Gas-metal plasma source project for the separation technology
This scientific paper deals with the project related to the gas-metal plasma source design. It describes the structure and electric power supply circuit. The consideration has been given to a possibility of the use of this source for the separation technology, in particular for the reprocessing of s...
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| Date: | 2014 |
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Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України
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| Cite this: | Gas-metal plasma source project for the separation technology / V.B. Yuferov, S.V. Shariy, M.O. Shvets, A.N. Ozerov // Вопросы атомной науки и техники. — 2014. — № 5. — С. 184-187. — Бібліогр.: 9 назв. — анг. |
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Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine| _version_ | 1860170374253117440 |
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| author | Yuferov, V.B. Shariy, S.V. Shvets, M.O. Ozerov, A.N. |
| author_facet | Yuferov, V.B. Shariy, S.V. Shvets, M.O. Ozerov, A.N. |
| citation_txt | Gas-metal plasma source project for the separation technology / V.B. Yuferov, S.V. Shariy, M.O. Shvets, A.N. Ozerov // Вопросы атомной науки и техники. — 2014. — № 5. — С. 184-187. — Бібліогр.: 9 назв. — анг. |
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| description | This scientific paper deals with the project related to the gas-metal plasma source design. It describes the structure and electric power supply circuit. The consideration has been given to a possibility of the use of this source for the separation technology, in particular for the reprocessing of spent nuclear fuel (SNF). The requirements set to the source and parameters of the generated plasma have been devised. The efficiency of magnetoplasma reprocessing of SNF has been evaluated and the selection of metals and their oxides as the simulation media for the experiments carried out to reprocess spent nuclear fuel have been substantiated.
Представлен проект источника газо-металлической плазмы. Приведена конструкция и электрическая схема его питания. Рассмотрена возможность использования данного источника для сепарационной технологии, в частности для регенерации отработанного ядерного топлива (ОЯТ). Разработаны требования к источнику и параметрам создаваемой плазмы. Оценена производительность магнитоплазменной переработки ОЯТ и обоснован выбор металлов и их оксидов в качестве имитационных сред в экспериментах по регенерации ОЯТ.
Представлено проект джерела газо-металевої плазми. Приведена конструкцiя та електрична схема його живлення. Розглянута можливiсть використання джерела для сепарацiйної технологiї, зокрема для регенерацiї вiдпрацьованого ядерного палива (ВЯП). Розроблено вимоги до джерела та параметрам плазми, що створюється. Оцiнена продуктивнiсть магнiтоплазмової переробки ВЯП та обгрунтовано вибiр металiв i їх оксидiв в якостi iмiтацiйних середовищ в експериментах по регенерацiї ВЯП.
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GAS-METAL PLASMA SOURCE PROJECT FOR THE
SEPARATION TECHNOLOGY
V.B.Yuferov, S.V.Shariy∗, M.O.Shvets, A.N.Ozerov
National Science Center ”Kharkov Institute of Physics and Technology”, 61108, Kharkov, Ukraine
(Received June 13, 2014)
This scientific paper deals with the project related to the gas-metal plasma source design. It describes the structure
and electric power supply circuit. The consideration has been given to a possibility of the use of this source for the
separation technology, in particular for the reprocessing of spent nuclear fuel (SNF). The requirements set to the
source and parameters of the generated plasma have been devised. The efficiency of magnetoplasma reprocessing of
SNF has been evaluated and the selection of metals and their oxides as the simulation media for the experiments
carried out to reprocess spent nuclear fuel have been substantiated.
PACS: 52.50.Dg
1. INTRODUCTION
Nuclear power stations generate 50% of electric power
in Ukraine, and annually about 300 t of spent nu-
clear waste are formed. At the moment 4000 t of
nuclear waste have been piled up and by the year
2050, when the number of the reactors will double,
the quantity of spent NF will reach 40000 tons. The
service life period of the dry storages of nuclear waste
in Ukraine is considered to be 50 years. By the year
of 2070, when the uranium ore reserves will be de-
pleted, we inevitably will be forced to recycle spent
nuclear waste into the fuel. Already today the world
arranged the production of MOX-fuel using Purex
technologies. However, the use of Purex technologies
in Ukraine is hardly possible due to the need of huge
consumption of fresh water. The spent nuclear fuel
can be reprocessed using electromagnetic separators,
but it is very energy-expensive 3.5·106 eV/ion, in ad-
dition to reprocess 300 t of NF ion currents of 4.5 kA
are required. To reprocess SNF of one reactor that
discharges approximately 20 t, we need equivalent ion
currents of about 300A. It means that we need sepa-
rators of a new generation of higher performance and
lower power inputs. The magnetoplasmic method can
be used as an alternative technique, which is very sim-
ilar to the electromagnetic method as for the princi-
ples. The [1] proposes energy inputs for the nuclear
waste reprocessing at the level of 500...1000 eV/ion.
The values that were experimentally obtained at the
level of 104 eV/ion are given in [2].
2. PROBLEM OF STATEMENT
The SNF plasma is a physically complicated and ex-
pensive test object. Therefore, for the purpose of re-
search the SNF is simulated with a different degree of
approximation with regard to some properties. In sci-
entific papers [3] the plasma of inert gases simulated
SNF in terms of mass composition. Now we need to
simulate the entire set of physical and chemical spe-
cific features of SNF including elemental composition
and molecular composition, ionization potentials of
elements and compounds and chemical bonds. The
present stage includes the generation of metal plasma,
its transportation, ion-plasma separation and depo-
sition with further removal of the fallout. The degree
of the separation of nuclear fuel (NF) and nuclear ash
(NA), i.e. fission products, and also the relation of
this value to the parameters of the separation plant
is of essential value. The separator efficiency can be
evaluated using the expression (1)
P =
∑
k
Mk∆µkV
∥
k n
i
kαSt . (1)
The summation here is done in terms of separable
elements, Mk is the atomic weight of the element
or isotope, µk is its percentage, V
∥
k is the longi-
tudinal velocity of plasma ions, ni
k is the concen-
tration of plasma ions, S is the plasma section, α
is the efficiency of ion separation, t is the opera-
tion time. The coefficient α is always less than
unity and it is a combined ratio and depends on
many parameters. The equation shows that the sep-
arator efficiency is mainly defined by the material
flow, i.e. the values of ni
k, V
∥
k , S that in their
turn are defined by the flow of evaporated or sput-
tered material. The mass of material evaporated per
time unit by the surface S: G = αqevp, where α is
the coefficient that takes into consideration the re-
verse precipitation of evaporated material because of
the scattering onto the surface vapor cloud, qevp is
the evaporation rate of substances with the atomic
weight of A (g cm−2 c−1), which obeys the Lang-
muir equation: qevp = 4.4 · 10−4(A/T )0.5ps, where
ps = K1 · exp(K2/T ) is the vapor tension of the ma-
∗Corresponding author E-mail address: s.v.shariy@gmail.com
184 ISSN 1562-6016. PROBLEMS OF ATOMIC SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, 2014, N5 (93).
Series: Nuclear Physics Investigations (63), p.184-187.
terial. The coefficients K1 and K2 depend on the
material and at similar values of qevp for different
A can differ greatly. In the general case the evap-
oration rate of the i–th component from the mix-
ture is related to the partial pressure of its vapors
at the surface pi, and pi = γipsici/Ai, where ci is
the weight concentration of the components, γi is
the activity factor that takes into account the pos-
sibility of interaction of different components in the
melt. For the two-component alloy, for example:
qevp1/qevp2 = (A2/A1)
0.5γ1ps1c1/γ2ps2c2 − α12c1/c2,
where α12 = γ1ps1(A2/A1)
0.5/γ2ps2 is the coefficient
of the mixture evaporation.
The density of extracted ion current flowing to
the negative probe placed into plasma can be given
by the expression [4]
j+ = 0.4en+
√
2kTe
M
[A/cm2] . (2)
Where n+ is the concentration of ions, Te is the
temperature of electrons; M is the element mass
or isotope mass. It can be seen from the expres-
sion that the current density is decreased in in-
verse proportion to the square root as the mass
increases. In the expression (1) the current den-
sity therefore in spite of diminishing ion current
with an increase in the ion mass the separator ef-
ficiency will be increasing in direct proportion to
the root of the atomic mass of the released ele-
ment. Therefore, the design capacity of the plant
DIS-1 [5, 6] (at S = 103 cm2, ni = 1011 cm3, α = 1,
Ti = 3 eV ) will make in terms of 6Li – 21, 5 kg/year,
in terms of 132Xe – 101, 5 kg/year, and in terms of
∼240U, Pu – 137 kg/year.
3. SELECTION OF PARAMETERS
Most parameters included in the separator efficiency
expression are the characteristics of the plasma flow
tobe created and transported to the separation re-
gion. Therefore, the primary task is to create the
plasma source (PS), which can generate the plasma
flow that meets the requirements of the separation
technology. The plasma source should:
1. efficiently ionize the broad spectrum of ele-
ments and compounds, in particular metals and their
oxides;
2. create a heavy-current highly ionized plasma
flow with and/or without minimum drop phase;
3. generate plasma with low electron temperature
that will reduce the share of multicharged ions and it
will also allow us to use the separation mechanism in
terms of ionization potentials;
4. facilitate the formation of films that have low
adhesion to the surface of gathering collectors and
that of plasma source;
5. the source must operate in the external mag-
netic field of the separator;
6. withstand plasma and heat loads born by struc-
tural materials in stationary or pulse modes.
The selection of gases, metals or metal oxides as
the simulation media is defined by the availability
of appropriate plasma sources. While working with
the gaseous working substance at partial gas ioniza-
tion in the plasma source the degree of ionization is
∼ 15%. Due to the reprocessing process the role of
ion-neutral collisions and the possibility of ionization
in the separation region is increased during separa-
tion and transportation processes. Hence, it is rea-
sonable to change for the metals with the recycling
coefficient close to zero. Such metals will be con-
densed on the walls with the probability of about
100%. The creation of metal plasma requires an ef-
ficient evaporator that would provide the generation
and transportation of metal vapor to the ionization
area. Thereat the drops and clusters are not desir-
able due to the longer free path until the total ion-
ization takes place in comparison with that of indi-
vidual atoms. The efficient evaporation of the anode
material can be carried out either as described in the
scientific paper written by A.G. Borysenko [7] or out
of the liquid phase obtained using the laser, induc-
tive and E-beam heating. As simulation media we
consider metals Ca, Al, Cu, Mo, Ba and oxides CaO,
BaO, MoOn , where n = 1, 2, 3.
To create highly ionized plasma we need to gen-
erate plasma of such a size and density at which
actually all the neutrals getting into it would ion-
ize. The decay of the flow of neutral atoms N0 in
plasma of a length x can be evaluated using the ra-
tio: N = N0 exp(−x/λ), where λ is the free pass of
an atom before the ionization. At plasma sizes of
rp = λ the pass will be covered by 37% of injected
atoms. The length 5λ will be covered only by 0, 67%
of atoms, which corresponds to quasicomplete ioniza-
tion of SNF in plasma sources with 2rp ∼ 30 cm, at
plasma density level of ne ∼ (3...4) · 1014 cm−3. To
meet the condition of the plasma collisionlessness in
the separation region the required characteristic di-
mension of the separation area should be 2m.
4. PLASMA SOURCE STRUCTURE
The requirements set to the plasma source can be
met for the high-current, reflective and dense dis-
charge with low electron temperature. To implement
such a discharge we propose to use the source with
the non-self-maintained arc discharge in anode vapors
combined with reflective discharge in the mirror ra-
tio magnetic field. To increase the plasma density we
provided for the pulse operation mode of the source
with the discharge current of approximately 1 kA.
The source and test desk are schematically shown in
Fig.1. The vacuum chamber 1 that was fabricated
using nonmagnetic stainless steel of 30 cm and 50 cm
long is cooled by water. The magnetic coils 6 create
magnetic field of the mirror ratio configuration with
the peak intensity of up to 300Oe. The anode 2 is
water-cooled with the replaceable head made of the
evaporated substance. The electrodes of the reflec-
tive (Penning) discharge 4 are made of copper with
diameter of 20 cm. The vacuum system maintains
pressure at the level of 10−5 torr. The working por-
tion of the anode can be evaporated in several ways:
a) laser; b) electron beam from the top; c) electron
beam from the bottom; d) induction heating.
185
97
8
1
6
5
4
4
4
23
Pumping
hv
a) b)
e-
e-
c) d)
Fig.1. The source and test desk: 1 is the vacuum chamber; 2 is the anode; 3 is the heated cathode; 4 are
the electrodes of the reflective discharge; 5 is the collector; 6 is the magnetic system; 7, 8 is the diagnostic
window; 9 is the vacuum meter. a) – d) are the options of the evaporation of the working medium of the anode
The first stage of the source is presented by the
dependent arc discharge with the heated cathode
in anode vapors and it delivers metal vapors and
provides primary ionization. The second stage is
the reflective discharge that increases the ioniza-
tion degree and plasma density. The plasma den-
sity at the level of 1011 − 1012 was obtained using
the DIS-1 unit at discharge currents of about 10A
[3]. To increase the plasma density we assumingly
will use the reflective discharge in the mirror ra-
tio magnetic field at a high-current pulse with the
duration of 5ms and the current of about 1 kA.
Fig.2. Electric power circuit for the plasma source
Electric power supply circuit of the plasma source
(Fig.2) consists of two lines: one is for the direct
voltage and the other is for the current pulse gen-
erator. The direct voltage source provides 400V ,
50A. The current pulse generator consists of the
charge circuit and discharge circuit and it shapes
pulses with the current amplitude of ∼ 1 kA, voltage
of 400V and duration of 5ms. The capacitor bank
C is charged through the current-limiting resistor
R1. The discharge circuit is a decaying oscillating
loop, in which the capacitor bank is discharged into
the discharge gap having an active resistance R2 and
induction L2. The discharge circuit and charge cir-
cuit are switched by the thyristors V S1− V S3. The
resulting current pulse has a constant component,
which at the time of switching of the thyristor V S3
will be summed up with the pulse component shaped
by the current pulse generator. The pulse component
of the current in the discharge loop is defined by the
expression I = (U/ωL) sin(ωt) exp(−αt), where ω is
the cyclic frequency of the oscillating loop, α = R/2L
is the decay coefficient, R and L are the resistance
and induction of the oscillating loop, accordingly
taking into account the discharge gap and t is the
time. The resistance of the oscillating loop consists
of the electric circuit and discharge gap resistance
(plasma resistance). In the case of highly ionized
hydrogen plasma the conductivity is described by
the Spitzer formula: σ = 1.4 · 108(T 3/2
e /Λ), where Te
is the temperature of electrons in kelvins, and Λ is
the coulomb logarithms. In the range of Te values
peculiar for the high temperature plasma, the value
Λ = 15 is selected and the formula can approximately
be written as σ ≈ 107Te. The point of principle for
the Spitzer formula is that it actually depends just
on temperature. The fully ionized hydrogen plasma
has conductivity comparable with that of copper at
T = 107 K. In the case of partially ionized molecular
plasma there is no simple analytical solution that
describes its conductivity, however in many experi-
ments [8,9], the specific conductivity of plasma was
in the range of (101...102)Ω−1 cm−1. Therefore in
our case the discharge gap resistance won’t exceed
several Ohm hundredth and it will insignificantly
influence the discharge pattern. For separation pro-
cesses to proceed in amount sufficient for the analysis
the plasma pulse duration should exceed the system
transit time by the heaviest plasma ions at least 2
to 5 times, i.e. τ = x/v (where x is the system
length, v is the heavy ion rate).Thus, the pulse du-
ration should be at the level of 1 to 10ms. Fig.3.
shows the relationship of current pulse amplitude
for L = 300µH, R = 0.6Ohm, C = 10000µF ,
as a function of time. In this case the current
pulses is 5ms and it satisfies our requirements.
186
Fig.3. The relationship of the current pulse value
as a function of time for many parameters of the
discharge circuit
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ÏÐÎÅÊÒ ÈÑÒÎ×ÍÈÊÀ ÃÀÇÎ-ÌÅÒÀËËÈ×ÅÑÊÎÉ ÏËÀÇÌÛ ÄËß
ÑÅÏÀÐÀÖÈÎÍÍÎÉ ÒÅÕÍÎËÎÃÈÈ
Â.Á.Þôåðîâ, Ñ.Â.Øàðûé, Ì.Î.Øâåö, À.Í.Îçåðîâ
Ïðåäñòàâëåí ïðîåêò èñòî÷íèêà ãàçî-ìåòàëëè÷åñêîé ïëàçìû. Ïðèâåäåíà êîíñòðóêöèÿ è ýëåêòðè÷åñêàÿ
ñõåìà åãî ïèòàíèÿ. Ðàññìîòðåíà âîçìîæíîñòü èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ äàííîãî èñòî÷íèêà äëÿ ñåïàðàöèîííîé
òåõíîëîãèè, â ÷àñòíîñòè äëÿ ðåãåíåðàöèè îòðàáîòàííîãî ÿäåðíîãî òîïëèâà (ÎßÒ). Ðàçðàáîòàíû òðå-
áîâàíèÿ ê èñòî÷íèêó è ïàðàìåòðàì ñîçäàâàåìîé ïëàçìû. Îöåíåíà ïðîèçâîäèòåëüíîñòü ìàãíèòîïëàç-
ìåííîé ïåðåðàáîòêè ÎßÒ è îáîñíîâàí âûáîð ìåòàëëîâ è èõ îêñèäîâ â êà÷åñòâå èìèòàöèîííûõ ñðåä â
ýêñïåðèìåíòàõ ïî ðåãåíåðàöèè ÎßÒ.
ÏÐÎÅÊÒ ÄÆÅÐÅËÀ ÃÀÇÎ-ÌÅÒÀËÅÂÎ� ÏËÀÇÌÈ ÄËß ÑÅÏÀÐÀÖIÉÍÎ�
ÒÅÕÍÎËÎÃI�
Â.Á.Þôåðîâ, Ñ.Â.Øàðèé, Ì.Î.Øâåöü, À.Í.Îçåðîâ
Ïðåäñòàâëåíî ïðîåêò äæåðåëà ãàçî-ìåòàëåâî¨ ïëàçìè. Ïðèâåäåíà êîíñòðóêöiÿ òà åëåêòðè÷íà ñõåìà éîãî
æèâëåííÿ. Ðîçãëÿíóòà ìîæëèâiñòü âèêîðèñòàííÿ äæåðåëà äëÿ ñåïàðàöiîííî¨ òåõíîëîãi¨, çîêðåìà äëÿ
ðåãåíåðàöi¨ âiäïðàöüîâàíîãî ÿäåðíîãî ïàëèâà (ÂßÏ). Ðîçðîáëåíî âèìîãè äî äæåðåëà òà ïàðàìåòðàì
ïëàçìè, ùî ñòâîðþ¹òüñÿ. Îöiíåíà ïðîäóêòèâíiñòü ìàãíiòîïëàçìîâî¨ ïåðåðîáêè ÂßÏ òà îáãðóíòîâàíî
âèáið ìåòàëiâ i ¨õ îêñèäiâ â ÿêîñòi iìiòàöiéíèõ ñåðåäîâèù â åêñïåðèìåíòàõ ïî ðåãåíåðàöi¨ ÂßÏ.
187
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| id | nasplib_isofts_kiev_ua-123456789-80482 |
| institution | Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| issn | 1562-6016 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-12-07T17:58:03Z |
| publishDate | 2014 |
| publisher | Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України |
| record_format | dspace |
| spelling | Yuferov, V.B. Shariy, S.V. Shvets, M.O. Ozerov, A.N. 2015-04-18T13:39:20Z 2015-04-18T13:39:20Z 2014 Gas-metal plasma source project for the separation technology / V.B. Yuferov, S.V. Shariy, M.O. Shvets, A.N. Ozerov // Вопросы атомной науки и техники. — 2014. — № 5. — С. 184-187. — Бібліогр.: 9 назв. — анг. 1562-6016 PACS: 52.50.Dg https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/80482 This scientific paper deals with the project related to the gas-metal plasma source design. It describes the structure and electric power supply circuit. The consideration has been given to a possibility of the use of this source for the separation technology, in particular for the reprocessing of spent nuclear fuel (SNF). The requirements set to the source and parameters of the generated plasma have been devised. The efficiency of magnetoplasma reprocessing of SNF has been evaluated and the selection of metals and their oxides as the simulation media for the experiments carried out to reprocess spent nuclear fuel have been substantiated. Представлен проект источника газо-металлической плазмы. Приведена конструкция и электрическая схема его питания. Рассмотрена возможность использования данного источника для сепарационной технологии, в частности для регенерации отработанного ядерного топлива (ОЯТ). Разработаны требования к источнику и параметрам создаваемой плазмы. Оценена производительность магнитоплазменной переработки ОЯТ и обоснован выбор металлов и их оксидов в качестве имитационных сред в экспериментах по регенерации ОЯТ. Представлено проект джерела газо-металевої плазми. Приведена конструкцiя та електрична схема його живлення. Розглянута можливiсть використання джерела для сепарацiйної технологiї, зокрема для регенерацiї вiдпрацьованого ядерного палива (ВЯП). Розроблено вимоги до джерела та параметрам плазми, що створюється. Оцiнена продуктивнiсть магнiтоплазмової переробки ВЯП та обгрунтовано вибiр металiв i їх оксидiв в якостi iмiтацiйних середовищ в експериментах по регенерацiї ВЯП. en Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України Вопросы атомной науки и техники Вычислительные и модельные системы Gas-metal plasma source project for the separation technology Проект источника газо-металлической плазмы для сепарационной технологии Проект джерела газо-металевої плазми для сепарацiйної технологiї Article published earlier |
| spellingShingle | Gas-metal plasma source project for the separation technology Yuferov, V.B. Shariy, S.V. Shvets, M.O. Ozerov, A.N. Вычислительные и модельные системы |
| title | Gas-metal plasma source project for the separation technology |
| title_alt | Проект источника газо-металлической плазмы для сепарационной технологии Проект джерела газо-металевої плазми для сепарацiйної технологiї |
| title_full | Gas-metal plasma source project for the separation technology |
| title_fullStr | Gas-metal plasma source project for the separation technology |
| title_full_unstemmed | Gas-metal plasma source project for the separation technology |
| title_short | Gas-metal plasma source project for the separation technology |
| title_sort | gas-metal plasma source project for the separation technology |
| topic | Вычислительные и модельные системы |
| topic_facet | Вычислительные и модельные системы |
| url | https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/80482 |
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