Recent and future high energy experiments on QED nonlinear effects
A short review of the experiments on photon elastic scattering and splitting on Coulomb field of nuclei as well as on multiphoton Compton scattering and Breit-Wheeler pair production in strong electromagnetic field is given. Possible new QED nonlinear experiments are discussed.
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Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України
2001
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| citation_txt | Recent and future high energy experiments on QED nonlinear effects / K.A. Ispirian // Вопросы атомной науки и техники. — 2001. — № 6. — С. 19-24. — Бібліогр.: 40 назв. — англ. |
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| description | A short review of the experiments on photon elastic scattering and splitting on Coulomb field of nuclei as well as on multiphoton Compton scattering and Breit-Wheeler pair production in strong electromagnetic field is given. Possible new QED nonlinear experiments are discussed.
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P A R T 1
Q U A N T U M E L E C T R O D Y N A M I C S
RECENT AND FUTURE HIGH ENERGY EXPERIMENTS ON QED
NONLINEAR EFFECTS
K.A. Ispirian
Yerevan Physics Institute, Yerevan, Armenia
e-mail: karo@lx2.yerphi.am
A short review of the experiments on photon elastic scattering and splitting on Coulomb field of nuclei as well as
on multiphoton Compton scattering and Breit-Wheeler pair production in strong electromagnetic field is given.
Possible new QED nonlinear experiments are discussed.
PACS: 12.20.Fv, 13.10.+q, 13.40.-f, 42.65.-k
1. INTRODUCTION
QED processes are listed in Table 1 together with
key references of theoretical and experimental works.
For the first time the high energy process of scattering
when the energies of the colliding photons in cms is
larger than the electron mass has been studied in the
first publication of A.I. Akhiezer [2]. As it is seen from
his monographs and his last talks A.I. Akhiezer kept his
first love to this and other QED nonlinear processes
during all his life. That is why it has been found
reasonable to include this very short review talk on the
status of experiments in the program of this conference.
The processes (1), (2) and (4) are theoretically
studied for n = 1 (nω ≡ γ) only, while (7) for n >1 is
only estimated. The study of many of these processes
has begun after the invention of intense laser photon
beams photon producing very strong electromagnetic
fields. The field is strong if it is greater than the QED
critical field
Gauss
cm
V
e
cmF 13104.416103.1
32
0 ⋅=⋅==
.
Two invariants characterize the rate of these processes:
2/122
==
α
λ
ω
η ω ern
mc
Fe
and
( )
0
2 F
F
mc
or γεε
=Υ .
In this expressions F is rms electric (E) or magnetic (H)
field, ω, λ and nω are the photon frequency, wavelength
and density, re is the electron classical radius, α = 1/137,
ε and εγ are the electron and gamma quanta energy.
Using laser intensity I in W/cm2 one can write
η = 7.5.10-10 I1/2(W/cm2)/ћω(eV),
E(V/cm) = 19.4 I1/2(W/cm2),
nω(cm-3) = 2.108 I(W/cm2)/ђω(eV).
The nonlinear effects are essential when the values of
these invariants are of the order or greater than 1. For
instance, if ђω = 1.17 eV, I = 0.5.1018 W/cm2, ε =
50 GeV then η = 0.4, Υ=0.25.
Table 1. High energy QED nonlinear effects
№ Process Reaction Theory Experiment
1 Light scattering by light (nω)γ→γγ [1-4] Not observed [5-8]
2 Delbruck scattering (nω)Z→Zγ [4,9-11] [12,13]
3 Photon splitting γ Z→Zγγ [4,14,15] [16]
4 Coalescence of photons (nω)γZ→Zγ [4] Not observed
5 Multiphoton Compton scattering (nω)e→eγ [17-20] [21-22]
6 Multiphoton Breit-Wheeler (nω)γ→ee [18-20] [22,23]
7 Multiphoton tridient (nω)e→eee [22] Not observed
8 Photon splitting in EM Field γF→Fγγ [24-26] Not observed
9 Unruh effect (radiation) eF→Feγ [27-29] Not observed
10 Field induced n processes (Cherenkov) eF→Feω [30-31] Not observed
As it is seen from Table 1 only the elastic scattering
(2) and splitting (3) of photons on nuclei as well as the
radiation (5) and pair production (6) in strong field has
been studied experimentally. The elastic scattering of
photons on photons (1) is observed only with the help of
virtual photons in e+e- collisions and it is not observed
with real photons. There is a hope that the processes (7),
(9) and (10) can be observed if the achieved laser
PROBLEMS OF ATOMIC SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY. 2001, № 6, p. 19-24. 19
intensities will be increased by one order. The processes
(3) and (8) can proceed only in cosmological objects
and no in terrestrial experiments in the near future. We
do not include the W-boson photoproduction γe→Wν
[32] and pair production in laser beam collisions
(nω)+(mω) → e+ e- [33] processes into the Table 1,
because they are rather elementary particle and low
energy problems. We shall not also consider such
development of the theory as the peculiarities of the
nonlinear QED processes in single crystals [34,35] as
well as some polarization effects in (1) and (6) [36]
which increase the corresponding cross sections.
2. NOVOSIBIRSK EXPERIMENTS ON
DELBRUCK SCATTERING (DS) AND
PHOTON SPLITTING (PS)
In the work [13] results have been obtained for
elastic scattering of photons with εγ = (1-7.3) GeV on
nuclei Cu, Ag, Au and U under angles θ = (1-3) mrad in
good agreement with the theory [10] taking into account
the Coulomb corrections. The authors [13] also declared
that as by product they have made the first observation
of the splitting of photons (3) at the same energies.
However, as it has been shown in [37] in the experiment
[13] the process γZ → e+ e- γ and not photon splitting
was observed.
Fig. 1. The experimental arrangement of the
Novosibirsk DS and PS experiments
Recently, using the tagged Compton backscattered
photon beam at VEPP-4M and a liquid krypton (LKr)
Fig. 2. dσ/dt vs momentum transfer Δ for BGO
without a) and after b) subtraction of the background.
The solid curve is the theory
Fig. 3. The distributions a) of the tagged photon
energy, b) over the complanarity angle, c) of the energy
of the coplanar events and d) of the PS angles. The
points and histogram are the experimental and Monte
Carlo results
calorimeter, new experimental study of (2) and first
observation of (3) have been made by a BINP group
[13] and [16], respectively. The experimental
arrangement shown in Fig. 1 had the following main
parameters: The tagged photons had energy ω = (120-
450) MeV, Δω/ω ≈ 0.013; the thickness of the active
collimator, target and dump BGO were 13.3, 1 and 10 r.l.
The LKr calorimeter allowed to measure the energy
of scattered or splitted photons with σ≈2.4%/[ε(GeV)]1/2
and space resolution equal to (1-2.3) mm.
Table 2. The comparison between the experimental and Monte Carlo results for different photon
energy intervals. The data in each column are normalized to 109 initial photons
Photon energy interval 140-450MeV 140-250MeV 250-350 MeV 350-450 MeV
Initial photons 902.106 275.106 260.109 367.109
Experiment 13172±232 16810±353 13252±301 10383±229
Simulation 12810±181 16709±329 12535±283 10079±209
DS 9120±111 12346±171 8884±150 6867±119
Compton Scattering 1334±45 1624±85 1254±80 1173±66
Secondary photons 52±8 60±16 57±16 42±13
PS 495±62 954±133 324±65 270±51
Without interaction 435±88 434±90 519±108 376±78
From BGO collimator 1374±124 1290±246 1497±214 12351±147
20
The following event separation criteria were
required to separate the rare events in the large
background:
1) One particle in the tagging system, the energy
deposition;
2) in BGO collimator < 0.35 MeV;
3)in BGO target < 0.15 MeV;
4) in anticoincidence counter <0.4 MeV, background;
5) in first layer of LKr > 80 MeV;
6) one (two) detected photon(s) in the case of DS
(PS);
7) the difference of the energy depositions in LKr
and tagging system <2.5 σ.
The decomposition of the events is given in Table 2.
The experimental and the corresponding theoretical data
on DS and PS are shown in Fig. 2 and 3 (For PS only a
part of data is processed). As it is seen there is a
satisfactory agreement between them. Thus, the
application of fine experimental methods allowed
observing PS. However, as in the case of multiply
confirmed DS the results on PS need new
measurements.
3. EXPERIMENTS ON NONLINEAR
COMPTON AND INELASTIC LIGHT BY
LIGHT SCATTERING
Many proposals have been published (see [38]). The
experiments (Collaboration Princeton-Rochester-SLAC-
Tennessee) have been caried out using the SLAC FFTB
with ε = 46.6 GeV and a Nd: glass T3 laser providing
η = 0.4 and 0.32 at λ = 1053 (IR) and 527 nm (green) or
Υ = 0.26 and E*max= 5.1015 V/cm in the electron rest
frame.
a) Methods of measurements
1) In the case of Compton scattering (5) together
with the usual method of measuring the spectra of the
scattered photons with the help of pair spectrometer the
authors obtained better results detecting the recoil
electrons the calculated spectra of which are shown in
Fig. 4 for 5.109 electrons at η = 0.6. This is because
there are ~106 scattered photons per pulse for n=1 in (5),
while the number of low energy scattered electrons for
n>1 is very small. The minimal energy of the scattered
electrons is given by
( ) ( ) 2*
'
min
1
cos121
,
mn
n
α
εηε
++
=
where m* = m (1 + η2)1/2 is the electron effective mass,
α = 170 is the crossing angle. The main background
comes from the plural Compton scattering, (n ω)+e → e’
+ (mω) (n>m, see Fig. 4), which is estimated by the
pseudo photon method.
2) In the case of Breit-Wheeler process (6) the minimal
number of the laser photons is given by
( ) ( )
( )αβω ε
ηηε
γ
γ cos1
12,
242
min +
+=
cmn .
b) The experimental arrangement
shown in Fig. 6 had the following parameters:
1) The laser beam had frequency f = 0.5 Hz,
intensity after focusing on an area A=2πσxσy = 30 μ2,
length τ = 1.5 ps (FWHM), maximal
Fig. 4. Calculated spectra of scattered electrons
Fig. 5. The calculated energy spectra of positrons
for various n
When in Compton scattering (5) n=1, then for εγ = 29.1
GeV no e+ e- pair can be produced (6) for n=1. If ε =
46.6 GeV, ђω = 2.34 eV and η = 0, then nmin = 5. In this
experiment n = 4 also can give contribution due to η ≠ 0
and n=2 in (5). The calculated energy spectra of
positrons produced in the collision of 30 GeV electron
and 2.34 eV laser photon beams are shown in Fig. 5.
Therefore the detection of ~10-3 positrons per pulse is
the adopted method in this experiment.
I = 1016 – 1018 W/cm2 providing η= 0.1-0.35.
2) The electron beam had f = 30 Hz, τ = 3.6 ps, σx =30
μ, σy =40 μ, σz = 1 mm and emitance εx = 3.1010 m⋅rad,
εy = 3.10-11 m⋅rad.
3) The scattered electrons and positrons after a 6 magnet
spectrometer were detected by Si (300 μ) and W (1 rl)
sandwich calorimeters ECAL and PCAL having
1.6X1.6 cm2 pads and sufficient energy resolution.
4) The energy of forward photons was measured by the
calorimeter CCAL or sometimes by pair spectrometer
with sufficient resolution.
c) Some experimental results
1) Multiphoton Compton Scattering. The
dependences of the differential scattered electron yield
normalized over incident photon number upon electron
momentum and IR laser intensity are shown in Figs. 7
and 8, respectively.
21
In Fig. 7 the solid circles and open boxes are for
measured and simulated results on multiple Compton
scattering. The dashed curve is the simulation for n=m
plural scattering. In Fig. 8 the experimental results
(points with errors) at various momenta and n are
compared with the simulation results (shadowed bands)
and errors mainly due to 30% uncertainty of the laser
intensity. There is a good agreement with the expected
behavior ~η2(n-1) ~ In-1.
Fig. 6. The experimental set-up
Fig. 7. The spectra of the scattered electrons
Fig. 8. The dependence of the scattered electron
yield on laser intensity
Fig. 9. The spectra of detected positrons
Fig. 10. The dependence of the positron yield on η
2) Pair production in strong fields. The detected
positron spectra without and with laser and the
simulated one are shown in Fig. 9, while the
dependence of the positron yield on η is given in
Fig. 10. As it is seen the detected positron spectra are in
agreement with the simulations, while the observed
yield is ~ η2n
min with nmin = 5.1 ± 0.2 ± 0.5/0.8 where the
first and second errors are the statistic and systematic
errors mainly due to the η measurement.
These shortly described Novosibirsk and SLAC
experiments showed how difficult will be the advance in
this direction.
22
4. NEXT GENERATION QED NONLINEAR
EFFECT EXPERIMENTS
After closing LEP2 for which there was a project
[39] the following nonstudied experiments can be
performed on future 250 – 2000 GeV linear e+ e-
colliders such as TESLA [40].
a) Elastic and Inelastic Light Scaattering by Light
As it has been shown still in 1963 [5] considering
xperiments on the reactions (1) and (6) for n ≥1 with
similar kinematics one must take into account that 1) for
(1) the cross section has maximum when the photon
energy in cms (ωεγ)1/2 ≈ mc2 , 2) the minimal scattering
angle must be larger than the collimation angles of the
high energy photon and 3) the cross section integrated
from this minimal angle is ~ω3sc/εγ. One can consider
three options of photon-photon collisions on TESLA at
250 GeV (see the schemes of Fig. 11). For parameters
of the laser beams used in [22] and the expected
electron, secondary SASE x-ray and γ-beams [40] the
estimated rates of the detected events of the reaction (1)
is one per 10 – 104 laser pulses.
b) Unruh Effect (Radiation)
According to the Unruh Effect (see the review [29]) any
particle moving with a acceleration g’ in its
‘instantaneous rest frame finds itself in a bath of black
body radiation with a temperature
g
ck
T ′=
π2
,
which is similar to the Hawking formula with k being
the Boltzman constant. Of many proposed tests of this
effect we remind only the high energy radiation
experiment (see [29]. Using Plank’s formula and
considering Compton scattering of the both photons on
high energy electrons one can show that the produced
Unruh radiation, which is ~ g′4, will exceed the usual
Larmor radiation, which is ~g′2 , when g′ > g′crit = 3.1033
cm/s2. If such a g’ is achieved by E, then it must be one
order of magnitude beyond the QED critical E0 = 1.3.
106 V/cm. Since relativistic particles “feels” the external
fields enhanced γ times the Unruh effect can be
observed having such fields or the field of single crystal
in case of channeling and using electrons with energies
higher than 200 GeV. It is necessary to separate the
Unruh radiation from the other usual “Larmor type”
synchrotron or channeling radiation.
c) Field induced variation of index of refraction and
vacuum Cherenkov radiation
For magmetic fields with F<<F0 and perpendicular
to the photon propagation direction the index of
refraction of vacuum varies as
( ) ( ) ( )
+
+=
χ
χπχ
π
αω
2
1
2
0
TiN
F
Fn
where χ =(ħω/mc2)(F/F0). The functions N(χ) and T(χ)
are calculated in [30]. Neglecting the imaginary part,
one can show that the threshold
value of a circularly polarized field when an electron
with Lorenz factor γ begins to produce vacuum
Cherenkov radiation is given by
00
2/1
7.291
22
451 EEEthr γα
π
γ
=
= .
For a 250 GeV electron Ethr ≈ 8.1011 V/cm or I ≈ 8⋅1021
W/cm2 (in more detail see [38]).
Thus, even without considering the fine physics of
the processes (1)-(10) one can be sure that the future
technology and methods will allow to decrease the
regions “not observed’ in Table 1.
The author thanks I.I. Goldman, V.A. Khoze, A.I.
Nikishov and V.I. Ritus for discussing the above problems
since 1963 and N.F. Shul’ga for inviting to this conference.
Fig. 11. Light by light scattering experiments on 250 GeV ee-collider. For options 1, 2 and 3 εγ >> ω, εγ1 ≈ εγ2 ≈
mc2and εγ1 ≈ 10 KeVand εγ2 ≈25 MeV. l,x-ray and g are for light, x, γ-quanta
23
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25
K.A. Ispirian
1. INTRODUCTION
2. NOVOSIBIRSK EXPERIMENTS ON DELBRUCK SCATTERING (DS) AND PHOTON SPLITTING (PS)
3. EXPERIMENTS ON NONLINEAR COMPTON AND INELASTIC LIGHT BY LIGHT SCATTERING
|
| id | nasplib_isofts_kiev_ua-123456789-79414 |
| institution | Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| issn | 1562-6016 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-11-29T08:40:03Z |
| publishDate | 2001 |
| publisher | Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України |
| record_format | dspace |
| spelling | Ispirian, K.A. 2015-04-01T19:01:02Z 2015-04-01T19:01:02Z 2001 Recent and future high energy experiments on QED nonlinear effects / K.A. Ispirian // Вопросы атомной науки и техники. — 2001. — № 6. — С. 19-24. — Бібліогр.: 40 назв. — англ. 1562-6016 PACS: 12.20.Fv, 13.10.+q, 13.40.-f, 42.65.-k https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/79414 A short review of the experiments on photon elastic scattering and splitting on Coulomb field of nuclei as well as on multiphoton Compton scattering and Breit-Wheeler pair production in strong electromagnetic field is given. Possible new QED nonlinear experiments are discussed. The author thanks I.I. Goldman, V.A. Khoze, A.I. Nikishov and V.I. Ritus for discussing the above problems since 1963 and N.F. Shul’ga for inviting to this conference. en Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України Вопросы атомной науки и техники Quantum electrodynamics Recent and future high energy experiments on QED nonlinear effects Недавние и будущие эксперименты по нелинейным эффектам в КЭД Article published earlier |
| spellingShingle | Recent and future high energy experiments on QED nonlinear effects Ispirian, K.A. Quantum electrodynamics |
| title | Recent and future high energy experiments on QED nonlinear effects |
| title_alt | Недавние и будущие эксперименты по нелинейным эффектам в КЭД |
| title_full | Recent and future high energy experiments on QED nonlinear effects |
| title_fullStr | Recent and future high energy experiments on QED nonlinear effects |
| title_full_unstemmed | Recent and future high energy experiments on QED nonlinear effects |
| title_short | Recent and future high energy experiments on QED nonlinear effects |
| title_sort | recent and future high energy experiments on qed nonlinear effects |
| topic | Quantum electrodynamics |
| topic_facet | Quantum electrodynamics |
| url | https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/79414 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT ispirianka recentandfuturehighenergyexperimentsonqednonlineareffects AT ispirianka nedavnieibuduŝieéksperimentyponelineinyméffektamvkéd |