Characteristics of KIPT staff by groups of radiation risk
The methodology of individual radiation cancer risk assessment UNSCEAR-94 has been described. Characteristics of KIPT staff at the individual monitoring, in terms of the "Dose-response matrix" have been reviewed. The main results of the calculations of the relative, attributive and absol...
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| Cite this: | Characteristics of KIPT staff by groups of radiation risk / A.N. Dovbnya, A.V. Mazilov, I.A. Stadnik // Вопросы атомной науки и техники. — 2014. — № 3. — С. 200-208. — Бібліогр.: 9 назв. — англ. |
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| author | Dovbnya, A.N. Mazilov, A.V. Stadnik, I.A. |
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| citation_txt | Characteristics of KIPT staff by groups of radiation risk / A.N. Dovbnya, A.V. Mazilov, I.A. Stadnik // Вопросы атомной науки и техники. — 2014. — № 3. — С. 200-208. — Бібліогр.: 9 назв. — англ. |
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| description | The methodology of individual radiation cancer risk assessment UNSCEAR-94 has been described. Characteristics
of KIPT staff at the individual monitoring, in terms of the "Dose-response matrix" have been reviewed. The main results
of the calculations of the relative, attributive and absolute radiation risks of KIPT personnel for different sites and
different risk groups have been showed. The distributions of the main characteristics of the personnel: age, years on the
individual monitoring and the cumulative dose for different radiation risk groups of staff have been investigated.
Описана методология проведения оценки индивидуальных радиационных рисков для пролонгированного облучения UNSCEAR-94. Дана характеристика персонала ННЦ ХФТИ, состоящего на ИДК, в терминах «дозовой матрицы». Приведены основные результаты расчетов относительного, атрибутивного и абсолютного радиационных рисков персонала ННЦ ХФТИ для различных локализаций и различных групп риска. Показаны распределения основных характеристик персонала: возраста, стажа на ИДК и накопленной дозы для различных групп радиационного риска персонала.
Описано методологію проведення оцінки індивідуальних радіаційних ризиків для пролонгованого опромінення UNSCEAR-94. Надана характеристика персоналу ННЦ ХФТІ, що перебуває на ІДК, в термінах «дозової матриці». Наведено основні результати розрахунків відносного, атрибутивного й абсолютного радіаційних ризиків персоналу ННЦ ISSN 1562-6016. ВАНТ. 2014. №3(91) 208 ХФТІ для різних локалізацій і різних груп ризику. Показано розподіл основних характеристик персоналу: віку, стажу на ІДК і накопиченої дози для різних груп радіаційного ризику персоналу.
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ISSN 1562-6016. ВАНТ. 2014. №3(91) 200
CHARACTERISTICS OF KIPT STAFF
BY GROUPS OF RADIATION RISK
A.N. Dovbnya, A.V. Mazilov, I.A. Stadnik
National Science Center "Kharkov Institute of Physics and Technology", Kharkov, Ukraine
E-mail: mazilov@kipt.kharkov.ua
The methodology of individual radiation cancer risk assessment UNSCEAR-94 has been described. Characteristics
of KIPT staff at the individual monitoring, in terms of the "Dose-response matrix" have been reviewed. The main re-
sults of the calculations of the relative, attributive and absolute radiation risks of KIPT personnel for different sites and
different risk groups have been showed. The distributions of the main characteristics of the personnel: age, years on the
individual monitoring and the cumulative dose for different radiation risk groups of staff have been investigated.
PACS: 87.53.-j; 87.66.Jj
INTRODUCTION
In the international standards the radiation risk is
considering, in the first place, as the increase of the
probability of cancer diseases, i.e. carcinogenic risk. For
doses of homogeneous whole body exposure above the
threshold of 200 mSv established the dose-response
relationship. Such a relationship is called "deterministic
effect” of radiation impact or “tissue reactions”. The
severity of deterministic effect is directly proportional
to the dose received.
For low doses (less than 200 mSv) unique relation-
ship between exposure and cancer rate was not found.
However, there is a probability that the transition of
cells of a person after low-dose exposure after some
latency period may cause cancer effect if irradiated cells
are somatic or genetic mutations result if fetal cells. It is
assumed that the probability of the appearance of a sto-
chastic effect is proportional to the dose received, and
the threshold value does not exist [1].
Methodology for assessing radiation risk is defined
at reports of the United Nations Scientific Committee on
the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR), the safe-
ty standards of the International Atomic Energy Agency
(IAEA) and the recommendations of the International
Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP), and
implemented in UNSCEAR-94 model [2-4]. This
model estimates individual radiation risks of solid
cancers and leukaemia based on individual
characteristics of the exposed person: sex, age at expo-
sure, attained age, and the dynamics of exposure.
The main purpose of the assessment of individual
radiation risks is to implement the concept of socially
acceptable risk. As consistent with international practice
and current Radiation Safety Regulations of Ukraine
(RSRU-97), an acceptable individual absolute radiation
risk of personnel from occupational exposure in the normal
mode of operation must not exceed the value of 10-3 per
year [5].
An important characteristic of the individual
occupational risk is the etiologic fraction or attributive
risk, i.e. probability of that occupational radiation expo-
sure is a cause of cancer, expressed as a percentage of
the total cancer risk. In a number of cases the carcino-
genic diseases is relevant to a professional when the
etiological fraction is 20…40% [6].
The results of calculations of the relative, absolute
and attributive individual radiation risks for 2013 for
KIPT personnel. On the basis of the values of absolute
individual radiation risks of personnel the groups of the
negligible small, acceptable and increased radiation
risks have been formed. On the basis of the values of
attributive of individual radiation risk the groups of the
negligible small, potential and high potential radiation
risks have been formed.
1. THE UNSCEAR-94 METHODOLOGY FOR
ESTIMATING RADIOGENIC CANCER RISK
UNSCEAR-94 model has been developed by the
United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of
Atomic Radiation for individual radiation risk
assessment, according to research conducted among the
irradiated population by bombing of Japanese cities
(Cohort Life Span Study – LSS).
In this model, the following terms are used:
EAR – the excess absolute risk, the probability of
cancer disease due to exposure;
ERR – the excess relative risk, the increase of cancer
diseases probability relative to the background causation
for given localization, age and sex of person, associated
with exposure;
AR – the attributive risk, the exposure factor contri-
bution to the total probability of person‘s cancer diseas-
es (which consists of the baseline cancer rate and EAR)
among the exposed. In the case of the exposed cohort
studies or population attributive risk shows the propor-
tion of all cases of disease in a cohort due to radiation
exposure.
According to the UNSCEAR-94 model, if m0 is the
baseline cancer rate for people at some age and sex in
the absence of exposure to radiation, and m is the num-
ber of cancer cases observed in the group of exposed
persons at the same sex and age, the observed number
of cancer diseases among the exposed persons may be
expressed in the additive form:
EARmm += 0 , (1)
where EAR is the difference between the instantaneous
incidence cancer rate, when there has been exposure, m,
and what the instantaneous incident rate would have been
without exposure, m0, the “baseline” cancer rate function.
For the one person, the EAR is the probability of cancer
occurrence as a result of exposure to radiation. The rela-
tionship between m and m0 can be expressed through the
excess relative risk, ERR, or in the multiplicative form:
( )ERRmm += 10 . (2)
From (1) and (2) it follows that:
ISSN 1562-6016. ВАНТ. 2014. №3(91) 201
0mmEAR −= , (3)
( ) 00 / mmmERR −= . (4)
From (3) and (4) it follows the relationship between
the quantities characterizing the excess of the baseline
rate of cancer incidence:
ERRmEAR ⋅= 0 . (5)
By definition, the attributive risk is the fraction of
the probability of radiation-induced cancer risk in the
baseline probability of cancer disease for the person at
the given age and sex:
mEARAR /= . (6)
From (3), (5) and (6) the attributive risk can be ex-
pressed through relative as follows:
( )ERRERRAR += 1/ . (7)
According to the UNSCEAR-94 for solid cancers the
following generalized ERR model are using, in which
radiation-induced relative cancer risk for age at exposure
g, sex s, cancer site l and dose Dg is given by:
( ) ( )( )25exp,, , −×××= gbDaglsERR lglssol , (8)
where a and b are parameters, depending on a sex and
cancer site, that are given in Table 1.
Table 1
Parameters of UNSCEAR-94’s ERR model
for the solid cancers
Cancer site ICD-10 Parameter а, Gr–1 Parameter
b, year–1 male female
Respiratory С33, С34 0.37 1.06 0.021
Stomach С16 0.16 0.62 –0.035
Bladder С67 1.00 1.19 0.012
Liver С22 0.97 0.32 –0.027
Oesophagus С15 0.23 1.59 0.015
Colon С18 0.54 1.00 –0.033
Breast С50 – 1.95 –0.079
Other solid cancers – 0.59 0.39 –0.059
All solid cancers С00–С80 0.45 0.77 –0.026
The statistical analysis of observation data of LSS
cohort shows that the increasing of solid cancer dis-
eases occurs only after approximately 5-15 years after
exposure. It is the latent period of late effect of radia-
tion for solid cancers.
According to [7], for the prolonged exposure the
excess relative radiation risk for solid cancer diseases
at age u will be:
( ) ( )( )25exp
10
,
0
−×××= ∑
−=
=
gbDauERR l
ug
gg
glsSOL
, (9)
where u-10 means average latent period for solid tu-
mors.
Knowing ERRSOL(u) and baseline cancer incidence
rate of localization l at age u for sex s – m0(s,l,u), it is
possible to calculate ARSOL(u), EARSOL(u) and probabil-
ity of solid cancer disease taking into account the factor
of radiation exposure – mSOL(s,l,u):
( ) ( )
( ) %100
1
×
+
=
uERR
uERR
uAR
SOL
SOL
SOL
, (10)
( ) ( ) ( )uERRulsmuEAR SOLSOLSOL ⋅= ,,0 , (11)
( ) ( ) ( )uEARulsmulsm SOLSOLSOL += ,,,, 0 . (12)
For the calculation of excess absolute risk of the ra-
diation-induced leukaemia EARLEU at age u after expo-
sure to radiation at age g the UNSCEAR-94 model of-
fers the following expression:
( ) ,, ,LEU s g gEAR s g u a D= × ×
( ) ( )( ),1 0.79 exp 25g s gD b u g× + ⋅ × − × − − , (13)
where a and b are parameters, depending on a sex and
age at exposure, which are given in Table 2.
Table 2
Parameters of UNSCEAR-94’s EAR model
for the leukaemia (on 105 people in the year)
According to [7], for the prolonged exposure the
excess absolute radiation risk for leukaemia diseases at
age u will be:
( )
0
2
,
g u
LEU s g g
g g
EAR u a D
= −
=
= × ×∑
( )( )
0
,1 1.58 exp 25
g
g s g
g g
D b u g
=
× + ⋅ × − × − −
∑ , (14)
where ∑
=
g
gg
gD
0
is the cumulative dose at age g; u – 2
means average latent period for leukaemia. Knowing the
value of absolute risk of leukaemia EARLEU and base-
line leukaemia incidence rate at age u for sex s –
m0LEU(s,u), ), it is possible to calculate attributive ARLEU
and relative ERRLEU excess risks of leukaemia, and also
probability of disease leukaemia at age u, taking into
account the fact of exposure – mLEU(s,u):
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) %100
,0
×
+
=
uEARusm
uEAR
uAR
LEULEU
LEU
LEU
, (15)
( ) ( )
( )usm
uEAR
uERR
LEU
LEU
LEU ,0
= , (16)
( ) ( ) ( )uEARusmusm LEULEULEU += ,, 0 . (17)
2. RADIATION RISK GROUPS
According to data of International organization of
labour, on 1 million workers there are about
100…1000 cases of injuries with a fatal termination
annually. Therefore by the International commission on
radiological protection it was set a level of socially ac-
ceptable risk, equal 10-4…10-3 in a year. An occupation-
al risk, exceeding a threshold value of 10-3 is considered
as a high risk, and a risk, not excelling a threshold value
of 10-4 is considered as a negligibly small risk.
Under National radiation safety standards of Ukraine
(NRBU-97) the amount of the total absolute radiation
risk EARALL for the regular mode of operations of per-
sonnel must not exceed the value of 10-3 in a year [5].
Via the amount of absolute radiation risk EARALL, a
personnel, working with the sources of ionizing radia-
tion, can be associated with the one of next absolute
radiation risk groups:
– negligibly small risk: EARALL < 10-4;
– socially acceptable risk: 10-4 ≤ EARALL ≤ 10-3;
– high risk: EARALL > 10-3.
Age at
exposure
Parameter а, Gr–1 Parameter b, year–1
male female male female
0…19 3.3 6.6 0.17 0.07
20…39 4.8 9.7 0.13 0.03
40… 13.1 26.4 0.07 0.03
ISSN 1562-6016. ВАНТ. 2014. №3(91) 202
An attributive radiation risk is an important index
for establishing a connection between workers’s cancer
disease and occupational radiation exposure. In some
European countries there are some schemes to compen-
sate those workers (or their relatives) in whom cancer
may have arisen from the exposure to radiation at work,
based on the attributive risk value [6, 8].
Depending of the attributive risk values for solid
cancers ARSOL, attributive risk of leukaemia ARLEU and
attributive risk of respiratory system ARRESP, the per-
sonnel, exposed to radiation, can be associated with the
one of next attributive radiation risk groups:
– negligibly small risk: ARSOL<10%, ARLEU<50%,
ARRESP<20%;
– potential risk: ARSOL≥10%, or ARLEU≥50%, or
ARRESP≥20%;
– high potential risk: ARSOL≥20%, or ARLEU≥75%,
or ARRESP≥30%.
3. DESCRIPTION OF KIPT PERSONNEL
Presently there are 331 employees of NSC KIPT on
individual dosimetric control: 282 men aged 20 to
87 years, with experience of work with the sources of
ionizing radiation from 0 to 55 years, and 49 women
aged 25 to 80 years, with experience of work with radia-
tion sources from 0 to 50 years. The average cumulative
dose for men is 61.44 mSv for men and 49.40 mSv for
women (see Table 1).
The distribution by age, experience with exposure to
radiation and cumulative dose of KIPT personnel is pre-
sented on Figs. 1-3. As obvious from these figures, al-
most the half of personnel at individual monitoring are
more then 60 years old and have experience of work
with the sources of ionizing radiation more than
20 years. Nevertheless, only 41% of personnel has the
cumulative dose more than 50 mSv, and from them only
16% – the cumulative dose more than 150 mSv.
On Fig. 4 the dynamics of change of average annual
dose is represented from the years of work with ionizing
radiation sources for the employees, being at individual
monitoring in 2013. From this picture evidently, that the
average annual dose of these employees for the last
19 years did not exceed the value of 2 mSv, that compa-
rably with the mean value of natural radiation back-
ground of Earth – 2.42 mSv/year.
Table 3
The main characteristics of the personnel at individual monitoring
Personnel Quantity Age, years Duration of occupational
exposure, years Cumulative dose, mSv
abs. unit % min avg max min avg max min avg max
Male 282 85.2 20 56 87 0 21 55 0.07 61.44 580.04
Female 49 14.8 25 56 80 0 22 50 0.04 49.40 181.33
All 331 100.0 20 56 87 0 21 55 0.04 59.66 580.04
males females
Age, years
<25 25- 30- 35- 40- 45- 50- 55- 60- 65- 70- 75- 80-
H
ea
dc
ou
nt
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
3
15
13
15
24
17
34 35
37
34
22 21
12
0
3 2
6
4
2 2
4
6
13
5
1 1
Age,
all personnel
<40 years old 17 %
40-59 years old 37 %
>59 years old 46 %
57
122
152
Fig. 1. Distributing of NSC KIPT personnel among age-dependent groups
males females
Experience at individual monitoring, years
<5 5- 10- 15- 20- 25- 30- 35- 40- 45- 50- 55- 60-
H
ea
dc
ou
nt
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
60
36
33
19 17
24 24
18
15
18 16
2 0
11
5 6
0
3
7
3 2
7
3 2 0 0
Experience at individual monitoring,
all personnel
0-9 years 34 %
10-19 years 18 %
20-39 years 30 %
>39 years 19 %
112
58
98
63
Fig. 2. Distributing of NSC KIPT personnel from experience with sources of ionizing radiation
males females
Cumulative dose, mSv
<5 5- 20- 50- 100- 150- 200- 250- 300- 350- 400- 450- 500-
H
ea
dc
ou
nt
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
48
59
66
46
17
31
11
2 1 0 0 0 1
12 9 10 8 7
3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Cumulative dose group,
all personnel
<50 mSv 62 %
50-149 mSv 24 %
>149 mSv 15 %
204
78
49
ISSN 1562-6016. ВАНТ. 2014. №3(91) 203
Fig. 3. Distributing of NSC KIPT personnel from cumulative dose
Year
20102005200019951990198519801975197019651960
D
os
e,
m
Sv
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Fig. 4. Dynamics of average annual dose from the years of workfor employees, being at individual monitoring in 2013
4. CHARACTERISTICS OF KIPT PERSONNEL
BY THE GROUPS OF RADIATION RISK
The results of radiation risks calculations on 2013
for NNC KIPT personnel are showed in Table 4. The
risks were estimated for 305 persons who have experi-
ence at individual monitoring at least two years.
The baseline cancer rate data for solid tumors and
leukaemia were taken from Bulletin of National cancer
registry of Ukraine № 14 for 2011-2012 [9].
Table 4
Excess radiation risks of personnel for different cancer sites
Cancer site ERR, % AR, % EAR·10-3 SIR
min avg max min avg max min avg max min avg max
All tumours 0.00 1.97 18.41 0.00 1.89 15.55 0.000 0.260 3.240 1.00 1.02 1.18
All solid tumours 0.00 1.81 18.45 0.00 1.72 15.58 0.000 0.250 3.200 1.00 1.02 1.18
Leukaemia 0.00 5.80 26.97 0.00 5.23 21.24 0.000 0.009 0.046 1.00 1.06 1.27
Bladder 0.00 6.38 67.18 0.00 5.48 40.19 0.000 0.070 1.000 1.00 1.06 1.67
Oesophagus 0.00 2.62 34.15 0.00 2.37 25.45 0.000 0.000 0.040 1.00 1.03 1.34
Respiratory system 0.00 3.30 28.46 0.00 3.02 22.15 0.000 0.080 0.740 1.00 1.03 1.28
Liver 0.00 3.25 39.33 0.00 2.97 28.23 0.000 0.010 0.090 1.00 1.03 1.39
Female breast 0.00 1.40 17.58 0.00 1.27 14.95 0.000 0.030 0.370 1.00 1.01 1.18
Colon 0.00 2.04 20.48 0.00 1.93 17.00 0.000 0.020 0.310 1.00 1.02 1.20
Stomach 0.00 0.72 6.95 0.00 0.71 6.50 0.000 0.010 0.090 1.00 1.01 1.07
Other solid cancers 0.00 1.48 17.28 0.00 1.42 14.74 0.000 0.110 1.680 1.00 1.01 1.17
In the Table 4 the values of the standardized incident
ratio (SIR) are also presented, its shown the ratio of the
cancer rate in exposure to radiation group of people m to
the expected baseline cancer rate m0.
According to the values of total absolute radiation
risk EARALL were formed groups of negligibly small,
socially acceptable and high radiation risk.
19 persons (6.2% of personnel which risks were as-
sessing for) entered in the group of high radiation risk.
In the group of socially acceptable radiation risk entered
116 human – 38.0% of personnel. In a group negligibly
small risk 170 human entered – 55.8% of personnel.
The values of basic characteristics and risks of per-
sonnel by the groups of absolute radiation risk are pre-
sented in the Table 5. In the Accumulated dose column
the values of the accumulated doses of personnel, that
are using in risks on 2013 calculation, i.e. got by per-
sonnel up to 2011, are given.
Tables 6-8 shows the distributions of the relative
number of employees by the groups of absolute
radiation risk in the age groups, experience at individual
monitoring groups and cumulative dose groups. As we
see from the tables, the absolute radiation risk has the
most marked linear dependence from cumulative dose.
All personnel having cumulative dose of 300 mSv or
more, belongs to the high absolute radiation risk group.
All personnel having cumulative dose less then
100 mSv, belongs to the negligible small and socially
acceptable radiation risk groups. Data from Tables 6 - 8
are shown in Fig. 5.
Table 5
The values of the basic characteristics and risks of the personnel in the absolute radiation risk groups
Value Age,
years
Experience on
individual monitoring, years
Cumulative dose,
mSv
ARSOL,
%
ARLEU,
%
EARALL,
*10-3
High absolute radiation risk group, 19 people (6.2 % of personnel)
Min 71 45 174.35 4.82 3.42 1.0077
Avg 75 50 226.23 6.35 6.60 1.2380
Max 86 55 578.28 15.58 13.77 3.2442
Socially acceptable absolute radiation risk group, 116 people (38.0 % of personnel)
Min 50 11 34.42 0.54 0.26 0.1038
Avg 67 36 104.31 3.14 4.89 0.4608
Max 87 54 262.67 7.83 20.01 0.9998
Negligibly small absolute radiation risk group, 170 people (55.8 % of personnel)
Min 25 2 0.19 0.00 0.00 0.0000
ISSN 1562-6016. ВАНТ. 2014. №3(91) 204
Avg 47 10 15.89 0.24 5.31 0.0168
Max 78 30 64.34 1.99 21.24 0.0984
Fig. 5 shows that all staff at the age under 50 years
with experience at individual monitoring under 10 years
(men) and 20 years (women) belongs to the group of
negligible small absolute radiation risk, this suggest that
personnel working with sources of ionizing radiation in
KIPT have enough high level of radiation protection.
Detailed characteristic of the personnel of the high
radiation risk group (HRRG) on 2013 year: the distribu-
tion by age, experience at individual monitoring and
cumulative dose is shown in the Tables 9-11.
Table 6
Distribution of personnel by absolute radiation risk groups according to sex and age
Age,
years
Relative number of personnel of the given age group in the absolute radiation risk group:
negligibly small socially acceptable high
men women all men women all men women all
<25 0.0 - 0.0 0.0 - 0.0 0.0 - 0.0
25-29 66.7 33.3 61.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
30-34 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
35-39 86.7 83.3 85.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
40-44 91.7 100.0 92.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
45-49 88.2 100.0 89.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
50-54 94.1 0.0 88.9 5.9 50.0 8.3 0.0 0.0 0.0
55-59 71.4 50.0 69.2 25.7 0.0 23.1 0.0 0.0 0.0
60-64 45.9 16.7 41.9 51.4 83.3 55.8 0.0 0.0 0.0
65-69 0.0 7.7 2.1 88.2 92.3 89.4 0.0 0.0 0.0
70-74 13.6 0.0 11.1 59.1 80.0 63.0 27.3 20.0 25.9
75-79 9.5 0.0 9.1 52.4 0.0 50.0 38.1 100.0 40.9
80- 0.0 0.0 0.0 75.0 100.0 76.9 25.0 0.0 23.1
Table 7
Distribution of personnel by absolute radiation risk groups according to sex and experience
at individual monitoring
Experience on individual
monitoring,
years
Relative number of personnel of the given experience at individual monitoring group
in the absolute radiation risk group:
negligibly small socially acceptable high
men women all men women all men women all
<5 66.7 45.5 63.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
5-9 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
10-14 97.0 100.0 97.4 3.0 0.0 2.6 0.0 0.0 0.0
15-19 100.0 - 100.0 0.0 - 0.0 0.0 - 0.0
20-24 82.4 66.7 80.0 17.6 33.3 20.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
25-29 41.7 0.0 32.3 58.3 100.0 67.7 0.0 0.0 0.0
30-34 4.2 0.0 3.7 95.8 100.0 96.3 0.0 0.0 0.0
35-39 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
40-44 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
45-49 0.0 0.0 0.0 61.1 100.0 66.7 38.9 0.0 33.3
50-54 0.0 0.0 0.0 50.0 0.0 44.4 50.0 100.0 55.6
55-59 0.0 - 0.0 0.0 - 0.0 100.0 - 100.0
60- - - - - - - - - -
Table 8
Distribution of personnel by absolute radiation risk groups according to sex and cumulative dose
Cumulative
dose,
mSv
Relative number of personnel of the given cumulative dose group
in the absolute radiation risk group:
negligibly small socially acceptable high
men women all men women all men women all
<5 79.2 66.7 76.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
5- 100.0 88.9 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
20- 74.2 20.0 67.1 12.1 70.0 19.7 0.0 0.0 0.0
50- 10.9 0.0 9.3 84.8 100.0 87.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
100- 0.0 0.0 0.0 105.9 100.0 104.2 0.0 0.0 0.0
150- 0.0 0.0 0.0 83.9 33.3 79.4 12.9 66.7 17.6
200- 0.0 - 0.0 9.1 - 9.1 100.0 - 100.0
250- 0.0 - 0.0 50.0 - 50.0 0.0 - 0.0
300- 0.0 - 0.0 0.0 - 0.0 100.0 - 100.0
350- - - - - - - - - -
500- 0.0 - 0.0 0.0 - 0.0 100.0 - 100.0
ISSN 1562-6016. ВАНТ. 2014. №3(91) 205
a) Males
Age, years
<25 25- 30- 35- 40- 45- 50- 55- 60- 65- 70- 75- 80-
R
el
at
iv
e
nu
m
be
r,
%
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Experience at ind. monitoring, years
<5 5- 10- 15- 20- 25- 30- 35- 40- 45- 50- 55- 60-
R
el
at
iv
e
nu
m
be
r,
%
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Negligible small risk group
Socially acceptable risk group
High risk group
Cumulative dose, mSv
<5 5- 20- 50- 150- 250- 350- 450-
R
el
at
iv
e
nu
m
be
r,
%
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
b) Females
Age, years
<25 25- 30- 35- 40- 45- 50- 55- 60- 65- 70- 75- 80-
R
el
at
iv
e
nu
m
be
r,
%
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Experience at ind. monitoring, years
<5 5- 10- 15- 20- 25- 30- 35- 40- 45- 50- 55- 60-
R
el
at
iv
e
nu
m
be
r,
%
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Negligible small risk group
Socially acceptable risk group
High risk group
Cumulative dose, mSv
<5 5- 20- 50- 150- 250- 350- 450-
R
el
at
iv
e
nu
m
be
r,
%
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Fig. 5. Distribution of personnel by absolute radiation risk groups according to age. experience at individual
monitoring and cumulative dose for males (a) and females (b)
As we can see from Table 9, 84.2% of HRRG per-
sonnel belong to the age groups of 70 to 79 years, one-
third of all personnel at this age belons to the HRRG.
Table 10 shows that personnel with experience at individu-
al monitoring from 50 to 54 years is about half of the high
radiation risk group, 55.6% of all personnel with such ex-
perience belons to the HRRG. Table 11 shows that almost
a third of HRRG personnel have cumulative dose of 150 to
200 mSv, but only 17.6% of the personnel within this
range of the cumulative dose belons to the HRRG.
Table 9
Distribution of personnel from HRRG according to sex and age
Age,
years
Men Women All personnel
abs. unit % in HRRG* % in all group** abs. unit % in HRRG* % in all group** abs. unit % in HRRG* % in all group**
<70 0 0.0 0.0 0 0.0 0.0 0 0.0 0.0
70-74 6 35.3 27.3 1 50.0 20.0 7 36.8 25.9
75-79 8 47.1 38.1 1 50.0 100.0 9 47.4 40.9
80 3 17.6 25.0 0 0.0 0.0 3 15.8 23.1
Total 17 100.0 6.0 2 100.0 4.1 19 100.0 5.7
* % in HRRG – reletive number of personnel of given age and sex in the high radiation risk group.
** % in all group – reletive number of HRRG personnel among all personnel of given age and sex at individual monitoring.
Table 10
Distribution of personnel from HRRG according to sex and experience at individual monitoring
Experience at
individual monitoring,
years
Men Women All personnel
abs.
unit
% in
HRRG
% in all
group
abs.
unit
% in
HRRG
% in all
group
abs.
unit
% in
HRRG
% in all
group
<45 0 0.0 0.0 0 0.0 0.0 0 0.0 0.0
45-49 7 41.2 38.9 0 0.0 0.0 7 36.8 33.3
50-54 8 47.1 50.0 2 100.0 100.0 10 52.6 55.6
55-59 2 11.8 100.0 0 0.0 0.0 2 10.5 100.0
60 0 0.0 0.0 0 0.0 0.0 0 0.0 0.0
Total 17 100.0 6.0 2 100.0 4.1 19 100.0 5.7
ISSN 1562-6016. ВАНТ. 2014. №3(91) 206
Table 11
Distribution of personnel from HRRG according to sex and cumulative dose
Cumulative
dose, mSv
Men Women All personnel
abs. unit % in HRRG % in all group abs. uni % in HRRG % in all group abs. unit % in HRRG % in all group
<150 0 0.0 0.0 0 0.0 0.0 0 0.0 0.0
150- 4 23.5 12.9 2 100.0 66.7 6 31.6 17.6
200- 11 64.7 100.0 0 0.0 0.0 11 57.9 100.0
250- 0 0.0 0.0 0 0.0 0.0 0 0.0 0.0
300- 1 5.9 100.0 0 0.0 0.0 1 5.3 100.0
350- 0 0.0 0.0 0 0.0 0.0 0 0.0 0.0
400- 0 0.0 0.0 0 0.0 0.0 0 0.0 0.0
450- 0 0.0 0.0 0 0.0 0.0 0 0.0 0.0
500- 1 5.9 100.0 0 0.0 0.0 1 5.3 100.0
Total 17 100.0 6.0 2 100.0 4.1 19 100.0 5.7
Distributions of KIPT personnel at th individual
monitoring by attributive risk of solid cancers, leukae-
mia and respiratory system are shown in Fig. 6. The
attributive risk indicates the probability of occupational
radiation exposure causation of these cancer diseases.
As can be seen from these figures the probability of
radiogenic solid cancer disease doesn’t exceed 5% for
90% of the personnel. The probability of leukaemia
caused by occupational exposure doesn’t exceed 15 for
94% of the personnel. The probability of oncological
diseases of respiratory system caused by radiation, does
not exceed 10 for 94% of the personnel. The maximum
values of the attributable risk does not exceed the thresh-
old for the group of high potential attributive risk, so the
cancer diseases of the KIPT personnel at individual moni-
toring can not be considered as professional for now.
Table 12
The values of the basic characteristics and risks of the personnel in the attributive radiation risk groups
Value Age,
years
Experience with sources of ionizing
radiation, years
Cumulative dose,
mSv
ARSOL,
%
ARLEU,
%
ARRESP,
%
EARALL,
*10-3
Group of non-neoplastic diseases (heart attacks, strokes), 1 people(0,3 % of personnel)
- 80 55 578.28 15.58 13.77 22.15 3.2442
High potential risk group, 0 people (0.0% of personnel)
- - - - - - - -
Potential risk group, 3 people (0.9 % of personnel)
Min 74 49 158.64 6.16 11.15 20.19 0.6743
Avg 78 51 305.61 9.96 14.97 20.96 1.6420
Max 80 55 578.28 15.58 20.01 22.15 3.2442
Negligibly mall risk group, 302 people (99.1 % of personnel)
Min 25 2 0.19 0.00 0.00 0 0.0000
Avg 56 22 60.21 1.64 5.13 2.83 0.2481
Max 87 55 302.55 8.59 21.24 19.02 1.4233
AR SOL, %
0- 5- 10- 15- 20- 25- 30- 35- 40- 45- 50- 55- 60- 65- 70- 75- 80- 85- 90- 95-
H
ea
dc
ou
nt
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
275
29
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
a AR LEU, %
0- 5- 10- 15- 20- 25- 30- 35- 40- 45- 50- 55- 60- 65- 70- 75- 80- 85- 90- 95-
H
ea
dc
ou
nt
220
200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
182
81
24
15 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
b
AR RESP, %
0- 5- 10- 15- 20- 25- 30- 35- 40- 45- 50- 55- 60- 65- 70- 75- 80- 85- 90- 95-
H
ea
dc
ou
nt
250
200
150
100
50
0
228
58
15
1 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
c
Fig. 6. Distributions of personnel by attributive risk of solid cancers (a), leukaemia (b) and respiratory system (c)
From the values of attributive radiation risks of solid
cancers (ARSOL), leukaemia (ARLEU) and respiratory
system (ARRESP) of personnel the groups of high poten-
tial (ARSOL≥20%, or ARLEU≥75%, or ARRESP≥30%),
potential (ARSOL≥10%, or ARLEU≥50%, or
ARRESP≥20%) and negligible small (ARSOL<10%,
ARLEU<50%, ARRESP<20%) attributive risk groups were
formed.
ISSN 1562-6016. ВАНТ. 2014. №3(91) 207
The values of the basic characteristics and risks of
personnel by the groups of attributive radiation risk are
shown in the Table 12.
The group of high potential attributive risk has not
any person. The group of potential attributive risk has
three human (0.9% of personnel). The group of negligi-
ble small attributive risk has 302 people (99.1% of per-
sonnel) The group of non-neoplastic diseases (heart
attack, strokes) was also formed by the values of the
cumulative doses of personnel (D≥500 mSv), only one
employee was included in this group, at the age of 80,
with experience at individual monitoring of 55 years.
CONCLUSIONS
Average age of personnel at individual monitoring in
2013 is 56 years for men and women. Average experi-
ence with exposure to radiation is 21 years for men and
22 years women. Average cumulative dose is 61.44 mSv
for men and 49.40 mSv for women. Average annual dose
of personnel in 2012 amounted to 1.38 mSv, which is
comparable with background radiation – 1.14 mSv/year.
Maximum of annual dose of personnel in 2012 was
3.64 mSv, which is about 5.5 times less than the annual
dose limit – 20 mSv/year.
High absolute radiation risk group (where individual
absolute radiation risk is more then socially acceptable
level of risk – 1·10-3/year) on 2013 includes 19 employ-
ees (6.2% of the staff at individual monitoring). The
average age of the group is 75 years, average experience
with sources of ionizing radiation – 50 years, average
cumulative dose in 2011 (that were taken into risks ac-
count on 2013) – 226.23 mSv. Minimum age in the
group is 71 years, minimum experience with sources of
ionizing radiation – 45 years, minimum cumulative dose
– 174.35 mSv. Main contribution to the total individual
absolute risk of radiation of workers was made by the
risk of solid cancers. Maximum of solid cancers attribu-
tive risk (the probability of cancer diseases caused by
occupational exposure) is 15.58%, maximum attributive
risk of leukaemia – 13.77%, maximum attributive risk
of respiratory system – 22.15%.
International standards currently uses the following
attributable risk thresholds for the cancer diseases clas-
sification as radiogenic: for solid cancers – 20%, for
leukaemia – 75% for respiratory system – 30%.
Personnel with the values of the attributive risk, equal or
exceed those thresholds, refered to the group of high
potential attributive risk, and in the case of oncological
diseases such personnel may be eligible for the financial
compensation depending on amount of attributable risk.
The group of high potential risk of cancer diseases
induction on 2013 has not included any employee on
individual monitoring in KIPT.
The group of potential attributive risk (there is an ex-
cess of attributable risk threshold values: for solid cancers
– 10%, for leukaemia – 50% for respiratory system –
20%) on 2013 includes one man at age 80 years, with
experience at individual monitoring 55 years and cumula-
tive dose of 578.28 mSv (his AR of solid cancer is
15.58%, the AR of respiratory system is 22.15%) and 2
women at age 74 and 80 years, with experience at indi-
vidual monitoring 49 years and cumulative doses of
179.93 mSv and 158.64 mSv, respectively (their AR of
respiratory system are 20.19% and 20.56%).
Data obtained will help to manage of radiation risks
by planning future occupational radiation exposure, and
can be the basis for making decisions about copensation
for workers (or their relatives) in whom cancer may
have arisen from the exposure to radiation at work.
REFERENCES
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Part 3 (Interim). Vienna: IAEA, 2011.
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eral Assembly, with Scientific Annexes. 272 pages.
No index. ISBN 92-1-142211-6. U.N. Sales No.
E.94.IX.11. 1994.
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tion // ICRP Publication 103. Ann. ICRP 37 (2-4).
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// Public hygiene regulations. Kiev, 1998.
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Russian Ministry of Health. Moscow, 2004.
7. V.K. Ivanov, A.F. Tsyb, A.P. Panfilov,
A.M. Agapov. Optimization of radiation protection:
"The dose matrix." M.: "Medicine", 2006, 304 p.
8. R. Wakeford, B.A. Antell, W.J. Leigh. A review of
probability of causation and its use in a compensa-
tion scheme for nuclear workers in the United King-
dom // Health Phys. 1998, v. 74, p. 1-9.
9. Annual bulletin №14 «Cancer in Ukraine, 2011-2012».
Article received 18.02.2014
ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКА ПЕРСОНАЛА ННЦ ХФТИ ПО ГРУППАМ РАДИАЦИОННОГО РИСКА
А.Н. Довбня, А.В. Мазилов, И.А. Стадник
Описана методология проведения оценки индивидуальных радиационных рисков для пролонгированного облучения
UNSCEAR-94. Дана характеристика персонала ННЦ ХФТИ, состоящего на ИДК, в терминах «дозовой матрицы». При-
ведены основные результаты расчетов относительного, атрибутивного и абсолютного радиационных рисков персонала
ННЦ ХФТИ для различных локализаций и различных групп риска. Показаны распределения основных характеристик
персонала: возраста, стажа на ИДК и накопленной дозы для различных групп радиационного риска персонала.
ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКА ПЕРСОНАЛУ ННЦ ХФТІ ЗА ГРУПАМИ РАДІАЦІЙНОГО РИЗИКУ
А.М. Довбня, О.В. Мазілов, І.О. Стадник
Описано методологію проведення оцінки індивідуальних радіаційних ризиків для пролонгованого опромінення
UNSCEAR-94. Надана характеристика персоналу ННЦ ХФТІ, що перебуває на ІДК, в термінах «дозової матриці». Наве-
дено основні результати розрахунків відносного, атрибутивного й абсолютного радіаційних ризиків персоналу ННЦ
ISSN 1562-6016. ВАНТ. 2014. №3(91) 208
ХФТІ для різних локалізацій і різних груп ризику. Показано розподіл основних характеристик персоналу: віку, стажу на
ІДК і накопиченої дози для різних груп радіаційного ризику персоналу.
introduction
1. the UNSCEAR-94 Methodology for Estimating Radiogenic Cancer Risk
2. radiation risk groups
3. DESCRIPTION of KIPT PERSONNEL
conclusions
References
|
| id | nasplib_isofts_kiev_ua-123456789-80285 |
| institution | Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| issn | 1562-6016 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-12-07T13:36:37Z |
| publishDate | 2014 |
| publisher | Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України |
| record_format | dspace |
| spelling | Dovbnya, A.N. Mazilov, A.V. Stadnik, I.A. 2015-04-14T15:59:00Z 2015-04-14T15:59:00Z 2014 Characteristics of KIPT staff by groups of radiation risk / A.N. Dovbnya, A.V. Mazilov, I.A. Stadnik // Вопросы атомной науки и техники. — 2014. — № 3. — С. 200-208. — Бібліогр.: 9 назв. — англ. 1562-6016 PACS: 87.53.-j; 87.66.Jj https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/80285 The methodology of individual radiation cancer risk assessment UNSCEAR-94 has been described. Characteristics of KIPT staff at the individual monitoring, in terms of the "Dose-response matrix" have been reviewed. The main results of the calculations of the relative, attributive and absolute radiation risks of KIPT personnel for different sites and different risk groups have been showed. The distributions of the main characteristics of the personnel: age, years on the individual monitoring and the cumulative dose for different radiation risk groups of staff have been investigated. Описана методология проведения оценки индивидуальных радиационных рисков для пролонгированного облучения UNSCEAR-94. Дана характеристика персонала ННЦ ХФТИ, состоящего на ИДК, в терминах «дозовой матрицы». Приведены основные результаты расчетов относительного, атрибутивного и абсолютного радиационных рисков персонала ННЦ ХФТИ для различных локализаций и различных групп риска. Показаны распределения основных характеристик персонала: возраста, стажа на ИДК и накопленной дозы для различных групп радиационного риска персонала. Описано методологію проведення оцінки індивідуальних радіаційних ризиків для пролонгованого опромінення UNSCEAR-94. Надана характеристика персоналу ННЦ ХФТІ, що перебуває на ІДК, в термінах «дозової матриці». Наведено основні результати розрахунків відносного, атрибутивного й абсолютного радіаційних ризиків персоналу ННЦ ISSN 1562-6016. ВАНТ. 2014. №3(91) 208 ХФТІ для різних локалізацій і різних груп ризику. Показано розподіл основних характеристик персоналу: віку, стажу на ІДК і накопиченої дози для різних груп радіаційного ризику персоналу. en Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України Вопросы атомной науки и техники Применение ускорителей в радиационных технологиях Characteristics of KIPT staff by groups of radiation risk Характеристика персонала ННЦ ХФТИ по группам радиационного риска Характеристика персоналу ННЦ ХФТІ за групами радіаційного ризику Article published earlier |
| spellingShingle | Characteristics of KIPT staff by groups of radiation risk Dovbnya, A.N. Mazilov, A.V. Stadnik, I.A. Применение ускорителей в радиационных технологиях |
| title | Characteristics of KIPT staff by groups of radiation risk |
| title_alt | Характеристика персонала ННЦ ХФТИ по группам радиационного риска Характеристика персоналу ННЦ ХФТІ за групами радіаційного ризику |
| title_full | Characteristics of KIPT staff by groups of radiation risk |
| title_fullStr | Characteristics of KIPT staff by groups of radiation risk |
| title_full_unstemmed | Characteristics of KIPT staff by groups of radiation risk |
| title_short | Characteristics of KIPT staff by groups of radiation risk |
| title_sort | characteristics of kipt staff by groups of radiation risk |
| topic | Применение ускорителей в радиационных технологиях |
| topic_facet | Применение ускорителей в радиационных технологиях |
| url | https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/80285 |
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