Agro-tourism in countries and regions of the European Union on the basis of Podkarpackie province in Poland
The article examines the economic effects and benefits of agro-tourism. Presented the ecological, social, cultural and economic laws, on which are based the basic principles of agro-tourism. The features of agro-tourism in the Podkarpackie province are identified. У статті розглядаються економічні н...
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| description | The article examines the economic effects and benefits of agro-tourism. Presented the ecological, social, cultural and economic laws, on which are based the basic principles of agro-tourism. The features of agro-tourism in the Podkarpackie province are identified.
У статті розглядаються економічні наслідки і переваги агротуризму. Представлені екологічні, соціальні, культурні та економічні закони, на яких базуються основні принципи агротуризму. Виявлені особливості агротуризму в Підкарпатській провінції.
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| first_indexed | 2025-11-27T09:12:54Z |
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2014 Економічні інновації
Випуск № 58
47
УДК 338.48(438)
AGRO-TOURISM IN COUNTRIES AND REGIONS OF THE
EUROPEAN UNION ON THE BASIS OF PODKARPACKIE
PROVINCE IN POLAND
Professor Wacław Wierzbieniec
PhD Ireneusz Thomas
The article examines the economic effects and benefits of agro-tourism.
Presented the ecological, social, cultural and economic laws, on which are
based the basic principles of agro-tourism. The features of agro-tourism in the
Podkarpackie province are identified.
Since the beginning of 1990s Europe has been dominated by diversified
model of tourism, with predominance of “sun, sea, sand” type. At the same
time the development of agro-tourism could be observed, especially in the
upland and mountain areas. It was also noticed in Poland, where it was seen as
an opportunity to face poverty and unemployment in the countryside. It is very
visible in the south-east part of Podkarpackie province.
Presently these features constitute the most important elements of multi-
level development of villages in that area. This is also a stance manifested by
the central and regional administration and social organizations. Various
economists, especially those dealing with the subject of the countryside, are
more careful in expressing their opinions pointing out to the fact that agro-
tourism can only partially under certain conditions solve problems of rural areas
in particular regions of the country. One of these conditions is sustainable
development of the countryside and agriculture but also the development of
tourism in these areas provided that it is not going to cause their gradual
degradation, depopulation and acculturation, etc. If the values that the
countryside represents for people who visit it during their free time and
holidays will be lost, then tourists and their money will disappear once more.
In order to pursue the assumptions of European integration system it
should be concluded that affiliation of regional associations and agro-touristic
trade households, which through their activity constitute public benefit
organizations, involving many programmes, especially through promotion of
their social partners, play a very important role in sustainable development of
agriculture and countryside in modern world.
The English term “sustainable development” started to be used in Polish
literature as equivalent to Polish "rozwój zrównoważony”, although English
adjective “sustainable” has much wider meaning. It means not only “self-
supporting” but also “able to last” and “possible to maintain”. However Polish
term “rozwój zrównoważony” in social and economic terms can be considered
as the most accurate. This term is often identified with eco-development,
sustainable development or development respecting the needs of environment.
The term “sustainable development” was first used in 1972 during the
48 Економічні інновації
Випуск № 58
2014
Conference in Stockholm
1
. This term appeared again in the United Nations
report of the World Commission on Development in 1987. Then it was
popularized on the conference “Earth Summit” in 1992 in Rio de Janeiro. As a
result there were formulated rules and aims of sustainable development,
addressing the needs of modern society and taking into consideration interest of
future generations through solutions, which would contribute to its renewal
2
.
This type of development has to combine the rights of nature and economy, also
in the area of energy industry, by following certain rules. Therefore sustainable
development does not violate natural environment, does not lead to degradation
of biosphere and it allows nature, economy and culture to co-exist.
In Poland the idea of sustainable development was adopted by the
Constitution of Poland and by appropriate legislation, it is especially expressed
by “Environmental Law” from 27.04.2001, thanks to which using the term
“sustainable development” was approved in national documents
3
. Moreover the
initiative of the sustainable development of agriculture and countryside was
integral part of the development strategy, which was realized in terms of the
European Union integration processes, according to National Development Plan
and the Treaty of Accession to the European Union and the strategy of the
development of Poland formulated then. The aspect of environment protection
was considered to be the most important in the National Development Plan.
Attention was also paid to spatial planning and local investments in the whole
process of European integration. In Europe the most active when it comes to
agro-tourism are The European Commission whose Department of Business
and Trade within a range of its Tourism Unit handles legislation, additionally
the Department of Agriculture in the field of agricultural marketing, also worth
mentioning is the Economic and Social Committee, where as all initiatives are
supported by the European Investment Bank
4
.
Sustainable agriculture should accomplish four main goals: productive,
economic, environmental and social. The aim of the first is to deliver sufficient
amount of agricultural products of required quality to the consumers. The
economic goal is understood as providing farmers and their families with
sufficient income while sustaining the prices on accepted by the consumer’s
level. The purpose of the environmental goal is to make sure that the economy
does not violate the balance of ecosystems. The last goal is to get the
acceptation of non-agricultural part of the society to support agro-businesses.
Such union of social and agricultural platforms is possible only by “democratic
because not formalized” unions of parties within similar trade applying the rule
1
B. Poskrobko, Teoretyczne aspekty ekorozwoju [in:] „Ekonomia i Środowisko”,
1997, no. 10, p. 11.
2
D. Zaręba, Ekoturystyka, Warszawa 2006, s. 36.
3
See Enacment of Seym of the Polish Republic from 10.05.1991 , regarding
environmental policy of the country, M. P., no. 18, poz.118; Dz.U. Nr 62, poz.627, art. 405.
4
J. Walasek, Turystyka w Unii Europejskiej, Lublin 2009, pp. 47− 48.
2014 Економічні інновації
Випуск № 58
49
of synergy in realizing their common goals and acting according to the rules of
competition, called cluster
5
.
One of the components of sustainable development is protection of the
natural environment, cultural heritage of the countryside and the usage of
energy potentials of non-urbanized areas
6
. A number of factors that determined
the development of rural tourism can be specified including rapid
industrialization and urbanization of Western societies, although in recent years
this can also be noticed in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe.
Moreover, despite the recurring economic crises, one can observe a steady
increase in the welfare of society and more free time that allows trips to the
countryside, where city dwellers look for a different kind of everyday
experiences and emotions. We have to remember that economic boom of the
cities was unfortunately accompanied with increasing disappearance of
traditional agricultural activity, in particular agriculture in areas located far
away from urban centers .
The idea of agro-tourism is based on many subjective elements in the
center of which often is empathy of local community. Thus agro-tourism is
dependent on the landscape values of the particular area, its heritage and
culture. At present it also uses the opportunity to participate in a typical rural
activities and learning about rural life on a daily basis.
Rural tourism
There are many academic interpretations and definitions of rural tourism.
The proposed version assumes a broad interpretation of this issue, and in the
best possible way it reflects the complexity of agro-tourism. Agro-tourism is
practiced mainly by the weekend tourists who after a long week of work in the
urban environment seek typical rural landscape, peaceful atmosphere and
lifestyle. This type of tourism is far from the mainstream of holiday/mass
tourism, and thus, from the areas often visited by tourists - top destinations.
Agro-tourism also helps tourists get involved in the farm life and create genuine
interactions with the environment, its "rural spirit", it also teaches how to
coexist within the local community
7
.
5
J. Staszewska, A. Szromek, A. Hadzik, Klaster jako perspektywiczna forma
powiązań sieciowych w turystyce uzdrowiskowej [in:] Turystyka uzdrowiskowa – stan i
perspektyw, Gdańska 2009, pp. 72−73 and J. Staszewska, Klaster perspektywą dla
przedsiębiorców na polskim rynku turystycznym, Warszawa 2009, p. 21 and E. Nosal-
Szczygieł, Wpływ inicjatyw klastrowych na rozwój przedsiębiorstw, wyniki badań w woj.
Podkarpackim [in:] Klastry gospodarcze jako czynnik rozwoju regionu, B. Plawgo (ed.), Łomża
2008, p. 124.
6
P. Halemba, A. Tyc, Agroturystyka, turystyka wiejska, ekoturystyka – pozyskiwanie
zewnętrznych źródeł finansowania i zarządzania nimi w kontekście wejścia Polski do UE,
Kielce 2010.
7
F. Kapusta, Agrobiznes a zrównoważony rozwój obszarów wiejskich, Warszawa
2008, p. 8.
50 Економічні інновації
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2014
Tourism development therefore also gives benefits to rural communities.
However, improper development, investments often left without control, may
also negatively affect the sustainable development of rural areas, and ultimately
even discourage potential tourists.
In the economic aspect agro-tourism still constitutes an important
additional or new source of income for rural communities. As a result, tourism
business can create many new job opportunities or markets. On the other hand,
thanks to the tourists it is possible to maintain existing jobs in various services
(such as transport and accommodation)
8
. Tourism activities can attract new
businesses, thereby leading to diversification and strengthening of the local
economy.
Furthermore, the development of agro-tourism contributes to a variety of
benefits to rural communities, often involving the creation and maintenance of
local public services such as health and transport; also it can contribute to
creation of artistic groups. Local communities will benefit as far as the
development of new infrastructure facilities and seasonal attractions is
concerned
9
. Also cultural or entertainment facilities will be developed. Other
social benefits include increased contact in more isolated communities, and for
guests - a chance to experience a different culture. Increasing a sense of
belonging and social revitalization of local customs, crafts and cultural identity
are very important social benefits that may be a result of properly organized
tourist activities.
The success of agro-tourism depends on attractive environment and
because tourism can both provide financial resources, as well as an incentive to
protect and improve the natural rural environment. It can also help to protect
and improve the state of historic buildings for instance castles, monasteries,
parks and gardens
10
. There are many examples in which agro-tourism has
contributed to the improvement of the environment in towns and villages (waste
disposal, traffic regulations, and the overall improvement of the state of the
buildings).
As indicated above, the development of agro-tourism is also related to
certain costs. In economic terms, agro-tourism increases the demand for public
services such as: waste collection, medical services and their cost. This may
lead to an increase in land prices, real estate, goods and services and contribute
to the excessive dependence of local communities on one sector of the
economy.
Among the social costs that may be associated with agro-tourism there
should be mentioned congestion and overcrowding, which may interfere with
the daily life of residents. Among other potential social costs of perhaps the
greatest importance is devastating impact on local rural communities associated
8
J. Sikora, Organizacja ruchu turystycznego na wsi, Warszawa 1999, s. 70.
9
Ibidem, p. 11.
10
S. Kozłowski, Regionalne strategie rozwoju zrównoważonego, Warszawa 2004, p.
29.
2014 Економічні інновації
Випуск № 58
51
with the introduction of new ideas, styles and which in many cases can
constitute a challenge to traditional culture and values.
In terms of environmental costs tourism can cause damage to both the
natural environment and environment created by humans through increased
usage of almost non-renewable resources. Improper tourist activities can lead to
increased levels of pollution in the countryside with garbage, waste and traffic
congestion
11
.
Since the early nineties chance to improve the economic situation of rural
areas in Poland, has been seen in their multi-purpose development. Particular
emphasis, at least theoretically, is put on agro-tourism .All other areas of
multifunctional development of rural areas - trade, services and manufacturing -
are controlled by the limited purchasing power of the rural population. In this
situation, tourism has the primary advantage - the product is produced in rural
areas and its buyers are residents of urban areas. Agro-tourism has been
recognized by international experts as one of the five priority areas for the
development of Polish tourism. Its importance stems from the fact that it
corresponds to the stable preferences of buyers - urban dwellers looking for
ecological forms of recreation not only at present but also in the future
12
.
Agro-tourism is a form of recreation that takes place in rural areas and
includes multiple types of recreational activities related to nature, hiking, health
tourism, sightseeing, cultural and ethnic, while leveraging resources and values
of the village. Although the touristic values of the countryside will be lost, if the
development of rural areas and agriculture will not be sustainable,
environmentally friendly or harmful for tourists’ health
13
. "Everyone has to
understand this, local and central authorities, but above all the inhabitants
themselves, because it depends on them largely whether the region is attractive
to tourists. The attractive more often means- quiet, peaceful, green, since these
elements have become more attractive for the XXI century tourist, emphasizing
that this form of recreation has to be environmentally friendly"
14
.
Agro-tourism therefore requires a balance between the needs of the local
community, tourist’s dreams and eco-development of the local landscape.
By adopting a set of guiding principles for a sustainable approach to agro-
tourism, local communities may seek to maximize the benefits of the
development of the tourism while minimizing the costs. Guiding principles of
sustainable agro-tourism can be developed from different perspectives, taking
into consideration environmental, social, and inheritance, cultural and economic
rules.
These rules can be grouped as follows:
11
Ibidem, pp. 91−92.
12
S. Arasymowicz, D. Nałęcka, Agroturystyka w społeczno – ekonomicznym rozwoju
środowiska wiejskiego, Warszawa 1997, p. 45.
13
T. Iwanek, Bezpieczeństwo ekologiczne Polski i regionu warunkiem rozwoju
turystyki uzdrowiskowej [in:] Turystyka uzdrowiskowa w gospodarce regionu i kraju, Wrocław
2006, pp. 50−51.
14
M. Woźniak, Turystyka wiejska a zrównoważony rozwój obszarów wiejskich,
Warszawa 2001, p. 209.
52 Економічні інновації
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2014
1 Environmental Policy:
a) to respect the natural diversity of the region;
b) to protect natural diversity by respecting the carrying capacity of each
area;
c) to determine the carrying capacity of the region;
d) taking measures to monitor the carrying capacity of the area
e) monitoring the impact of tourism activities on the flora and fauna of the
region;
2 Social Policy:
a) respect for social diversity of the region;
b) in ensuring that development of tourism protects not destroys cultural
diversity
and local community important are:
- The pace of development,
- The scale of development,
- The type of development,
c) actively discouraging forms of tourism causing social dysfunctions;
d) ensuring the scale, nature and pace of tourism should support
hospitality and natural understanding;
3 Principles of Economics:
a) the promotion of employment opportunities allowing people to stay in
the countryside;
b) preventing the disappearance of traditional occupations;
c) to promote economic diversity by combining rural tourism with
ongoing activities of the local community;
d) promote the use and sale of local food products.
Rules outlined above, may constitute the basis for the development of the
"Charter for Sustainable Agro-tourism”
15
. Indeed, before the rural community
will actively participate in the development and promotion of tourism in their
area or region, they must specify the type of tourism, they would like to get
involved in and type of tourists who would they like to attract.
In order to implement the idea of agro-tourism in a given area or in a
region all aspects including environmental, social, culture and economic need to
be taken into consideration. Nevertheless, it is necessary to formulate the next
set of rules needed to meet the needs of the customer or visitor – sometimes
even defined as the “Ten Commandments of agro-touristic lodging" and they
are as follows:
1 accommodation in rooms with comfortable beds at a reasonable price,
2 hygienic toilets and bathrooms,
3 sampling of regional products – not too much sophisticated, but tasty
cooked,
4 admiring the landscape, views and nature of the region,
5. exploring the history and culture of the region,
15
Compare: Rada Europy, Zaleceniu No. 1296 from 1996.
2014 Економічні інновації
Випуск № 58
53
6 enjoying recreational activities (golf, walking, fishing, horse riding,
skiing, etc.)
7 buying regional crafts and souvenirs purchases,
8 enjoying the regional music, dance and theater,
9 travel without restrictions and security concerns,
10 experience a friendly attitude on the part of people employed in local
tourism
16
.
In rural areas the development of all forms of tourism, as long as it is
carried out in accordance with the requirements of environmental protection,
leads to economic revival of the region.
The most important is the area without any environmental threats.
Nevertheless, the existence of such areas is very desirable, and clearly increases
demand for such services. The development of rural tourism, including agro-
tourism, is visible both in the growing number of people providing lodgings, as
well as in the expanding range of services and their increasing quality.
A special type of agro-farms is organic farms welcoming tourists.
Holidaymakers in such holdings are able to be in an ecologically clean
environment and all their meals are prepared from organic food produced on the
farm. Many tourists among many offers of rural accommodation choose
consciously organic farms as the ones fulfilling their expectations of a safe and
healthy holiday. For organic farms, this means the possibility of consumption of
some of its products directly on the farm and to generate additional revenue
rewarding their increased workload with organic production
17
.
The increasing number of tourists in the area, especially if it is excessive,
can spoil the attractiveness of the area. Therefore rural tourism indicators
should be taken into consideration in the development plans of agro-tourism in
the particular area. Tourism receptivity is defined as the maximum number of
people participating in the tourist traffic that can simultaneously reside in an
area without causing devastation and environmental degradation, through which
they could worsen the conditions of holidays. Tourism capacity determines the
maximum number of people participating in the tourism traffic who can
simultaneously use various elements of tourist infrastructure without
contributing to the reduction of the level of tourist services and that would not
upset socio-economic development. At a low level of technical infrastructure
(water supply, sewerage, sewage treatment plants, gasification) in rural areas
both indicators will be appropriately low
18
.
Rural tourism in Podkarpacie province
Podkarpackie province like the whole area of South-East Poland is
characterized by a much larger number of villages that the rest of the country.
16
www.mg.gov.pl (access: 09.11.2013).
17
J. Korol, Wskaźniki zrównoważonego rozwoju w modelowaniu procesów
regionalnych, Warszawa 2007, p. 110.
18
Ibidem, s. 115
54 Економічні інновації
Випуск № 58
2014
Thus the area is less urbanized. The province is inhabited mainly by the rural
population (59.5 % of total population), which greatly differs from the situation
in the country, where the population living in rural areas constitute 38.3 %.
Particularly unfavorable feature is the large distance between particular
farms, which limits the development of agriculture and to a large extent is
reflected in the cost of production. This is reflected in the average area of
agricultural crops, which amounts to 2.6 hectares for the province, and for the
county of Krosno only 1.73 ha. The area structure of individual farms is also
unfavorable. Most farms belong to a group of 1-2 ha of agricultural area (24%).
If we accept the opinions of economists that the farm with an area of 5 ha can
only provide an additional source of income for farming families, this means
that more than 83% of households in the province need to seek for an additional
source of income. Moreover, the area is characterized by very high percentage
of people employed in agriculture, which in 2002 was 48.3% of the total
working population. As a result the productivity was low and work force was
not efficiently used. Unemployment rates were also unfavorable, its rate was
17%. In addition to people who were registered as unemployed there were also
many who were not registered, which also worsens the income situation of rural
families. In this situation, there is an urgent need to develop non-agricultural
activities in rural areas, which will increase the income of the agricultural
population [2].
Development of social entrepreneurship of NGOs is now seen as one of
the factors determining the economic development of rural areas. This is done
by:
- possibility to transfer the agricultural population to non-agricultural
activities;
- Improving the structure of farms due to the resignation of population
from agricultural activities because of undertaking jobs in different sector;
- Improving technical, social and economic infrastructure;
- Development of the fields that support agriculture.
The development of non-agricultural entrepreneurship in communities
depends on the following factors:
- The location of the area
- the historically shaped structure of economy
- The type of agriculture in the development of the region
- The state of infrastructure
- The demographic situation in the area and the level of unemployment
- The socio-professional structure
- Property relations and capital resources
- efficiency of rural institutions
- Social attitudes, especially the predisposition to entrepreneurship [8].
Agro-tourism also creates opportunities for business development
supporting and providing additional services in the environment of tourist
farms.
The development of entrepreneurship in rural areas significantly affected
the activity of local government. It can stimulate economic activity in a direct
2014 Економічні інновації
Випуск № 58
55
manner (tax relief), as well as indirectly, primarily through the creation of
appropriate infrastructure conditions in the area. Chances of economic recovery
should be also look for in strategic development plans of municipalities or
regions applying modern green technology
19
.
The development of non-agricultural entrepreneurship not only affects the
creation of new jobs and additional income, but also is an important structural
change in agro-culture. One of such opportunities is the development of private
enterprises, especially small-scale, appearing in all areas of economic life,
including in particular the area of agribusiness. Examples of such solutions are
organizations of farmhouses. For example, "Galicyjskie gospodarstwa gościnne
– Bieszczady " is a typical association of NGO created in 1993 . Tourists are
offered here the form of organized stay in villages in Bieszczady and Beskid
Niski. Accommodation is organized in homes, holiday cottages, apartments,
holiday and guest rooms. Catering is provided based on local products
20
.
Tourists staying here, living with local families can get to know their
habits and daily activities - baking bread, making butter, smoking meat, can
meet the farm animals and learn their rite. All guests are offered active
recreation. Depending on the expectations of tourists and seasons, one can try:
hiking, fishing, harvesting of wild products, photographing wildlife, cycling,
horse riding, carriage rides, sleigh rides, skiing, table tennis, tennis boating,
canoeing and pontoons, accompanying hunting. For guests "Galicyjskie
gospodarstwa gościnne – Bieszczady" are prepared approximately 2,500 beds in
260 farms. Prices for services are affordable, much lower than the hotels, and
the quality should please everyone.
Анотація
Вєжбінець В., Томас І.
Агротуризм в країнах та регіонах Європейського Союзу на
прикладі Підкарпатської провінції в Польщі
У статті розглядаються економічні наслідки і переваги агротуризму.
Представлені екологічні, соціальні, культурні та економічні закони, на
яких базуються основні принципи агротуризму. Виявлені особливості
агротуризму в Підкарпатській провінції.
19
J. Szymbara, Przykładowe rozwiązania proekologicznie zastosowane w obiektach
PTTK w Bieszczadach [in:] Turystyka zrównoważona i ekoturystyka PTTK, Warszawa 2008,
pp. 161 – 162.
20
www.galicyjskie.pl z dnia 12.12.2013.
|
| id | nasplib_isofts_kiev_ua-123456789-80978 |
| institution | Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| issn | XXXX-0066 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-11-27T09:12:54Z |
| publishDate | 2014 |
| publisher | Інститут проблем ринку та економіко-екологічних досліджень НАН України |
| record_format | dspace |
| spelling | Wierzbieniec, W. Thomas, I. 2015-04-29T17:06:00Z 2015-04-29T17:06:00Z 2014 Agro-tourism in countries and regions of the European Union on the basis of Podkarpackie province in Poland / W. Wierzbieniec, I. Thomas // Економічні інновації: Зб. наук. пр. — Одеса: ІПРЕЕД НАН України, 2014. — Вип. 58. — С. 47-55. — англ. XXXX-0066 https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/80978 338.48(438) The article examines the economic effects and benefits of agro-tourism. Presented the ecological, social, cultural and economic laws, on which are based the basic principles of agro-tourism. The features of agro-tourism in the Podkarpackie province are identified. У статті розглядаються економічні наслідки і переваги агротуризму. Представлені екологічні, соціальні, культурні та економічні закони, на яких базуються основні принципи агротуризму. Виявлені особливості агротуризму в Підкарпатській провінції. en Інститут проблем ринку та економіко-екологічних досліджень НАН України Економічні інновації Agro-tourism in countries and regions of the European Union on the basis of Podkarpackie province in Poland Агротуризм в країнах та регіонах Європейського Союзу на прикладі Підкарпатської провінції в Польщі Article published earlier |
| spellingShingle | Agro-tourism in countries and regions of the European Union on the basis of Podkarpackie province in Poland Wierzbieniec, W. Thomas, I. |
| title | Agro-tourism in countries and regions of the European Union on the basis of Podkarpackie province in Poland |
| title_alt | Агротуризм в країнах та регіонах Європейського Союзу на прикладі Підкарпатської провінції в Польщі |
| title_full | Agro-tourism in countries and regions of the European Union on the basis of Podkarpackie province in Poland |
| title_fullStr | Agro-tourism in countries and regions of the European Union on the basis of Podkarpackie province in Poland |
| title_full_unstemmed | Agro-tourism in countries and regions of the European Union on the basis of Podkarpackie province in Poland |
| title_short | Agro-tourism in countries and regions of the European Union on the basis of Podkarpackie province in Poland |
| title_sort | agro-tourism in countries and regions of the european union on the basis of podkarpackie province in poland |
| url | https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/80978 |
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