The electric arc plasma temperature: the role of the secondary structure of the composition electrode's working layer
The radial profiles of the plasma temperature of the electric arc between electrodes from composition materials on the base of cooper (Cu, Cu-Mo, Cu-Mo-LaB6) and silver (Ag-Ni, Ag-CdO) are studied by optical spectroscopy techniques. The occurrence of the secondary structure in electrodes’ working la...
Gespeichert in:
| Veröffentlicht in: | Вопросы атомной науки и техники |
|---|---|
| Datum: | 2005 |
| Hauptverfasser: | , , , , |
| Format: | Artikel |
| Sprache: | Englisch |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України
2005
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online Zugang: | https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/79533 |
| Tags: |
Tag hinzufügen
Keine Tags, Fügen Sie den ersten Tag hinzu!
|
| Назва журналу: | Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| Zitieren: | The electric arc plasma temperature: the role of the secondary structure of the composition electrode's working layer / I.L. Babich, A.N. Veklich, L.A. Kryachko, R.V. Minakova, V.Ye. Osidach // Вопросы атомной науки и техники. — 2005. — № 2. — С. 98-100. — Бібліогр.: 5 назв. — англ. |
Institution
Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine| _version_ | 1860257565133242368 |
|---|---|
| author | Babich, I.L. Veklich, A.N. Kryachko, L.A. Minakova, R.V. Osidach, V.Ye. |
| author_facet | Babich, I.L. Veklich, A.N. Kryachko, L.A. Minakova, R.V. Osidach, V.Ye. |
| citation_txt | The electric arc plasma temperature: the role of the secondary structure of the composition electrode's working layer / I.L. Babich, A.N. Veklich, L.A. Kryachko, R.V. Minakova, V.Ye. Osidach // Вопросы атомной науки и техники. — 2005. — № 2. — С. 98-100. — Бібліогр.: 5 назв. — англ. |
| collection | DSpace DC |
| container_title | Вопросы атомной науки и техники |
| description | The radial profiles of the plasma temperature of the electric arc between electrodes from composition materials on the base of cooper (Cu, Cu-Mo, Cu-Mo-LaB6) and silver (Ag-Ni, Ag-CdO) are studied by optical spectroscopy techniques. The occurrence of the secondary structure in electrodes’ working layers under effect of the electric discharge was found by metallography technique. The influence of the investigated electrode composition and its secondary structure nature on the plasma axial temperature and its radial distribution is shown.
Методами оптичної спектроскопії досліджені радіальні профілі температури плазми електричної дуги між електродами з композиційних матеріалів на основі міді (Cu, Cu-Mo, Cu-Mo-LaB6) і срібла (Ag-Ni, Ag-CdO). Металографічними методами виявлене утворення вторинної структури у робочому шарі електродів під впливом електричного розряду. Показаний вплив складу досліджуваних електродів і природи їх вторинної структури на температуру плазми на осі розряду та її радіальний розподіл.
Методами оптической спектроскопии исследованы радиальные профили температуры плазмы электричес¬ кой дуги между электродами из композиционных материалов на основе меди (Cu, Cu-Mo, Cu-Mo-LaB6) и сереб¬ ра (Ag-Ni, Ag-CdO). Металлографическими методами установлено возникновение вторичной структуры в рабо¬ чем слое электродов под влиянием электрического разряда. Показано влияние состава исследуемых электродов и природы их вторичной структуры на температуру плазмы на оси разряда и ее радиальное распределение.
|
| first_indexed | 2025-12-07T18:50:49Z |
| format | Article |
| fulltext |
THE ELECTRIC ARC PLASMA TEMPERATURE: THE ROLE OF THE
SECONDARY STRUCTURE OF THE COMPOSITION ELECTRODE’S
WORKING LAYER
I.L. Babich1, A.N. Veklich1, L.A. Kryachko2, R.V. Minakova2, V.Ye. Osidach1
1 Taras Shevchenko Kyiv National University;
2 Institute of Materials Technology Problems NAS of Ukraine
The radial profiles of the plasma temperature of the electric arc between electrodes from composition materials on
the base of cooper (Cu, Cu-Mo, Cu-Mo-LaB6) and silver (Ag-Ni, Ag-CdO) are studied by optical spectroscopy
techniques. The occurrence of the secondary structure in electrodes’ working layers under effect of the electric
discharge was found by metallography technique. The influence of the investigated electrode composition and its
secondary structure nature on the plasma axial temperature and its radial distribution is shown.
PACS: 52.25.Os, 52.70.-m, 52.80.Mg
INTRODUCTION
A problem of developing of reliable interrupting
devices, where ignition of electric arc often is realized,
can not be resolved without careful analysis of processes
which take place in the arc and its electrodes.
Furthermore, an electric arc, being generated at contact
disconnection, results in considerable material erosion of
contacts. This causes the decrease of device efficiency
and limits reliability of its activity.
The composition materials on the copper base Cu-BN,
Cu-Cr2O5-B, Cu-W (Mo) as electrode materials are used
in the technology of the dimensional electro-erosion
treatment of the mechanically intractable substances (hard
alloys, alloys on the titanium base, tool steels etc.). It was
found the efficiency of the electro-erosion treatment
essentially increases if we use the boron-containing
compound as the addition to the Cu-W (Mo) composition.
Composition materials Ag-CdO with 5-20 % (mass)
of oxide contents more often of other systems Ag-МеO
(Sn, Zr, Cu) are used for electrical contacts of low-voltage
switchgear. These contacts are characterized by small
wearing and high stability against welding together.
1. EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUE
The arc was ignited between the end surfaces of the
non-cooled electrodes. The discharge gap lak was of 2, 4, 6
or 8 mm. The diameter of the rod electrodes was of 6 mm.
To avoid the metal droplet appearing a pulsing mode was
used: the current pulse up to 30 A was put on the "duty"
weak-current (3.5 A) discharge. The pulse duration ranged
up to 30 ms. A quasi-steady mode was investigated.
Because of the discharge spatial and temporal instabi
lity the method of the single tomographic recording of the
spectral line emission was used. A CCD linear image sen
sor accomplished fast scanning of spatial distributions of
radiation intensity. It allows the recording of the radial
distributions of unsteady-state arc radiation intensity in
arbitrary spatial sections simultaneously. The synchroni
zation of operation of the CCD linear image sensor with
the external electrical circuit is stipulated. The ISA
interface slot of IBM PC in a control and data exchange is
used. The hardware and software was especially designed
for laboratory and industry plasma investigations.
2. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
2.1 PLASMA OF THE ELECTRIC ARC BETWEEN
COMPOSITION ELECTRODES ON THE COPPER
BASE
In the plasma investigation of the electric arc between
composition electrodes on the copper base the temperatu
re profiles are obtained from relative intensities of copper
spectral lines 510.5 and 521.8 nm. Because of the dischar
ge spatial and temporal instability the statistical treatment
of obtained data was carried out. The spectral sensitivity
of the experimental set-up was taken into account.
The radial profiles of temperature are determined in
the average cross section of the discharge gap lak = 2, 4, 6
and 8 mm in air at arc currents 30 A.
As recently was found some secondary structure on a
surface of composition electrodes can be realized during
the discharge operation [1]. Therefore we studied our
plasma in a two different modes.
As an example in Fig.1 radial temperature profiles of
the arc between Cu-Mo-LaB6 electrodes in a two different
modes are shown. Curve 1 corresponds to the case of the
arc operation between smoothed surfaces of electrodes.
The next curve 2 corresponds to the case of electrode
surfaces with a secondary structure.
Fig.1
From the comparison of these curves the key role of the
condition of the surface electrode follows. Really the presence
of the secondary structure must decrease the erosion of the elec
trode material. As a result the amount of lightly ionized metal
vapor in a discharge gap must be decreased. Therefore at the
same arc currents the temperature in plasma column must be
98 Problems of Atomic Science and Technology. Series: Plasma Physics (11). 2005. № 2. P. 98-100
higher in case of secondary structure on a surface of electrodes.
2.2. PLASMA OF THE ELECTRIC ARC BETWEEN
COMPOSITION ELECTRODES ON THE SILVER
BASE
We also measured the radial profiles of temperature in
plasma of the arc between Ag, Ag-CdO or Ag-Ni electrodes.
There are irreversible structural changes in a working
layer of contacts from composition materials Ag-CdO
during a current commutation. Naturally it determines the
parameters of arc plasma in a discharge gap.
The structural changes in a working layer were studied
metallographicly. А surface of a working layer and its
perpendicular section were investigated.
It was found, that under effect of electric discharge the
relief of a surface changes first of all because of melting away
of a contact material. The cracks initiation is observed in a
working layer on cooling caused by the arc extinction. Some
of cracks on the surface «are healed» by a melt on the basis of
silver. There is upbuilding of these defects observed
metallographicly in a volume of a contacts working layer as
the switching cycles number increases. The temperature
increasing of a working layer results in a segregation of a
composition. The oxide of cadmium is stored in a near-surface
layer in defects and in crack edges (see Fig. 2). At segregation,
apparently, there is dissociation oxide of cadmium. It is known
that the dissociation temperature of oxide is lowered with a
decreasing of the contents of oxygen in a material.
The structure change of a working layer can exert
influence on the mass transfer in an arc discharge gap.
The decrease of electrical and thermal conductivity of
areas enriched by oxide and fixation of an arc discharge
on these parts of surface can promote an overheating of
areas of a material enriched by silver and their ejection
into a discharge gap. This mechanism of erosion can pro
mote a decrease of temperature of an arc discharge caused
by the intensive silver ejection. In this case the electrical
erosion of contacts accompanied also by dissociation oxi
de of cadmium is increased. The probability of welding
together of contacts is increased too. These results do not
contradict results obtained by the authors of paper [2].
In case of electrodes from Ag-Ni composite materials ano
ther kind of secondary structure on a surface is observed. The
vaporization of a phase on the basis of more fusible silver is
occurred under thermal effect of electric discharge. The frag
ments of high-melting component are sintered. So, the rough
surface is realized. The melt on the basis of silver with a dis
solved nickel and impurity spreads on this surface. Vapori
zation of silver and the sintering high-melting component
result in relative increase of a nickel in a working layer [3].
It is possible to suppose from distinctions in secondary
structures of working layers of the composite materials
Ag-Ni and Ag-CdO that the plasma temperatures of
electric arcs, burning between such electrodes, will differ.
There is not enough information about spectroscopy
constants of silver in literature. Therefore in diagnostics
of plasma of electric arc between composite electrodes on
the base of silver we had mainly to use spectral lines of
impurity. As to the investigation of plasma of discharge
between silver electrodes we nevertheless had to use the
spectral lines of AgI. So, we for the first time developed
the spectroscopy techniques in such investigation.
The radial profiles of temperature are determined in
the average cross section of the discharge gap lak = 2, 4, 6
and 8 mm in air at arc currents 3.5 A.
REM (second. electrodes)
RX Cd Kα
RX Ag Rα
Fig.2
In plasma investigations of electric arc discharge bet
ween silver electrodes spectral lines AgI 520.9, 768.7,
827.3 nm were used. Spectroscopy constants were taken
from Ref. [4]. As an example in Fig. 3 radial profiles of
temperature measured from relative intensities of two pairs
of silver spectral lines are shown. The discharge gap lak was
4 mm. The precision of measurements was not exceeding
10 %. The results of measurements obtained by different
pairs of spectral lines practically are in close agreement.
In plasma temperature measurements of electric arc
between Ag-CdO electrodes silver spectral lines as well
as lines CdI 479.9, 508.5 and 643.8 nm were used. In
Fig.4 the example of measured radial distributions of
temperature is shown. The temperature profiles obtained
by different pairs of spectral lines CdI were calculated.
We used spectroscopy constants from Ref. [4] and from
99
Ref. [5] as well. Obviously spectroscopy constants from
Ref. [4] are unsuitable in plasma diagnostics. The tempe
ratures obtained by spectral lines AgI and CdI using spec
troscopy constants from Ref. [5] agree with plasma tem
perature of arc between silver electrodes. It is an expected
result based on the analysis of the secondary structure on
a surface of Ag-CdO electrodes (see above).
0,0 0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
Ag, lak= 4mm, I=3,5A
λ
1
/λ
2
= 520.9nm/768.7nm (AgI)
λ1/λ2= 520.9nm/827.3nm (AgI)
r, mm
T, K
Fig.3
0,0 0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
Ag-CdO, lak=4mm, I=3,5A
r, mm
T, K
λ1/λ2=827.3nm/520.9nm, (AgI) [5]
λ1/λ2=508.5nm/643.8nm, (CdI) [6]
λ1/λ2=479.9nm/643.8nm, (CdI) [6]
λ1/λ2=508.5nm/643.8nm, (CdI) [5]
λ1/λ2=479.9nm/643.8nm, (CdI) [5]
Fig.4
In temperature measurements of plasma electric arc bet
ween Ag-Ni electrodes silver spectral lines as well as lines
NiI 547.7, 512.9 and 513.7 nm were used. Spectroscopy
constants were taken from Ref. [4]. In Fig.5 the example of
measured radial distributions of temperature is shown. As
is easy to see from Fig. 3 – Fig. 5 the temperatures obtained
by silver spectral lines are less than the temperatures
measured by nickel lines. In case of optically thin plasma
for the used spectral lines it can be explained by the
nonisothermal state of plasma or by the incorrectness of the
spectroscopy constants. The additionally investigations
must be carried out to determine the proper temperature.
0,0 0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
r, mm
Ag-Ni, lak= 4mm, I=3,5A
λ1/λ2 = 547.7nm/512.9nm (NiI)
λ1/λ2 = 513.7nm/512.9nm (NiI)
λ
1
/λ
2
= 768.7nm/520.9nm (AgI)
T, K
Fig.5
CONCLUSIONS
The investigations of temperature radial distributions in
plasma of arc discharge between composition electrodes are
carried out. The secondary structure on a surface of electrodes
from composition materials on copper or silver base is realized
during the arc discharge operation. The influence of such
secondary structure on the arc plasma temperature was found.
REFERENCES
1. I.L. Babich, A.N. Veklich, V.Ye. Osidach et. al. Ther
mal plasma of free burning electric arc between melting
electrodes// Proc. of the 15th Int. Symp. on Plasma Che
mistry, Orleans 9-13 July, 2001/ GREMI, CNRS/Univer
sity of Orleans, 2001, V.III, p. 1003-1008.
2. Yuan Shon Shen, R.H.A. Kroch. Study of the erosion
modes of Ag-CdO materials// Proc. of the 7th Jnt. Conf. on
Electr. Cont. Phenom., Paris,1974/ Paris, 1974, p.31-37.
3. R.V.Minakova, A.P.Kresanova et. al. Structure and
erosion phenomena on composition contacts in air, oil and
vacuum// Electrical contacts and electrodes. The proceeding
of IPMS NAS of Ukraine. 2001, p. 103-122, (in Russian).
4. C.H.Corliss, W.R.Bozman. Experimental transition pro
babilities for spectral lines of seventy elements. NBS, 1962.
5. A.A.Radzig, B.M.Smirnov. Parameters of atoms and
atom’s ions. Moscow: ”Nauka”, 1986 (in Russian).
ТЕМПЕРАТУРА ПЛАЗМЫ ЭЛЕКТРИЧЕСКОЙ ДУГИ: ВЛИЯНИЕ ВТОРИЧНОЙ СТРУКТУРЫ
РАБОЧЕГО СЛОЯ КОМПОЗИЦИОННЫХ ЭЛЕКТРОДОВ
И.Л. Бабич, А.Н. Веклич, Л.А. Крячко, Р.В. Минакова, В.Е. Осидач
Методами оптической спектроскопии исследованы радиальные профили температуры плазмы электричес
кой дуги между электродами из композиционных материалов на основе меди (Cu, Cu-Mo, Cu-Mo-LaB6) и сереб
ра (Ag-Ni, Ag-CdO). Металлографическими методами установлено возникновение вторичной структуры в рабо
чем слое электродов под влиянием электрического разряда. Показано влияние состава исследуемых электродов
и природы их вторичной структуры на температуру плазмы на оси разряда и ее радиальное распределение.
ТЕМПЕРАТУРА ПЛАЗМИ ЕЛЕКТРИЧНОЇ ДУГИ: ВПЛИВ ВТОРИННОЇ СТРУКТУРИ РОБОЧОГО
ШАРУ КОМПОЗИЦІЙНИХ ЕЛЕКТРОДІВ
І.Л. Бабіч, А.М. Веклич, Л.О. Крячко, Р.В. Мінакова, В.Є. Осідач
Методами оптичної спектроскопії досліджені радіальні профілі температури плазми електричної дуги між
електродами з композиційних матеріалів на основі міді (Cu, Cu-Mo, Cu-Mo-LaB6) і срібла (Ag-Ni, Ag-CdO).
Металографічними методами виявлене утворення вторинної структури у робочому шарі електродів під впливом
100
електричного розряду. Показаний вплив складу досліджуваних електродів і природи їх вторинної структури на
температуру плазми на осі розряду та її радіальний розподіл.
101
|
| id | nasplib_isofts_kiev_ua-123456789-79533 |
| institution | Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| issn | 1562-6016 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-12-07T18:50:49Z |
| publishDate | 2005 |
| publisher | Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України |
| record_format | dspace |
| spelling | Babich, I.L. Veklich, A.N. Kryachko, L.A. Minakova, R.V. Osidach, V.Ye. 2015-04-02T18:54:22Z 2015-04-02T18:54:22Z 2005 The electric arc plasma temperature: the role of the secondary structure of the composition electrode's working layer / I.L. Babich, A.N. Veklich, L.A. Kryachko, R.V. Minakova, V.Ye. Osidach // Вопросы атомной науки и техники. — 2005. — № 2. — С. 98-100. — Бібліогр.: 5 назв. — англ. 1562-6016 PACS: 52.25.Os, 52.70.-m, 52.80.Mg https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/79533 The radial profiles of the plasma temperature of the electric arc between electrodes from composition materials on the base of cooper (Cu, Cu-Mo, Cu-Mo-LaB6) and silver (Ag-Ni, Ag-CdO) are studied by optical spectroscopy techniques. The occurrence of the secondary structure in electrodes’ working layers under effect of the electric discharge was found by metallography technique. The influence of the investigated electrode composition and its secondary structure nature on the plasma axial temperature and its radial distribution is shown. Методами оптичної спектроскопії досліджені радіальні профілі температури плазми електричної дуги між електродами з композиційних матеріалів на основі міді (Cu, Cu-Mo, Cu-Mo-LaB6) і срібла (Ag-Ni, Ag-CdO). Металографічними методами виявлене утворення вторинної структури у робочому шарі електродів під впливом електричного розряду. Показаний вплив складу досліджуваних електродів і природи їх вторинної структури на температуру плазми на осі розряду та її радіальний розподіл. Методами оптической спектроскопии исследованы радиальные профили температуры плазмы электричес¬ кой дуги между электродами из композиционных материалов на основе меди (Cu, Cu-Mo, Cu-Mo-LaB6) и сереб¬ ра (Ag-Ni, Ag-CdO). Металлографическими методами установлено возникновение вторичной структуры в рабо¬ чем слое электродов под влиянием электрического разряда. Показано влияние состава исследуемых электродов и природы их вторичной структуры на температуру плазмы на оси разряда и ее радиальное распределение. en Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України Вопросы атомной науки и техники Plasma dynamics and plasma wall interaction The electric arc plasma temperature: the role of the secondary structure of the composition electrode's working layer Температура плазми електричної дуги: вплив вторинної структури робочого шару композиційних електродів Температура плазмы электрической дуги: влияние вторичной структуры рабочего слоя композиционных электродов Article published earlier |
| spellingShingle | The electric arc plasma temperature: the role of the secondary structure of the composition electrode's working layer Babich, I.L. Veklich, A.N. Kryachko, L.A. Minakova, R.V. Osidach, V.Ye. Plasma dynamics and plasma wall interaction |
| title | The electric arc plasma temperature: the role of the secondary structure of the composition electrode's working layer |
| title_alt | Температура плазми електричної дуги: вплив вторинної структури робочого шару композиційних електродів Температура плазмы электрической дуги: влияние вторичной структуры рабочего слоя композиционных электродов |
| title_full | The electric arc plasma temperature: the role of the secondary structure of the composition electrode's working layer |
| title_fullStr | The electric arc plasma temperature: the role of the secondary structure of the composition electrode's working layer |
| title_full_unstemmed | The electric arc plasma temperature: the role of the secondary structure of the composition electrode's working layer |
| title_short | The electric arc plasma temperature: the role of the secondary structure of the composition electrode's working layer |
| title_sort | electric arc plasma temperature: the role of the secondary structure of the composition electrode's working layer |
| topic | Plasma dynamics and plasma wall interaction |
| topic_facet | Plasma dynamics and plasma wall interaction |
| url | https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/79533 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT babichil theelectricarcplasmatemperaturetheroleofthesecondarystructureofthecompositionelectrodesworkinglayer AT veklichan theelectricarcplasmatemperaturetheroleofthesecondarystructureofthecompositionelectrodesworkinglayer AT kryachkola theelectricarcplasmatemperaturetheroleofthesecondarystructureofthecompositionelectrodesworkinglayer AT minakovarv theelectricarcplasmatemperaturetheroleofthesecondarystructureofthecompositionelectrodesworkinglayer AT osidachvye theelectricarcplasmatemperaturetheroleofthesecondarystructureofthecompositionelectrodesworkinglayer AT babichil temperaturaplazmielektričnoídugivplivvtorinnoístrukturirobočogošarukompozicíinihelektrodív AT veklichan temperaturaplazmielektričnoídugivplivvtorinnoístrukturirobočogošarukompozicíinihelektrodív AT kryachkola temperaturaplazmielektričnoídugivplivvtorinnoístrukturirobočogošarukompozicíinihelektrodív AT minakovarv temperaturaplazmielektričnoídugivplivvtorinnoístrukturirobočogošarukompozicíinihelektrodív AT osidachvye temperaturaplazmielektričnoídugivplivvtorinnoístrukturirobočogošarukompozicíinihelektrodív AT babichil temperaturaplazmyélektričeskoidugivliânievtoričnoistrukturyrabočegosloâkompozicionnyhélektrodov AT veklichan temperaturaplazmyélektričeskoidugivliânievtoričnoistrukturyrabočegosloâkompozicionnyhélektrodov AT kryachkola temperaturaplazmyélektričeskoidugivliânievtoričnoistrukturyrabočegosloâkompozicionnyhélektrodov AT minakovarv temperaturaplazmyélektričeskoidugivliânievtoričnoistrukturyrabočegosloâkompozicionnyhélektrodov AT osidachvye temperaturaplazmyélektričeskoidugivliânievtoričnoistrukturyrabočegosloâkompozicionnyhélektrodov AT babichil electricarcplasmatemperaturetheroleofthesecondarystructureofthecompositionelectrodesworkinglayer AT veklichan electricarcplasmatemperaturetheroleofthesecondarystructureofthecompositionelectrodesworkinglayer AT kryachkola electricarcplasmatemperaturetheroleofthesecondarystructureofthecompositionelectrodesworkinglayer AT minakovarv electricarcplasmatemperaturetheroleofthesecondarystructureofthecompositionelectrodesworkinglayer AT osidachvye electricarcplasmatemperaturetheroleofthesecondarystructureofthecompositionelectrodesworkinglayer |