Atmospheric effects on measurements of distance to Earth artificial satellites
This paper is devoted to the problem of accuracy increasing in allowing for Earth’s atmosphere influences on results of daily ranging observations of the Earth artificial satellites (ASE). Atmosphere delays and their spatial-timely variations for spherical-symmetrical and nonspherical models of atmo...
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Головна астрономічна обсерваторія НАН України
2005
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| Cite this: | Atmospheric effects on measurements of distance to Earth artificial satellites / N. Kablak, V. Klimyk, I. Shvalagin, U. Kablak // Кинематика и физика небесных тел. — 2005. — Т. 21, № 5-додаток. — С. 361-364. — Бібліогр.: 4 назв. — англ. |
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Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine| _version_ | 1859607836166717440 |
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| author | Kablak, N. Klimyk, V. Shvalagin, I. Kablak, U. |
| author_facet | Kablak, N. Klimyk, V. Shvalagin, I. Kablak, U. |
| citation_txt | Atmospheric effects on measurements of distance to Earth artificial satellites / N. Kablak, V. Klimyk, I. Shvalagin, U. Kablak // Кинематика и физика небесных тел. — 2005. — Т. 21, № 5-додаток. — С. 361-364. — Бібліогр.: 4 назв. — англ. |
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| container_title | Кинематика и физика небесных тел |
| description | This paper is devoted to the problem of accuracy increasing in allowing for Earth’s atmosphere influences on results of daily ranging observations of the Earth artificial satellites (ASE). Atmosphere delays and their spatial-timely variations for spherical-symmetrical and nonspherical models of atmosphere were determined radiosounding data gathered during a year in Ukraine region using, developed valuing and analysis of models reductions to over of atmosphere, which recommended of IERS for processing distance-ranging observations of the Earth artificial satellites. Investigated and improved models of reductions to over of the atmosphere on the basis of discovered regional and local peculiarity’s of influence atmosphere on the laser and radio ranging observations of the Earth artificial satellites.
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| first_indexed | 2025-11-28T07:02:25Z |
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ATMOSPHERIC EFFECTS ON MEASUREMENTS OF DISTANCE
TO EARTH ARTIFICIAL SATELLITES
N. Kablak, V. Klimyk, I. Shvalagin, U. Kablak
Space Research Laboratory, Uzhhorod National University
2a Daleka Str., 88000 Uzhhorod, Ukraine
e-mail: space@univ.uzhgorod.ua
This paper is devoted to the problem of accuracy increasing in allowing for Earth’s atmosphere
influences on results of daily ranging observations of the Earth artificial satellites (ASE). Atmo-
sphere delays and their spatial-timely variations for spherical-symmetrical and nonspherical models
of atmosphere were determined radiosounding data gathered during a year in Ukraine region using,
developed valuing and analysis of models reductions to over of atmosphere, which recommended
of IERS for processing distance-ranging observations of the Earth artificial satellites. Investigated
and improved models of reductions to over of the atmosphere on the basis of discovered regional and
local peculiarity’s of influence atmosphere on the laser and radio ranging observations of the Earth
artificial satellites.
INFLUENCE OF THE ATMOSPHERE ON PASSING OF AN ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE
The correction in distance to ASE, which is necessary to be added the found distance to ASE, is represented
by the difference between optical and geometrical (c) distance to ASE:
Δρ =
∫
S
n(S)dS − ρ.
Frequently atmospheric correction represents as: Δρ = Δρ1 + Δρ2, where Δρ1 is the correction for speed of
wave distribution (propagation), Δρ2 is the correction for a bending trajectory (geometrical correction).
For an optical range the correction ΔρL was calculated in two ways: by the method of numerical integra-
tion under the data of aerological sounding (probing) of the atmosphere and under Mariny Murray formulas.
For a radio-frequency range the correction ΔρR is also obtained by the method of numerical integration and
under the Saastamoinen and Mariny Murray formula. From the given schedules it follows that in summer and
autumn periods (May – October) the correction ΔρR > ΔρL, but in winter and vernal periods ΔρR < ΔρL.
A reason of such difference is the temperature and the increase of damp in winter period.
The corrections ΔρL, calculated under Mariny Murray formula, in general, are close to the appropriate
corrections obtained by the method of numerical integration.
The divergences between the values of the corrections ΔρR, calculated under the Saastamoinen formula,
and the corrections obtained by the method of numerical integration, in a radio-frequency range are much more
larger, than in optical range. A reason of such divergence is a considerable influence of partial pressure of
water-vapours in a radio-frequency range.
INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE AND DAMP INVERSIONS ON ACCURACY
DETERMINATION OF THE DISTANCE TO ASE
In all models determining the correction Δρ in distance at radioranging hearly, the temperature structure
(profile) (course T with an altitude) reference atmosphere (RA) is used. In RA the atmosphere is divided
into layers, within the limits of which the distribution of meteorologic parameters can be described within
the framework of polytropic (lapse rate of temperature being constant), or isothermal models. The distribution is
based on the results of processing of the long-term data of aerological probing of the atmosphere. In troposphere
the linear decreasing of temperature with an altitude is received:
T (h) = T0 − γ(h − h0),
where γ = 6.5◦/km is mean lapse rate of temperature.
c© N. Kablak, V. Klimyk, I. Shvalagin, U. Kablak, 2004
361
This relation is fair up to an altitude of the tropopause h1t. Above h1t it is received that temperature
remains to a stationary value up to an altitude h1s, since which the temperature increases again. The altitudes
h1t and h1s change depending on a geographical latitude, seasonal changes and local features of the given point
of observation. So, in Uzhhorod h1t changes during one year in the limits from 8 up to 12.5 km.
Formula well sequences with the actual data for the day-time conditions of observations. But at night
a high-altitude structure T (h) is more composed.
At night the temperature inversions is much more (sometimes twice higher), than in the day-time at the ex-
pense of radiation inversions. The location and power of layers of inversions of temperature and damp using
the data of night aerological explorations of atmosphere in Uzhhorod in 1999 is given in Figs. 1 and 2.
Figure 1. Power of layers of temperature inversion by
the results of night observations in Uzhhorod
Figure 2. Power of layers of damp inversion by the re-
sults of night observations in Uzhhorod
The inversions of temperature in most cases result in appropriate inversions of partial pressure of water-
vapour. But the location and power of inversions T and e not always coincide.
The analysis of the aerological data has shown that in atmospheric layers up to an altitude of 3 km of
temperature inversion 73–97% of explorations of atmosphere are observed. The especially high-power inversions
are observed at night in winter period, mainly at the expense of radiation inversions. In 1999 from 235 night
explorations in Uzhhorod in 173 cases (74%) the inversion of temperature took place. The inversions in a layer
of 8–18 km (high layer) take place at 20–40% of explorations, when the inversion was observed. In Uzhhorod
in 1999 approximately in 40% of total dates with inversions the inversions in the upper layer (Fig. 1) were
observed.
It is impossible to predict the existence of inversions at a particular altitude h only using the data of ground-
based measurements. It is necessary to represent T by non-linear relation, which better sequences will actual
values T and takes into account the inversions at a ground layer.
For estimation of the influence of inversion T and e (and, therefore, inversions N) on the atmospheric
correction in distance Δρ using the aerological data for dates, when the high-power inversions e and T took
place, we have calculated the corrections Δρ, also under the same data – correction Δρ ′ by the eliminated
inversions and correction Δρsas, retrieved on ground parameters under the Saastamoinen formula.
The results of these calculations are Saastamoinen graphically in Fig. 3: the values of corrections Δρ (line)
at nights, when inversion of temperature was observed, and at the same nights of value Δρsas (crosses), and
also Δρ ′ – correction with the eliminated inversions of temperature (Fig. 3a) or damp (Fig. 3b). It is visible
from Fig. 3 that in most cases Δρ is more than Δρ ′.
Under the data of explorations of atmosphere in Uzhhorod in 1999 the mean contribution of temperature
inversion to the atmospheric correction is: Δρ − Δρ ′ = 3 mm ± 21 mm. The contribution to the atmospheric
correction of damp inversion is much less: Δρ − Δρ ′ = 4 mm ± 5 mm.
With the increase of the intensity of inversion T and e the contribution Δρ−Δρ ′ of inversion in the correction
increases. By the results of observations in Uzhhorod in 1999 the lines of regression of correlation relations
Δρ − Δρ ′ (m) are obtained from intensities ΔT and Δe of inversion (Figs. 4 and 5).
DEVIATION OF AN ACTUAL CONDITION OF ATMOSPHERE
FROM SPHERICALLY SYMMETRICAL MODEL
The source of essential errors at definition of the correction Δρ on the ground measurements and based on
aerological meteorologic parameters of atmosphere is the use of spherically symmetrical model of atmosphere.
362
Figure 3. Change of the correction Δρ (meters) by results of night explorations of atmosphere in Uzhhorod in 1999
(line); ◦ – the same corrections with the eliminated inversions of temperature (a) or damp (b); × – corrections calculated
by the Saastamoinen formula
Figure 4. Correlation dependence of the contribution in
the correction of temperature inversion from intensity of
inversion ΔT
Figure 5. Correlation dependence of the contribution in
the correction of damp inversion from intensity of inver-
sion Δe
All papers devoted this problem have some lacks, in particular, small quantity of dates and points, small
range of base distances between reference points. For the full analysis it is necessary to research horizontal lapse
rates based on use a lot of data member, for different climatic conditions, and especially, in different scales:
from 20–40 km, up to 600–800 km, as on large zenith distances (85◦ – 89◦) the radio wave passes in atmosphere
the distance of more than 800 km.
To estimate the deviation of a meteorological atmosphere from spherically symmetrical model it is necessary
to select points B(ϕ, λ) and C(ϕ, λ), located in a direction of passing (zenith distance z) electromagnetic wave
(ray) from reference point A(ϕ, λ). It is possible to determine an altitude H1 of an electromagnetic wave
above point B and the altitude H2 above point C. If there are results of synchronous aerological sounding of
atmosphere in these three points, we shall find the differences of refraction indexes: Δ′NAB = N ′
A − N ′
B at
the altitude H1 for points A, B and Δ′′NAC = N ′′
A − N ′′
C at the altitude H2 for A, C, i.e., the difference of
refraction indexes of spherical symmetrical model and meteorological atmosphere in reference point for given
azimuth A and zenith distance z in some point defined by distance r1 = AB (r2 = AC) or by altitude H1 (H2).
From 35 points located in 16 European countries we have selected seven groups of points (point A is
the reference, points B and C are researched), obeying: a line ABC differs a little from sections of straight
lines; the vectors AC have different azimuths A ≈ arctan
Δϕ
Δλ
; distance r1, and also r2, for all triples of points
A, B, C are approximately equal.
These seven groups of points and the appropriate lines ABC are shown in Fig. 6 in a system of geographical
coordinates ϕ, λ. The reference points (A) are designated by large circles, points B – by daggers, C – by small
circles. Mean distances from reference points: AB = 300 ± 80 km, ACE = 625 ± 100 km. Azimuths change in
the limits: −19◦ ≤ A ≤ 29◦. The results of calculation of the refraction differences ΔN at the altitude 6 km and
363
Figure 6. Geographical coordinates
reference A (©) and researched B,
C (×, ◦) points
Figure 7. Differences ΔN of refraction indexes of spherically symmetrical
model and meteorological atmosphere for different azimuths A (zenith dis-
tance z = 88◦) at the altitude 6 km in points B (◦) and 26 km in C (×) at
night (a) and in the day-time (b)
26 km (actually, the differences of refraction indexes of a ray from A (z = 88◦) in points B and C of spherically
symmetrical model and meteorological atmosphere) are shown in Fig. 7.
In the given interval of azimuths visibility (−20◦, 30◦) at the altitude of 6 km (r1 = 300 km) some increase
of ΔN is proportional to value A, but the correlation is weak. We present the equations of regression and
appropriate regression coefficients shown just as a straight lines in Fig. 7, at night and in the day-time: ΔNn =
0.03650 ·A + 5.357, ρ = 0.40; ΔNd = 0.03635 ·A + 5.409, ρ = 0.61. Average on azimuth of value of differences:
H day-time night mean
6 km 5.40± 1.63 5.46± 1.05 5.43± 1.37
26 km 0.35± 0.30 0.30± 0.27 0.33± 0.29
The results for night and day-time differ a little. Sure definition of relation for A value needs a lot of
points. And as the A values do not essentially differ from zero, it is possible to make a general conclusion about
the essential change of ΔN when the distance r from reference point to the cast in the direction of z = 88◦ is
increase. But for this purpose there are only three points (r; ΔN): (0; 0), (300; 5.4), (625; 0.3). Therefore, it is
necessary to perform such researches for points with distances r of 150–300 km and 400–450 km.
[1] Kablak N. I., Klimyk V. U., et al. // Naukovyj Visnyk UzhDU. Ser. Phys.–1999.–N 5.–P. 18–21.
[2] Mendes V. B. Modeling the neutral-atmosphere propagation delay in radiometric space techniques.–Ph.D. Thesis,
Department of Geodesy and Geomatics Engineering, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick,
1998.
[3] Mironov N. T., Kablak N. I. // Kinematics and Physics of Celestial Bodies.–1998.–14, N 1.–P. 77–81.
[4] Mironov N., Shvalagin I., Kablak N. Validation of the IERS standard tropospheric model // Warsaw, September
18–19, 1995.–P. 161–164.
364
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| id | nasplib_isofts_kiev_ua-123456789-79676 |
| institution | Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| issn | 0233-7665 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-11-28T07:02:25Z |
| publishDate | 2005 |
| publisher | Головна астрономічна обсерваторія НАН України |
| record_format | dspace |
| spelling | Kablak, N. Klimyk, V. Shvalagin, I. Kablak, U. 2015-04-03T18:35:02Z 2015-04-03T18:35:02Z 2005 Atmospheric effects on measurements of distance to Earth artificial satellites / N. Kablak, V. Klimyk, I. Shvalagin, U. Kablak // Кинематика и физика небесных тел. — 2005. — Т. 21, № 5-додаток. — С. 361-364. — Бібліогр.: 4 назв. — англ. 0233-7665 https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/79676 This paper is devoted to the problem of accuracy increasing in allowing for Earth’s atmosphere influences on results of daily ranging observations of the Earth artificial satellites (ASE). Atmosphere delays and their spatial-timely variations for spherical-symmetrical and nonspherical models of atmosphere were determined radiosounding data gathered during a year in Ukraine region using, developed valuing and analysis of models reductions to over of atmosphere, which recommended of IERS for processing distance-ranging observations of the Earth artificial satellites. Investigated and improved models of reductions to over of the atmosphere on the basis of discovered regional and local peculiarity’s of influence atmosphere on the laser and radio ranging observations of the Earth artificial satellites. en Головна астрономічна обсерваторія НАН України Кинематика и физика небесных тел MS4: Positional Astronomy and Global Geodynamics Atmospheric effects on measurements of distance to Earth artificial satellites Article published earlier |
| spellingShingle | Atmospheric effects on measurements of distance to Earth artificial satellites Kablak, N. Klimyk, V. Shvalagin, I. Kablak, U. MS4: Positional Astronomy and Global Geodynamics |
| title | Atmospheric effects on measurements of distance to Earth artificial satellites |
| title_full | Atmospheric effects on measurements of distance to Earth artificial satellites |
| title_fullStr | Atmospheric effects on measurements of distance to Earth artificial satellites |
| title_full_unstemmed | Atmospheric effects on measurements of distance to Earth artificial satellites |
| title_short | Atmospheric effects on measurements of distance to Earth artificial satellites |
| title_sort | atmospheric effects on measurements of distance to earth artificial satellites |
| topic | MS4: Positional Astronomy and Global Geodynamics |
| topic_facet | MS4: Positional Astronomy and Global Geodynamics |
| url | https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/79676 |
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