Source of high energy gamma rays on basis of storage ring with internal target and electron cooling
The project of a high-energy monochromatic gamma radiation source is developed. The source is based on the storage ring with an internal thin target. A limiting factor for using of the internal target is the growth of the beam phase space by multiple scattering and energy loss straggling. We consi...
Saved in:
| Published in: | Вопросы атомной науки и техники |
|---|---|
| Date: | 2004 |
| Main Authors: | , , , , |
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України
2004
|
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/79076 |
| Tags: |
Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
|
| Journal Title: | Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| Cite this: | Source of high energy gamma rays on basis of storage ring with internal target and electron cooling / K.V. Gubin, V.A. Mashinin1, V.V. Parkhomchuk, V.G. Shamovskij, V.A. Vostrikov // Вопросы атомной науки и техники. — 2004. — № 1. — С. 209-212. — Бібліогр.: 9 назв. — англ. |
Institution
Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine| _version_ | 1859725709189054464 |
|---|---|
| author | Gubin, K.V. Mashinin, V.A. Parkhomchuk, V.V. Shamovskij, V.G. Vostrikov, V.A. |
| author_facet | Gubin, K.V. Mashinin, V.A. Parkhomchuk, V.V. Shamovskij, V.G. Vostrikov, V.A. |
| citation_txt | Source of high energy gamma rays on basis of storage ring with internal target and electron cooling / K.V. Gubin, V.A. Mashinin1, V.V. Parkhomchuk, V.G. Shamovskij, V.A. Vostrikov // Вопросы атомной науки и техники. — 2004. — № 1. — С. 209-212. — Бібліогр.: 9 назв. — англ. |
| collection | DSpace DC |
| container_title | Вопросы атомной науки и техники |
| description | The project of a high-energy monochromatic gamma radiation source is developed. The source is based on the
storage ring with an internal thin target. A limiting factor for using of the internal target is the growth of the beam
phase space by multiple scattering and energy loss straggling. We consider the possibility of using the electron
cooling for dumping of the beam heating by the internal target.
Розроблено проект високоенергетичного монохроматичного джерела гамма-випромінювання. Джерело
засноване на накопичувальному кільці з внутрішньою тонкою мішенню. Фактором, що лімітує
використання внутрішньої мішені, є ріст фазового об’єму пучка через багаторазове розсіювання і розкид
енергетичних втрат. Розглядається можливість використання електронного охолодження для зменшення
нагрівання пучка внутрішньою мішенню.
Разработан проект высокоэнергетичного монохроматического источника гамма-излучения. Источник
основан на накопительном кольце с внутренней тонкой мишенью. Лимитирующим фактором для
использования внутренней мишени является рост фазового объема пучка из-за многократного рассеяния и
разброса энергетических потерь. Рассматривается возможность использования электронного охлаждения
для уменьшения нагревания пучка внутренней мишенью.
|
| first_indexed | 2025-12-01T11:20:21Z |
| format | Article |
| fulltext |
SOURCE OF HIGH ENERGY GAMMA RAYS ON BASIS OF STORAGE
RING WITH INTERNAL TARGET AND ELECTRON COOLING
K.V. Gubin, V.A. Mashinin1, V.V. Parkhomchuk, V.G. Shamovskij, V.A. Vostrikov
Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics, SB RAS
Lavrentiev ave., 11, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia; E-mail:V.A.Vostrikov@inp.nsk.su
The project of a high-energy monochromatic gamma radiation source is developed. The source is based on the
storage ring with an internal thin target. A limiting factor for using of the internal target is the growth of the beam
phase space by multiple scattering and energy loss straggling. We consider the possibility of using the electron
cooling for dumping of the beam heating by the internal target.
PACS:8.38
1. INTRODUCTION
For generation of an intense flux of the
monochromatic γ - radiation, the proton capture
reactions are used. The traditional technique is an
irradiation of the target by proton beam with energy up
to few million electron-volts and current up to tens of
milliamps.
We consider the reaction 13C(p,γ)14N of radiation
capture of proton with the energy near resonance
7481.Er = MeV. As a result of reaction the high
energy photons ( 179.E =γ MeV) are generated. The
cross-section of the reaction is 261053 −⋅= .rσ cm-2, and
120.p =Γ keV is a width of resonance. The value of
photons output for thick target is 910051 −⋅≈≈Υ .
N
N
p
γ
.
In the storage ring with the internal thin target the
beam many times pass through the target. A limiting
factor for using of the internal target is the growth of the
beam phase space by small angle multiple scattering and
energy loss straggling. Therefore, the compensation of
the energy loss at every turn is required. At papers [1,2]
the compensation by using the RF resonator are
considered. It allows one to increase significantly the
nuclear reaction output and reduce the power
consumption. We consider the possibility of using the
electron cooling in combination with betatron inductor
for dumping of the beam heating by internal target.
2. KEY PHYSICAL PROCESSES
2.1. BEAM HEATING BY INTERNAL TARGET
Moving in the target, the protons ionize the target
atoms. This results in the beam transverse emittance
degradation by Coulomb scattering on target nucleus
and systematic loss of the particle energy as well as in
an increase in the beam energy spread [3,4]. For the
particle with the energy 2cmE pp γ= , the cross-section
of the Coulomb scattering on the nucleus of target is
222
224
max
Ap
s
Zr
θβγ
π
σ = , (1)
where AZ is the atomic number of the target material,
pr is a classical proton radius and maxθ is defined by an
angular aperture limitation.
Then the beam lifetime is
As
s tf σ
τ
0
1= . (2)
The average proton energy loss for one turn is
−=∆
I
ElntZrcmE maxAAe
e 2
2
2 4
β
π
. (3)
Here, At is the target thickness, er is the electron
classical radius, 222 vmEmax γ≅ , I is the mean
ionization potential of the target atoms. The dispersion
of energy can be estimated as
max
AAe
e EtZrcmE 2
2
22 4
β
π=∆ . (4)
2.2. ELECTRON COOLING
For compensation of the energy loss and emittance
degradation we consider to use the combination of the
electron cooling and induction module. The betatron
inductor must compensate the average energy loss
during one injection cycle. The electron cooling is
needed for dumping of the emittance dilution due to
multiple scattering and space charge forces, and for
decreasing energy spread.
In this paper, we estimate the electron cooling force
using the following phenomenological expression which
has been proposed in .[5]
+
+
+
−=⋅=∆
min
max
322
4
1ln
)(
4
ρρ
ρττ
Lefe
e
VVm
VneFp
. (5)
This simple expression is in a reasonable agreement
with available results of the measurements of the
cooling force as well as with computer simulations. All
parameters in Eq.5 are taken in the beam reference
system, en is the density of electron beam, V is the
proton velocity 222
⊥ += VVV , c/lc γ βτ = , cl is the
length of the cooling region, eB/cvm TeL =ρ is the
Larmour radius of the electron beam, 2
Tevm is the
transverse temperature of the electron beam, B is the
___________________________________________________________
PROBLEMS OF ATOMIC SIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY. 2004. № 1.
Series: Nuclear Physics Investigations (42), p.209-212. 209
magnet field in the cooling section. The value 2
effeVm is
an effective temperature of the electron gas. Generally,
we shall write
2222
eBEef VVVV ++= ×∆ Θ , (6)
where ∆ ΘV is the effective velocity induced by the curve
of the magnetic field lines, BEV × is the electron drift
velocity in the crossed the space charge fields of the
beams and the guiding magnetic field of the cooling
device, 2
eeVm is the longitudinal temperature of the
electron beam e
/
ee mneV 3122= . As the maximum
impact parameter maxρ we take the value:
τω
τρ
⋅+
⋅=
pe
max
V
1 , (7)
where peω is the plasma frequency of the electron. The
minimal impact parameter reads are:
2
2
Vm
e
e
min =ρ . (8)
2.3. INDUCTION MODULE
The induction module provides an accelerating
voltage for compensating average energy losses during
operation cycle st,
t
BS
c
U τ<∆
∆
∆−= 1
, where S is a
core cross-section area, B∆ is a flux swing [6]. An
inductance of the core and a leakage current can be
estimated as
B
L
SI,
R
RlnlL
f
∆=
= 0
2π
µ
. (9)
2.4. PROTON ENERGY SPREAD
The proton energy spread created by the internal
target will not result in the decreasing on the flux of
photons if the total power of the cooling force and
accelerating voltage exceeds the power of the ionization
losses. We take calculations follow paper [7]. If F is
the longitudinal component of the cooling force, the
equilibrium energy of a particle is defined by the
following balance equation
[ ]
I
Eln
v
crtmceU)E(Fv maxeA
Π
−=+∆
22
2 4π . (10)
Due to decrease in the value of the cooling force with an
increase in the value of the energy spread Eq.10 has two
roots. The vicinity near the first root at the decreasing
slope of the curve ( )EF ∆ corresponds to stable
solutions. During the cooling the protons will collect
near this energy. The second root corresponds to the
unstable solution and defines the momentum aperture of
the ring. For calculations of the systematic variations of
the particle energy due to cooling force the power
( )EF ∆ is averaged over the periods of the betatron
oscillations. For simplicity we take that the dispersion
function in the cooling section is zero and neglecting the
variations of the betatron functions of the ring along the
cooling section. Inspecting dependencies
( ) ( )
( ) veUdtdE
E,vFE,Q
t −
∆=∆ εε we can find out, for a taken
electron beam density, the roots of the Eq.10 (
( ) 1=∆ E,Q ε ) corresponding to the stable fixed point
and the momentum aperture aθ . The lifetime of the
beam can be estimated calculating the average
frequency of ionization events with the energy loss
exceeding apap mE θβγ 2=∆ . Then, we write
Π
=− crtZ
m
m
a
eAA
p
e
ion θγ β
π
τ 3
2
1 4
2 . (11)
The numerical solutions of the Eq.10 for chosen ring
and beam parameters will be done below.
3. STORAGE RING DESIGN
The source based on the storage ring with internal
thin target, betatron inductor and electron cooling was
designed. In Table 1 the main ring parameters are listed.
In Fig.1 the layout of the storage ring are shown.
Fig.1. Layout of the storage ring: 1-dipole magnets;
2-quadruple triplet; 3-electron cooler;
4-internal target; 5-induction module
Table 1. Main parameters of storage ring
Energy, MeV 1.748
Circumference, m 9.29
Betatron tunes νx/νy 1.47/1.68
Transition factor 1.31
Momentum compaction factor 0.584
Revolution frequency, MHz 1.967
The magnet system of storage ring consists of four
magnets with edge focusing and quadruple triplet. In
drifts the internal target, electron cooler and induction
module are located. In Fig.2 the optics functions of the
ring are presented, solenoid is switch on [8]. The
solenoid of the electron cooler creates a coupling of the
transverse betatron oscillations. The length and magnet
field of the solenoid are selected so as the rotation angle
of the proton equal to 2π. Therefore the transverse
coupling beyond the bounds of the solenoid defaults. As
the dispersion function in the cooling region is nonzero,
the vertical dispersion in the cooling region is appeared.
The maximal value of the vertical dispersion is 0.69 m.
210
Fig.2. Optic functions of the storage ring
Table 2. Main parameters of subsystems
Electron cooler
Energy, keV 0.952
Length of the cooling region, m 1
Electron current, A 0.5
Beam radius, cm 0.63
Magnet field in the cooling region, T 1.2
Internal target
Material carbon C13
Thickness, cm-2 3⋅1015
Average energy loss per turn, eV 9.5
Gain of energy dispersion, eV 97
Single scattering beam life time, ms 37
Induction module
Voltage, V 9.5
Pulse duration, ms 25
Core cross-section, cm2 600
Inductance, Hn 10-6
Leakage current, A) 300
The main parameters of the subsystems are listed in
Table 2.
The electron cooler consist of superconducting
solenoid with accuracy of straightens magnetic field line
about 10-5, electron gun immersed in the magnetic field,
collector and toroids.
The vapour internal target (carbon C13) is used as a
stripper for the H- charge exchange injection also. At
energy 1.75 MeV H- charge exchange cross-sections are
17
10 1035 −
− ⋅=σ cm2, 17
01 1016 −⋅=σ cm2, the optimal
target thickness is about 15106 ⋅≈δ cm-2 [9]. The
injection can be as a single-turn as a multi-turn.
The duration of an operational cycle is 27 ms. H-
ions are injected to reference orbit and stripped on the
carbon target. The storage proton beam many times
passes through the target and creates the output flux of
γ-radiation. The average beam energy losses are
compensated by induction module during pulse duration
25 ms. The multiple scattering and space charge
emittance dilution, and energy loss fluctuations are
dumped by electron cooling device. The next 2 ms
reserved for reverse part of the induction module cycle.
The numerical solution of Eq.10, assuming the beam
and target parameters described above and
inhomogeneous of field derivative about 5% give the
next results. As is seen from Fig.3 for the beams with
emittances less 1 cm⋅mrad the cooling using the electron
beam with 91041 ⋅= .ne cm-3 successfully suppresses
the ionization energy losses in the target. The roots of
the equilibrium equation on the increasing slopes of
)p(Q ∆− occur in the regions which are well below the
value of 5107 −⋅=∆ pp corresponding to 120=∆ E eV.
The roots of Eq.10 on the decreasing slopes of the curve
)p(Q ∆− give the momentum aperture of the ring in
such operation. According to data given in Fig.3, for all
three curves these roots occur at approximately
210 −=aθ , and 43=ionτ ms. This lifetime does not
limits the operation performance.
Fig.3. Dependence of the factor Q in Eq.10 on
.pp∆− From top to bottom 2150 ,,.=ε cm⋅mrad
The maximal space charge tune shift 10.=∆ ν
allows one to estimate the maximal storage beam
intensity 11105 ⋅=pN particles per pulse.
Let’s estimate the output flux of γ-radiation for the
described above target parameters and beam intensity
11105 ⋅=pN particles. The effective current of the
proton beam passing through the target is
16000 .feNI p ≅= A and the output flux of γ-radiation
is 81011 ⋅=Υ≈ .fNN opγ photons per second. In
assuming, that the proton beam is completely replaced
after 4105 ⋅ turns in the storage ring ( 25=τ ms), the
injection current needed from the ion source is only
3201 .eNI pinj ≅= −τ µA.
4. CONCLUSION
The project of high energy gamma radiation source
is discussed. The source is based on the storage ring
with internal thin target and electron cooling. The
design of the storage ring and main parameters of the
subsystems are developed.
___________________________________________________________
PROBLEMS OF ATOMIC SIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY. 2004. № 1.
Series: Nuclear Physics Investigations (42), p.209-212. 211
REFERENCES
1. M.Z. Maximov // Atomnaya Energia. 1959, v. 7,
p. 472,
2. K.M. Erokhin, V.A. Mashinin, S.A. Minaev//JTP.
1995, v. 65, № 4, p. 115.
3. G.I. Budker et al. // Proc. X Intern. Conf. On High
Energy Accelerators, v. II. Serpukhov, 1977,
p. 141.
4. F. Hinterberger, T. Mayer-Kuckuk, & D. Prasuhn //
NIM in Phys. Research A. 1989, v. 275, p. 239.
5. V.V. Parkhomchuk // NIM in Phys., Research A.
2000, v. 441, p. 9.
6. Yu.P. Vahrushin et al. M. Atomizdat, 1978.
7. D.V. Pestrikov: Preprint BINP, 2002-58, 2002.
8. H. Grote, F.C. Iselin // MAD Ref. Man., SL/90-13.
9. G.I. Dimov // Rev. Sci. Instrum. 1996, v. 67,
p. 3393.
ИСТОЧНИК ВЫСОКОЭНЕРГЕТИЧНОГО ГАММА-ИЗЛУЧЕНИЯ НА ОСНОВЕ
НАКОПИТЕЛЬНОГО КОЛЬЦА С ВНУТРЕННЕЙ МИШЕНЬЮ
И ЭЛЕКТРОННЫМ ОХЛАЖДЕНИЕМ
К.В. Губин, В.А. Машинин, В.В. Пархомчук, В.Г. Шамовский, В.А. Востриков
Разработан проект высокоэнергетичного монохроматического источника гамма-излучения. Источник
основан на накопительном кольце с внутренней тонкой мишенью. Лимитирующим фактором для
использования внутренней мишени является рост фазового объема пучка из-за многократного рассеяния и
разброса энергетических потерь. Рассматривается возможность использования электронного охлаждения
для уменьшения нагревания пучка внутренней мишенью.
ДЖЕРЕЛО ВИСОКОЕНЕРГЕТИЧНОГО ГАММА-ВИПРОМІНЮВАННЯ НА ОСНОВІ
НАКОПИЧУВАЛЬНОГО КІЛЬЦЯ З ВНУТРІШНЬОЮ МІШЕННЮ
Й ЕЛЕКТРОННИМ ОХОЛОДЖЕННЯМ
К.В. Губін, В.А. Машинин, В.В. Пархомчук, В.Г. Шамовський, В.А. Востриков
Розроблено проект високоенергетичного монохроматичного джерела гамма-випромінювання. Джерело
засноване на накопичувальному кільці з внутрішньою тонкою мішенню. Фактором, що лімітує
використання внутрішньої мішені, є ріст фазового об’єму пучка через багаторазове розсіювання і розкид
енергетичних втрат. Розглядається можливість використання електронного охолодження для зменшення
нагрівання пучка внутрішньою мішенню.
212
1. INTRODUCTION
2. KEY PHYSICAL PROCESSES
2.2. Electron cooling
2.3. Induction module
2.4. Proton energy spread
REFERENCES
К.В. Губін, В.А. Машинин, В.В. Пархомчук, В.Г. Шамовський, В.А. Востриков
|
| id | nasplib_isofts_kiev_ua-123456789-79076 |
| institution | Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| issn | 1562-6016 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-12-01T11:20:21Z |
| publishDate | 2004 |
| publisher | Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України |
| record_format | dspace |
| spelling | Gubin, K.V. Mashinin, V.A. Parkhomchuk, V.V. Shamovskij, V.G. Vostrikov, V.A. 2015-03-25T20:42:15Z 2015-03-25T20:42:15Z 2004 Source of high energy gamma rays on basis of storage ring with internal target and electron cooling / K.V. Gubin, V.A. Mashinin1, V.V. Parkhomchuk, V.G. Shamovskij, V.A. Vostrikov // Вопросы атомной науки и техники. — 2004. — № 1. — С. 209-212. — Бібліогр.: 9 назв. — англ. 1562-6016 PACS:8.38 https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/79076 The project of a high-energy monochromatic gamma radiation source is developed. The source is based on the storage ring with an internal thin target. A limiting factor for using of the internal target is the growth of the beam phase space by multiple scattering and energy loss straggling. We consider the possibility of using the electron cooling for dumping of the beam heating by the internal target. Розроблено проект високоенергетичного монохроматичного джерела гамма-випромінювання. Джерело засноване на накопичувальному кільці з внутрішньою тонкою мішенню. Фактором, що лімітує використання внутрішньої мішені, є ріст фазового об’єму пучка через багаторазове розсіювання і розкид енергетичних втрат. Розглядається можливість використання електронного охолодження для зменшення нагрівання пучка внутрішньою мішенню. Разработан проект высокоэнергетичного монохроматического источника гамма-излучения. Источник основан на накопительном кольце с внутренней тонкой мишенью. Лимитирующим фактором для использования внутренней мишени является рост фазового объема пучка из-за многократного рассеяния и разброса энергетических потерь. Рассматривается возможность использования электронного охлаждения для уменьшения нагревания пучка внутренней мишенью. en Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України Вопросы атомной науки и техники Применение ускоренных пучков Source of high energy gamma rays on basis of storage ring with internal target and electron cooling Джерело високоенергетичного гамма-випромінювання на основі накопичувального кільця з внутрішньою мішенню й електронним охолодженням Источник высокоэнергетичного гамма-излучения на основе накопительного кольца с внутренней мишенью и электронным охлаждением Article published earlier |
| spellingShingle | Source of high energy gamma rays on basis of storage ring with internal target and electron cooling Gubin, K.V. Mashinin, V.A. Parkhomchuk, V.V. Shamovskij, V.G. Vostrikov, V.A. Применение ускоренных пучков |
| title | Source of high energy gamma rays on basis of storage ring with internal target and electron cooling |
| title_alt | Джерело високоенергетичного гамма-випромінювання на основі накопичувального кільця з внутрішньою мішенню й електронним охолодженням Источник высокоэнергетичного гамма-излучения на основе накопительного кольца с внутренней мишенью и электронным охлаждением |
| title_full | Source of high energy gamma rays on basis of storage ring with internal target and electron cooling |
| title_fullStr | Source of high energy gamma rays on basis of storage ring with internal target and electron cooling |
| title_full_unstemmed | Source of high energy gamma rays on basis of storage ring with internal target and electron cooling |
| title_short | Source of high energy gamma rays on basis of storage ring with internal target and electron cooling |
| title_sort | source of high energy gamma rays on basis of storage ring with internal target and electron cooling |
| topic | Применение ускоренных пучков |
| topic_facet | Применение ускоренных пучков |
| url | https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/79076 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT gubinkv sourceofhighenergygammaraysonbasisofstorageringwithinternaltargetandelectroncooling AT mashininva sourceofhighenergygammaraysonbasisofstorageringwithinternaltargetandelectroncooling AT parkhomchukvv sourceofhighenergygammaraysonbasisofstorageringwithinternaltargetandelectroncooling AT shamovskijvg sourceofhighenergygammaraysonbasisofstorageringwithinternaltargetandelectroncooling AT vostrikovva sourceofhighenergygammaraysonbasisofstorageringwithinternaltargetandelectroncooling AT gubinkv džerelovisokoenergetičnogogammavipromínûvannânaosnovínakopičuvalʹnogokílʹcâzvnutríšnʹoûmíšennûielektronnimoholodžennâm AT mashininva džerelovisokoenergetičnogogammavipromínûvannânaosnovínakopičuvalʹnogokílʹcâzvnutríšnʹoûmíšennûielektronnimoholodžennâm AT parkhomchukvv džerelovisokoenergetičnogogammavipromínûvannânaosnovínakopičuvalʹnogokílʹcâzvnutríšnʹoûmíšennûielektronnimoholodžennâm AT shamovskijvg džerelovisokoenergetičnogogammavipromínûvannânaosnovínakopičuvalʹnogokílʹcâzvnutríšnʹoûmíšennûielektronnimoholodžennâm AT vostrikovva džerelovisokoenergetičnogogammavipromínûvannânaosnovínakopičuvalʹnogokílʹcâzvnutríšnʹoûmíšennûielektronnimoholodžennâm AT gubinkv istočnikvysokoénergetičnogogammaizlučeniânaosnovenakopitelʹnogokolʹcasvnutrenneimišenʹûiélektronnymohlaždeniem AT mashininva istočnikvysokoénergetičnogogammaizlučeniânaosnovenakopitelʹnogokolʹcasvnutrenneimišenʹûiélektronnymohlaždeniem AT parkhomchukvv istočnikvysokoénergetičnogogammaizlučeniânaosnovenakopitelʹnogokolʹcasvnutrenneimišenʹûiélektronnymohlaždeniem AT shamovskijvg istočnikvysokoénergetičnogogammaizlučeniânaosnovenakopitelʹnogokolʹcasvnutrenneimišenʹûiélektronnymohlaždeniem AT vostrikovva istočnikvysokoénergetičnogogammaizlučeniânaosnovenakopitelʹnogokolʹcasvnutrenneimišenʹûiélektronnymohlaždeniem |