In vitro biocompatibility of amorphous carbon based coatings by varying of surface chemistry and nitrogen concentrations
The study of a-C:N coatings at different concentration of nitrogen, their surface chemistry and wettability effect on cell/material response in vitro test was performed. The surface structure of deposited coatings was investigated by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force micro...
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Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України
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Luk’yanchenko, V. Donkov, N. Zykova, A. Safonov, V. Miroshnichenko, K. 2015-05-27T10:08:47Z 2015-05-27T10:08:47Z 2015 In vitro biocompatibility of amorphous carbon based coatings by varying of surface chemistry and nitrogen concentrations / V. Luk’yanchenko, N. Donkov, A. Zykova, V. Safonov, K. Miroshnichenko // Вопросы атомной науки и техники. — 2015. — № 1. — С. 216-219. — Бібліогр.: 10 назв. — англ. 1562-6016 PACS: 87.80.Rb https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/82248 The study of a-C:N coatings at different concentration of nitrogen, their surface chemistry and wettability effect on cell/material response in vitro test was performed. The surface structure of deposited coatings was investigated by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) methods. The coatings were characterized with respect to their bonding structure by photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis. The wettability was analysed by means of advanced water contact angle method and the surface free energy (SFE) was calculated according to Robertson equation. The biocompatibility was estimated by standard protocols. The best results were obtained in the case of coatings with the greater parameters of SFE and the minimal values of ratio N₂ : C₇H₈. Рассматривается влияние поверхностной химии и смачиваемости на клеточную адгезию in vitro для аморфных углеводородных покрытий, содержащих различные концентрации азота. Структура поверхности покрытий исследовалась методами сканирующей электронной и атомно-силовой микроскопии. Энергии связи были характеризованы методом фотоэлектронной спектроскопии. Смачиваемость поверхности анализировалась методом контактного угла, a поверхностная энергия рассчитывалась согласно уравнению Робертсона. Биосовместимость оценивалась по стандартным методикам. Лучшие параметры были получены для покрытий с наибольшими значениями поверхностной энергии и минимальным соотношением N₂ : C₇H₈. Досліджено вплив поверхневої хімії та змочування на клітинну адгезію in vitro для аморфних вуглеводних покриттів, що мають різні концентрації азоту. Структура поверхні покриттів була досліджена методами скануючої електронної та атомно-силової мікроскопії. Енергії зв'язку були характеризовані методом фотоелектронної спектроскопії. Змочування поверхні було проаналізовано методом контактного кута, а поверхнева енергія розраховувалась згідно з рівнянням Робертсона. Біосумісність оцінювалася згідно з стандартними методиками. Найкращі параметри були отримані для покриттів з найбільшими значеннями поверхневої енергії та найменшим співвідношенням N₂ : C₇H₈. The research project was supported by the Bulgarian-Ukrainian Academies of Science international scientific cooperation program, research program of National Academy of Science of Ukraine № 24-04-14. en Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України Вопросы атомной науки и техники Низкотемпературная плазма и плазменные технологии In vitro biocompatibility of amorphous carbon based coatings by varying of surface chemistry and nitrogen concentrations In vitro биосовместимость аморфных углеводородных покрытий при варьировании поверхностной химии и концентрации азота In vitro біосумісність аморфних вуглеводних покриттів при варіюванні поверхневої хімії та концентрації азоту Article published earlier |
| institution |
Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| collection |
DSpace DC |
| title |
In vitro biocompatibility of amorphous carbon based coatings by varying of surface chemistry and nitrogen concentrations |
| spellingShingle |
In vitro biocompatibility of amorphous carbon based coatings by varying of surface chemistry and nitrogen concentrations Luk’yanchenko, V. Donkov, N. Zykova, A. Safonov, V. Miroshnichenko, K. Низкотемпературная плазма и плазменные технологии |
| title_short |
In vitro biocompatibility of amorphous carbon based coatings by varying of surface chemistry and nitrogen concentrations |
| title_full |
In vitro biocompatibility of amorphous carbon based coatings by varying of surface chemistry and nitrogen concentrations |
| title_fullStr |
In vitro biocompatibility of amorphous carbon based coatings by varying of surface chemistry and nitrogen concentrations |
| title_full_unstemmed |
In vitro biocompatibility of amorphous carbon based coatings by varying of surface chemistry and nitrogen concentrations |
| title_sort |
in vitro biocompatibility of amorphous carbon based coatings by varying of surface chemistry and nitrogen concentrations |
| author |
Luk’yanchenko, V. Donkov, N. Zykova, A. Safonov, V. Miroshnichenko, K. |
| author_facet |
Luk’yanchenko, V. Donkov, N. Zykova, A. Safonov, V. Miroshnichenko, K. |
| topic |
Низкотемпературная плазма и плазменные технологии |
| topic_facet |
Низкотемпературная плазма и плазменные технологии |
| publishDate |
2015 |
| language |
English |
| container_title |
Вопросы атомной науки и техники |
| publisher |
Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України |
| format |
Article |
| title_alt |
In vitro биосовместимость аморфных углеводородных покрытий при варьировании поверхностной химии и концентрации азота In vitro біосумісність аморфних вуглеводних покриттів при варіюванні поверхневої хімії та концентрації азоту |
| description |
The study of a-C:N coatings at different concentration of nitrogen, their surface chemistry and wettability effect on cell/material response in vitro test was performed. The surface structure of deposited coatings was investigated by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) methods. The coatings were characterized with respect to their bonding structure by photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis. The wettability was analysed by means of advanced water contact angle method and the surface free energy (SFE) was calculated according to Robertson equation. The biocompatibility was estimated by standard protocols. The best results were obtained in the case of coatings with the greater parameters of SFE and the minimal values of ratio N₂ : C₇H₈.
Рассматривается влияние поверхностной химии и смачиваемости на клеточную адгезию in vitro для аморфных углеводородных покрытий, содержащих различные концентрации азота. Структура поверхности покрытий исследовалась методами сканирующей электронной и атомно-силовой микроскопии. Энергии связи были характеризованы методом фотоэлектронной спектроскопии. Смачиваемость поверхности анализировалась методом контактного угла, a поверхностная энергия рассчитывалась согласно уравнению Робертсона. Биосовместимость оценивалась по стандартным методикам. Лучшие параметры были получены для покрытий с наибольшими значениями поверхностной энергии и минимальным соотношением N₂ : C₇H₈.
Досліджено вплив поверхневої хімії та змочування на клітинну адгезію in vitro для аморфних вуглеводних покриттів, що мають різні концентрації азоту. Структура поверхні покриттів була досліджена методами скануючої електронної та атомно-силової мікроскопії. Енергії зв'язку були характеризовані методом фотоелектронної спектроскопії. Змочування поверхні було проаналізовано методом контактного кута, а поверхнева енергія розраховувалась згідно з рівнянням Робертсона. Біосумісність оцінювалася згідно з стандартними методиками. Найкращі параметри були отримані для покриттів з найбільшими значеннями поверхневої енергії та найменшим співвідношенням N₂ : C₇H₈.
|
| issn |
1562-6016 |
| url |
https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/82248 |
| citation_txt |
In vitro biocompatibility of amorphous carbon based coatings by varying of surface chemistry and nitrogen concentrations / V. Luk’yanchenko, N. Donkov, A. Zykova, V. Safonov, K. Miroshnichenko // Вопросы атомной науки и техники. — 2015. — № 1. — С. 216-219. — Бібліогр.: 10 назв. — англ. |
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ISSN 1562-6016. ВАНТ. 2015. №1(95)
216 PROBLEMS OF ATOMIC SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY. 2015, № 1. Series: Plasma Physics (21), p. 216-219.
IN VITRO BIOCOMPATIBILITY OF AMORPHOUS CARBON BASED
COATINGS BY VARYING OF SURFACE CHEMISTRY AND NITROGEN
CONCENTRATIONS
V. Luk’yanchenko
1
, N. Donkov
2
, A. Zykova
3
, V. Safonov
3
, K. Miroshnichenko
3
1
INMASTERS LTD, Kharkov, Ukraine;
2
Institute of Electronics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria;
3
National Science Center „Kharkov Institute of Physics and Technology“, Kharkov, Ukraine
The study of a-C:N coatings at different concentration of nitrogen, their surface chemistry and wettability effect
on cell/material response in vitro test was performed. The surface structure of deposited coatings was investigated
by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) methods. The coatings were
characterized with respect to their bonding structure by photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis. The wettability
was analysed by means of advanced water contact angle method and the surface free energy (SFE) was calculated
according to Robertson equation. The biocompatibility was estimated by standard protocols. The best results were
obtained in the case of coatings with the greater parameters of SFE and the minimal values of ratio N2 : C7H8.
PACS: 87.80.Rb
INTRODUCTION
Amorphous carbon based coatings have a great
potential for biomedical applications due to its high
hardness, low frictional coefficient, chemical inertness,
high wear and corrosion resistance. These properties
match well with the criteria of a good biomaterial for
applications in orthopedic, cardiovascular and dentistry.
In vitro tests of cell adhesion on material and coating
surfaces are the basic tools to determine the material
surface/cell response on a cellular level [1, 2]. The
effects of materials composition, surface chemistry and
surface topography on cell adhesion and proliferation
have been largely studied [3, 4]. The surface energy is
also the fundamental material property that can
influence on cell behavior [5]. Changing of surface
chemistry enables to control wettability of amorphous
carbon based coatings and future biological response.
1. MATERIALS AND METHODS
The investigations of a-C:N coatings surface
properties effect on cell adhesion in vitro test were
made. The coatings with different concentration of
nitrogen were formed on glass substrates. The
deposition process was carried out by adding steam-to-
gas mixture in glow discharge plasma generated by DC
ion source with different ratio N2:C7H8 at chamber. The
main parameters of deposition process were presented:
the ion source power 150 W, bias voltage in the range
80...160 V, substrate temperature and nitrogen
concentration in mixture in the ratio N2:C7H8 10:90,
15:85, 20:80, 25:75. Adjustment of deposition
conditions has an important influence on surface
chemistry and wettability of amorphous carbon based
coatings.
The surface structure and morphology of deposited
coatings were investigated by means of scanning
electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force
microscopy (AFM) methods. X-ray photoelectron
measurements have been carried out on the ESCALAB
MkII (VG Scientific) electron spectrometer at a base
pressure in the analysis chamber of 5x10
-8
Pa using
anode AlKα X-ray source with excitation energies of
1486.6 eV (160 W). The spectra are recorded at the total
instrumental resolution (as it was measured with the
FWHM of Ag3d5/2 photoelectron line) of 1.18 eV for
AlKα excitation source. The energy scale has been
calibrated by normalizing the C1s line of adsorbed
adventitious hydrocarbons to 285.0 eV. The processing
of the measured spectra includes a subtraction of X-ray
satellites and Shirley-type background [6]. The peak
positions and areas are evaluated by a symmetrical
Gaussian-Lorentzian curve fitting. The relative
concentrations of the different chemical species are
determined based on normalization of the peak areas to
their photo ionization cross-sections, calculated by
Scofield [7].
The wettability was investigated by means of sessile-
drop method of dynamic contact angle measurement of
distilled water at temperature 20
o
C. The surface free
energy (SFE) was calculated according to Robertson
equation. The cytotoxicity and cyto compatibility were
estimated in vitro tests by standard protocols. In the
process of cell cultivation (fibroblasts) with amorphous
carbon coated and control samples the cell cytology,
morphology and vital capacity were determined after
24h and 3 days cultivation. Rat hypodermic cellular
tissue was extracted to obtain an initial fibroblast
culture. The suspension of extracted cells was
centrifuged at 750 r.p.m. for 15 min. The cell density
was 3x10
5
cells/ml. The seeded area was 0.5 cm
2
. The
fibroblasts were cultivated as a monolayer in 3 ml of
Dulbecco Modified Eagle’s Medium (DMEM, Sigma)
at thermostat condition (37°C) for 5 days. The cells
were stained by hematoxylin and eosin for further
characterization of structural organization of cultured
cells on coated and uncoated substrates. Cell structure
and morphology were analyzed by optical microscopy
(Micros-50). The experiments were run in triplicate.
Cell viability was tested on amorphous carbon based
coatings at different concentrations of nitrogen
substrates. The qualitative and quantitative analysis
were made. The number of detached cells was
determined by quantitative assessment. Statistical
processing of experimental results using the software
ISSN 1562-6016. ВАНТ. 2015. №1(95) 217
package with a preliminary estimation of the normal
distribution was conducted. Statistically significant
differences were determined at a significance level P1>
0.05.
2. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The surface topography and morphology of
deposited coatings were observed by AFM (Fig. 1)
Fig. 1. The surface topography of the of the amorphous
carbon based coatings by AFM
The coatings are characterized with respect to their
bonding structure at different stoichiometric
compositions by photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS)
analysis. The ratio of sp
2
/sp
3
carbon atoms is one of the
most important factors governing the quality of the
amorphous carbon based coatings. The fittings for the
samples deposited at the different concentration of
nitrogen are presented in Fig. 2. The first peak (see
Fig. 2,a) is found at 284.5 eV and corresponds to sp
2
carbon atoms, while the second at 285.4 eV corresponds
to sp
3
carbon atoms. A third peak of much smaller
intensity at 286.8 eV has also been added and is
attributed to some C–O contamination formed at the
surface of the samples due to air exposure.
292 290 288 286 284 282 280
2000
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
18000
sp
2
/sp
3
= 23/63
C-O
Binding Energy (eV)
C1s
sp
2
sp
3
C=O
C
P
S
a
292 290 288 286 284 282 280
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
Binding Energy (eV)
C1s
sp
2
/sp
3
= 36/44 sp
3
sp
2
C-O
C=O
C
P
S
b
Fig. 2. Deconvolution of the XPS C 1s peaks and
surface atomic concentrations of the amorphous carbon
based coatings deposited at different nitrogen
concentrations a) N2 : C7H8 10:90; b) N2 : C7H8 25:75
From the deconvoluted spectra, the sp
3
content in the
films is evaluated. The binding energy values found for
the sp
2
and sp
3
components of the amorphous carbon
based coatings C 1 s spectra are consistent with the
binding energies of 284.4 and 285.2 eV detected for C
1s peaks of standard graphite and diamond XPS spectra
[8, 9]. The analysis of the C 1s peak is a direct method
to evaluate the sp
3
content in amorphous carbon based
coatings at different concentration of nitrogen. The
surface atomic concentrations of the amorphous carbon
based coatings deposited at different nitrogen
concentrations are presented in Table 1.
Table 1. Surface atomic concentrations of the
amorphous carbon based coatings deposited at different
nitrogen concentrations: N2 : C7H8 10:90, N2 : C7H8
25:75
Ratio:
N2 : C7H8
Surface Atomic concentrations, at.%
C1s O1s O1s/C1s
10:90 89 11 0.12
25:75 87 13 0.15
The values of surface free energy were calculated
according to Robertson equation [10] from water
contact angle measurements at 20
o
C (Table 2).
218 ISSN 1562-6016. ВАНТ. 2015. №1(95)
Table 2. The values of water contact angle and surface
free energy of the amorphous carbon based coatings
deposited at different nitrogen concentrations
Ratio:
N2 : C7H8
Water contact angle,
θ
Surface free energy
,(mN/m)
10:90 76.7 89.62
15:85 80.1 85.38
20:80 88.3 75.02
25:75 89.7 73.24
The modification of coatings properties by
changing plasma chemistry by adding nitrogen into the
plasma mixture in the ratio N2:C7H8 10:90, 15:85, 20:80,
25:75 leads to distilled water contact angles varying in
the range of 77...88° and SFE parameters in the range
of 90...70 mN/m, respectively. Furthermore, an
additional nitrogen concentration leads to an increase of
contact angles and decrease of surface free energy.
Generally, the obtained results show that the surface
properties are strongly influenced by the coating's
deposition conditions and a combination of deposition
parameters with optimized plasma chemistry allows to
tailor surface free energy parameters.
Cell cytotoxicity was estimated during in vitro tests.
After 3 days immersion in DMEM culture medium
fibroblast cells were well-spread on all substrates. The
cell structural organization corresponded to that of the
initial fibroblast with strongly expressed phenotype. The
meaningful differences in cell viability on substrate
surfaces were observed. The maximal number of
detached cells after 3 days cultivation demonstrate
coatings with maximal ratio N2:C7H8 composition in
comparison with control samples (Table 3).
The data demonstrate that cell adhesive potential and
phenotypical characteristics were different on the amorphous
carbon based coatings at nitrogen concentration varying.
The best results were obtained in the case of coatings
with the minimum values of distilled water contact angle
and the greater parameters of SFE with the ratio N2:C7H8
10:90 and 15:85. The deposition process controlling
allows to control the surface chemistry and wettability
of amorphous carbon based coatings and the next
biological response.
Table 3. The total and detached cells number on control and coated glass substrates after 3 days cultivation
Samples Number of cells after 3 days staying in fibroblast culture
Total cells number Detached cells number
Glass substrate (control) 3.77х10
4
+2.97х10
3
P1> 0.05
3.06х10
3
+3.15 х10
2
8%
N2 : C7H8 10:90 3.96х10
4
+ 3.57 х10
3
P1> 0,05
3.45х10
3
+3.17 х10
2
8.7%
N2 : C7H8 15:85 3.85х10
4
+2.94х10
3
P1> 0,05
3.65х10
3
+2.82х10
2
9%
N2 : C7H8 20:80 3.72х10
4
+3.24х10
3
P1> 0.05
3.98х10
3
+3.68х10
2
10.6%
N2 : C7H8 25:75 3.88х10
4
+3.49х103
P1> 0.05
4.46х10
3
+3.83х10
2
11.5%
CONCLUSIONS
The results show that the surface properties of
deposited coatings are strongly influenced by the
deposition conditions. The properties, and subsequently
the quality of the amorphous carbon based coatings,
strongly depend on their microstructure, which is
commonly considered as an amorphous mixture of sp
2
and sp
3
carbon atoms. The analysis of the X-ray
photoelectron spectra of the C 1s core level of
amorphous carbon based coatings, obtained at different
concentration of nitrogen is presented. These spectra are
deconvoluted into two different contributions, at 284.5
and 285.4 eV, which are respectively attributed to sp
2
and sp
3
carbon atoms. The in vitro tests demonstrate the
good biocompatibility of amorphous carbon based
coatings. The additional nitrogen concentration leads to
an increase of contact angles and decrease of surface
free energy. Replacing the surface bounds with nitrogen
by plasma treatment results in shear of surface
parameters at more hydrophobic region. The best
biological response parameters (cell number, viability,
cell morphology) were obtained in the case of
amorphous carbon based coatings with the most
parameters of SFE. The possibility of controlled cell
adhesion on the material surfaces may propose novel
methods of surface modifications for further tissue
engineering applications.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The research project was supported by the
Bulgarian-Ukrainian Academies of Science
international scientific cooperation program, research
program of National Academy of Science of Ukraine
№ 24-04-14.
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Article received 10.12.2015
IN VITRO БИОСОВМЕСТИМОСТЬ АМОРФНЫХ УГЛЕВОДОРОДНЫХ ПОКРЫТИЙ ПРИ
ВАРЬИРОВАНИИ ПОВЕРХНОСТНОЙ ХИМИИ И КОНЦЕНТРАЦИИ АЗОТА
В. Лукъянченко, Н. Донков, А. Зыкова, В. Сафонов, К. Мирошниченко
Рассматривается влияние поверхностной химии и смачиваемости на клеточную адгезию in vitro для
аморфных углеводородных покрытий, содержащих различные концентрации азота. Структура поверхности
покрытий исследовалась методами сканирующей электронной и атомно-силовой микроскопии. Энергии
связи были характеризованы методом фотоэлектронной спектроскопии. Смачиваемость поверхности
анализировалась методом контактного угла, a поверхностная энергия рассчитывалась согласно уравнению
Робертсона. Биосовместимость оценивалась по стандартным методикам. Лучшие параметры были получены
для покрытий с наибольшими значениями поверхностной энергии и минимальным соотношением N2: C7H8.
IN VITRO БІОСУМІСНІСТЬ АМОРФНИХ ВУГЛЕВОДНИХ ПОКРИТТІВ ПРИ ВАРІЮВАННІ
ПОВЕРХНЕВОЇ ХІМІЇ ТА КОНЦЕНТРАЦІЇ АЗОТУ
В. Лук'янченко, М. Донков, А. Зикова, В. Сафонов, К. Мірошниченко
Досліджено вплив поверхневої хімії та змочування на клітинну адгезію in vitro для аморфних
вуглеводних покриттів, що мають різні концентрації азоту. Структура поверхні покриттів була досліджена
методами скануючої електронної та атомно-силової мікроскопії. Енергії зв'язку були характеризовані
методом фотоелектронної спектроскопії. Змочування поверхні було проаналізовано методом контактного
кута, а поверхнева енергія розраховувалась згідно з рівнянням Робертсона. Біосумісність оцінювалася
згідно з стандартними методиками. Найкращі параметри були отримані для покриттів з найбільшими
значеннями поверхневої енергії та найменшим співвідношенням N2 : C7H8.
http://www.scopus.com/record/display.url?eid=2-s2.0-84899590297&origin=resultslist&sort=plf-f&src=s&st1=Safonov&st2=V.+I.&nlo=1&nlr=20&nls=count-f&sid=305D153A1F4CF594D437C49D7A8B1AA5.N5T5nM1aaTEF8rE6yKCR3A%3a353&sot=anl&sdt=aut&sl=40&s=AU-ID%28%22Safonov%2c+Vladimir+I.%22+7102092929%29&relpos=0&relpos=0&citeCnt=0&searchTerm=AU-ID%28%5C%26quot%3BSafonov%2C+Vladimir+I.%5C%26quot%3B+7102092929%29
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