін, В.М. Санін, В.В. Сотніков, В.А. Воронко, О.М. Єгоров
Вилучене виявлення матеріалів, що не руйнує з важкими елементами - важлива задача в ряді застосувань,
включаючи необхідність контролю за діями терористів. У статті ми обговорюємо можливість використовувати
монохроматичний рентгенівський пучок у рентгенівському локаторі. Локатор повинний працювати з
монохроматичним поляризованим рентгенівським пучком в енергетичному діапазоні до 130 кеВ, щоб охопити всі
___________________________________________________________
PROBLEMS OF ATOMIC SIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY. 2004. № 1.
Series: Nuclear Physics Investigations (42), p.194-196. 196
http://plutonium-erl.actx.edu/security.html
рівні енергій атомних електронів важких елементів. Ефект параметричного рентгенівського випромінювання
(ПРВ) від релятивістських електронів, що рухаються через кристал, використовується в рентгенівському
генераторі монохроматичного, поляризованого, що перебудовується, рентгенівського пучка. Тому локатор
ґрунтується на лінійному електронному прискорювачі з енергією приблизно кілька десятків МеВ. Локатор
призначений для дистанційного зондування важких елементів на відстанях порядку десяти метрів з терміном
зондування кілька хвилин.
___________________________________________________________
PROBLEMS OF ATOMIC SIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY. 2004. № 1.
Series: Nuclear Physics Investigations (42), p.194-196.197
REFERENCES
|
| id | nasplib_isofts_kiev_ua-123456789-79071 |
| institution | Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| issn | 1562-6016 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-11-30T18:25:06Z |
| publishDate | 2004 |
| publisher | Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України |
| record_format | dspace |
| spelling | Shchagin, A.V. Sanin, V.M. Sotnikov, V.V. Voronko, V.A. Yegorov, A.M. 2015-03-25T20:33:25Z 2015-03-25T20:33:25Z 2004 Location of heavy elements by monochromatic X-ray beam / A.V. Shchagin, V.M. Sanin, V.V. Sotnikov, V.A. Voronko, A.M. Yegorov // Вопросы атомной науки и техники. — 2004. — № 1. — С. 194-196. — Бібліогр.: 8 назв. — англ. 1562-6016 PACS: 95.55.Ka; 41.50+h; 41.60-m https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/79071 The remote nondestructive detection of materials with heavy elements is an important task in number of applications, including needs for control of terrorist’s activity. In the report, we discuss a possibility to use monochromatic X-ray beam in the X-ray locator. The locator should operate with a monochromatic polarized X-ray beam in the energy range up to about 130 keV to cover all atomic energies of heavy elements. The effect of Parametric X-ray Radiation (PXR) from relativistic electrons moving through a crystal is used in the X-ray generator of a monochromatic, polarized, tunable X-ray beam. Therefore, the locator is based on a linear electron accelerator with energy of about several tens of MeV. The locator is intended for remote sensing of heavy elements for several minutes at a tentative distance up to about ten(s) meters. Вилучене виявлення матеріалів, що не руйнує з важкими елементами - важлива задача в ряді застосувань, включаючи необхідність контролю за діями терористів. У статті ми обговорюємо можливість використовувати монохроматичний рентгенівський пучок у рентгенівському локаторі. Локатор повинний працювати з монохроматичним поляризованим рентгенівським пучком в енергетичному діапазоні до 130 кеВ, щоб охопити всі рівні енергій атомних електронів важких елементів. Ефект параметричного рентгенівського випромінювання (ПРВ) від релятивістських електронів, що рухаються через кристал, використовується в рентгенівському генераторі монохроматичного, поляризованого, що перебудовується, рентгенівського пучка. Тому локатор ґрунтується на лінійному електронному прискорювачі з енергією приблизно кілька десятків МеВ. Локатор призначений для дистанційного зондування важких елементів на відстанях порядку десяти метрів з терміном зондування кілька хвилин. Удаленное неразрушающее обнаружение материалов с тяжелыми элементами - важная задача в ряде применений, включая необходимость контроля за действиями террористов. В статье мы обсуждаем возможность использовать монохроматический рентгеновский пучок в рентгеновском локаторе. Локатор должен работать с монохроматическим поляризованным рентгеновским пучком в энергетическом диапазоне до 130 кэВ, чтобы охватить все уровни энергий атомных электронов тяжелых элементов. Эффект параметрического рентгеновского излучения (ПРИ) от релятивистских электронов, движущихся через кристалл, используется в рентгеновском генераторе монохроматического, поляризованного, перестраиваемого, рентгеновского пучка. Поэтому локатор основывается на линейном электронном ускорителе с энергией приблизительно несколько десятков МэВ. Локатор предназначен для дистанционного зондирования тяжелых элементов на расстояниях порядка десяти метров со временем зондирования несколько минут. This paper became possible partially due to Grant 1030 from Science and Technology Center in Ukraine. en Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України Вопросы атомной науки и техники Применение ускоренных пучков Location of heavy elements by monochromatic X-ray beam Локація важких елементів монохроматичним рентгенівським пучком Локация тяжелых элементов монохроматичным рентгеновским пучком Article published earlier |
| spellingShingle | Location of heavy elements by monochromatic X-ray beam Shchagin, A.V. Sanin, V.M. Sotnikov, V.V. Voronko, V.A. Yegorov, A.M. Применение ускоренных пучков |
| title | Location of heavy elements by monochromatic X-ray beam |
| title_alt | Локація важких елементів монохроматичним рентгенівським пучком Локация тяжелых элементов монохроматичным рентгеновским пучком |
| title_full | Location of heavy elements by monochromatic X-ray beam |
| title_fullStr | Location of heavy elements by monochromatic X-ray beam |
| title_full_unstemmed | Location of heavy elements by monochromatic X-ray beam |
| title_short | Location of heavy elements by monochromatic X-ray beam |
| title_sort | location of heavy elements by monochromatic x-ray beam |
| topic | Применение ускоренных пучков |
| topic_facet | Применение ускоренных пучков |
| url | https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/79071 |
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