High-current pulse electron accelerators based on stepped forming lines
There presented is a brief review of I-3000, STRAUS, STRAUS-2 and LIA-10M accelerators produced in VNIIEF over the period from 1981 to 1994. All the installations function in the mode of single pulses. Their distinction consists in using the systems of forming high-voltage pulses on the basis of ste...
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| Опубліковано в: : | Вопросы атомной науки и техники |
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| Дата: | 2001 |
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Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України
2001
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| Цитувати: | High-current pulse electron accelerators based on stepped forming lines / V.S. Gordeev, V.F. Basmanov, G.A. Myskov, V.O. Filippov, V.S. Nikol’ski, N.N. Sulin, A.N. Petrov, S.T. Nazarenko, A.P. Gridasov // Вопросы атомной науки и техники. — 2001. — № 3. — С. 50-52. — Бібліогр.: 8 назв. — англ. |
Репозитарії
Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine| _version_ | 1859643391950716928 |
|---|---|
| author | Gordeev, V.S. Basmanov, V.F. Myskov, G.A. Filippov, V.O. Nikol’ski, V.S. Sulin, N.N. Petrov, A.N. Nazarenko, S.T. Gridasov, A.P. |
| author_facet | Gordeev, V.S. Basmanov, V.F. Myskov, G.A. Filippov, V.O. Nikol’ski, V.S. Sulin, N.N. Petrov, A.N. Nazarenko, S.T. Gridasov, A.P. |
| citation_txt | High-current pulse electron accelerators based on stepped forming lines / V.S. Gordeev, V.F. Basmanov, G.A. Myskov, V.O. Filippov, V.S. Nikol’ski, N.N. Sulin, A.N. Petrov, S.T. Nazarenko, A.P. Gridasov // Вопросы атомной науки и техники. — 2001. — № 3. — С. 50-52. — Бібліогр.: 8 назв. — англ. |
| collection | DSpace DC |
| container_title | Вопросы атомной науки и техники |
| description | There presented is a brief review of I-3000, STRAUS, STRAUS-2 and LIA-10M accelerators produced in VNIIEF over the period from 1981 to 1994. All the installations function in the mode of single pulses. Their distinction consists in using the systems of forming high-voltage pulses on the basis of stepped forming lines. Such installations formed of line sections of a similar electrical length with a stepped character of impedance variance provide a high efficiency and as a result of wave processes increase for a several time the output voltage as compared to the charge voltage of lines. The limiting energy of accelerated electrons for the created accelerators lies within the range from 2.3 to 25 MeV, beam current amplitude – from 20 to 50 kA, current pulse width at half-height – from 16 to 40 ns. The basic characteristics of each accelerator are presented.
|
| first_indexed | 2025-12-07T13:24:22Z |
| format | Article |
| fulltext |
HIGH-CURRENT PULSE ELECTRON ACCELERATORS BASED ON
STEPPED FORMING LINES
V.S. Gordeev, V.F. Basmanov, G.A. Myskov, V.O. Filippov, V.S. Nikol’ski,
N.N. Sulin, A.N. Petrov, S.T. Nazarenko, A.P. Gridasov
Russian Federal Nuclear Center – All-Russia Scientific Research
Institute of Experimental Physics (RFNC-VNIIEF)
607188, Sarov, Nizhni Novgorod region, Russia
E-mail: gordeev@expd.vniief.ru
There presented is a brief review of I-3000, STRAUS, STRAUS-2 and LIA-10M accelerators produced in VNIIEF
over the period from 1981 to 1994. All the installations function in the mode of single pulses. Their distinction con-
sists in using the systems of forming high-voltage pulses on the basis of stepped forming lines. Such installations
formed of line sections of a similar electrical length with a stepped character of impedance variance provide a high
efficiency and as a result of wave processes increase for a several time the output voltage as compared to the charge
voltage of lines. The limiting energy of accelerated electrons for the created accelerators lies within the range from
2.3 to 25 MeV, beam current amplitude – from 20 to 50 kA, current pulse width at half-height – from 16 to 40 ns.
The basic characteristics of each accelerator are presented.
PACS numbers: 29.17.+w; 84.70.+p
1 INTRODUCTION
In VNIIEF developed are the electric circuits of
multi-cascade generators of high-voltage pulses based
on stepped lines (SL) ensuring as a result of transition
wave processes a considerable – 5-10 times – increase
of voltage, current or power [1-3]. At the corresponding
relation of impedances of cascades possessing similar
electrical lengths such facilities have – in ideal case –
100% efficiency. During the time period from 1981 to
1994 there were created on the basis of circuits with ca-
pacitive energy storage the following high-current elec-
tron accelerators: I-3000, STRAUS, STRAUS-2 and
LIA-10M. The basic characteristics of these accelerators
are presented in the table. The brief description of accel-
erators that are mainly used for bremsstrahlung (B)
pulse generation is given below.
Table – Basic characteristics of the accelerators based on stepped lines produced in VNIIEF
Accelerator I-3000 STRAUS STRAUS-2 LIA-10M
Energy stored in Marx generators, kJ 12.5 10 24 180
Charging voltage of the forming line, kV 500 530 610 530-610
Number of switches in the forming system, item 60 13 21 341
Limiting energy of accelerated electrons, MeV 3.5 2.3 3 20-25
Current beam amplitude, kA 20 22 50 ≤50
Current pulse width at half-height, ns 16 40 20-40 25
Bremsstrahlung dose, R : on the flange at a 1-meter distance
from the target
2000
9
4500
9
10000
20
40000
750
Dose rate, R/s: on the flange at a 1-meter distance from the
target
1⋅1011
8⋅108
1,5⋅1011
8⋅108
5⋅1011
1⋅109
2,7⋅1012
5⋅1010
Bremsstrahlung pulse width, ns: 12 32 15-25 15
Diameter of irradiated spot (Dmax/Dmin=2) cm: on the flange at
a 1-meter distance from the target
10
100
5
70
8
80
8.5
55
2 I-3000 ACCELERATOR
On the basis of two injector modules of LIA-10 [4]
there was created in 1981 the I-3000 accelerator (Fig. 1)
with the following overall dimensions:
3.5×3.7×2.3(h) m3. The idealized electric circuit of a
three-cascade double stepped forming line (DSFL) is
presented in Fig.2, and the constructional scheme of the
accelerator high-voltage section is in Fig.3. To increase
the voltage generated by a group of six inductors there
was used a high-impedance vacuum transmission line
(TL). At the operation on the second pulse of accelerat-
ing voltage this made it possible to increase the limiting
energy of electrons by a factor of 2.3. It should be men-
tioned that these are just the results of experimental re-
search of the I-3000 facility that stimulated the develop-
ment of SL theory in VNIIEF.
3 STRAUS ACCELERATOR
In 1982 the STRAUS accelerator was put into opera-
tion; it is the first accelerator on SL with the optimal re-
lation of impedances [2, 5]. The view of the accelerator
when studying the injection to betatron is presented in
Fig. 4. In Fig. 5 shown are the electric circuit (a) and
scheme (b) of the high-voltage accelerator unit. It is pro-
duced on the basis of a five-cascade DSFL. At such re-
lation of impedances as Z1:Z2:Z3:Z4:Z5 =
= 1:3:15/4:5/4:15 it ensures in the matched mode of op-
eration the increase of the output voltage by a factor of
3 while in the idle-running mode – by a factor of 6. In a
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cylindrical tank (∅0.8m, ℓ=2.9m) located is DSFL with
the impedances of lines 1-5 equal to 1.1, 3.3, 4.1, 1.4
and 16 Ohm, respectively. At the external diameter of
DSFL a triggered commutator formed of 12 gas-filled
switches 6 was installed. The electrical length of water–
insulated lines T0=20ns. The accelerating tube is made
on the basis of sectioned insulator 10. The cavity be-
tween the sectioned insulator and polyethylene tube 9 is
filled with electrolyte 11 (water solution of NaCl). The
space between the accelerating tube and polyethylene
diaphragm 7 is filled with transformer oil. The diode as-
sembly 12 is connected to DSFL through a one-channel
triggered gas-filled pre-pulse switch 8.
Fig. 1. General view of I-3000 accelerator: 1 – two in-
jector blocks of LIA-10; 2 – two Marx generators
GIN-500; 3 – vacuum TL.
Fig.2. Electric circuit of load connecting to the inductor
(group of inductors) (1) through a homogeneous TL (2).
Fig. 3. Scheme of I-3000 high-voltage unit: 1– injector
block of LIA-10 inductors; 2 – vacuum TL; 3 – cathode.
Fig. 4. General view of STRAUS accelerator:1 – DSFL
body; 2 – DSFL switches; 3 – Marx generator GIN-
500; 4 – body of accelerating tube assembly; 5 – iron-
free BIM-234 betatron.
DSFL is charged to ≤500kV during 0.8µs. The pulse
of diode current has the shape close to trapezoidal one at
t0.5≈ 40 ns, t0.8≈ 20 ns. On Fig. 6 there are presented the
oscillograms of diode current (a) and bremsstrahlung (b)
pulses registered at the accelerating voltage of 2.3 MV.
The accelerator characteristics are given in the table.
The results of the experiments confirmed completely
the conclusions of the theoretical analysis made for
pulse devices on SL. Along with high coefficient of
voltage transformation the possibility of forming a pulse
with a “flat” top was confirmed too. As compared to
I-3000 the STRAUS accelerator has one Marx generator
GIN-500 instead of two generators, the full number of
switches in the forming lines is decreased from 60 to 13
and it is provided that the energy left in the forming sys-
tem after the working pulse termination is scattered in
the electrolytic load. As a result the reliability of accel-
erator operation increased noticeably.
a
b
Fig. 5. Electric circuit (a) and scheme (b) of STRAUS
high-voltage unit.
a b
Fig. 6. Oscillograms of diode current (a) and brems-
strahlung (b) pulses. Frequency of marks is 100MHz.
4 LIA-10M ACCELERATOR
The accelerating system of linear induction accelera-
tor LIA-10M (Fig. 7) is comprised of an injector, 16 ac-
celerating modules and beam transportation track 4m
long with a target assembly for bremsstrahlung pulse
generation [2, 6]. The dimensions of the accelerating
system without transportation track are as follows:
12x3.5x2.4(h) m3. Beam acceleration and transportation
is realized in a pulsed magnetic field of 0.5T. Being a
modification of STRAUS-2 accelerator the injector is
aimed at forming annular electron beam. It is produced
on the basis of a five-cascade DSFL (T0 =18 ns). The re-
lation of impedances Z1;Z2:Z3:Z4:Z5=
= 1.0:2.4:4.0:1.1:22.5 is optimized for the modes of
electron beam injection and bremsstrahlung generation.
When charging DSFL to 0.63 MV the amplitude of the
output voltage pulse of idle-running mode is as high as
4.1MV (U/U0 = 6.5).
Fig. 7. General view of LIA-10M accelerating system.
In Fig. 8 presented is the scheme of the high-voltage
injector unit. Water-insulated DSFL is commutated by
20 triggered gas-filled switches 6. The impedances of
ВОПРОСЫ АТОМНОЙ НАУКИ И ТЕХНИКИ. 2001. №3.
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lines 1-5 are equal to 0.8, 1.9, 3.2, 0.9 and 18 Ohm, re-
spectively. To decrease the length of DSFL, lines 1-4
are located in series by the radius within the limits of
one axial size. The accelerating tube is formed of
polyethylene tube 8 and sectioned insulator 9, cavity 10
is filled with electrolyte. The space between the acceler-
ating tube and polyethylene diaphragm 11 is filled with
transformer oil. DSFL is connected to the accelerating
tube through a one-channel triggered pre-pulse switch 7.
DSFL diameter is 1.2 m, its length with the accelerating
tube assembly and output chamber being equal to 2.7 m.
DSFL is charged over 0.51µs to the voltage of ≤ 700 kV
by two six-cascade Marx generators with a total energy
store of 24 kJ.
Fig. 8. Scheme of the high-voltage injector unit.
The inductor generating accelerating voltage pulses
and Marx generator ensuring the inductor pulse charg-
ing are the basic assemblies of the accelerating module.
The inductor is produced on the basis of four-cascade
DSFL (Fig.9b) increasing the voltage by a factor of 4 in
the idle-running mode. Three coaxial lines 1-3 (Fig. 9a)
with the impedances equal to 0.55, 1.65 and 3.3 Ohm
are displaced in series by radius, while the fourth one 4
(Z4 = 1.1 Ohm) is produced in the form of a homoge-
neous radial line. The inductor diameter is 1.1 m while
the axial size is 0.57 m. The commutation of DSFL is
implemented by 20 switches 9. The lines are charged to
≤ 560 kV over the time of 0.8 µs by a five-cascade
Marx generator with the energy store of 10 kJ.
a b
Fig. 9. Scheme (a) and electric circuit (b) of the induc-
tor: 1-4 – water lines with Z1, Z2, Z3 and Z4 impedances,
respectively. 5 – polyethylene tube; 6 – sectioned insu-
lator; 7 – electrolytic load; 8 –solenoid; 9 – multi-chan-
nel switch.
The accelerating track of LIA-10M is formed by 16
sectioned insulators of inductors with 200 mm aperture
and total length of 9.2 m. The accelerator whose charac-
teristics are presented in the table was turned on ~1600
times. The electric characteristics of the inductor and in-
jector are close to the calculated ones. The first and sec-
ond voltage pulse amplitude of the inductor on 60-Ohm
load is 1.2 and 2.0 MV, the duration by the basis was
equal to 30 and 34 ns while at half- height this value is
as high as 22 ns. At REL =60 Ohm and Ib = 50 kA the
amplitude of accelerating voltage constitutes 1.6 MV at
the tempo of acceleration equal to 2.8 MeV/m.
5 STRAUS-2 ACCELERATOR
The basic characteristics of STRAUS-2 accelerator
are given in the table. As differentiated from LIA-10M
injector, the STRAUS-2 solenoids aimed at magnetic
field creation are missing and the cathode configuration
is changed. The accelerator output voltage and current
are regulated but most frequently realized is the mode of
U≈3 MV, I≈ 50 kA, corresponding to the maximal dose
when operating in the mode of bremsstrahlung genera-
tion. The pulse duration varied through the change of
time of the pre-pulse switch triggering. The dose re-
mains practically unchanged at tB0.5= (15-25) ns, more-
over, the dose rate is maximal at tB0.5= 15ns and as com-
pared to the mode of tB0.5=25ns it increases by a factor
of ~1.5. The dose permanence is provided through the
growth of diode current and voltage (10-15%) with the
reduction of pulse duration. The first model of
STRAUS-2 accelerator on which there was made ~2000
pulses had been produced in 1989. After carrying out
the investigations on beam injection and bremsstrahlung
pulse generation it started being used as LIA-10M injec-
tor. Now in VNIIEF operate two more models of this
accelerator as compounds of irradiating complexes LIA-
10M-GIR2 and PUL’SAR [8].
6 CONCLUSION
In the course of I-3000, STRAUS, STRAUS-2 and
LIA-10M creation and operation the high efficiency of
the proposed schemes of generators on stepped lines
was confirmed. For the first time a considerable scope
of scientific and engineering information has been accu-
mulated and the experience in developing and produc-
ing the systems of high-voltage pulses based on stepped
lines has been gained.
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VNIIEF. Sarov. (In Russian). 1997. p. 107-133.
3.V.S.Gordeev. Schemes of high-voltage pulse shapers
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// DAN (Technical papers of the Academy of Sciences of
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systems based on stepped transmission lines // Proc. of
9-th Intern. Conf. on High-Power Particle Beams,
BEAMS-92, Washington DC, 1992, v. 1. p. 505-510.
6.V.S.Bosamykin, V.S.Gordeev, G.A.Myskov et al.
Linear induction accelerator LIA-10M with inductors on
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characteristics // VANT. 1999, № 4. p. 71-73.
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Complexes on the basis of high-current linear induction
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ВОПРОСЫ АТОМНОЙ НАУКИ И ТЕХНИКИ. 2001. №3.
Серия: Ядерно-физические исследования (38), с. 53-52.
53
|
| id | nasplib_isofts_kiev_ua-123456789-79208 |
| institution | Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| issn | 1562-6016 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-12-07T13:24:22Z |
| publishDate | 2001 |
| publisher | Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України |
| record_format | dspace |
| spelling | Gordeev, V.S. Basmanov, V.F. Myskov, G.A. Filippov, V.O. Nikol’ski, V.S. Sulin, N.N. Petrov, A.N. Nazarenko, S.T. Gridasov, A.P. 2015-03-29T18:34:01Z 2015-03-29T18:34:01Z 2001 High-current pulse electron accelerators based on stepped forming lines / V.S. Gordeev, V.F. Basmanov, G.A. Myskov, V.O. Filippov, V.S. Nikol’ski, N.N. Sulin, A.N. Petrov, S.T. Nazarenko, A.P. Gridasov // Вопросы атомной науки и техники. — 2001. — № 3. — С. 50-52. — Бібліогр.: 8 назв. — англ. 1562-6016 PACS numbers: 29.17.+w; 84.70.+p https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/79208 There presented is a brief review of I-3000, STRAUS, STRAUS-2 and LIA-10M accelerators produced in VNIIEF over the period from 1981 to 1994. All the installations function in the mode of single pulses. Their distinction consists in using the systems of forming high-voltage pulses on the basis of stepped forming lines. Such installations formed of line sections of a similar electrical length with a stepped character of impedance variance provide a high efficiency and as a result of wave processes increase for a several time the output voltage as compared to the charge voltage of lines. The limiting energy of accelerated electrons for the created accelerators lies within the range from 2.3 to 25 MeV, beam current amplitude – from 20 to 50 kA, current pulse width at half-height – from 16 to 40 ns. The basic characteristics of each accelerator are presented. en Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України Вопросы атомной науки и техники High-current pulse electron accelerators based on stepped forming lines Сильноточные импульсные ускорители электронов на базе ступенчатых формирующих линий Article published earlier |
| spellingShingle | High-current pulse electron accelerators based on stepped forming lines Gordeev, V.S. Basmanov, V.F. Myskov, G.A. Filippov, V.O. Nikol’ski, V.S. Sulin, N.N. Petrov, A.N. Nazarenko, S.T. Gridasov, A.P. |
| title | High-current pulse electron accelerators based on stepped forming lines |
| title_alt | Сильноточные импульсные ускорители электронов на базе ступенчатых формирующих линий |
| title_full | High-current pulse electron accelerators based on stepped forming lines |
| title_fullStr | High-current pulse electron accelerators based on stepped forming lines |
| title_full_unstemmed | High-current pulse electron accelerators based on stepped forming lines |
| title_short | High-current pulse electron accelerators based on stepped forming lines |
| title_sort | high-current pulse electron accelerators based on stepped forming lines |
| url | https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/79208 |
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