The net current increase at moves sequence of relativistic electron bunches in plasma with decreasing density
The results of experimental studies of increasing the net current (sum of the beam current and the plasma current) during propagation of the sequence of 6000 relativistic electron bunches with a charge 0.32 nQ and duration 60 ps for each in a plasma with decreasing density are presented. A plasma wi...
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| Опубліковано в: : | Вопросы атомной науки и техники |
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Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України
2015
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| Цитувати: | The net current increase at moves sequence of relativistic electron bunches in plasma with decreasing density / V.A. Kiselev, A.F. Linnik, I.N. Onishchenko, V.I. Pristupa, G.P. Berezina // Вопросы атомной науки и техники. — 2015. — № 1. — С.145-148. — Бібліогр.: 14 назв. — англ. |
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Kiselev, V.A. Linnik, A.F. Onishchenko, I.N. Pristupa, V.I. Berezina, G.P. 2015-05-25T09:52:32Z 2015-05-25T09:52:32Z 2015 The net current increase at moves sequence of relativistic electron bunches in plasma with decreasing density / V.A. Kiselev, A.F. Linnik, I.N. Onishchenko, V.I. Pristupa, G.P. Berezina // Вопросы атомной науки и техники. — 2015. — № 1. — С.145-148. — Бібліогр.: 14 назв. — англ. 1562-6016 PACS: 29.27.Ac, 52.2.5.Jm https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/82115 The results of experimental studies of increasing the net current (sum of the beam current and the plasma current) during propagation of the sequence of 6000 relativistic electron bunches with a charge 0.32 nQ and duration 60 ps for each in a plasma with decreasing density are presented. A plasma with decreasing density in the initially neutral gas (air) is formed by the electron bunches due to the angular divergence of electrons in bunches. The maximum increase of the net current is observed in the pressure range of 10…100 Torr. It was found that during propagation of electron bunches in the open atmosphere also is observed increase of the net current which depends on the distance from the exit of the accelerator. Представлены результаты экспериментальных исследований увеличения полного тока (сумма тока пучка и плазменного тока) при распространении последовательности из 6000 релятивистских электронных сгустков с зарядом 0,32 нК и длительностью 60 пс каждого в плазме со спадающей плотностью. Спадающая плотность плазмы в первоначально нейтральном газе (воздухе) формируется самими электронными сгустками за счет углового расхождения электронов в сгустках. Максимальное увеличение полного тока наблюдается в диапазоне давлений 10…100 Торр. Обнаружено, что при распространении последовательности электронных сгустков в атмосфере также наблюдается увеличение полного тока пучка, зависящее от расстояния до выхода из ускорителя. Представлені результати експериментальних досліджень збільшення повного струму (сума струму пучка і плазмового струму) при поширенні послідовності з 6000 релятивістських електронних згустків із зарядом кожного 0,32 нК і тривалістю 60 пс кожного в плазмі зі спадаючою щільністю. Спадаюча щільність плазми в початково нейтральному газі (повітрі) формується самими електронними згустками за рахунок кутової розбіжності електронів у згустках. Максимальне збільшення повного струму спостерігається в діапазоні тиску 10…100 Торp. Виявлено, що при поширенні послідовності електронних згустків в атмосфері також спостерігається збільшення повного струму пучка, величина якого залежить від відстані до виходу з прискорювача. The work was targeted comprehensive program of NAS of Ukraine "Perspective research of plasma physics, controlled thermonuclear fusion and plasma technology”. en Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України Вопросы атомной науки и техники Плазменная электроника The net current increase at moves sequence of relativistic electron bunches in plasma with decreasing density Увеличение полного тока при распространении последовательности релятивистских электронных сгустков в плазме со спадающей плотностью Збільшення повного струму при розповсюдженні релятивістських електронних згустків у плазмі зі спадаючою густиною Article published earlier |
| institution |
Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| collection |
DSpace DC |
| title |
The net current increase at moves sequence of relativistic electron bunches in plasma with decreasing density |
| spellingShingle |
The net current increase at moves sequence of relativistic electron bunches in plasma with decreasing density Kiselev, V.A. Linnik, A.F. Onishchenko, I.N. Pristupa, V.I. Berezina, G.P. Плазменная электроника |
| title_short |
The net current increase at moves sequence of relativistic electron bunches in plasma with decreasing density |
| title_full |
The net current increase at moves sequence of relativistic electron bunches in plasma with decreasing density |
| title_fullStr |
The net current increase at moves sequence of relativistic electron bunches in plasma with decreasing density |
| title_full_unstemmed |
The net current increase at moves sequence of relativistic electron bunches in plasma with decreasing density |
| title_sort |
net current increase at moves sequence of relativistic electron bunches in plasma with decreasing density |
| author |
Kiselev, V.A. Linnik, A.F. Onishchenko, I.N. Pristupa, V.I. Berezina, G.P. |
| author_facet |
Kiselev, V.A. Linnik, A.F. Onishchenko, I.N. Pristupa, V.I. Berezina, G.P. |
| topic |
Плазменная электроника |
| topic_facet |
Плазменная электроника |
| publishDate |
2015 |
| language |
English |
| container_title |
Вопросы атомной науки и техники |
| publisher |
Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України |
| format |
Article |
| title_alt |
Увеличение полного тока при распространении последовательности релятивистских электронных сгустков в плазме со спадающей плотностью Збільшення повного струму при розповсюдженні релятивістських електронних згустків у плазмі зі спадаючою густиною |
| description |
The results of experimental studies of increasing the net current (sum of the beam current and the plasma current) during propagation of the sequence of 6000 relativistic electron bunches with a charge 0.32 nQ and duration 60 ps for each in a plasma with decreasing density are presented. A plasma with decreasing density in the initially neutral gas (air) is formed by the electron bunches due to the angular divergence of electrons in bunches. The maximum increase of the net current is observed in the pressure range of 10…100 Torr. It was found that during propagation of electron bunches in the open atmosphere also is observed increase of the net current which depends on the distance from the exit of the accelerator.
Представлены результаты экспериментальных исследований увеличения полного тока (сумма тока пучка и плазменного тока) при распространении последовательности из 6000 релятивистских электронных сгустков с зарядом 0,32 нК и длительностью 60 пс каждого в плазме со спадающей плотностью. Спадающая плотность плазмы в первоначально нейтральном газе (воздухе) формируется самими электронными сгустками за счет углового расхождения электронов в сгустках. Максимальное увеличение полного тока наблюдается в диапазоне давлений 10…100 Торр. Обнаружено, что при распространении последовательности электронных сгустков в атмосфере также наблюдается увеличение полного тока пучка, зависящее от расстояния до выхода из ускорителя.
Представлені результати експериментальних досліджень збільшення повного струму (сума струму пучка і плазмового струму) при поширенні послідовності з 6000 релятивістських електронних згустків із зарядом кожного 0,32 нК і тривалістю 60 пс кожного в плазмі зі спадаючою щільністю. Спадаюча щільність плазми в початково нейтральному газі (повітрі) формується самими електронними згустками за рахунок кутової розбіжності електронів у згустках. Максимальне збільшення повного струму спостерігається в діапазоні тиску 10…100 Торp. Виявлено, що при поширенні послідовності електронних згустків в атмосфері також спостерігається збільшення повного струму пучка, величина якого залежить від відстані до виходу з прискорювача.
|
| issn |
1562-6016 |
| url |
https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/82115 |
| citation_txt |
The net current increase at moves sequence of relativistic electron bunches in plasma with decreasing density / V.A. Kiselev, A.F. Linnik, I.N. Onishchenko, V.I. Pristupa, G.P. Berezina // Вопросы атомной науки и техники. — 2015. — № 1. — С.145-148. — Бібліогр.: 14 назв. — англ. |
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ISSN 1562-6016. ВАНТ. 2015. №1(95)
PROBLEMS OF ATOMIC SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY. 2015, № 1. Series: Plasma Physics (21), p. 145-148, 145
THE NET CURRENT INCREASE AT MOVES SEQUENCE OF
RELATIVISTIC ELECTRON BUNCHES IN PLASMA WITH
DECREASING DENSITY
V.A. Kiselev, A.F. Linnik, I.N. Onishchenko, V.I. Pristupa, G.P. Berezina
NSC “Kharkov Institute of Physics and Technology”, Kharkov, Ukraine
E-mail: aflinnik@kipt.kharkov.ua
The results of experimental studies of increasing the net current (sum of the beam current and the plasma current)
during propagation of the sequence of 6000 relativistic electron bunches with a charge 0.32 nQ and duration 60 ps
for each in a plasma with decreasing density are presented. A plasma with decreasing density in the initially neutral
gas (air) is formed by the electron bunches due to the angular divergence of electrons in bunches. The maximum
increase of the net current is observed in the pressure range of 10…100 Torr. It was found that during propagation
of electron bunches in the open atmosphere also is observed increase of the net current which depends on the
distance from the exit of the accelerator.
PACS: 29.27.Ac, 52.2.5.Jm
INTRODUCTION
Earlier studies propagation of intense electron beams
in gases [1, 2] showed that under certain conditions, a
full net current (also referred as total or effective
current) In = Ib + Ip (Ib - beam current, Ip - plasma
current) may be greater than the beam current, i.e.,
beam and plasma currents have the same direction and
the sum of these currents is greater than the injected
beam current.
The increase of the net current (also referred as
multiplication or enhancement of the current) was
observed in a variety of conditions, in the propagation
electron beam with a current from a few to tens kA in
various gases in the pressure range near atmospheric
[3, 4] to the sub-Tor [5, 6]. It has been shown that an
increase in the net current may be due to the
development of various types of instabilities, including
large-scale (e.g. hose instability), due to field-induced
trailing edge of the current pulse and the plasma
electrons drift in crossed magnetic and electric fields not
compensated the spatial charge of the beam’s head part.
The net current increase during injection of the
sequence relativistic electron bunches into the air
experimental studies the paper presents. The current
value of each bunch is a few amperes.
It is shown that the injection of a long regular
sequence of relativistic electron bunches into the air is
formed plasma with decreasing density along the
propagation axis. During propagation electron bunches
in such plasma, the net current increase with the highest
value of the current at pressures from 10 to 100 Torr
was observed.
Measurement current by Rogowski coil showed an
increase of the net current four times during propagation
bunches into the open air at atmospheric pressure at a
distance of 40 cm from the exit of accelerator.
1. PLASMA FORMATION
Experiments were conducted with a sequence of
electron bunches produced on a linear accelerator with a
traveling wave. Sequence of electron bunches is shown
schematically in Fig. 1.
From the accelerator is injected impulse, which
consists of 6000 electron bunches with the period
following T≈360 ps. Charge each bunch q=0.32 nQ
(average current of the bunch 6 A) the duration of the
bunch b60 ps.
Fig. 1. Schematic representation of the sequence of
electron bunches at the exit of the accelerator
Bunches followed with a period of 360 ps. Nominal
energy bunches W=2 MeV, the average current in the
macropulse with duration τim = 2 μs was Iev = 1 A. The
diameter of bunches at the exit of the accelerator 2rb≈
1 cm. The angular divergence, in the presence of
titanium foil thickness of 30 μm at the output of the
accelerator is θ ≈ 12º.
Let us consider creation of plasma during injection
of sequence relativistic electron bunches into the
atmosphere.
Divergent electron beam when propagating in a
neutral gas without external magnetic field produces a
plasma density which is determined balance of
ionization and recombination processes [7]:
2
0
( ) , (1)b
z I dEne
n n k ne i st e
t e z dZA Ep ei
where Ib beam current; Ар area of plasma channel
created by the beam; dE/dZ beam ionization losses
per unit path length; Eeі the energy of formation of
ion-electron pair for air at a beam energy
Е(1…5)∙10
6
еV and dE/dZ10
-16
no, and Eeі
respectively 34 eV [8]. Thus, the first term on the right
hand side of (1) gives the number of electrons produced
by the beam. The second and third terms determine the
mailto:aflinnik@kipt.kharkov.ua
146 ISSN 1562-6016. ВАНТ. 2015. №1(95)
loss of plasma electrons, which are determined by
dissipative recombination with the constant and
attachment to oxygen with a constant kst; ni is the
density of the ions, which in our case is equal to the
electron density ne. Taking and kst for electron energy
1 eV [9] and substituting our data in (1) we get the
plasma density at a distance of 10 cm from the
separating foil ne7.410
10
см
-3
. The density of the
beam in this cross section nb1,510
8
см
-3
.
Since the both values dE/dZ and proportional to
the gas pressure, this result is valid for a wide pressure
range (from 10 to 760 Torr).
The time of establishment constant plasma density in
the pressure range from 1 to 760 Torr est = 20…40 ns
[10].
The characteristic time energy loss of the plasma
electron’s τlos ~ 10
-11
…10
-10
s. Neutralization by
dissociative or triple recombination (depending on ne) or
by sticking with the subsequent pair recombination τ ~
10
-9
…10
-8
s [11]. Table 1 shows the values of the
average density of electrons in a bunch Nb, steady-
state plasma density- ne, and value of the plasma
frequency ωpe = (4πne
2
/m)
1/2
and the radial field Er
bunches at different distances L from the exit of the
accelerator.
L
(cm)
R
(cm)
Nb
(bunch)
ne
(st)
ωpe
c
-1
Er
(V/cm)
0 0.4 4.4×10
9
4×10
11
3.6×10
10
1600
10 2.16 1.5×10
8
7.4×10
10
1.5×10
10
260
20 3.92 4.5×10
7
4×10
10
1.1×10
10
160
30 5.68 2,2×10
7
2.8×10
10
9.4×10
9
115
40 7.44 1.3×10
7
2.1×10
10
8.2×10
9
85.7
50 9.2 8.1×10
6
1.7×10
10
7.4×10
9
67.5
60 11 5.8×10
6
1.4×10
10
6.7×10
9
57.4
Fig. 2 shows the calculated and measured values of
the average density of the plasma formed at different
distances from the separating foil.
Fig. 2. The calculated plasma density along the beam
axis; the points experimentally measured plasma density
Fig. 3 shows the calculated value of the
instantaneous change in the density of the plasma
formed by the sequence electron bunches in the
atmosphere along the length.
Plasma, which is formed, is not uniform in space and
time.
Fig. 3. The instantaneous values of the plasma density,
circles denote position of bunches
2. DEPENDENCE OF THE NET CURRENT
FROM PRESSURE
The dependence of the total current from air
pressure during the propagation the sequence bunches in
a glass cylindrical chamber with a diameter of 12 cm
was investigated. The total current measured by the
Faraday cup 5 cm in diameter, which was located in the
first case at a distance of 27 cm, and the second – 74 cm
from the foil off the accelerator. The highest value of
the total current at a distance of 27 cm was observed in
the pressure range from 7 to 100 Torr, Fig. 4,a. When
Faraday cup was located at a distance 74 cm from the
foil off the maximum total current was observed at a
pressure of about 10 Torr, Fig. 4,b.
Fig. 4. The net current dependence from pressure
The value of the measuring resistor connected to
the Faraday cup was equal to 50 Ohm.
3. THE NET CURRENT INCREASE AT
MOVES BUNCHES IN THE ATMOSPHERE
Fig. 5 shows the total current registered by a
Rogowski loop the diameter of 30 cm. When it is
moved along the axis of the beam propagating in open
air at atmospheric pressure. At a distance of 43 cm from
the exit of the accelerator total current 4 times higher
than vacuum current accelerator.
ISSN 1562-6016. ВАНТ. 2015. №1(95) 147
Fig. 5. Current measured by a Rogowski loop along the
axis of the beam propagation
With the aluminum foil having a thickness of
0.5 mm, and is transparent to a beam of electrons, but
detecting the plasma current were measured plasma
current along the beam axis. The diameter of the foil
sensor was equal to the diameter of the Rogowski coil –
30 cm, and the value of the measuring resistor
connected to the foil sensor was equal of 1 or 20 Ohms,
Fig. 6.
Fig. 6. Dependence of the plasma current on the
aluminum foil from distans: 1. with 1 ohm resistance;
2 with 20 Ohms resistance
With increasing value of the measuring resistor,
which determines the negative potential at the foil, from
1 to 20 Ohms, the plasma current, the detected sensor
plasma current decreases twice. This indicates low
energy plasma electrons leading to an increase in the
total current.
4. DISCUSSION OF RESULTS
To explain the results of experimental studies to
increase the net current during the injection sequence of
electron bunches in a neutral gas to determine the
frequency of collisions of the plasma electrons. In the
pressure range 1…760 Torr coefficient of gas ionization
ne/N0<10
-5
, so that you can take into account only the
collision of electrons with neutral gas molecules it gives
to air under normal conditions νe0 =4.7∙10
12
с
-1
, which is
much higher than the frequency of the plasma
oscillations (Table) and makes difficult the development
of plasma instabilities, at least at air pressures above
10 Torr.
Time of charge neutralization the electron bunches
(this is also the time of decompensating of the charge in
the plasma) can be calculated from [12]:
τs=1/(4πσ)= νе0/ ωpe
2
, for ωpe<< νе0/2 (2)
τs=1/(4πσ)= 1/ ωpe, for ωpe >> νе0/2.
In our case ωpe<<νе0/2 and corresponds to the
minimum time charge neutralization at the exit
accelerator τs≈4∙10
-9
s it is much longer than the
duration of the bunch τb≈6∙10
-11
s. Magnetic
neutralization is also determined by the expression (2)
[12].
The absence of charge and current neutralization
bunches makes it possible to assume the reason an
increasing in the net current due to the drift plasma
electrons in the crossed electric and magnetic fields not
compensated on charge and current electron bunches.
Due to the high collision frequency motion of the
plasma electrons will occur only in the initial sections of
the cycloid after each collision.
Previously, such a mechanism was observed to
increase the current of the electron beam with a current
of 7.5 kA [2, 13]. The increase in net current can also be
caused by the resulting average electric field arising in
the expansion of clusters [14].
Increase of the net current with increasing distance
from the foil in the atmosphere (Figs. 5, 6) needs further
investigation, but it may be associated with increased
space charge time decompensating with decreasing
plasma density. At a distance of 40 cm from the exit of
the accelerator time decompensating of the space charge
is equal to 10
-8
s, which is much greater than the
repetition period of bunches Tb=3.6∙10
-10
s.
SUMMARY
Experimentally discovered the effect of increasing
the net current In = Ib + Ip during the propagation
sequence of 6000 relativistic electron bunches with
currents 6 A of each in the air. The increase of the total
current is observed in a wide range of pressures up to
atmospheric pressure. The total current is maximum in
the pressure range of 7…100 Torr.
A possible mechanism for the increase of the net
current can be the motion of electrons of the plasma in
not compensated electric and magnetic fields of electron
bunches, and the electric field occurs during the
expansion of electron bunches.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The work was targeted comprehensive program of
NAS of Ukraine "Perspective research of plasma
physics, controlled thermonuclear fusion and plasma
technology”.
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Article received 12.12.2014
УВЕЛИЧЕНИЕ ПОЛНОГО ТОКА ПРИ РАСПРОСТРАНЕНИИ ПОСЛЕДОВАТЕЛЬНОСТИ
РЕЛЯТИВИСТСКИХ ЭЛЕКТРОННЫХ СГУСТКОВ В ПЛАЗМЕ СО СПАДАЮЩЕЙ
ПЛОТНОСТЬЮ
В.А. Киселев, А.Ф. Линник, И.Н. Онищенко, В.И. Приступа, Г.П. Березина
Представлены результаты экспериментальных исследований увеличения полного тока (сумма тока пучка
и плазменного тока) при распространении последовательности из 6000 релятивистских электронных
сгустков с зарядом 0,32 нК и длительностью 60 пс каждого в плазме со спадающей плотностью. Спадающая
плотность плазмы в первоначально нейтральном газе (воздухе) формируется самими электронными
сгустками за счет углового расхождения электронов в сгустках. Максимальное увеличение полного тока
наблюдается в диапазоне давлений 10…100 Торр. Обнаружено, что при распространении
последовательности электронных сгустков в атмосфере также наблюдается увеличение полного тока пучка,
зависящее от расстояния до выхода из ускорителя.
ЗБІЛЬШЕННЯ ПОВНОГО СТРУМУ ПРИ РОЗПОВСЮДЖЕННІ РЕЛЯТИВІСТСЬКИХ
ЕЛЕКТРОННИХ ЗГУСТКІВ У ПЛАЗМІ ЗІ СПАДАЮЧОЮ ГУСТИНОЮ
В.О. Кисельов, А.Ф. Лінник, І.М. Оніщенко, В.І. Приступа, Г.П. Березіна
Представлені результати експериментальних досліджень збільшення повного струму (сума струму пучка
і плазмового струму) при поширенні послідовності з 6000 релятивістських електронних згустків із зарядом
кожного 0,32 нК і тривалістю 60 пс кожного в плазмі зі спадаючою щільністю. Спадаюча щільність плазми в
початково нейтральному газі (повітрі) формується самими електронними згустками за рахунок кутової
розбіжності електронів у згустках. Максимальне збільшення повного струму спостерігається в діапазоні
тиску 10…100 Торp. Виявлено, що при поширенні послідовності електронних згустків в атмосфері також
спостерігається збільшення повного струму пучка, величина якого залежить від відстані до виходу з
прискорювача.
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