Control of macroscopic characteristics of composite materials for radiation protection
Composite materials, intended for radiation protection, were studied. They are made of polystyrene and reinforced by an aluminum. Aluminum is used as a powder. Tungsten powder was added for increase the radiation-protective properties. Examined the state of the composite material at different temper...
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Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України
2015
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| Zitieren: | Control of macroscopic characteristics of composite materials for radiation protection / V.F. Klepikov, E.M. Prokhorenko, V.V. Lytvynenko, A.A. Zakharchenko, M.A. Hazhmuradov // Вопросы атомной науки и техники. — 2015. — № 2. — С. 193-196. — Бібліогр.: 7 назв. — англ. |
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Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine| _version_ | 1860264576671547392 |
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| author | Klepikov, V.F. Prokhorenko, E.M. Lytvynenko, V.V. Zakharchenko, A.A. Hazhmuradov, M.A. |
| author_facet | Klepikov, V.F. Prokhorenko, E.M. Lytvynenko, V.V. Zakharchenko, A.A. Hazhmuradov, M.A. |
| citation_txt | Control of macroscopic characteristics of composite materials for radiation protection / V.F. Klepikov, E.M. Prokhorenko, V.V. Lytvynenko, A.A. Zakharchenko, M.A. Hazhmuradov // Вопросы атомной науки и техники. — 2015. — № 2. — С. 193-196. — Бібліогр.: 7 назв. — англ. |
| collection | DSpace DC |
| container_title | Вопросы атомной науки и техники |
| description | Composite materials, intended for radiation protection, were studied. They are made of polystyrene and reinforced by an aluminum. Aluminum is used as a powder. Tungsten powder was added for increase the radiation-protective properties. Examined the state of the composite material at different temperatures. The composite material is dependent on the component. Thermal conductivity of the composite material was studied. It was used in the form of balls and plates. The absorbed dose of gamma-radiation is calculated by mathematical methods. The area where the maximum absorbed gamma quanta found for composites.
Изучались композиционные материалы, предназначенные для радиационной защиты. Они базировались на полистироле, который армировался порошковым алюминием. Увеличение радиационно-защитных свойств осуществляли добавлением порошкового вольфрама. Проводилась проверка состояния материалов различного компонентного состава в зависимости от температуры. Изучались характеристики теплопроводности композиционных материалов, выполненных в виде сплошных пластин и шариков. Математическими методами вычислена энергетическая зависимость поглощенной дозы гамма-излучения для полученных образцов. Определялись диапазоны энергий гамма-квантов, при которых применение композиционных материалов наиболее эффективно.
Вивчалися композиційні матеріали, призначені для радіаційного захисту. Вони базувалися на полістиролі, який армувався порошковим алюмінієм. Збільшення радіаційно-захисних властивостей здійснювали додаванням порошкового вольфраму. Проводилася перевірка стану матеріалів різного компонентного складу залежно від температури. Вивчалися характеристики теплопровідності композиційних матеріалів, виконаних у вигляді суцільних пластин і кульок. Математичними методами отримана енергетична залежність поглиненої дози гамма-випромінювання для отриманих зразків. Визначалися діапазони енергій гамма-квантів, при яких застосування композиційних матеріалів найбільш ефективне.
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| first_indexed | 2025-12-07T18:59:11Z |
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ISSN 1562-6016. ВАНТ. 2015. №2(96) 193
CONTROL OF MACROSCOPIC CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPOSITE
MATERIALS FOR RADIATION PROTECTION
V.F. Klepikov, E.M. Prokhorenko, V.V. Lytvynenko,
A.A. Zakharchenko*, M.A. Hazhmuradov*
Institute of Electrophysics and Radiation Technologies NAS of Ukraine, Kharkov, Ukraine;
*NSC “Kharkov Institute of Physics and Technology”, Kharkov, Ukraine
Composite materials, intended for radiation protection, were studied. They are made of polystyrene and
reinforced by an aluminum. Aluminum is used as a powder. Tungsten powder was added for increase the radiation-
protective properties. Examined the state of the composite material at different temperatures. The composite
material is dependent on the component. Thermal conductivity of the composite material was studied. It was used in
the form of balls and plates. The absorbed dose of gamma-radiation is calculated by mathematical methods. The
area where the maximum absorbed gamma quanta found for composites.
PACS: 681.2, 615.471
INTRODUCTION
Radiation protection of equipment and personnel is
an essential requirement of safe operation of nuclear
facilities. For this purpose, different materials are used.
Improving the efficiency of protection against ionizing
radiation requires improvement of existing and
development of the next generation of protective
materials. Creation of new materials based on a
combination of components with different physical
characteristics. The use of composites allows to obtain a
material with the desired characteristics in accordance
with the requirements [1, 2].
PURPOSE OF WORK
The aim of this work is the study of the macroscopic
structure of the composite material to improve the
performance properties. Also investigated the thermal
conductivity and hardness of the composite depending
on the composition and structure of the components.
THE MAIN PART
On the creation of materials for biological protection
received considerable attention. Nowadays a huge
number of known materials used for protection against
ionizing radiation. Among them, a series of composites
where polystyrene is used as the basis of [2, 3]. He is a
good insulator, has a low chemical activity, has minimal
sorption of radioactive substances. The choice of
polystyrene as basis is also grounded, by his not high
cost and simplicity of treatment. He effectively takes in
gamut quanta with energies to 110 keV [4]. However, it
should be noted that at the protracted influence of
radiation polystyrene can collapse [5]. For diminishing
of this destructive process reinforced polystyrene
different additions. In our case applied the aluminum
alloy of AMg2, which was used, as powder.
Radiation-protective properties of pure polystyrene
small for high-energy gamma rays. Additives used high
barrier characteristics. Absorbs gamma and X-ray
powder tungsten. Are shown in Fig. 1 the metal
components of the composite material.
а b
Fig. 1. Starting powder component:
a aluminum alloy AMg2; b tungsten
On Fig. 1,a the picture of powder of aluminum alloy
of AMg2 is presented. Used powder, made in
accordance with specifications TU 1791-99-024-99. He
has a size of separate element equal 10…20 m. Lumps
are visible which separate grains of aluminum (pointers
to separate grains) are in. On Fig. 1,b initial component
of tungsten with the size of element of 200…250 m.
Pointers are directed in separate grains. Applied model
powder, which corresponded to the values specifications
TU 48-19-101-84.
For basis of composite used polystyrene of brand
of PSM-115 (GOST 20282), as granules. The choice of
this type of polystyrene is conditioned by a few
parameters. Polystyrene of PSM-115 has a low price,
wide distribution of application, application developed
processing technology, presence of industrial equipment
(molds, etc.). Making of composite material was
produced on an industrial equipment which was
exposed to the insignificant revision. On a capacity
which heating and interfusion of components is in, was
placed 814 Ti-imager. His sensitiveness is 0.08 °С,
with, that allows to educe all deviations from the
recommended temperature. With his help control of
uniformity of heating of material and homogeneity of
distribution of components was carried out on volume
mixtures [2]. Working off the methods of preparation of
mixture was conducted on vertical injection molding
automat of VLM-150. The production of composite
material was carried out on injection molding automat
of KUASY 1400/250.
194 ISSN 1562-6016. ВАНТ. 2015. №2(96)
However, samples with maximum uniformity of the
metal components by volume of the composite material,
it was possible to obtain with injection molding machine
using WINDSOR SP 30. This apparatus is intended for
the manufacture of articles of reinforced plastics. Obtain
several samples of composite materials with different
contents of tungsten and aluminum. We studied the
structure of the samples.
Photographs of their internal structure, made at a
temperature of 20 °C are shown in Fig. 2.
a b
Fig. 2. The structure of the composite material at
a temperature of 20 °С: a С080601; b С080106
These composites have the same volume and the
metal constituting the polystyrene component. The
difference in the composition of the bulk tungsten and
aluminum. This is clearly seen in the photographs of
structures of composite materials. Metal component
material С080601, shown in Fig. 2,a includes tungsten
component having six volumes and component of
aluminum having one volume. Fig. 2,a on the structure
of the material witness large grains of tungsten, which
are surrounded by polystyrene and shallow aluminum
particles. It is seen that the cutoff region, the
arrangement is homogeneous. Based on this, we can
conclude that the tungsten component is distributed on
the volume of the composite material uniformly.
Material made in accordance with the requirements.
Filling polystyrene and aluminum evenly.
On Fig. 2,b shows a photograph structure of
C080106. As part of its metal components tungsten
volume one and six volumes of aluminum. The bulk of
the surface occupied by aluminum particles interspersed
with tungsten. Their distribution is also uniform.
Similarly, it was considered distribution of the metallic
component of the composite material by volume. The
photographs were not detected cavities between
component elements. Look continuous basis
(polystyrene) of the whole space of the material.
In order to determine changes in the structure of
materials were tested calorimetric studies. Studied
issues such interaction of the components of the
composite material and the chemical reactions between
them. For this heating of the samples was performed.
Maximum heating to the softening temperature of
polystyrene. The softening temperature of polystyrene
PSM-115 above 95 °С. Temperature control is also
carried out by the thermal imager. This allows us to
analyze the change in the temperature field over the
entire surface of the sample. During heating of the
samples was carried out to study sections. Photographs
were taken of the samples at 40 and 60 °С. At higher
temperatures the survey was performed, although the
observation was carried out. The first picture is taken
when the temperature was 20 °С. Pictures of composite
materials when their temperature was 60 °С, are shown
in Fig. 3.
a b
Fig. 3. The structure of the composite material at
a temperature of 60 °С: a С080601; b С080106
Fig. 3,a on a photograph of the cut surface of the
composite material C080601, which is heated to a
temperature of 60° С. As in the case shown in Fig. 2,a,
observe individual grains of tungsten. The space
between them, is filled with particles of aluminum
polystyrene. Fig. 3,b on the cut surface is a photograph
C080106 composite material that has been heated to a
temperature of 60 °С with a photo image similar
Fig. 2,b, which shows the cut surface of the same
material at a temperature of 20 °С.
The space is filled with polystyrene with aluminum
particles, individual points are located tungsten
particles. All photos shows a uniform distribution of
metal components in space polystyrene. There are no
cavities, homogeneous filling. Homogeneity and
uniformity of the component in terms of the composite
material is needed to improve the radiation-protective
characteristics. Fig. 2 of the photos we see that at the
boundary of grains tungsten and aluminum are no voids,
cavities. There was a full sticking with polystyrene. A
similar pattern is observed in Fig. 3. Consequently, the
entire range of temperatures, the melting temperature,
the structure of the composite material is constant and
no conversion interaction.
The material is in stable condition. Sealing
composite material is not only due to the metal
component of additives, but also due to stretching of the
polymer chains. Note that when heated to the softening
temperature, no chemical reaction. This applies both to
chemical reactions between the individual component
elements and chemical reactions between tungsten and
aluminum, tungsten, and polystyrene, aluminum and
polystyrene.
Obtained from raw materials produced 1, 2, 4 mm
diameter balls. Application of the protective material in
the form of balls, fill maximizes the protective layer and
making flexible protection. The requirement for
flexibility is important in the manufacture of radiation
protection of personal protective equipment. One of the
conditions that apply to the developed composite
materials, was the presence of high heat-shielding
characteristics. Checking the thermal conductivity of
composite materials was carried out as follows. Infrared
source placed behind the sample. The heating
temperature can be adjusted. The distance from the
source to the rear surface of the sample is set to 1 mm.
Source temperature was chosen to be 60 °C. With
Ti-814 controlled temperature change on the front wall
ISSN 1562-6016. ВАНТ. 2015. №2(96) 195
of the sample. It was possible influence of air currents,
reflected light and other factors that distort the results.
Studied the temperature rise as a function of time.
Experiments were conducted for various materials. The
results of testing the thermal conductivity of composite
materials are shown in Fig. 4.
Fig. 4. Graphs of growth surface temperature
composite materials
Curve 1 in Fig. 4 corresponds to an increase of
temperature with time on the surface of a sample 10 mm
thick polystyrene. Solid polystyrene. Curve 2 is the
temperature dependence of the layer thickness of 10 mm
polystyrene, but produced in the form of balls with a
diameter of 2 mm. Curve 3 for a layered polystyrene
which has two cavities in a thickness of 1 mm. It was
obtained numerically. This curve has a minimum
conductivity characteristics so as to rupture the cavities
of the heat flux. At these points, the diffusion heat
transfer radiative heat transfer is replaced, which is
much smaller. Maximum heat-conducting properties in
solid polystyrene sample. Layer, which is filled
balloons, thermal conductivity is between these curves.
This is due to the fact that when the volume filling balls
are formed gaps which slows down the thermal flow.
The greater the spacing, the less heat flux. However, at
the points of contact between the side surfaces of the
balls, the heat transfer is diffusion continuously.
Curve 4 corresponds to the change in temperature on the
surface of the sample composite material C080601.
Curve 5 for С080106.
In the study of these materials are used in the form
of solid plates with a thickness of 10 mm. Temperature
change occurs of similar laws. Observe a smooth
increase with time. Note that the thermal conductivity
increases with the metallic component in the material.
The volume content of the metal components in our
composite material was 45%. The heat flow through the
sample С080106 higher than the heat flow through the
sample С080602. The reason for this is the higher
thermal conductivity of aluminum (237 W/mK) than the
thermal conductivity of tungsten (173 W/mK). In the
study of these composite materials, but made in the
form of balls with a diameter of 2 mm and a thickness
of the protective layer 10 mm following results were
obtained. The temperature increase on the surface of the
samples occurs more slowly than in the case of a solid
material. As in the case of continuous heating of the
composite materials С080601 (curve 6) is slower than
C080106 sample (curve 7), due to the larger amount of
tungsten in the composition of the metal component. It
can be seen that the graphs 6 and 7 at the initial stage
have a smooth rise than the temperature graphs 4 and 5.
This is due to slowing the spread of the heat flux at the
hollow at the initial time.
The main challenges posed by the development of
composite materials, increasing radiation-protective
properties. Determine the effectiveness of radiation
shielding materials received, carried out by numerical
methods using simulation package interactions of
nuclear radiation with matter Geant4 [6]. The results
obtained by numerical methods are in good agreement
with the experimental data [7]. Depending weakening of
the absorbed dose for composite materials that have
been studied above, are shown in Fig. 5.
Fig. 5. Weakening of the absorbed dose of gamma
radiation protective layer of the composite material
Mass component values are shown in Table.
Mass components of composite materials
Material
Polysty-
Rene (PS),
mas.%
Tungsten
(W),
mas.%
Aluminum
(Al),
mas.%
C080601 6.9 91.0 2.1
C080403 9.4 82.0 8.6
C080304 11.4 74.7 13.9
C080106 19.9 43.6 36.5
.
All samples were completely absorb gamma rays
with energies up to 200 keV. The layer thickness was
10 mm. In the calculations take into account that the
material component. The material consists of spheres
with a diameter of 2 mm. With increasing energy
gamma rays protective characteristics of the submitted
samples are reduced. Half of the sample С080106
weakening occurs at an energy of 300 keV. Maximum
radiation-protective properties has composite С080601.
For him, the energy half-attenuation value is 70 keV.
For all samples absorbed 10…30% of gamma rays with
an energy of 1 MeV.
Thus obtained composite materials provide high
protection against radiation of gamma rays in the energy
range up to 200 keV. Namely, in this range, emits the
maximum amount of industrial sources. Note that most
of the X-ray machines, which are used in dentistry,
working with gamma rays of 68 keV.
196 ISSN 1562-6016. ВАНТ. 2015. №2(96)
CONCLUSIONS
1. Designed and manufactured polystyrene-
aluminum composite radiation-protective materials.
2. It is shown that at the change of temperature of
samples to the temperature of softening influence of
polystyrene (95 °С), there is not violation of structure of
material.
3. The thermal conductivity of composite materials
has been verified experimentally.
4. A comparison of the characteristics of the heat
protective samples made in the form of plates and in the
form of balls
5. Numerical methods, the dependence of the
absorbed dose attenuation of gamma radiation on the
composition of the composite.
REFERENCES
1. E.M. Prohorenko, V.F. Klepikov, V.V. Lytvy-
nenko, A.I. Skrypnik, A.A. Zaharchenko, M.A. Hazh-
muradov. Improving of characteristics of composite
materials for radiation biological protection // Problems
of Atomic Science and Technology. 2013, N 6(88),
p. 240-243.
2. E.M. Prohorenko, V.F. Klepikov, V.V. Lytvy-
nenko, A.A. Zaharchenko, M.A. Hazhmuradov. Metal
containing composition materials for radiation
protection // Problems of Atomic Science and
Technology. 2014, N 4(92), p. 125-129.
3. V.N. Gulbin. Development of the composite
materials modified by nano powders, for radiation
protection in atomic engineeringю // Nuclear Physics
and Engineering. 2011, v. 2, N 3, p. 272-286.
4. E.M. Prohorenko, V.F. Klepikov, V.V. Lytvy-
nenko, A.I. Skrypnik, A.A. Zaharchenko, M.A. Hazh-
muradov. Improvement of characteristics of composite
materials for biological protection from nuclear
radiation // Abstracts of the XXIII International
conference on accelerating of the charged particles.
Alushta, September, 0814, 2013, p. 158.
5. V.I. Dubinko, V.F. Klepikov. The influence of
non-equilibrium fluctuation on radiation damage and
recovery of metals under irradiation // Journal of
Nuclear Materials. 2007, v. 362, p. 146-151.
6. S. Agostinelli, J. Allison, K. Amako. Geant4 – a
simulation toolkit // Nucl. Instr. & Meth. A. 2003,
v. 506, р. 250-303
7. A.A. Zaharchenko, A.I. Skrypnik, M.A. Hazh-
muradov, E.M. Prohorenko, V.F. Klepikov,
V.V. Lytvynenko. Simulation of characteristics of
gamma-radiation detectors based on mercury
compounds // Problems of Atomic Science and
Technology. 2013, N 3(85), р. 231-235.
Статья поступила в редакцию 06.02.2015 г.
КОНТРОЛЬ МАКРОСКОПИЧЕСКИХ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИК КОМПОЗИЦИОННЫХ
МАТЕРИАЛОВ РАДИАЦИОННОЙ ЗАЩИТЫ
В.Ф. Клепиков, Е.М. Прохоренко, В.В. Литвиненко, А.А. Захарченко, М.А. Хажмурадов
Изучались композиционные материалы, предназначенные для радиационной защиты. Они базировались
на полистироле, который армировался порошковым алюминием. Увеличение радиационно-защитных
свойств осуществляли добавлением порошкового вольфрама. Проводилась проверка состояния материалов
различного компонентного состава в зависимости от температуры. Изучались характеристики
теплопроводности композиционных материалов, выполненных в виде сплошных пластин и шариков.
Математическими методами вычислена энергетическая зависимость поглощенной дозы гамма-излучения
для полученных образцов. Определялись диапазоны энергий гамма-квантов, при которых применение
композиционных материалов наиболее эффективно.
КОНТРОЛЬ МАКРОСКОПІЧНИХ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИК КОМПОЗИЦІЙНИХ МАТЕРІАЛІВ
РАДІАЦІЙНОГО ЗАХИСТУ
В.Ф. Клепіков, Є.М. Прохоренко, В.В. Литвиненко, О.О. Захарченко, М.А. Хажмурадов
Вивчалися композиційні матеріали, призначені для радіаційного захисту. Вони базувалися на
полістиролі, який армувався порошковим алюмінієм. Збільшення радіаційно-захисних властивостей
здійснювали додаванням порошкового вольфраму. Проводилася перевірка стану матеріалів різного
компонентного складу залежно від температури. Вивчалися характеристики теплопровідності
композиційних матеріалів, виконаних у вигляді суцільних пластин і кульок. Математичними методами
отримана енергетична залежність поглиненої дози гамма-випромінювання для отриманих зразків.
Визначалися діапазони енергій гамма-квантів, при яких застосування композиційних матеріалів найбільш
ефективне.
|
| id | nasplib_isofts_kiev_ua-123456789-82459 |
| institution | Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| issn | 1562-6016 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-12-07T18:59:11Z |
| publishDate | 2015 |
| publisher | Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України |
| record_format | dspace |
| spelling | Klepikov, V.F. Prokhorenko, E.M. Lytvynenko, V.V. Zakharchenko, A.A. Hazhmuradov, M.A. 2015-05-29T18:16:09Z 2015-05-29T18:16:09Z 2015 Control of macroscopic characteristics of composite materials for radiation protection / V.F. Klepikov, E.M. Prokhorenko, V.V. Lytvynenko, A.A. Zakharchenko, M.A. Hazhmuradov // Вопросы атомной науки и техники. — 2015. — № 2. — С. 193-196. — Бібліогр.: 7 назв. — англ. 1562-6016 PACS: 681.2, 615.471 https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/82459 Composite materials, intended for radiation protection, were studied. They are made of polystyrene and reinforced by an aluminum. Aluminum is used as a powder. Tungsten powder was added for increase the radiation-protective properties. Examined the state of the composite material at different temperatures. The composite material is dependent on the component. Thermal conductivity of the composite material was studied. It was used in the form of balls and plates. The absorbed dose of gamma-radiation is calculated by mathematical methods. The area where the maximum absorbed gamma quanta found for composites. Изучались композиционные материалы, предназначенные для радиационной защиты. Они базировались на полистироле, который армировался порошковым алюминием. Увеличение радиационно-защитных свойств осуществляли добавлением порошкового вольфрама. Проводилась проверка состояния материалов различного компонентного состава в зависимости от температуры. Изучались характеристики теплопроводности композиционных материалов, выполненных в виде сплошных пластин и шариков. Математическими методами вычислена энергетическая зависимость поглощенной дозы гамма-излучения для полученных образцов. Определялись диапазоны энергий гамма-квантов, при которых применение композиционных материалов наиболее эффективно. Вивчалися композиційні матеріали, призначені для радіаційного захисту. Вони базувалися на полістиролі, який армувався порошковим алюмінієм. Збільшення радіаційно-захисних властивостей здійснювали додаванням порошкового вольфраму. Проводилася перевірка стану матеріалів різного компонентного складу залежно від температури. Вивчалися характеристики теплопровідності композиційних матеріалів, виконаних у вигляді суцільних пластин і кульок. Математичними методами отримана енергетична залежність поглиненої дози гамма-випромінювання для отриманих зразків. Визначалися діапазони енергій гамма-квантів, при яких застосування композиційних матеріалів найбільш ефективне. en Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України Вопросы атомной науки и техники Диагностика и методы исследований Control of macroscopic characteristics of composite materials for radiation protection Контроль макроскопических характеристик композиционных материалов радиационной защиты Контроль макроскопічних характеристик композиційних матеріалів радіаційного захисту Article published earlier |
| spellingShingle | Control of macroscopic characteristics of composite materials for radiation protection Klepikov, V.F. Prokhorenko, E.M. Lytvynenko, V.V. Zakharchenko, A.A. Hazhmuradov, M.A. Диагностика и методы исследований |
| title | Control of macroscopic characteristics of composite materials for radiation protection |
| title_alt | Контроль макроскопических характеристик композиционных материалов радиационной защиты Контроль макроскопічних характеристик композиційних матеріалів радіаційного захисту |
| title_full | Control of macroscopic characteristics of composite materials for radiation protection |
| title_fullStr | Control of macroscopic characteristics of composite materials for radiation protection |
| title_full_unstemmed | Control of macroscopic characteristics of composite materials for radiation protection |
| title_short | Control of macroscopic characteristics of composite materials for radiation protection |
| title_sort | control of macroscopic characteristics of composite materials for radiation protection |
| topic | Диагностика и методы исследований |
| topic_facet | Диагностика и методы исследований |
| url | https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/82459 |
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