Complexes on the basis of high-current linear induction accelerators and pulse nuclear reactors
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| Опубліковано в: : | Вопросы атомной науки и техники |
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| Дата: | 1999 |
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Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України
1999
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| Цитувати: | Complexes on the basis of high-current linear induction accelerators and pulse nuclear reactors / M.A. Voinov, A.I. Gerasimov, V.S. Gordeev, A.V. Grishin, N.V. Zavyalov, A.S. Koshelev, M.I. Kuvshinov, V.T. Pupin, V.A. Savchenko, I.G. Smirnov // Вопросы атомной науки и техники. — 1999. — № 3. — С. 82-84. — Бібліогр.: 15 назв. — англ. |
Репозитарії
Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine| _version_ | 1859655815590313984 |
|---|---|
| author | Voinov, M.A. Gerasimov, A.I. Gordeev, V.S. Grishin, A.V. Zavyalov, N.V. Koshelev, A.S. Kuvshinov, M.I. Pupin, V.T. Savchenko, V.A. Smirnov, I.G. |
| author_facet | Voinov, M.A. Gerasimov, A.I. Gordeev, V.S. Grishin, A.V. Zavyalov, N.V. Koshelev, A.S. Kuvshinov, M.I. Pupin, V.T. Savchenko, V.A. Smirnov, I.G. |
| citation_txt | Complexes on the basis of high-current linear induction accelerators and pulse nuclear reactors / M.A. Voinov, A.I. Gerasimov, V.S. Gordeev, A.V. Grishin, N.V. Zavyalov, A.S. Koshelev, M.I. Kuvshinov, V.T. Pupin, V.A. Savchenko, I.G. Smirnov // Вопросы атомной науки и техники. — 1999. — № 3. — С. 82-84. — Бібліогр.: 15 назв. — англ. |
| collection | DSpace DC |
| container_title | Вопросы атомной науки и техники |
| first_indexed | 2025-12-07T13:38:59Z |
| format | Article |
| fulltext |
COMPLEXES ON THE BASIS OF HIGH-CURRENT LINEAR
INDUCTION ACCELERATORS AND PULSE NUCLEAR REACTORS
M.A.Voinov, A.I.Gerasimov, V.S.Gordeev, A.V.Grishin, N.V.Zavyalov, A.S.Koshelev,
M.I.Kuvshinov, V.T.Punin, V.A.Savchenko, I.G.Smirnov
VNIIEF, Sarov, Russia
In VNIIEF there were proposed and have been
developed since the mid-sixties high-power pulse high-
current induction accelerators (LIA) of electron beams
called “ironless” because large ferromagnetic cores are
not applied in them. The most significant peculiarity
between LIA and direct-action accelerators consists in
generating rotational electric accelerating field in the
cavity between two segments of the common toroidal
“grounded” metal surface of a single typical accelerator
– inductor – or a group of them. Thus, all electrodes in
the accelerator guide occur under “ground” potential.
The accelerating system is formed by a consequent
location of such inductors. The lack of full accelerating
voltage does not provide principal limitations for the
energy of particles acceleration. The real energy in LIA
is defined only by the size and cost of the installation as
well as by the solution of the problem of high-current
beams efficient transportation over long distances.
The first experimental accelerator LIA-2
(2 MeV, 2-25 kA, 35 ns) was put into operation in 1967
[1,2]. The electric energy was accumulated in the
circularly positioned capacitors (total capacity 60 nF, 50
kV) which formed together with a multi-spark gap and
connecting disc-shaped conductors a primary low-
inductive (~12 nH) contour of each inductor embraced
by the secondary torus-shaped contour. At the
capacitors discharge to the first contour inductance there
was initiated the alternating magnetic flux closed
around the accelerating area. The accelerating system 4
meters long was formed of 48 inductors of this kind; the
switches were turned on with the scatter less than ± 2 ns
as related to the initial pulse. To limit radial expansion
of the beam in the accelerating guide there was created a
longitudinal magnetic field of up to 0.5 T induction. The
accelerator demonstrated stable and consistent
serviceability at about 60 closures per shift and
confirmed good prospects for the development of the
above-type accelerators. The documentation for LIA-2
was transferred to ITEP (Moscow) where there was
created a similar accelerator on which physics
investigations have been performed within more than 10
years since 1973. More detailed information on LIA-2
can be found in [3].
In 1967 there was advanced a more powerful
LIA with the inductors on radial lines (RL) where the
decisive role was played by electromagnetic wave
processes. RLs serve as energy accumulators and at the
same time as a shaper of accelerating field pulses. In
1971 there was substantiated and initiated the
development of LIA-30 accelerator (see below) and
some time later – of LIA-10 accelerator (14 MeV, 40
kA, 20 ns); the latter was put into operation in 1977 as
the first world example of such powerful high-current
installation. It contained 48 inductors (16 blocks) with
water-insulated RLs charged within 0.8 µs up to
500 kV. RL was commutated in each inductor with the
scattering of ±1 ns by a circular switch composed of 8
trigatrons. The first four blocks served as power source
for the electron beam injector. The consequent
connection of blocks formed the accelerating systems
with the single guide and the longitudinal magnetic field
induction in it of 0.5 T. Additional information on LIA-
10 is available in [3,4]. The accelerator of LIA-10 type
was reproduced in NIIP (Lytkarino) and is being used
for radiation researches.
In 1988 there was put into operation LIA-30
accelerator with the highest for the installations of this
type electron energy of 40MeV. Along with the typical
mode LIA-30 provides for the mode of generating two
consequent high-power bremsstrahlung pulses per one
operation cycle with the regulated boundary energies
(their sum is ≤ 40 MeV) and inter-pulse interval of 0.2
– 2 µs. By changing the inductors switch-in time
program the shape and duration of bremsstrahlung
pulses vary in the accelerating pulse and, in particular,
the short (~7ns) bremsstrahlung pulse with 3 ns increase
obtained. There are elaborated and applied the promptly
re-organized acceleration modes with boundary energies
of 4, 6, 15, 25 and 40 MeV. The LIA-30 operation was
investigated at its characteristics change within the
following intervals: injected beam diameter -
100-300 mm, injection energy – 2-7 MeV, current
amplitude – 50 – 180 kA.You may also find information
on LIA-30 in [3, 5, 6].
It is proposed to apply in LIA stepwise forming
lines (SFL) with discrete change of impedance to more
efficiently use energy in inductor storages and to
simplify high-voltage commutation systems. Through
the wave processes realized in SFL the several-time
increase of accelerating voltage in the inductor is
provided as compared to the charging voltage. There is
developed a set of low-energy installations with such
SFL; they are: STRAUS (2.7 MeV, 15 kA, 40 ns),
STRAUS – 2 (3.3 MeV, 50 kA, 40 ns), I – 3000
(3.5 MeV, 20 kA, 16 ns) [7], the new high-power
accelerator LIA – 10M (1994, 20 MeV, 50 kA, 20 ns). It
contains only 16 inductors, the number of trigatrons in
them is decreased by 20% as compared to this value for
LIA-10; the system of control voltage pulse shaping for
the switches is considerably simplified as well. More
detailed information on LIA-10M accelerator is given in
[3, 8, 9].
After our publications there started the
development of such LIA in the USA with reference to
the priority of VNIIEF. In particular, in Sandia
Laboratories there was created an accelerator called
RADLAC-1; the parameters of its electron beam are as
follows: 9 MeV, 25 kA, 25 ns [10].
Since the early sixties there had begun in
VNIIEF the development of VIR – 1 aperiodic pulse
ВОПРОСЫ АТОМНОЙ НАУКИ И ТЕХНИКИ. 1999. №3.
Серия: Ядерно-физические исследования. (34), с. 82-84.
8
nuclear reactor (PNR) with the soluble core and BIR – 1
reactor with the core of uranium-molybdenum alloy;
these reactors were put into operation in 1964 and in
1965, correspondingly. Then, there were consequently
created the following reactors: BIR – 2M, TIBR, BIGR,
VIR – 2M etc., whose characteristics along with some
investigation results are presented in review [11].
A large experience in operating such reactors
predetermined the development of LIA – PNR
complexes. The first complex of this kind (LIA – 10 –
GIR) was put into the experimental operation in 1984.
GIR reactor had a spherical core surrounded by the
neutron reflector in the form of a cap with the walls 60
mm thick made of homogeneous mixture of
polypropylene and cadmium oxide, what insured the
increase of GIR gamma-radiation and reduced the core
disturbance by external devices. To work with a beam
of LIA-10 it was made in a reflector a through window
200 mm in diameter. In this window there is created a
maximum fluence of neutrons in ~π/4 solid angle as
related to the core center. The lower half of the core
represented a block of rough regulation of reactivity. A
cylinder made of brass that displaced relatively to the
core lower part surface served as a block of precise
regulation. The pulse generation was implemented at the
introduction of uranium rod displaced in the central
axial channel of the core. The fuel occurred inside the
pressurized jackets made of stainless steel. A more
detailed information on GIR is given in [11, 12].
Two versions of neutrons initiating source
realization have been experimentally studied:
- irradiation of the external relatively to GIR target by
the electron beam what creates bremsstrahlung and
photoneutrons in it; initiation of fissions in the core was
realized through the neutrons from the external core as
well as through the photoneutrons in the core itself
affected by bremsstrahlung from the target;
- irradiation by the extracted electron beam of the
external core surface directly and generation of
photoneutrons in the core itself.
Over the period from 1984 to 1990 there were
solved on the complex the basic science and technology
problems and elaborated the problems of the
installations joint stable functioning. The typical energy
output per pulse constituted ~2 MJ (number of fissions
in the core is ~ 6⋅1616). In the table there are generalized
the characteristics of LIA-10-GIR complex.
In connection with the perfection of LIA-10 and
its replacement by LIA – 10M accelerator there was
also developed a new GIR2 reactor for LIA – 10M –
GIR2 complex. Basic characteristics of the complex are
given in table. The core was designed of hemispherical
components in pressurized jackets of stainless steel. The
upper part of the core is an immobile block, its external
shell is made of 36%235U + Mo alloy while the lower
one – of 90%235U + Mo alloy. Power control was
implemented with the aid of two lower blocks displaced
relatively to each other and to the upper part. Generation
of a fission pulse was realized at high-speed pass of the
pulse block from A1 in the central axial channel. The
block parameters are as follows: diameter – 65 mm,
length – 400 mm, flight rate – 15 m/s. The reflector of
the core is of the same type as in GIR. Additional
information on the complex is contained in [11, 13].
On the basis of LIA – 30 and BR – 1 reactor with
a compact metal core which had been autonomously put
into operation in 1978, there was created a complex and
provided stable functioning of two intricate physics
installations both in the mode of joint synchronous
operation and in the mode of BR functioning as booster
– multiplier. The core of BR-1 is made of thin-walled (≤
15 mm) freely suspended and unfastened elements what
makes it possible to increase specific energy output
through the reduction in them of thermal stresses
associated with the pulse character of loading and non-
equilibrium space distribution of the field of
temperatures. The pulse with the number of fissions
equal to 4⋅1017 was stated to be the maximum pulse for
the operation, it corresponds to the jump of
temperatures up to 700 °C in the hottest segment of the
core.
At the core location on the axis of LIA
accelerating guide there is provided at a distance of 0.9
m from the core center to the target a stable regulated
functioning of the installations with their bringing to
maximum autonomous parameters. The target device
was designed of a composite W powder-based disc 3
mm thick and 430 mm in diameter giving rise to
bremsstrahlung and the adjacent disc of 238U dioxide (of
natural isotopic composition) 40 mm thick and 300 mm
in diameter in a thin-walled shell of stainless steel. The
yield of neutrons from the target constituted ~ 1⋅
1014neut/pulse. As well as in autonomous mode, BR-1
generates a neutron pulse with the duration of ~60 µs (at
half-height) with the energy output of 3,6⋅1017 fissions
in the core (5⋅1017 leakage neutrons).
Under booster mode of BR-1 there served as a
target for bremsstrahlung generation only a composite
disc 3.6 mm thick. The disc of UO2 was missing. There
was investigated BR-1 operation at the change of Q
coefficient of the reactor system by prompt neutrons
from 100 to 4500. Within this range the yield of Y
neutrons per pulse will comply with the ratio Y≈5⋅1012⋅
Q, while the pulse duration on half-height – with the
ratio τ≈10-2⋅⋅Q (µs). For example, at Q=2570 there were
experimentally found τ≈25 µs and Y≈1.4⋅1016. You may
find more information on LIA-30-BR-1 complex in [11,
14, 15].
A wide set of researches in insuring joint
functioning of the installations in synchronous and
booster modes as well as in studying short- and long-
pulse effects of gamma- and neutron radiations to
different objects was realized on the above complexes.
8
№ Characteristics Complexes
LIA-10-GIR LIA-30-BR-1 LIA-10M-GIR2
1 Year of putting into
operation
1984 1991 1994
2 Core material 235U + Mo alloy 90%235U + Mo alloy Components of 36%235U
+ Mo and 90% 235U +
Mo alloys
3 Core mass, kg 64 176 178
4 Core shape Sphere ∅ 200 mm Cylinder ∅ 270 mm
h=270 mm
Sphere ∅ 300 mm
5 Initial number of
neutrons in the core
provided by the
accelerator
(1-4)⋅1010 ≤1013 2⋅1012
6 Duration of initial
neutron
pulses, ns
~15 ~20 15; 30
7 Energy output per pulse,
MJ
≤2 ≤11 7
8 Number of fissions in the
core
~6⋅1016 ≤4⋅1017 2.7⋅1017
9 Neutron fluence on the
core surface, neut/cm2
1014 in the reflector
window
≤3.5⋅1014 1014 in the reflector
window
10 Gamma-radiation dose
on the
external core surface, Gy
600 500 600
11 Neutron pulse duration
(half-height),µs
300 ≤60 300
REFERENCES
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Atomnaya Energiya. 1970. Vol.28. №5. P. 432.
2. A.I. Pavlovskii, A. I. Gerasimov, V. A. Tananakin et
al. Pribory i Tekhnika Eksperimenta. 1974. №4. P. 23.
3. V.S. Bossamykin, A.I. Gerasimov, V.S. Gordeev.
Sbornik Trudov VNIIEF ” Vysokie Plotnosti Energii”.
Redaktor V.N.Mokhov i dr. Sarov: RFNC-VNIIEF.
1997. P. 107-133.
4. A.I. Pavlovskii, V.S. Bossamykin, V.A.Savchenko et
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1118
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na Radioelektronnuyu Appraturu. M.: TsNIIUEhI.
1994. №3.-4. P. 3.
6. A.I. Pavlovskii, V.S. Bossamykin, A. I. Gerasimov et
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7. V.S. Bossamykin, V.S. Gordeev. A.I. Pavlovskii et al.
BEAMS 92. 1992. Vol. 1. P. 505.
8. V.S. Bossamykin, V.S. Gordeev. A.I. Pavlovskii et al.
PULSED POWER 93.1993. Vol. 2. P. 905.
9. V.S. Bossamykin, V.S. Gordeev. V.F.Basmanov et al.
VANT. Seriya: Yaderno-Fizicheskie Issledovaniya.
1997. №4.-5. P. 117.
10. R.B.Miller, K.R.Prestwich, J.M.Puokey et al.
J.Appl. Phys. 1981. Vol.3. №52. P. 1184.
11. Yu.B.Khariton, A.M.Voinov, V.F.Kolesov et al.
VANT. Seriya: Phizika Yadernykh Reaktorov. 1996.
№2. P. 3.
12. V.S. Bossamykin, M.A.Voinov,V.S. Gordeev et al.
PANS II. Dubna: OIYaI. P. 122.
13. M.A.Voinov, S.V.Vorontsov, V.F.Kolesov et al.
Ispolzovanie Impulsnogo Reaktora GIR2 dlya
Obucheniya Studentov. Dokl. na 11 Konferentsii
Tikhookeanskogo Basseina. Banff, Canada, May 3-7,
1998.
14. V.S. Bossamykin, A.S. Koshelev, A. I. Gerasimov
et al. PANS II. Dubna: OIYaI. P. 114.
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et al. BEAMS 96. 1996. Vol.1. P. 619.
84
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| id | nasplib_isofts_kiev_ua-123456789-81365 |
| institution | Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| issn | 1562-6016 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-12-07T13:38:59Z |
| publishDate | 1999 |
| publisher | Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України |
| record_format | dspace |
| spelling | Voinov, M.A. Gerasimov, A.I. Gordeev, V.S. Grishin, A.V. Zavyalov, N.V. Koshelev, A.S. Kuvshinov, M.I. Pupin, V.T. Savchenko, V.A. Smirnov, I.G. 2015-05-14T20:32:17Z 2015-05-14T20:32:17Z 1999 Complexes on the basis of high-current linear induction accelerators and pulse nuclear reactors / M.A. Voinov, A.I. Gerasimov, V.S. Gordeev, A.V. Grishin, N.V. Zavyalov, A.S. Koshelev, M.I. Kuvshinov, V.T. Pupin, V.A. Savchenko, I.G. Smirnov // Вопросы атомной науки и техники. — 1999. — № 3. — С. 82-84. — Бібліогр.: 15 назв. — англ. 1562-6016 https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/81365 en Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України Вопросы атомной науки и техники Complexes on the basis of high-current linear induction accelerators and pulse nuclear reactors Комплексы на базе сильноточных линейных индукционных ускорителей и импульсных ядерных реакторов Article published earlier |
| spellingShingle | Complexes on the basis of high-current linear induction accelerators and pulse nuclear reactors Voinov, M.A. Gerasimov, A.I. Gordeev, V.S. Grishin, A.V. Zavyalov, N.V. Koshelev, A.S. Kuvshinov, M.I. Pupin, V.T. Savchenko, V.A. Smirnov, I.G. |
| title | Complexes on the basis of high-current linear induction accelerators and pulse nuclear reactors |
| title_alt | Комплексы на базе сильноточных линейных индукционных ускорителей и импульсных ядерных реакторов |
| title_full | Complexes on the basis of high-current linear induction accelerators and pulse nuclear reactors |
| title_fullStr | Complexes on the basis of high-current linear induction accelerators and pulse nuclear reactors |
| title_full_unstemmed | Complexes on the basis of high-current linear induction accelerators and pulse nuclear reactors |
| title_short | Complexes on the basis of high-current linear induction accelerators and pulse nuclear reactors |
| title_sort | complexes on the basis of high-current linear induction accelerators and pulse nuclear reactors |
| url | https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/81365 |
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